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Investigating Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions in a Small Town

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Investigating Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions in a Small Town Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Investigating Integrated Renewable Energy Solutions to Electrical Supply Issues in a Small Town in Sudan Author: Almogdad Abdeen Supervisor: Dr. Paul Tuohy A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirement of the degree Master of Science Sustainable Engineering: Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2019 1 Copyright Declaration This thesis is the result of the author’s original research. It has been composed by the author and has not been previously submitted for examination which has led to the award of a degree. The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.50. Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. Signed: Almogdad Abdeen Date: 24/08/2019 2 ABSTRACT Currently, many developing countries are suffering overwhelming energy supply issues due to unprecedented rapid urbanisation and unreliable power infrastructure. Their national grids invariably generate energy with high carbon emissions, contributing to pollution and climate change, yet they are still ineffective and often don’t meet demand. Solving energy problems on a localised renewable scale could bypass the obstacles of unwilling or financially limited governments, and an unstable, unpredictable central supply. Many towns in Sudan have suffered from scheduled power blackouts, with unreliable power supply due to a lack of power generation capacity. These long daily hours of load-shedding have caused immense frustration among inhabitants. Hence, to tackle these power problems, this project aimed to investigate the possibility of supplying a small Sudanese town with an integrated renewable energy system, which could be implemented as an alternative to the current incapable existing energy system. The town’s total annual demand was estimated, including the residential, public services and commercial sectors. Many developing countries have abundant untapped natural renewable energy resources; this town is no exception as it was assessed to have high levels of solar irradiance and biomass. Four main systems Scenarios were modelled on a basis of Solar Photovoltaic and Anaerobic Digestion, using HOMER and AD Excel spreadsheet tools. These Scenarios were compared with established technical, financial and environmental evaluation criteria. The study suggested two feasible integrated renewable energy systems, both of which are superior to the current energy system; each has particular characteristics which function better than the other in certain contemporary and projected circumstances. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people besides myself without whom this thesis would not have been possible. I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Paul Tuohy, whose continual support, guidance and motivation propelled me throughout this project. In addition, I would like to thank all my lecturers, colleagues and University staff who have made me feel at home at Strathclyde and gave me the basis to flourish as a person and an engineer. The generous scholarship I have received from the SFC (Scottish Funding Council), and the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, has made it possible for me, not only to study, but to envisage myself at the cutting edge of sustainable engineering in the future. My family and friends have been behind me throughout this research journey, and I would particularly like to thank my siblings and my Mum. I hope this project could contribute to improving the energy sector in my beloved homeland Sudan, in the near future. I would especially like to dedicate this thesis to the spirit of my Dad, who always believed in me. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Overview of Sudan Power Sector ..................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1 Current Sudan Power Sector Records ........................................................................................ 13 1.1.2 Electrical Power Sector Problems in Sudan............................................................................... 15 1.2 The Case Study: East Soba Town ..................................................................................................... 16 1.3 East Soba Town - Specific Power Supply Problems......................................................................... 16 1.4 Aim of the Project ............................................................................................................................. 17 1.5 Research Scope & Methodology ....................................................................................................... 17 1.5.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 18 2 Critical Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Understanding of the Current Demand in the Town of East Soba .................................................... 20 2.2 Assessment of Renewable Energy Resources Potential .................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Solar Energy............................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Biomass Energy ......................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Hydro Energy ............................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.4 Summary of Renewable Energy Potential in East Soba ............................................................ 29 2.3 Review of Energy Modelling Tools .................................................................................................. 30 2.4 Review of Integrated Renewable Energy Systems ........................................................................... 33 2.4.1 Review of the System Components ........................................................................................... 33 2.4.2 Review of the System Operational Style ................................................................................... 39 2.4.3 Review the System Modelling and Performance ....................................................................... 40 2.4.4 Literature Review Summary ...................................................................................................... 43 3 Energy Demand and Supply Analysis .................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Data Collection & Demand Optimisation ......................................................................................... 44 3.1.1 The Residential Sector ............................................................................................................... 45 3.1.2 Public Services Sector................................................................................................................ 48 3.1.3 Commercial Sector..................................................................................................................... 59 3.1.4 Total Demand of East Soba Town ............................................................................................. 65 3.2 Analysing the Town’s Renewable Resources ................................................................................... 66 3.3 Modelling of Energy Demand and Supply ........................................................................................ 68 3.3.1 Simulation Tools ........................................................................................................................ 68 3.3.2 Modelling of the Existing Energy System ................................................................................. 68 3.3.3 Modelling of Alternative Energy Systems ................................................................................. 71 4 Modelling Results and Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 77 4.1 Scenario 1 (PV-Grid) ........................................................................................................................ 78 4.1.1 Scenario 1 Technical Configuration Details .............................................................................. 78 4.1.2 Scenario 1 Carbon Emissions & Financial Outcomes ............................................................... 79 4.1.3 Scenario 1 Power Performance in Summer & Winter ............................................................... 79 5 4.1.4 Scenario 1 Evaluation ................................................................................................................ 81 4.2 Scenario 2 (AD-Grid) .......................................................................................................................
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