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2017 Global Food Policy Report Ifpri 2017 GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT IFPRI About IFPRI The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), established in 1975, provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. The Institute conducts research, communicates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute’s work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers’ organizations. A Peer-Reviewed Publication Copyright © 2017 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). This publication is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Subject to attribution, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially. Third-parTy conTenT: The International Food Policy Research Institute does not necessarily own each compo- nent of the content contained within the work. The International Food Policy Research Institute therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permis- sion is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. r ecommended ciTaTion: International Food Policy Research Institute. 2017. 2017 Global Food Policy Report. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://doi.org.10.2499/9780896292529 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). International Food Policy Research Institute 1201 Eye Street NW, 12th floor Washington, DC 20005 Telephone: +1-202-862-5600 www.ifpri.org ISBN: 978-0-89629-252-9 DOI: https://doi.org.10.2499/9780896292529 Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. Photo credits Cover: (l-r) Ed Kashi/National Geographic Creative; G.M.B. Akash/Panos; Eric Miller/Panos; Getty Images; XPACIFICA/National Geographic Creative. Chapter images: p. 7 Sven Torfinn/Panos; p. 15 G.M.B. Akash/Panos; p. 25 Brian Sokol/Panos; p. 35 Sven Torfinn/Panos; p. 43 Steve Raymer/National Geographic Creative; p. 51 Bobby Haas/ National Geographic Creative; p. 58 Ian Teh/Panos; p. 84 Adam Dean/Panos. Cover design: James Sample Book design and layout: James Sample and David Popham Editorial manager: Pamela Stedman-Edwards iv Contents PREFACE �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Chapter 1 FOOD POLICY IN 2016–2017: FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN AN URBANIZING WORLD ������������������������������� 6 Shenggen Fan Chapter 2 SMALLHOLDERS AND URBANIZATION: STRENGTHENING RURAL-URBAN LINKAGES TO END HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION ����� 14 José Graziano da Silva and Shenggen Fan Chapter 3 FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION: GROWING CITIES, NEW CHALLENGES ���������������������������������������������� 24 Marie Ruel, James Garrett, and Sivan Yosef Chapter 4 CHANGING DIETS: URBANIZATION AND THE NUTRITION TRANSITION ������������������������������������������������ 34 Corinna Hawkes, Jody Harris, and Stuart Gillespie Chapter 5 AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS: HOW CITIES RESHAPE FOOD SYSTEMS ����������������������������������������������� 42 Bart Minten, Thomas Reardon, and Kevin Chen Chapter 6 GOVERNANCE: INFORMAL FOOD MARKETS IN AFRICA’S CITIES ����������������������������������������������������� 50 Danielle Resnick REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58 Africa ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 Tsitsi Makombe, Julia Collins, and Ousmane Badiane Middle East and North Africa ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 Clemens Breisinger, Fatma Abdelaziz, and Nadim Khouri Central Asia ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 67 Kamiljon Akramov, Allen Park, and Jarilkasin Ilyasov South Asia ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 Anjani Kumar, Akhter Ahmed, Stephen Davies, and P. K. Joshi East Asia �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75 Kevin Chen, Peter Timmer, and David Dawe Latin America and the Caribbean ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla and Máximo Torero FOOD POLICY INDICATORS: TRACKING CHANGE ����������������������������������������������������������������� 84 Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) �������������������������������������������������������� 86 Statistics of Public Expenditure for Economic Development (SPEED) �������������������������������������������� 92 Global Hunger Index (GHI) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 98 Food Policy Research Capacity Indicators (FPRCI) �����������������������������������������������������������102 Agricultural Total Factor Productivity (TFP) ����������������������������������������������������������������105 International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) �������������������������� 110 NOTES �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 119 Preface The 2017 Global Food Policy Report provides a comprehensive overview of major food policy developments and events. In this sixth annual report, leading researchers, policy makers, and practitioners review what hap- pened in food policy, and why, in 2016 and look forward to 2017. This year’s report has a special focus on the challenges and opportunities created by rapid urbanization, especially in low- and middle-income countries, for food security and nutrition. In 2016, the world embarked on implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with the goal of eliminating extreme poverty and hunger. The Paris Agreement on Climate Change also entered into force. Other major international developments included UN endorsement of the Framework for Action that emerged from the Second International Conference on Nutrition, the launch of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition (2016–2025), and the New Urban Agenda adopted at the Habitat III summit in Quito, Ecuador. Also of note were the G7’s commitment to prioritizing nutrition, the G20’s emphasis on agricultural innovation for sustainable development, and the record replenishment for the International Development Association (IDA). Progress in many places on reducing poverty and malnutrition has been notable, with extreme poverty at the lowest level ever. Hunger rates have fallen substantially in recent years, even dramatically in some coun- tries, accompanied by falling levels of child stunting and other indicators of malnutrition. Agricultural produc- tion was up in 2016, and as a result, food prices were down, with benefits for consumers. Political and economic uncertainties also marked the year. Continuing conflicts and record numbers of refugees in the Middle East increased the need for humanitarian aid. El Niño and other environmental shocks reduced harvests in Latin America, parts of Asia, and eastern and southern Africa, increasing food insecurity. Political events in 2016, including the British vote to leave the European Union and the US elections, along with continuing economic stagnation and recession in major economies leave the prospects for 2017 more uncertain than in previous years. In 2017, the world must move forward with its commitments on the Sustainable Development Goals. Working to improve food systems and strengthening the ties between rural and urban areas offer great prom- ise for meeting those goals and ending hunger and malnutrition. Topics covered in the 2017 Global Food Policy Report were the result of consultations with experts in the field. For inclusion in this report, a topic must represent a new development in food policy or a new way of looking at an important food issue; the topic has to be international in scope; and assessments and rec- ommendations must be backed by evidence based on high-quality research results or expert judgment. Supplemented by data tables and visualizations illustrating trends in key food policy indicators at the country level, the report paints a full picture of food policy. I hope this report is met with interest not only by policy makers who shape the food policy agenda, but also by business, civil society, and media, who all have a stake in food policies that benefit the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people. Shenggen Fan Director General 3 Acknowledgments The 2017 Global Food Policy Report was prepared under the overall leadership of Shenggen Fan and a core
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