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Seedling Recruitment of Large-Seeded Tropical Trees Planted As Seeds in the Ecuadorian Amazon

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Seedling Recruitment of Large-Seeded Tropical Trees Planted As Seeds in the Ecuadorian Amazon SEEDLING RECRUITMENT OF LARGE-SEEDED TROPICAL TREES PLANTED AS SEEDS IN THE ECUADORIAN AMAZON By ERICA VAN ETTEN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Erica Van Etten 2 To my family, and all those that guide me along the way 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis was improved by input from my major advisor, Kaoru Kitajima, and committee members Jack Putz and Doug Levey. Financial support was from a Graduate Research Assistantship from the School of Natural Resources and the Environment and a Summer Field Grant by the Tropical Conservation and Development Program at the University of Florida. Alfonso Wajuyata Sharina Cruz worked closely with me for three years in Amazonian Ecuador, housed me with his family, taught me about the forest, and secured connections for me with local landowners so that I could conduct this research. Rovin Yasaca, a student at the Universidad Central in Quito, assisted me with fieldwork, and Ana Mariscal provided institutional support at the Herbario Nacional de Ecuador, Quito. This work would not have been possible but for numerous friends and my family who provided essential encouragement and support both while I was in the field and during the process of writing. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 8 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 11 2 SEED AND EARLY SEEDLING SURVIVAL OF THREE LARGE-SEEDED TROPICAL FOREST TREES PLANTED AS SEEDS IN PASTURES AND FORESTS IN THE ECUADORIAN AMAZON......................................................................................... 17 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 17 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 20 Study Site ............................................................................................................................. 20 Tree Species Selection......................................................................................................... 22 Experimental Design ........................................................................................................... 23 Data Analyses ...................................................................................................................... 25 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 26 General Patterns of Seeding Recruitment and Survival .................................................... 26 Species Difference in Seedling Recruitment and Mortality.............................................. 26 Effects of Seed Burial .......................................................................................................... 28 Community Differences in Seed and Seedling Survival ................................................... 28 Seedling Recruitment in Pastures and Forests ................................................................... 29 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 29 Landscape-Level Variation ................................................................................................. 30 Microhabitat Effects on Seed Predation ............................................................................. 32 Microhabitat Effects on Seedling Recruitment and Survival............................................ 34 Differences Among the Three Large-seeded Species ....................................................... 35 Recommendations for Propagation of the Study Species ................................................. 37 Recommendations for Future Studies ................................................................................ 37 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 38 3 SEEDLING RECRUITMENT OF FOUR LARGE-SEEDED TROPICAL FOREST TREES PLANTED AS SEEDS IN SECONDARY FORESTS IN THE ECUADORIAN AMAZON .................................................................................................................................... 46 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 46 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 48 Study Site ............................................................................................................................. 48 5 Tree Species ......................................................................................................................... 48 Secondary Forest Plots ........................................................................................................ 50 Experimental Design ........................................................................................................... 51 Data Analyses ...................................................................................................................... 52 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 52 General Patterns of Seeding Recruitment and Survival .................................................... 52 Species Differences ............................................................................................................. 53 Seed Burial ........................................................................................................................... 53 Plots ...................................................................................................................................... 54 Caging................................................................................................................................... 54 Species Inventory................................................................................................................. 54 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 55 Low Seed Removal .............................................................................................................. 55 High Germination ................................................................................................................ 57 Seed Burial ........................................................................................................................... 57 Secondary Forests ................................................................................................................ 58 Recommendations for Propagation of the Study Species ................................................. 59 Recommendations for Future Studies ................................................................................ 59 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 60 4 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 64 APPENDIX CHARACTERIZATION OF RESEARCH SITES AND SPECIES USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS ................................................................................................................ 67 LIST OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 84 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................................. 98 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Results from mixed model logistic regression of missing seeds, mortality and seedling recruitment at 2 weeks of three large-seeded tropical trees planted as seeds in three field types (grazed pasture, mature pasture, forest) in three indigenous communities. .......................................................................................................................... 39 2-2 Results from mixed model logistic regression of mortality, seedling recruitment of three large-seeded tropical trees at 14 weeks and 12-week survival of Inga densiflora seedlings. Seeds were planted on the soil surface and buried in three field types (grazed pasture, mature pasture, forest). ............................................................................... 40 3-1 Results from mixed model logistic regression of seedling recruitment, total mortality, and mortality of remaining
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