The International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management

The International C ode of Conduct on Pes ticide Management

World Health Organization Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2014 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of the World Health Organization (WHO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these are or have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by FAO and WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall FAO and WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of FAO or WHO.

ISBN 978-92-5-108548-6 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-108549-3 (PDF)

FAO and WHO encourage the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO and WHO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO and WHO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.

All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licencerequest or addressed to [email protected].

FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected] Contents

Foreword by the FAO Director-General v José Graziano da Silva

Foreword by the WHO Director-General vii Margaret Chan

Article 1 Objectives of the Code 1 Article 10 Labelling, packaging, 24 storage and disposal Article 2 Terms and definitions 3 Article 11 Advertising 26 Article 3 Pesticide management 8 Article 12 Monitoring and Observance 28 Article 4 Testing of pesticides 11 of the Code

Article 5 Reducing health and 13 Annex 1 International instruments 31 environmental risks in the field of chemical management, environmental Article 6 Regulatory and technical 16 and health protection, requirements sustainable development and international trade, relevant Article 7 Availability and use 19 to the Code

Article 8 Distribution and trade 20 References 33

Article 9 Information exchange 22 Notes 39

iii Foreword by the FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva

This is the fourth version of the Interna - ing and enhancing the natural resources tional Code of Conduct on Pesticide Man - on which that production depends. agement that FAO’s governing bodies Healthy ecosystems produce more, pre - have approved since 1985. It provides a vent or maintain pests and diseases at framework that guides government reg - acceptable levels and are more resilient ulators, the private sector, civil society to shocks. The new strategic framework and other stakeholders on best practice for FAO has been reoriented to support in managing pesticides throughout their sustainable agricultural production as lifecycle. Its overall structure remains un - one of its strategic objectives. This new changed and covers every aspect of pes - Code is an integral component of this ob - ticide management from production to jective. In the area of pest and disease disposal. management this means using Inte - grated Pest Management (IPM), which This version, approved by the 38 th FAO has successfully reduced pesticide use Conference in June 2013, incorporates and improved yields, food quality and in - public health pesticides and vector con - comes for millions of farmers. trol to broaden the scope of the Code of Conduct beyond agricultural pesticides. It Providing farmers with access to local gives greater attention to health and en - supplies of well adapted and good quality vironmental aspects of pesticides, up - seeds and planting material helps to pre - dates a number of definitions and terms vent the spread of pests and diseases. and aligns guidance in several technical Protecting soils and attending to nutrient areas with developments in international and water availability to crops produces chemicals management. healthier plants that are more resilient to pest and disease attacks. Such holistic The new Code comes at a time when approaches, as embodied in the FAO greater attention is being focused on in - publication Save and Grow (a) , help to re - creasing food production while conserv - duce reliance on pesticides and other ex -

Foreword by the FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva v ternal inputs with ensuing economic, Pesticides are an important group of health and environmental benefits for chemicals that need careful manage - farmers and consumers. ment. I encourage all those who have dealings with pest management and The International Code of Conduct on Pes - pesticides to use this document as a ticide Management is a voluntary frame - guiding reference in designing their poli - work that has been endorsed by the FAO cies, legislative texts and technical ap - Members, and supported by key pesti - proaches. Our partnership with WHO and cide industry associations and civil soci - UNEP and our close collaboration with ety organizations. It complements legally the private sector and civil society further binding instruments such as the Rotter - strengthen the relevance and broad en - dam Convention on the Prior Informed Con - dorsement of work in this area. sent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International I hope that through effective implemen - Trade, the Stockholm Convention on Persis - tation of this new International Code of tent Organic Pollutants and the Basel Con - Conduct on Pesticide Management we can vention on the Control of Transboundary achieve significant reduction of risks to Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their health and the environment from pesti - Disposal , and voluntary mechanisms such cides, while improving the productivity, as the Strategic Approach to International sustainability and livelihoods of farmers Chemicals Management (SAICM) . everywhere.

José Graziano da Silva Director-General of the Food and Agriculture (a) Save and Grow, FAO, 2011 Organization of the United Nations

The International Code of Conduct vi on Pesticide Management Foreword by the WHO Director-General Margaret Chan

The 134 th WHO Executive Board has approved by the 38 th FAO Conference in taken note of the International Code of June 2013, was developed through the Conduct on Pesticide Management. The FAO/WHO joint collaboration on pesti - Code of Conduct provides voluntary stan - cide management, and incorporates pub - dards of conduct for all entities engaged lic health pesticides and vector control to in or associated with the management of broaden its scope beyond agricultural pesticides throughout their life-cycle, pesticides. Of relevance to public health, from production to disposal. the Code now focuses on risk reduction The main objective of the Code of Con - by calling on countries to identify and, if duct is to maximize the benefits of pes - necessary, remove from use, highly haz - ticides to effectively control pests in ardous pesticides; gives attention to vul - public health and agriculture, while pro - nerable groups such as children, women tecting human and animal health and the and people affected by HIV/AIDS, em - environment from their harmful effects. phasizes minimizing the use of pesti - cides, and strongly recommends the use The Code of Conduct is designed for use of integrated vector management for within national legislation. It describes control of vector-borne diseases. the shared responsibility of many sec - tors; addresses the need for a coopera - The Code of Conduct will serve as a guid - tive effort; recognizes the need for ing framework to strengthen the capacity capacity-strengthening for its implemen - of developing Member States to regulate, tation; and describes the standards of evaluate and enforce effective control conduct for pesticide management, com - over pesticides, including those used in plementing the legally binding instru - public health, that are traded and used in ments on chemicals management. their territories.

Originally developed by FAO in 1985, the WHO urges countries and other stake - current version of the Code of Conduct, holders to collaborate and exchange in -

Foreword by the WHO Director-General Margaret Chan vii formation and experiences to overcome other United Nations partners, the pri - resource constraints and to build vate sector and civil society to raise needed capacity. FAO and WHO, as the awareness and build capacity for effec - two partner organizations, will further tive implementation of the Code of Con - strengthen efforts to work closely with duct in developing countries.

Margaret Chan Director-General of the World Health Organization

The International Code of Conduct viii on Pesticide Management Article 1 Objectives of the Code

1.1 The objectives of this Code are to tions of others constitute accept - establish voluntary standards of able practices. conduct for all public and private entities engaged in or associated 1.4 The Code describes the shared re - with the management of pesti - sponsibility of many sectors of so - cides, particularly where there is ciety to work together so that the inadequate or no national legisla - benefits to be derived from the tion to regulate pesticides. necessary and acceptable use of pesticides are achieved without 1.2 The entities which are addressed by significant adverse effects on hu - this Code include governments, in - man and animal health and/or the ternational organizations, pesticide environment. To this end, all ref - industry, application equipment in - erences in this Code to a govern - dustry, traders of pesticides, pest ment or governments shall be control operators (PCOs), food in - deemed to apply equally to re - dustry and other industries that use gional groupings of governments or have an interest in pesticides, pes - for matters falling within their ar - ticide users, and public-interest eas of competence. groups such as environmental groups, consumer groups and trade 1.5 The Code addresses the need for unions. a cooperative effort between governments of pesticide export - 1.3 The Code is designed for use ing and importing countries to within the context of national leg - promote practices that minimize islation as a basis whereby rele - potential health and environ - vant entities addressed by the mental risks associated with Code may determine whether their pesticides, while ensuring their proposed actions and/or the ac - effective use.

Article 1 Objectives of the Code 1 1.6 The Code recognizes that relevant 1.7.5 adopt the “life-cycle” approach to training at all appropriate levels is management of pesticides to ad - an essential requirement in imple - dress all major aspects related to menting and observing its provi - the development, registration, pro - sions. Therefore, entities addressed duction, trade, packaging, labelling, by the Code should give high prior - distribution, storage, transport, ity to relevant training and capacity handling, application, use, disposal building activities related to each and monitoring of pesticides and Article of the Code. pesticide residues as well as man - agement of pesticide waste and 1.7 The standards of conduct set forth pesticide containers; in this Code: 1.7.6 are designed to promote Integrated 1.7.1 encourage responsible and gener - Pest Management (IPM) and Inte - ally accepted trade practices; grated Vector Management (IVM); 1.7.2 assist countries which have not yet 1.7.7 promote participation in informa - established regulatory controls on tion exchange and international the quality and suitability of pesti - agreements identified in Annex 1, cide products needed in that coun - in particular the Rotterdam Conven - try to promote the judicious and ef - tion on the Prior Informed Consent ficient use of such products and (PIC) Procedure for Certain Haz - address the potential risks associ - ardous Chemicals and Pesticides in ated with their use; International Trade* (1) . 1.7.3 promote practices which reduce risks throughout the lifecycle of pesticides, with the aim of mini - mizing adverse effects on hu - mans, animals and the environ - ment and preventing accidental poisoning resulting from handling, storage, transport, use or dis - posal, as well as from the pres - ence of pesticide residues in food and feed; 1.7.4 ensure that pesticides are used ef - fectively and efficiently and in a manner that contributes to the sus - tainable improvement of agricul - * Numbers in brackets throughout the text refer ture, public and animal health and to the references listed at the end of this docu - the environment; ment.

The International Code of Conduct 2 on Pesticide Management Article 2 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this Code: approval for first-time use, or has been withdrawn by industry either from the Active ingredient means the part of the domestic market or from further consid - product that provides the pesticidal ac - eration in the domestic approval process, tion. and where there is clear evidence that such action has been taken in order to Advertising means the promotion of the protect human health or the environ - sale and use of pesticides by printed and ment. electronic media, signs, displays, gifts, demonstration or word of mouth. Co-formulant means a non-active ingre - dient component of a formulated prod - Application equipment means any tech - uct. nical aid, equipment, implement or ma - chinery which is used for the application Container means any object used to hold of pesticides. a pesticide product.

Application technology means the ac - Disposal means any operation to recycle, tual physical delivery and distribution neutralize, destroy or isolate pesticide process of a pesticide to the target or - waste, used containers and contami - ganism or to the place where the target nated materials. organism comes into contact with the pesticide. Distribution means the process by which pesticides are supplied through trade Banned pesticide means a pesticide all channels to local or international mar - uses of which have been prohibited by kets. final regulatory action, in order to protect human health or the environment. It in - Environment means surroundings, in - cludes a pesticide that has been refused cluding water, air, soil and their interrela -

Article 2 Terms and definitions 3 tionship as well as all relationships be - potential to cause undesirable conse - tween them and any living organisms. quences (e.g. properties that can cause adverse effects or damage to health, the Equivalence means the determination of environment or property). the similarity of the impurity and toxico - logical profile, as well as of the physical Highly Hazardous Pesticides means and chemical properties, presented by pesticides that are acknowledged to pre - supposedly similar technical material sent particularly high levels of acute or originating from different manufacturers, chronic hazards to health or environment in order to assess whether they present according to internationally accepted similar levels of risk. classification systems such as WHO or GHS or their listing in relevant binding in - Extension service means the entities in ternational agreements or conventions. a country which are responsible for the In addition, pesticides that appear to transfer of information, technology ad - cause severe or irreversible harm to vice and training regarding the improve - health or the environment under condi - ment of agricultural practices, including tions of use in a country may be consid - production, handling, storage and mar - ered to be and treated as highly keting of agricultural commodities. hazardous.

Formulation means the combination of Integrated Pest Management (IPM ) various ingredients designed to render means the careful consideration of all the product useful and effective for the available pest control techniques and purpose claimed and for the envisaged subsequent integration of appropriate mode of application. measures that discourage the develop - ment of pest populations and keep pes - Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) in the ticides and other interventions to levels use of pesticides includes the officially that are economically justified and re - recommended or nationally authorized duce or minimize risks to human and uses of pesticides under actual conditions animal health and/or the environment. necessary for effective and reliable pest IPM emphasizes the growth of a control. It encompasses a range of levels healthy crop with the least possible dis - of pesticide applications up to the highest ruption to agro-ecosystems and en - authorized use, applied in a manner which courages natural pest control leaves a residue which is the smallest mechanisms. amount practicable. Integrated Vector Management (IVM ) Hazard means the inherent property of a means the rational decision-making substance, agent or situation having the process for the optimal use of re -

The International Code of Conduct 4 on Pesticide Management sources for disease vector control. It dient or preparing its formulation or aims to improve efficacy, cost-effec - product. tiveness, ecological soundness and sustainability of disease vector control Marketing means the overall process of interventions for control of vector- product promotion, including advertis - borne diseases. ing, product public relations and infor - mation services as well as the International Organization means a distribution and sale on local or interna - public intergovernmental organization tional markets. including the UN, UN Specialized Agen - cies and Programmes, Development Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) means Banks, and CGIAR Member Centres, In - the maximum concentration of a ternational Scientific Bodies such as residue that is legally permitted or rec - IUPAC, CIPAC, SETAC. ognized as acceptable in or on a food or agricultural commodity or animal feed - Label means the written, printed or stuff. graphic matter on, or attached to, the pesticide or the immediate container Packaging means the container to - thereof and also to the outside container gether with the protective wrapping or wrapper of the retail package of the used to carry pesticide products via pesticide. wholesale or retail distribution to users.

Life cycle means all the stages a pesti - Personal protective equipment means cide might pass through from production any clothes, materials or devices that to its degradation in the environment provide protection from pesticide expo - after use, or its destruction as an unused sure during handling and application. In product. The life cycle includes manufac - the context of this Code, it includes both ture, formulation, packaging, distribu - specifically designed protective equip - tion, storage, transport, use and final ment and clothing reserved for pesti - disposal of a pesticide product and/or its cide application and handling. container. Pest means any species, strain or bio - Manufacturer means a corporation or type of plant, animal or pathogenic other entity in the public or private sec - agent injurious to plants and plant tor (including an individual) engaged in products, materials or environments the business or function (whether di - and includes vectors of parasites or rectly or through an agent or entity con - pathogens of human and animal dis - trolled by or under contract with it) of ease and animals causing public health manufacturing a pesticide active ingre - nuisance.

Article 2 Terms and definitions 5 Pest Control Operator (PCO) means any Product stewardship means the re - person or company that apply pesti - sponsible and ethical management of cides as a profession. a pesticide product from its discovery through to its ultimate use and be - Pesticide means any substance, or mix - yond. ture of substances of chemical or bio - logical ingredients intended for Public Interest Group means (but is not repelling, destroying or controlling any limited to) scientific association, farmer pest, or regulating plant growth. group, citizens’ organization, labour union and non-governmental environ - Pesticide management means the reg - mental, consumer and health organiza - ulatory and technical control of all as - tion. pects of the pesticide life cycle, including production (manufacture and Public health uses of pesticides means formulation), authorization, import, dis - pesticides that are used in the control tribution, sale, supply, transport, stor - of pests of public health significance. age, handling, application and disposal They include disease vector control of pesticides and their containers to pesticides, household pesticide prod - ensure safety and efficacy and to min - ucts, and professional pest control pes - imize adverse health and environmen - ticides (used by pest control operators tal effects and human and animal in homes and public areas). exposure. Registration means the process Poison means a substance that can whereby the responsible national gov - cause disturbance of structure or func - ernment or regional authority approves tion, leading to illness, injury or death the sale and use of a pesticide following when absorbed in relatively small the evaluation of scientific data aimed amounts by human beings, plants or at demonstrating that the product is ef - animals. fective for its intended purposes and does not pose an unacceptable risk to Poisoning means occurrence of dam - human or animal health or the environ - age or disturbance caused by a poison, ment under the conditions of use in the and includes intoxication. country or region.

Product (or pesticide product ) means Repackaging means the transfer of a the formulated product (pesticide ac - pesticide from any authorized com - tive ingredient(s) and co-formulants), mercial package into any other, usu - in the form in which it is packaged and ally smaller, container for subsequent sold. sale.

The International Code of Conduct 6 on Pesticide Management Residue means any specified sub - ket or from further consideration in the stances in or on food, agricultural and domestic approval process, and where other types of commodities or animal there is clear evidence that such action feed as well as in environmental media has been taken in order to protect including soil, air and water resulting human health or the environment. from the use of a pesticide. The term in - cludes any derivatives of a pesticide, Specification means the parameters such as conversion products, metabo - and criteria defining the physical ap - lites, breakdown products, reaction pearance and physical and chemical products and impurities considered to properties of technical and formulated be of toxicological or ecotoxicological pesticides linked with hazard and risk significance. The term “pesticide profiles. residue” includes residues from un - known or unavoidable sources (e.g. en - Tender means a formal request for bids vironmental contamination) as well as in the procurement of pesticides. known, authorized uses of the chemi - cal. Toxicity means a physiological or bio - logical property which determines the Responsible authority means the gov - capacity of a chemical to do harm or ernment agency or agencies responsi - produce injury to a living organism by ble for regulating pesticides and more other than mechanical means. generally for implementing pesticide legislation. Trader means anyone engaged in trade, including export, import and domestic Risk is the probability and severity of an distribution. adverse health or environmental effect occurring as a function of a hazard and Vulnerable groups means persons that the likelihood and the extent of expo - include pregnant and nursing women, sure to a pesticide. the unborn, infants and children, the el - derly, HIV/AIDS affected people and, Severely restricted pesticide means a when subject to high exposure to pes - pesticide virtually all use of which has ticides over the long term, workers and been prohibited by final regulatory ac - residents. tion in order to protect human health or the environment, but for which certain specific uses remain allowed. It includes a pesticide that has, for virtually all use, been refused for approval or been with - drawn by industry either from the mar -

Article 2 Terms and definitions 7 Article 3 Pesticide management

3.1 Governments have the overall re - port of pesticides, especially with sponsibility for regulating the avail - those countries that have not yet ability, distribution and use of pes - established adequate regulatory ticides in their countries and should schemes: ensure the allocation of adequate resources for this mandate (2) . 3.5 Pesticide industry and traders should observe the following prac - 3.2 Pesticide industry should adhere tices in pesticide management. to the provisions of this Code as a This is particularly important in standard for the manufacture, dis - those countries that have not yet tribution, sale and advertising of established or are unable to effec - pesticides. This is particularly im - tively operate adequate regulatory portant in those countries that schemes and advisory services. have not yet established or are un - 3.5.1 supply only pesticides of ade - able to effectively operate ade - quate quality, packaged and la - quate regulatory schemes and ad - belled as appropriate for each visory services. specific market (3) ; 3.5.2 in close cooperation with procur - 3.3 Governments, industry and other ers of pesticides, adhere closely to entities addressed by this Code, the provisions of FAO and WHO should ensure that the require - guidance on procurement and ten - ments of relevant international der procedures (4, 5) ; agreements are followed. 3.5.3 pay special attention to the choice of pesticide formulations and to 3.4 Governments of pesticide export - presentation, packaging and la - ing countries should, to the extent belling in order to minimize risks possible ensure that good trading to users, the public and the envi - practices are followed in the ex - ronment;

The International Code of Conduct 8 on Pesticide Management 3.5.4 provide, with each package of pes - terials through all available media ticide, information and instructions to extension services, agricultural in one or more of the official lan - and public health advisory ser - guages of the country and in a vices, farmers and farmers’ orga - form adequate to ensure effective nizations, pest control operators, use, and minimize risks to users, public health workers and other the public and the environment; entities providing advice on pesti - 3.5.5 be capable of providing effective cide management. Users should technical support, backed up by full be encouraged to seek educational product stewardship to end user materials and be helped to under - level, including advice on and im - stand and follow its advice before plementation of mechanisms for handling and applying pesticides. the effective management of un - used and obsolete pesticides and 3.8 Concerted efforts should be made empty pesticide containers; by governments to develop and 3.5.6 retain an active interest in follow - promote the use of IPM/IVM. Fur - ing their products through their thermore, lending institutions, entire life-cycle, keeping track of donor agencies and governments major uses and the occurrence of should support the development any problems arising from the use of national IPM/IVM policies and of their products, as a basis for de - improved IPM/IVM concepts and termining the need for changes in practices. These should be based labelling, directions for use, pack - on strategies that promote in - aging, formulation or product creased participation of farmers, availability. (including women’s groups), ex - tension agents and on-farm re - 3.6 Pesticides whose handling and ap - searchers, communities, and rel - plication require the use of per - evant entities from the public sonal protective equipment that is health and other sectors. uncomfortable, expensive or not readily available should be 3.9 All stakeholders, including farmers avoided, especially in the case of and farmer associations, IPM/IVM small-scale users and farm work - researchers, extension agents, ers in hot climates (6) . crop consultants, food industry, manufacturers of biological and 3.7 All relevant entities addressed by chemical pesticides and application this Code should take coordinated equipment, PCOs, public health action to produce and disseminate workers, environmentalists and relevant and clear educational ma - representatives of consumer

Article 3 Pesticide management 9 groups and other public interest 3.12 Governments, pesticide industry groups should play a proactive role and national and international or - in the development and promotion ganizations should collaborate to of IPM/IVM. develop and promote strategies to prevent and manage pest resis - 3.10 Governments, with the support of tance to pesticides in order to pro - relevant international and regional long the useful life of valuable pes - organizations, donor agencies and ticides and reduce the adverse research funds, should encourage effects of resistance to pesticides. and promote research on, and the This should include consideration development of, alternatives to of the impacts of pesticides used existing pesticides that pose fewer in agriculture on resistance devel - risks such as biological control opment among disease vectors agents and techniques; non- and public health pests (18, 19) . chemical pesticides and pest con - trol methods; pesticides that are 3.13 Governments whose programmes of low risk to human and animal for regulating pesticides are well health and the environment, that developed should, to the extent as far as possible or desirable, are possible, provide technical assis - target-specific, and that degrade tance, including training, to other into innocuous constituent parts countries in developing their in - or metabolites after use. frastructure and capacity to man - age pesticides throughout their 3.11 Governments, pesticide industry life-cycle. and the application equipment in - dustry should develop and promote the use of pesticide application methods (7, 8, 9, 10, 11) and equipment (12, 13, 14, 15, 16) that minimize the risks from pesticides to human and ani - mal health and/or the environment and that optimize efficiency and cost-effectiveness, and should con - duct periodic practical training in such activities (17) . The application equipment industry should also provide users with information on proper maintenance and use of ap - plication equipment.

The International Code of Conduct 10 on Pesticide Management Article 4 Testing of pesticides

4.1 Pesticide industry should: safety data sheets, technical liter - 4.1.1 ensure that each pesticide and pes - ature and advertising truly reflect ticide product is adequately and ef - the outcome of these scientific fectively tested by recognized pro - tests and assessments; cedures and test methods so as to 4.1.5 provide, at the request of a country, fully evaluate its inherent physical, methods for the analysis of any ac - chemical or biological properties, tive ingredient, co-formulant or rel - efficacy (20, 21) , behaviour, fate, haz - evant impurity or formulation that ard and risk (22, 23) with regard to the they manufacture, and provide the various anticipated uses and con - necessary analytical standards; ditions in regions or countries of 4.1.6 provide advice and assistance in use; the training of technical staff in - 4.1.2 ensure that such tests are con - volved in the relevant analytical ducted in accordance with sound work. Formulators should actively scientific and experimental proce - support this effort; dures and the principles of good 4.1.7 conduct residue trials prior to mar - laboratory and experimental prac - keting, at least in accordance with tice (24) ; Codex Alimentarius and FAO guide - 4.1.3 make available copies or summaries lines on good analytical practice (25) of the original reports of such tests and on crop residue data (26, 27) in or - for assessment by responsible gov - der to provide a basis for estab - ernment authorities in all countries lishing appropriate maximum where the pesticide is to be offered residue limits. for sale or use. If translated docu - ments are provided, their accuracy 4.2 Each country should possess or should be certified; have access to facilities to verify 4.1.4 ensure that the proposed use, label and exercise control over the qual - claims and directions, packages, ity of pesticides offered for sale or

Article 4 Testing of pesticides 11 export, to establish the quantity of ing countries in training personnel the active ingredient or ingredients and providing guidance on the de - and the suitability of their formula - sign and conduct of trials, the in - tion, according to FAO or WHO rec - terpretation and evaluation of test ommended specifications (28, 29, 30) or data, and risk/benefit analysis. national specifications, when avail - They should also promote maxi - able (31) . Where a country lacks suit - mum availability to, and use by de - able facilities, access to laboratories veloping countries of, appropriate in another country should be con - international, regional and national sidered. assessments and evaluations of pesticide hazards and risks. 4.3 International organizations and other interested bodies should, 4.5 Pesticide industry and govern - within available resources, con - ments should collaborate in post- sider assisting in the establish - registration surveillance and con - ment of analytical laboratories, or ducting monitoring studies to strengthening existing laborato - determine the fate of pesticides ries, in pesticide importing coun - and their health and environmental tries, either on a national or a re - effects under operational condi - gional basis. All such laboratories tions (32) . should be set up in a manner that assures their economic and tech - nical sustainability beyond the scope of assistance provided by in - ternational organizations and other interested bodies. These laborato - ries should adhere to sound scien - tific procedures and guidelines for good laboratory practice, should possess the necessary expertise and should have adequate analyt - ical equipment and supplies of cer - tified analytical standards, sol - vents, reagents and appropriate, up-to-date analytical methods.

4.4 Exporting governments and inter - national organizations should play an active role in assisting develop -

The International Code of Conduct 12 on Pesticide Management Article 5 Reducing health and environmental risks

5.1 Governments should: medical treatment, accessible at all 5.1.1 implement a pesticide policy, and a times (33, 35) ; pesticide registration and control 5.1.6 utilize all possible means for col - system along the lines set out in lecting reliable data and maintain - Article 6; ing statistics on health effects of 5.1.2 regularly review the pesticides mar - pesticides and pesticide poisoning keted in their country, their accept - incidents, using harmonized tools able uses and their availability to where available and submit, where each sector of the public, and con - appropriate, the Rotterdam Con - duct special reviews when indicated vention Human Health Incident by scientific evidence; Report Forms on Severely Haz - 5.1.3 carry out health surveillance pro - ardous Pesticide Formulations grammes of those who are occu - (SHPF), to the relevant designated pationally exposed to pesticides and national authority (34) . Suitably investigate, as well as document, trained personnel and adequate poisoning cases; resources should be made avail - 5.1.4 provide guidance and instructions able to ensure the accuracy of in - to health workers, physicians and formation collected; hospital staff on the diagnosis and 5.1.7 provide extension services, agricul - treatment of suspected pesticide tural and public health advisory ser - poisoning as well as on the preven - vices, farmers and farmers’ organi - tion of exposure and poisoning, and zations, pest control operators, the reporting and recording of inci - public health workers and other en - dences; tities providing advice on pest 5.1.5 establish national or regional poi - and/or vector management with soning information and control cen - adequate information about prac - tres at strategic locations to provide tical IPM/IVM strategies and meth - immediate guidance on first aid and ods, pesticide risk reduction mea -

Article 5 Reducing health and environmental risks 13 sures, as well as the range of all made available to ensure the ac - methods available for use, including curacy of information collected; information on risks, hazards and 5.1.11 implement a programme to moni - mitigation measures in case of ex - tor pesticide residues in food, feed, posure or accident; drinking water, the environment 5.1.8 with the cooperation of the pesti - and habitations where pesticides cides industry, limit the availability have been applied. of pesticides that are sold to the general public through non-spe - 5.2 Even where a control scheme is in cialized outlets, to low hazard operation, pesticide industry should: products (WHO Class U) or low risk 5.2.1 cooperate in the regular reassess - and ready to use products that re - ment of the pesticides which are quire no dilution or other prepara - marketed; tion, and can be applied with lim - 5.2.2 provide poison-control centres and ited need for personal protective medical practitioners with informa - equipment; tion about pesticide hazards, toxic - 5.1.9 require that pesticides be physically ity of active ingredients and co-for - segregated from other merchandize mulants and on suitable treatment to prevent contamination or mis - of pesticide poisoning; taken identity and where appropriate 5.2.3 provide users and environmental require that pesticides are clearly authorities with information on ap - marked as hazardous materials. Ev - propriate remediation measures in ery effort should be made to publi - case of spills and accidents; cize the dangers of storing pesticides 5.2.4 make every reasonable effort to re - and foodstuffs together; duce risks posed by pesticides by: 5.1.10 utilize all possible means for col - 5.2.4.1 making less toxic formula - lecting reliable data, maintaining tions available; statistics on environmental con - 5.2.4.2 introducing products in tamination and adverse effects, ready-to-use packages; and reporting specific incidents re - 5.2.4.3 developing application meth - lated to pesticides. Where appro - ods and equipment that minimize priate, governments should sub - exposure to pesticides; mit the Rotterdam Convention 5.2.4.4 using returnable and refillable Environmental Incidents Reporting containers where effective con - Forms on Severely Hazardous tainer collection systems are in Pesticide Formulations (SHPF) to place; the designated national author - 5.2.4.5 using containers that are not ity (34) . Suitably trained personnel attractive for subsequent reuse and and adequate resources should be promoting programmes to discour -

The International Code of Conduct 14 on Pesticide Management age their reuse, where effective ment from the possible adverse ef - container collection systems are not fects of pesticides. in place; 5.2.4.6 using containers that are not 5.4 Entities addressed by the Code attractive to or easily opened by should consider all available facts children, particularly for domestic and should promote responsible in - use products; formation dissemination on pesti - 5.2.4.7 using clear and concise la - cides and their uses, risks and al - belling. ternatives. 5.2.5 halt sale and recall products as soon as possible when handling or use 5.5 In establishing pesticide production pose an unacceptable risk under facilities of a suitable standard in any use directions or restrictions developing countries, manufactur - and notify the government. ers and governments should coop - erate to: 5.3 Government and industry should 5.5.1 adopt engineering standards and cooperate in further reducing risks operating practices appropriate by: to the nature of the manufactur - 5.3.1 promoting the use of personal pro - ing operations and the hazards tective equipment which is suitable involved, and ensure the avail - for the tasks to be carried out, ap - ability of appropriate protective propriate to the prevailing climatic equipment; conditions and affordable (6) ; 5.5.2 take all necessary precautions to 5.3.2 making provisions for safe storage protect workers, bystanders, of pesticides at wholesale, retail, nearby communities and the en - warehouse and farm level (36) ; vironment; 5.3.3 establishing services to collect and 5.5.3 ensure the proper siting of manu - safely dispose of used containers facturing and formulating plants as and small quantities of left-over well as their stores and adequately pesticides (37) ; monitor and control wastes, emis - 5.3.4 protecting biodiversity and mini - sions and effluents in accordance mizing adverse effects of pesti - with national and regional regula - cides on the environment (water, tions where available, or in accor - soil and air) and on non-target or - dance with relevant international ganisms; guidelines; 5.3.5 raising awareness and under - 5.5.4 maintain quality-assurance proce - standing among pesticide users dures to ensure compliance with about the importance and ways of the relevant standards of purity, protecting health and the environ - performance, stability and safety.

Article 5 Reducing health and environmental risks 15 Article 6 Regulatory and technical requirements

6.1 Governments should: pesticides by children in a work sit - 6.1.1 introduce the necessary policy and uation should be included in Na - legislation for the regulation of tional Hazardous Work Lists for pesticides, their marketing and use children under ILO Convention No. throughout their life cycle, and 182 on the Worse Forms of Child make provisions for its effective Labour in countries which have coordination and enforcement, in - ratified it; cluding the establishment of ap - 6.1.3 establish regulatory schemes such propriate educational, advisory, as licenses or permits for pest con - extension and health-care ser - trol operators; vices, using as a basis FAO and 6.1.4 establish pesticide registration WHO guidelines and, where appli - schemes and infrastructures under cable, the provisions of relevant which each pesticide product is reg - legally binding instruments. In so istered before it can be made avail - doing, governments should take able for use; full account of factors such as local needs, social and economic con - ditions, levels of literacy, climatic conditions, availability and afford - ability of appropriate pesticide ap -

plication and personal protective (b) A partnership of: International Labour Organiza - equipment; tion (ILO), Food and Agriculture Organization 6.1.2 as recommended by the Interna - (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Devel - tional Partnership for Cooperation opment (IFAD), International Food Policy Re - on Child Labour in Agriculture (b) in - search Institute (IFPRI) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research troduce legislation to prevent the (CGIAR) , International Union of Food, Agricul - use of pesticides by and sale of tural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and pesticides to children. The use of Allied Workers’ Associations (IUF).

The International Code of Conduct 16 on Pesticide Management 6.1.5 conduct risk evaluations and make port, export, manufacture, formu - risk management decisions based lation, quality and quantity of pes - on all relevant available data and ticides; information, as part of the pesticide 6.1.11 collect and record data on the im - registration process (40, 41) ; port, export, manufacture, formu - 6.1.6 as part of the registration process lation, quality, quantity and use of establish Good Agricultural Prac - pesticides in order to assess the ex - tice in line with the definition of tent of any possible effects on hu - GAP in article 2, for each pesticide man and animal health and/or the that is registered for agricultural environment, and to monitor trends use; in pesticide use for economic and 6.1.7 use the principles described in the other purposes; Manual on Development and Use 6.1.12 permit pesticide application equip - of FAO and WHO Specifications for ment and personal protective Pesticides for determining equiva - equipment to be marketed only if lence of pesticides (28) ; they comply with established stan - 6.1.8 promote the advantages of, and dards (7, 8, 9, 13) ; cooperate with other governments 6.1.13 detect and control counterfeiting c in, the establishment of harmonized and illegal trade in pesticides (regionally or by groups of countries) through national inter-agency and pesticide registration requirements, intergovernmental cooperation and procedures and evaluation criteria, information sharing; taking into account appropriate, in - 6.1.14 Regulate and monitor pesticide ternationally agreed technical residues in food in accordance no - guidelines and standards, and tably with the recommendations of where possible incorporate these the Codex Alimentarius. In the ab - standards into national or regional sence of Codex standards, national legislation (40, 41) ; or regional standards should be 6.1.9 Allow for re-evaluation and es - used. This should be done in a man - tablish a re-registration proce - ner that is consistent with WTO re - dure to ensure the regular review quirements and will not lead to of pesticides, thus ensuring that technical barriers in trade. prompt and effective measures can be taken if new information or data on the performance or risks indicate that regulatory ac - (c) As of the time of finalization of the Code of Con - tion is needed; duct WHO uses the expression substandard/spu - 6.1.10 improve regulations in relation to rious/falsely-labelled/falsified/counterfeit with collecting and recording data on im - regard to medical products.

Article 6 Regulatory and technical requirements 17 6.2 Pesticide industry should: lation, sales, quality and quantity of 6.2.1 provide an objective assessment pesticides. together with the necessary sup - porting data on each product, in - 6.3 Relevant international organiza - cluding sufficient data to support tions and bilateral agencies should risk assessment and to allow a risk be encouraged to give high priority management decision to be made; to requests for assistance from de - 6.2.2 provide national regulatory author - veloping countries which do not yet ities with any new or updated in - have the facilities and expertise for formation that could change the pesticide management and control regulatory status of the pesticide, systems. as soon as it becomes available; 6.2.3 ensure that the active ingredient and co-formulants of pesticide products being marketed corre - spond in identity, quality, purity and composition to the ingredients of the registered pesticide product that have been tested, evaluated and cleared for toxicological and en - vironmental acceptability; 6.2.4 ensure that technical grade and for - mulated pesticide products conform with applicable national standards or FAO recommended specifications for agricultural pesticides, and with WHO recommended specifications for public health pesticides, when available; 6.2.5 verify the quality and purity of pes - ticides offered for sale; 6.2.6 when problems with pesticides oc - cur, voluntarily take corrective ac - tion and, when requested by gov - ernments, help find solutions to difficulties; 6.2.7 provide their national governments with clear and concise data on ex - port, import, manufacture, formu -

The International Code of Conduct 18 on Pesticide Management Article 7 Availability and use

7.1 Responsible authorities should give 7.3 Availability of pesticides may be re - special attention to drafting legis - stricted by the responsible authority lation on the availability and use of in different ways, such as not regis - pesticides. These should be com - tering a product or, as a condition of patible with existing levels of user registration, restricting the availabil - training and expertise. The param - ity to certain groups of users or cer - eters on which decisions on the tain uses in accordance with a na - availability and use of pesticides are tional assessment of the hazards based vary widely and should be involved in the use of the product. left to the discretion of each gov - ernment. 7.4 Governments and industry should ensure that all pesticides made avail - 7.2 When determining the risk and de - able to the general public are pack - gree of restriction appropriate to aged and labelled in a manner which the product, the responsible author - is consistent with FAO/WHO or other ity should take into account the type relevant guidelines on packaging and of formulation, method of applica - labelling (3) and with appropriate na - tion and its uses. Governments tional or regional regulations. should, where appropriate, take note of and may consider using the 7.5 Prohibition of the importation, dis - Globally Harmonized System of tribution, sale and purchase of highly Classification and Labelling of hazardous pesticides may be con - Chemicals (GHS) (45) or the WHO Rec - sidered if, based on risk assessment, ommended Classification of Pesti - risk mitigation measures or good cides by Hazard (44) as the basis for marketing practices are insufficient their regulatory measures and as - to ensure that the product can be sociate the hazard class with well- handled without unacceptable risk recognized hazard symbols. to humans and the environment.

Article 7 Availability and use 19 Article 8 Distribution and trade

8.1 Governments should: that pesticides traded internation - 8.1.1 develop legislation and implement ally conform at least to: licensing procedures relating to the 8.2.1.1 relevant international con - sale of pesticides, so as to ensure ventions and regional, sub-regional that those involved are capable of or national regulations; providing buyers with sound advice 8.2.1.2 relevant FAO or WHO rec - on risk reduction, as well as judi - ommended specifications, where cious and efficient use; such specifications have been de - 8.1.2 encourage, to the extent possible, veloped; a market-driven supply process, 8.2.1.3 principles embodied in GHS as opposed to government pur - and relevant FAO, and/or WHO chasing, to reduce the potential guidelines on classification and la - for accumulation of excessive belling; stocks. However, when govern - 8.2.1.4 rules and regulations on ments, parastatals, aid pro - packaging, marking and trans - grammes or other agencies pur - portation laid down by the UN Rec - chase pesticides, the procurement ommendations on the Transport of should be based on FAO and WHO Dangerous Goods (48) , and by inter - guidance on tender and procure - national organizations concerned ment for pesticides (4, 5) ; with specific modes of transport 8.1.3 ensure that any pesticide subsidies (e.g. ICAO (d) , IMO (e) , RID (f) , ADR (g) and or donations do not lead to exces - IATA (h) ). sive or unjustified use which may 8.2.2 ensure that pesticides manufac - divert interest from more sustain - tured for export are subject to the able alternative measures. same quality requirements and standards as those applied to com - 8.2 Pesticide industry should: parable domestic products; 8.2.1 take all necessary steps to ensure 8.2.3 ensure that pesticides manufac -

The International Code of Conduct 20 on Pesticide Management tured or formulated by a subsidiary 8.2.8 provide, consistent with national, company meet appropriate quality sub-regional or regional require - requirements and standards. ments, a range of pack sizes and These should be consistent with types that are appropriate for the the requirements of the host needs of small-scale farmers, country and of the parent com - household and other local users, in pany; order to reduce risks and to discour - 8.2.4 encourage importing agencies, na - age sellers from repackaging prod - tional or regional formulators and ucts in unlabelled or inappropriate their respective trade organizations containers; to cooperate in order to achieve fair 8.2.9 not knowingly supply pesticides practices as well as marketing and that are restricted for use by par - distribution practices that reduce ticular groups of users, for sale to the risks posed by pesticides, and unauthorized users. to collaborate with authorities in stamping out any unethical practice 8.3 Procurers of pesticides should es - within the industry; tablish purchasing procedures to 8.2.5 recognize that a pesticide may need prevent the oversupply of pesticides to be recalled by a manufacturer and consider including requirements and distributor when its use, as rec - relating to pesticide storage, distri - ommended, represents an unac - bution and disposal services in a ceptable risk to human and animal purchasing contract (4, 5) . health or the environment, and act accordingly; 8.2.6 endeavour to ensure that pesticides are traded by and purchased from reputable traders, who should preferably be members of a recog - nized trade organization; 8.2.7 ensure that persons involved in the sale of pesticides are trained ade - quately, hold appropriate govern - ment permits or licences (where they exist) and have access to suf - (d) International Civil Aviation Organization. ficient information, such as safety (e) International Maritime Organization. (f) data sheets, so that they are capa - Regulations concerning the international car - riage of dangerous goods by rail. ble of providing buyers with advice (g) European Agreement concerning the interna - on risk reduction as well as judicious tional carriage of dangerous goods by road. and efficient use; (h) International Air Transport Association.

Article 8 Distribution and trade 21 Article 9 Information exchange

9.1 Governments should: 9.1.2.5 poisoning and environmental 9.1.1 promote the establishment or contamination incidents data. strengthening of networks for in - formation exchange on pesticides 9.2 In addition, governments are en - and IPM/IVM through national in - couraged to develop: stitutions, international, regional 9.2.1 legislation that permits public access and sub-regional organizations and to information about pesticide risks public interest groups; and the regulatory process, while 9.1.2 facilitate the exchange of informa - safe-guarding intellectual property; tion between regulatory and imple - 9.2.2 administrative procedures to pro - menting authorities to strengthen vide transparency and facilitate the cooperation. The information to be participation of the public in the exchanged should include: regulatory process, while safe- 9.1.2.1 actions taken to ban or guarding intellectual property; severely restrict a pesticide in order to protect human health or the en - 9.3 International organizations should, vironment, and additional informa - within available resources, provide tion upon request; information on specific pesticides 9.1.2.2 scientific, technical, economic, (including guidance on methods of regulatory and legal information analysis) through the provision of concerning pesticides including tox - criteria documents, fact sheets, icological, environmental and safety training and other appropriate data; means. 9.1.2.3 the availability of resources and expertise associated with pes - 9.4 All entities addressed by this Code ticide regulatory activities; should: 9.1.2.4 cases of counterfeit (i) and il - 9.4.1 support the process of information legal pesticides being traded; exchange and facilitate access to

The International Code of Conduct 22 on Pesticide Management information on matters including pesticide hazards and risks, residues in food, drinking water and the environment, the use of pesti - cides in or on non-food products, IPM/IVM, pesticide efficacy, alter - natives to highly hazardous pesti - cides and related regulatory and policy actions; 9.4.2 encourage collaboration between public interest groups, international organizations, governments and other interested stakeholders to ensure that countries are provided with the information they need to meet the objectives of the Code.

(i) As of the time of finalization of the Code of Con - duct WHO uses the expression substandard/spu - rious/falsely-labelled/falsified/counterfeit with regard to medical products.

Article 9 Information exchange 23 Article 10 Labelling, packaging, storage and disposal

10.1 All pesticide containers should be guage or languages, a warning clearly labelled in line with relevant against the reuse of containers regulations or GHS (45) and/or and instructions for decontamina - FAO/WHO guidelines on good la - tion and the safe disposal of used belling practice for pesticides (3) . containers; 10.2.5 identify each lot or batch of the 10.2 Pesticide Industry should use labels product in numbers or letters that that: can be understood without the 10.2.1 comply with registration require - need for additional code refer - ments and include recommenda - ences; tions consistent with those of the 10.2.6 clearly show the release date relevant authorities in the country (month and year) of the lot or of sale; batch (28) , expiry date (as appropri - 10.2.2 include appropriate symbols and ate) and contain relevant informa - pictograms whenever possible, with tion on the storage stability of the their signal words or hazard and risk product. phrases, in addition to written in - structions, warnings and precau - 10.3 Pesticide industry, in cooperation tions in the appropriate language or with government, should ensure languages; that: 10.2.3 comply with national labelling re - 10.3.1 packaging, storage and disposal of quirements or, in the absence of pesticides conform in principle to more detailed national standards, the relevant FAO, UNEP, WHO with the GHS, the FAO/WHO guid - guidelines or regulations (36, 37, 38, 49, ance on pesticide labelling, and 51, 53, 54, 55) or to other international other relevant international labelling guidelines, where applicable; requirements; 10.3.2 packaging or repackaging is carried 10.2.4 include, in the appropriate lan - out only on licensed premises that

The International Code of Conduct 24 on Pesticide Management comply with safety standards ments, in particular the Basel Con - where the responsible authority is vention (52) . satisfied that staff are adequately protected against toxic hazards, 10.7 Pesticide industry should, with mul - that adequate measures are in tilateral cooperation, assist in dis - place to avoid environmental con - posing of any banned or obsolete tamination, that the resulting prod - pesticides and of used containers, uct will be properly packaged and in an environmentally sound man - labelled, and that the content will ner, including reuse or recycling, conform to the relevant quality with minimal risk where approved standards. and appropriate.

10.4 Governments should take the nec - 10.8 Governments, pesticide industry, essary regulatory measures to international organizations, the prohibit the repackaging or de - agricultural community and vector canting of any pesticide into food, control programmes should im - beverage, animal feed or other in - plement policies and practices to appropriate containers and rigidly prevent the accumulation of ob - enforce punitive measures that ef - solete pesticides and used con - fectively deter such practices. tainers (49) .

10.5 Governments, with the help of pes - ticide industry and with multilateral cooperation, should inventory (54) ob - solete or unusable stocks of pesti - cides and used containers, establish and implement an action plan for their disposal, or remediation in the case of contaminated sites (55) , and record these activities.

10.6 Governments should ensure that the treatment and disposal of haz - ardous pesticide waste are carried out in an environmentally sound manner that complies with national and regional regulations, relevant international standards and Multi - national Environmental Agree -

Article 10 Labelling, packaging, storage and disposal 25 Article 11 Advertising

11.1 Governments should approve and stricted to use by trained or regis - implement legislation to regulate tered operators are not publicly ad - the advertising of pesticides in all vertised through journals other media to ensure that it is in line with than those catering for such oper - the conditions of registration as re - ators, unless the restricted avail - gards label directions and precau - ability is clearly and prominently tions, particularly those relating to shown; proper maintenance and use of ap - 11.2.4 no company or individual in any plication equipment, appropriate one country simultaneously personal protective equipment, markets different pesticide ac - special precautions for vulnerable tive ingredients or combinations groups and the dangers of reusing of ingredients under a single containers (47) . brand name; 11.2.5 advertising does not encourage 11.2 Pesticide industry should ensure uses other than those specified on that: the approved label; 11.2 .1 all statements used in advertising 11.2.6 promotional material does not in - are technically justified; clude recommendations at vari - 11.2.2 advertisements do not contain any ance with national regulatory de - statement or visual presentation cisions; which, directly or by implication, 11.2.7 advertisements do not misrepre - omission, ambiguity or exaggerated sent research results, quotations claim, is likely to mislead the buyer, from technical and scientific litera - in particular with regard to the ture or scientific jargon to make “safety” of the product, its nature, claims appear to have a scientific composition or suitability for use, basis they do not possess; official recognition or approval; 11.2.8 claims as to safety, including state - 11.2.3 pesticides which are legally re - ments such as “safe”, “non-poi -

The International Code of Conduct 26 on Pesticide Management sonous”, “harmless”, “non-toxic”, tices, including the observance of “environmentally friendly” or “com - recommended application rates, patible with IPM/ IVM,” are not frequency of applications and pre- made on labels, pamphlets or other harvest intervals in language that publicity material, with or without is understandable to end users; a qualifying phrase such as “when 11 .2 .15 false or misleading comparisons used as directed”. [However, refer - with other pesticides are not made; ence to use within specified 11 .2 .16 all staff involved in sales promotion IPM/IVM programmes may be in - are adequately trained and possess cluded if validated by the regulating sufficient technical knowledge to authority, and the claim is qualified present complete, accurate and accordingly]; valid information on the products 11.2.9 statements comparing the risk, offered for sale; hazard or “safety” of different pes - 11 .2 .17 advertisements encourage pur - ticides or other substances are not chasers and users to read the label made; carefully, or have the label read to 11 .2 .10 no misleading statements are made them if they cannot read; concerning the effectiveness of the 11 .2 .18 advertisements and promotional product; activities should not include inap - 11.2 .1 1 no guarantees or implied guaran - propriate incentives or gifts to en - tees, such as “more profits with...” courage the purchase of pesticides. or “guarantees high yields,” are given unless definite evidence to 11.3 International organizations and substantiate such claims is avail - public interest groups should call able; attention to departures from this 11 .2 .12 advertisements do not contain any Article. visual representation of potentially dangerous practices, such as mix - ing or application without suffi - cient protective clothing, use near food or use by or in the vicinity of children; 11 .2 .13 advertising or promotional mate - rial draws attention to the appro - priate warning phrases and sym - bols as laid down in the GHS and FAO/WHO labelling guidelines (3) ; 11 .2 .14 technical literature provides ade - quate information on correct prac -

Article 11 Advertising 27 Article 12 Monitoring and Observance of the Code

12.1 The Code should be published by of a government’s ability to ob - FAO, WHO and UNEP and should be serve the Code. observed through collaborative ac - tion by all entities addressed by this 12.4 Independently of any measures Code. taken with respect to the obser - vance of this Code, all relevant legal 12.2 The Code should be brought to the rules, whether legislative, adminis - attention of all concerned in the reg - trative, judicial or customary, deal - ulation, manufacture, distribution ing with liability, consumer protec - and use of pesticides, so that gov - tion, conservation, pollution control ernments, pesticide industry and and other related subjects, should other entities addressed by this Code be strictly applied. that are in a position to promote sustainable pest and vector man - 12.5 Governments and other entities agement practices, understand their concerned: shared responsibilities in working to - 12.5.1 are encouraged to observe the pro - gether to ensure that the objectives visions laid down in any relevant in - of the Code are achieved. ternational instruments concerning chemical management, environ - 12.3 All entities addressed by this Code mental and health protection, sus - should promote the principles and tainable development and interna - ethics expressed by the Code, ir - tional trade, relevant to the Code respective of other entities’ ability (Annex 1); to observe the Code. Pesticide in - 12.5.2 are encouraged, if they have not yet dustry should cooperate fully in the joined, ratified or acceded to such observance of the Code and pro - instruments, to evaluate the appro - mote the principles and ethics ex - priateness of so doing as soon as pressed by the Code, irrespective possible.

The International Code of Conduct 28 on Pesticide Management 12.6 FAO, WHO, UNEP and other rele - vant international organizations should give full support to the ob - servance of the Code.

12.7 Governments, in collaboration with FAO WHO and UNEP, should moni - tor the observance of the Code and report on progress made to the Di - rectors-General of FAO and WHO and the Executive Director of UNEP (56) .

12.8 Pesticide industry is invited to pro - vide reports to Directors-General of FAO and WHO and the Executive Director of UNEP on its product stewardship activities related to ob - servance of the Code (56) .

12.9 NGOs and other interested entities are invited to monitor activities re - lated to the implementation of the Code and report these to Directors- General of FAO and WHO and the Executive Director of UNEP (56) .

12.10 Governing Bodies of FAO, WHO and UNEP should periodically review the relevance and effectiveness of the Code. The Code should be consid - ered a dynamic text which must be brought up to date as required, tak - ing into account technical, economic and social progress.

Article 12 Monitoring and Observance of the Code 29 Annex 1 International instruments in the field of chemical management, environmental and health protection, sustainable development and international trade, relevant to the Code

International policy instruments which force in 1992 (52) . address one or more aspects of the life- • The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior cycle of a pesticide include, but are not Informed Consent Procedure for Cer - limited to, the ones listed below. Some tain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesti - have direct operational implications for cides in International Trade , adopted pesticide distribution and use, while oth - in 1998 and entered into force in ers provide a more general policy context. 2004 (1) . Dates of entry into force are given for • The Stockholm Convention on Persis - those instruments that were legally tent Organic Pollutants , adopted in binding at the time of adoption of the re - 2001 and entered into force in vision of this Code. 2004 (59) .

A. International policy instruments B. International policy instruments that with direct operational implications provide a general policy context for for pesticide management pesticide management • The Codex Alimentarius , and more • The Convention concerning Safety and specifically the Codex Committee on Health in Agriculture . ILO, adopted in Pesticide Residues, operational since 2001 and entered into force in 2003 (46) . 1966 (57) . • The Convention concerning Safety in the • The Montreal Protocol on Substances Use of Chemicals at Work , adopted in that Deplete the Ozone Layer , adopted 1990 and entered into force in 1993 (60) . in 1987 and entered into force in • Convention concerning the prohibition 1989, and its subsequent amend - and immediate action for the elimina - ments (58) . tion of the worst forms of child labour , • The Basel Convention on the Control of ILO, Geneva, 1999. Transboundary Movements of Haz - ardous Wastes and their Disposal , • The Rio Declaration on Environment and adopted in 1989 and entered into Development , proclaimed by the United

Annex 1 31 Nations Conference on Environment adopted in 1993 and entered into and Development in 1992 (61) . force in 1997 (64) . • Agenda 21 – Global Programme of Ac - • The Rome Declaration on World Food Se - tion on Sustainable Development , and curity and The World Food Summit Plan more specifically chapters 14 (Pro - of Action , adopted in 1996 (65) ; moting Sustainable Agriculture and • The World Health Declaration and Rural Development) and 19 (Environ - Health-for-all in the 21 st Century , mentally Sound Management of Toxic adopted in 1998 (66) . Chemicals, Including Prevention of Ille - • The Strategic Approach to International gal International Traffic in Toxic and Chemicals Management, adopted in Dangerous Products) , adopted in 2006 by the International Conference on 1992 (62) . Chemicals Management (67) . • The Convention on Biological Diversity , • The Globally harmonised system for adopted in 1992 and entered into the classification and labelling of force in 1993 (63) . chemicals (GHS) (45) . • The Convention concerning the Preven - tion of Major Industrial Accidents ,

The International Code of Conduct 32 on Pesticide Management References

1 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. FAO/UNEP, Rome/Geneva. 1998. [further information and text at: http://www.pic.int ] 2 Guidelines for legislation on the control of pesticides . FAO, Rome. 1989. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 3 Guidelines on good labelling practice for pesticides . FAO, Rome. 1995. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 4 Provisional guidelines on tender procedures for the procurement of pesticides . FAO, Rome. 1994. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 5 Guidelines for procuring public health pesticides . WHO, Geneva, 2012 text at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503426_eng.pdf ] 6 Guidelines on personal protection when using pesticides in hot climates . FAO, Rome. 1990. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 7 Guidelines on good practice for ground application of pesticides . FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 8 Guidelines on good practice for aerial application of pesticides . FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 9 Pesticides and their application for the control of vectors and pests of public health importance . 6th edition. WHO, Geneva. 2006 [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/who_fao_guidelines/en/index.html ] 10 Space spray application of insecticides for vector and public health pest control - A practitioner’s guide . WHO, Geneva. 2003 [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/who_fao_guidelines/en/index.html ] 11 Manual for indoor residual spraying – Application of residual sprays for vector control. 2 nd edition . WHO, Geneva. 2007 [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/who_fao_guidelines/en/index.html ]

References 33 12 Guidelines on minimum requirements for agricultural pesticide application equipment. FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 13 Guidelines on standards for agricultural pesticide application equipment and related test procedures . FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 14 Guidelines on procedures for the registration, certification and testing of new pesticide application equipment. FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 15 Guidelines on the organization of schemes for testing and certification of agricultural pesticide sprayers in use . FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 16 Equipment for vector control – Specification guidelines , Revised Version 2010. WHO, Geneva. 2010. [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/who_fao_guidelines/en/index.html ] 17 Guidelines on organization and operation of training schemes and certification procedures for operators of pesticide application equipment . FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y2686e/y2686e00.htm ] 18 Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pesticide Resistance , FAO, Rome, 2012 [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 19 Guidelines on prevention and management of pesticide resistance . FAO. Rome. 2010 [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 20 Guidelines on efficacy evaluation for the registration of plant protection products . FAO, Rome. 2006. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 21 Guidelines for efficacy testing of public health pesticides (various topics) . WHO, Geneva. Various dates. [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/guidelines/en/ ] 22 Revised guidelines on environmental criteria for the registration of pesticides . FAO, Rome. 1989. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/guidelines/en/ ] 23 Generic risk assessment models for public health pesticide use (various topics) . WHO, Geneva. Various dates. [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/guidelines/en/ ] 24 OECD principles on good laboratory practice (as revised in 1997) . Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, Paris. 1998. [text at: http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,3343,en_2649_34381_2346175_1_1_1_1,00.html ] 25 Guidelines on good laboratory practice in pesticide residue analysis . CAC/GL 40-1993, Rev.1-2003 Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome. 2003. [text at: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/standard_list.jsp ]

The International Code of Conduct 34 on Pesticide Management 26 Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levels in food and feed. Second edition . FAO, Rome. 2009. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/jmpr/jmpr-docs/en/ ] 27 Recommended methods of sampling for the determination of pesticide residues for compliance with MRLs . CAC/GL 33-1999 Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome. 1999. [text at: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/web/standard_list.jsp ] 28 Manual on the development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for pesticides . First Edition - revised. FAO/WHO, Rome. 2006. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/jmps/manual/en/ ] 29 FAO specifications for plant protection products . FAO, Rome. Various dates. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/jmps/ps/en/ ] 30 WHO Specifications for public health pesticides. WHO, Geneva. Various dates. [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/en/ ] 31 Quality control of pesticides products – Guidelines for national laboratories . WHO/FAO/CIPAC, Geneva. 2005. [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/en/ ] 32 Guidelines on developing a reporting system for health and environmental incidents resulting from exposure to pesticides. FAO/WHO, Rome/Geneva. 2009. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 33 WHO IPCS Poison Centres information [http://www.who.int/ipcs/poisons/centre/en/index.html ] 34 Rotterdam Convention Severely Hazardous Pesticide Formulation Incident Reporting Forms [http://www.pic.int/ ] 35 Sound management of pesticides and diagnosis and treatment of pesticide poisonoing – a resource tool. WHO/UNEP, Geneva. Undated. [text at: http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/IPCSPesticide_ok.pdf ] 36 Pesticide storage and stock control manual. FAO Pesticide Disposal Series N°3. FAO, Rome. 1996. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 37 Guidelines for the management of small quantities of unwanted and obsolete pesticides. FAO Pesticide Disposal Series N°7. UNEP/WHO/FAO, Rome. 1999. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 38 Guidelines on management options for empty pesticide containers. FAO/WHO, Rome/Geneva. 2008. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 39 Guide on the development of national laws to implement the Rotterdam Convention . Rotterdam Convention Secretariat, Geneva/Rome. 2004. [text at: http://www.pic.int/home.php?type=s&id=36&sid=36#GUIDANCEINFO ] 40 Guidelines for the registration of pesticides. FAO/WHO, Rome/Geneva. 2010 [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 41 Guidelines on compliance and enforcement of a pesticide regulatory programme. FAO, Rome. 2006.

References 35 [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 42 OECD guidance for country data review reports on plant protection products and their active substances (« monograph guidance »). Revision 2 . OECD, Paris. 2005. [text at: http://www.oecd.org/document/15/0,3343,en_2649_34383_32167055_1_1_1_1,00.html#In dustry_Reporting ]. 43 OECD guidance for industry data submissions on plant protection products and their active substances (« dossier guidance »). Revision 2 . OECD, Paris. 2005. [text at : http://www.oecd.org/document/15/0,3343,en_2649_34383_32167055_1_1_1_1,00.html#In dustry_Reporting ]. 44 WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 2009. WHO, Geneva. 2010. [text at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard/en/ ] 45 Globally harmonised system for the classification and labelling of chemicals. 3rd revised edition . UNECE, Geneva. 2009 [text at: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html ] 46 Convention concerning safety and health in agriculture. Convention No 184. ILO, Geneva. 2001. [text at: http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C184 ] 47 Guidelines on pesticide advertising. FAO/WHO, Rome/Geneva. 2010. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 48 Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods - Model Regulations. 17th revised edition. United Nations, New York/Geneva. 2011. [text at: http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev13/13nature_e.html ] 49 Provisional guidelines on prevention of accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks . FAO Pesticide Disposal Series N°2. FAO, Rome. 1995. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 50 INCHEM – Chemical safety information from international organizations. IPCS, Geneva. [access at: http://www.inchem.org/ ] 51 Provisional technical guidelines on the disposal of bulk quantities of obsolete pesticides in developing countries. FAO Pesticide Disposal Series N°4. UNEP/WHO/FAO, Rome. 1996. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 52 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. UNEP, Geneva. 1989. [text at: http://www.basel.int/ ] 53 Country guidelines – FAO Pesticide Disposal Series No 11 . FAO, Rome. undated. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 54 FAO Training Manual for inventory taking obsolete pesticides – FAO Pesticide Disposal Series No 10 . FAO, Rome. 2001. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 55 Environmental management toolkit for obsolete pesticides. Parts 1 & 2 . FAO Pesticide Disposal

The International Code of Conduct 36 on Pesticide Management Series No 12. FAO, Rome. 2009. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 56 Guidelines on monitoring and observance of the Code of Conduct. FAO, Rome. 2006. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/ ] 57 Codex Alimentarius. Joint FAO/WHO Secretariat, Rome/Geneva. Rome. [text at: http://www.codexalimentarius.net ] 58 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, as amended in London 1990, Copenhagen 1992, Vienna 1995, Montreal 1997 and Beijing 1999 . UNEP, Nairobi. 2000. [text at: http://ozone.unep.org/ ] 59 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. UNEP, Geneva. 2001. [text at: http://www.pops.int ] 60 Convention concerning Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work. Convention No 170. ILO, Geneva. 1990 [text at: http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C170 ] 61 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. United Nations, New York. 1992. [further information and text at: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/ ] 62 Agenda 21 – Global Programme of Action on Sustainable Development. United Nations, New York. 1992. [further information and text at: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/ ] 63 Convention on Biological Diversity . UNEP, Montreal. 1992. [further information and text at: http://www.cbd.int/ ] 64 Convention concerning the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents . Convention No. 174. ILO, Geneva. 1993. [text at: http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C174 ] 65 Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action . FAO, Rome. 1996. [further information and text at: http://www.fao.org/wfs/homepage.htm ] 66 World Health Declaration and Health-for-all in the 21st Century. WHO, Geneva. 1998. [further information and text at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/who-we-are/policy-documents/health21- health-for-all-in-the-21st-century ] 67 Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management . International Convention of Chemicals Management (ICCM), Geneva. 2006. [text at: www.saicm.org ]

References 37 Notes