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2021 Global Food Policy Report: Transforming Food Systems After COVID-19

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2021 Global Food Policy Report: Transforming Food Systems After COVID-19 2021 GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT | TRANSFORMING FOOD SYSTEMS AFTER COVID-19 IFPRI About IFPRI The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a CGIAR research center established in 1975, provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. IFPRI’s strate- gic research aims to foster a climate-resilient and sustainable food supply; promote healthy diets and nutrition for all; build inclusive and efficient markets, trade systems, and food industries; transform agricultural and rural econ- omies; and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is integrated in all the Institute’s work. Partnerships, communications, capacity strengthening, and data and knowledge management are essential components to translate IFPRI’s research from action to impact. The Institute’s regional and country programs play a critical role in responding to demand for food policy research and in delivering holistic support for country-led development. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world. www.ifpri.org About CGIAR CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future. CGIAR science is dedicated to reducing poverty, enhancing food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources and ecosystem services. Its research is carried out by 15 CGIAR Centers in close collaboration with hundreds of partners, including national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia, development organizations, and the private sector. www.cgiar.org A Peer-Reviewed Publication Copyright © 2021 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). This publication is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Subject to attribution, you are free to share, copy, and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Third-parTy conTenT: The International Food Policy Research Institute does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The International Food Policy Research Institute therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. recommended ciTaTion: International Food Policy Research Institute. 2021. 2021 Global Food Policy Report: Transforming Food Systems after COVID-19. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293991 This is a peer-reviewed publication. Any opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily representative of or endorsed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IFPRI. International Food Policy Research Institute 1201 Eye Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-3915 USA www.ifpri.org iSBn: 978-0-89629-399-1 iSSn: 2329-2873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293991 Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. Photo credits cover: Reuters/Alamy Stock Photo. chapTer imageS: p. 6 Ugaraj Yathavam/Shutterstock.com; p. 18 chinahbzyg/Shutterstock.com, AS photostudio/Shutterstock.com, Atul Loke/Panos Pictures, Tommy Trenchard/Panos Pictures, p. 19 Tommy Trenchard/Panos Pictures; p. 24 Adam Dean/Panos Pictures; p. 36 Agarianna76/Shutterstock.com; p. 44 jeep2499/Shutterstock.com; p. 54 Tom Pilston/Panos Pictures; p. 64 Majority World CIC/Alamy Stock Photo; p. 74 Lucas Ledwaba/iStockphoto. Book layouT: Jason Chow ediTorial manager: Pamela Stedman-Edwards iv Contents FOREWORD .................................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................5 CHapter 1 Beyond the Pandemic: Transforming Food Systems after COVID-19 .......................................................6 Johan Swinnen, John McDermott, and Sivan Yosef Financing the Transformation to Healthy, Sustainable, and Equitable Food Systems ........................................ 20 Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla, Johan Swinnen, and Rob Vos CHapter 2 Resilience: From Policy Responses to Resilient Policy Systems ......................................................... 24 John McDermott, Danielle Resnick, and Nichola Naylor CHapter 3 Nutrition: Transforming Food Systems to Achieve Healthy Diets for All ................................................... 36 Marie Ruel and Inge D. Brouwer CHapter 4 Natural Resources and Environment: Governance for Nature-Positive Food Systems �������������������������������������� 44 Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Claudia Ringler, Wei Zhang, and Channing Arndt CHapter 5 Toward Inclusive Food Systems: Pandemics, Vulnerable Groups, and the Role of Social Protection .......................... 54 Neha Kumar, Agnes Quisumbing, Aulo Gelli, Ugo Gentilini, and Sara Shapleigh CHapter 6 Food Supply Chains: Business Resilience, Innovation, and Adaptation �������������������������������������������������� 64 Thomas Reardon and Rob Vos REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTS ..................................................................................................74 Africa ........................................................................................................ 76 Samuel Benin, Kwaw Andam, and John Ulimwengu Middle East and North Africa .................................................................................... 81 Kibrom Abay, Clemens Breisinger, Dalia Elsabbagh, Hosam Ibrahim, Ahmed Kamaly, and Mariam Raouf Central Asia ................................................................................................... 86 Kamiljon Akramov, Roman Romashkin, and Jarilkasin Ilyasov South Asia .................................................................................................... 91 Shahidur Rashid, Akhter Ahmed, and Abdul Wajid Rana East and Southeast Asia ........................................................................................ 97 Kevin Chen and Yue Zhan Latin America and the Caribbean ............................................................................... 102 Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla and Valeria Piñeiro NOTES ................................................................................................................... 106 Foreword This is a crucial moment for the world’s food systems. Hunger has been on the rise since 2015, and 3 billion people cannot afford healthy diets. At the same time, food systems are placing unsustainable demands on the world’s water and energy resources and contributing a hefty share of greenhouse gas emissions. All these trends were well under- way long before COVID-19. 2020, which brought the pandemic, was a year of crisis. And the terrible loss and disruption experienced world- wide will continue in many places through this year and even beyond. Increased poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, and unemployment have pushed the Sustainable Development Goals further out of reach for many countries, and shone a harsh light on the disparities in our food systems. From these crises, however, have emerged many lessons. Foremost among them is that transforming our food systems is a matter of utmost urgency. 2021 is a year of urgency but also of hope. Vaccines are being distributed, and the health and economic shocks of the pandemic have stimulated creativity and reforms in the private and public sectors. The experience has sparked a willingness to think beyond traditional perspectives — economic, technological, and political. 2021 is also the year of global summits on food systems, climate, and nutrition. Together, this creates an unusual opportunity for the world to choose radical change. IFPRI is contributing evidence-based inputs for these critical global policy discussions and decisions, drawn from its large set of analytical tools, data, and regional coverage. This year’s Global Food Policy Report examines what we have learned about the deficiencies in current food systems, the changes that are needed for system transfor- mation, and what COVID-19 has taught us. It offers lessons that can help put the world on the path to food system transformation for greater resilience, inclusion, efficiency, sustainability, and nutrition. IFPRI’s analytical work during the pandemic — conducted through both new initiatives and reconfigured ongoing research — illuminates the impacts of the crisis in numerous countries and considers how policy can best address such shocks while also help- ing to transform food systems for the future. We hope that this report will support transformation by contributing to the discussions at upcoming global events, and to the many national and local policy discussions and reforms that will be essential to purposeful transformation. We look forward to working together to address the fundamental changes needed for a better future. JOHAN SWINNEN Director General 3 Acknowledgments The 2021 Global Food Policy Report was prepared under the overall leadership of Johan Swinnen and John McDermott
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