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WEF-Nexus-Assessment Nexus Assessment Synergies of the Water, Energy and Food Sectors in Sudan Published by Nexus Regional Dialogue Programme (NRD) c/o Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices: Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Global Nexus Secretariat (GNS) Sector Programme Sustainable Water Policy Division Climate Change, Environment & Infrastructure (G310) Department Sector and Global Programmes Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-1878 E [email protected] I www.Nexus-dialogue-programme.eu I www.water-energy-food.org @NEXUSPlatform #Nexusplatform www.facebook.com/Nexusresourceplatform/ Programme The Nexus Regional Dialogue Programme (NRD) is a programme funded by the European Union and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). This publication has been produced on behalf of the European Union and Germany (German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation, BMZ). GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. The content does neither represent the opinion of the European Union nor Germany (BMZ). Place and date of publication Eschborn, 2019 Authors Babiker Babiker; Ali Salih; Khalid Siddig; Claudia Ringler Photo Cover © GIZ / Adi Schütt URL links Responsibility for the content of external websites linked in this publication always lies with their respective publishers. GIZ expressly dissociates itself from such content. b CONTENT List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ e List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... e List of Boxes ........................................................................................................................................... f List of Annexes ....................................................................................................................................... f List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. g Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... h Arabic Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... q 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 24 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 24 1.2 Resources and Human Security in Sudan ............................................................................ 25 2 WEF Inter-LINKAGES, Risks and Opportunities in Sudan ................................................................ 31 2.1 OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Water for Food Production ................................................................................................. 32 2.3 Water for Energy ................................................................................................................ 34 2.4 Energy for water production and distribution ..................................................................... 36 2.5 Energy for Agriculture (Food) .............................................................................................. 37 2.6 Food for Energy................................................................................................................... 38 3 Key and Cross-sectoral Institutions for WEF Nexus Mainstreaming ............................................... 41 3.1 Key WEF Institutions ........................................................................................................... 42 3.2 Cross-Sector WEF Institutions ............................................................................................. 44 3.3 Parallel Institutions ............................................................................................................. 45 4 WEF Strategies, Plans, Policies and Laws ....................................................................................... 48 4.1 Sudan WEF-Related Strategies ............................................................................................ 48 4.2 WEF-related Policies ........................................................................................................... 49 4.3 WEF Related Laws ............................................................................................................... 51 4.4 Sudan Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) ........................................................... 51 5 Cross-boundary Nexus Issues ........................................................................................................ 54 6 Overall Assessment and Recommendations .................................................................................. 56 6.1 The Challenges of the WEF Sectors ..................................................................................... 56 6.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 59 6.2.1 Opportunities for improving THE WEF Nexus.......................................................... 59 6.2.2 Integrating WEF Nexus within existing institutions ................................................. 60 6.2.3 Institutional Capacity Building Requirements for Mainstreaming the WEF Nexus in Sudan ....................................................................................................................... 60 c 6.2.4 Knowledge, Database and databank Development Requirements for Mainstreaming the WEF Nexus in Sudan ................................................................ 63 7 Proposed Nexus Projects ............................................................................................................... 65 7.1 Institutional Dialogue Projects ............................................................................................ 70 7.1.1 Project (1): National WEF Nexus Platform ............................................................... 70 7.1.2 Project (2): Gezira Nexus Dialogue and Pilot Project ............................................... 74 7.1.3 Project (3): Regional Nubian Sandstone Aquifer Monitoring and Dialogue ............ 77 7.2 Investment Projects ............................................................................................................ 80 7.2.1 Project (4): Merowe Dam Resettlement Livelihood Support .................................. 80 7.2.2 Project (5a): Blue Nile State Water Harvesting ....................................................... 83 7.2.3 Project (5b): White Nile State Water-Harvesting Project ........................................ 85 7.2.4 Project (5c): Cross-State optimization of Khor Abu Habil Water Harvesting Project ................................................................................................................................. 87 7.2.5 Project (6): Roseires Reservoir Fisheries Projects .................................................... 89 7.2.6 Project (7): Solar home and irrigation in remote areas ........................................... 91 7.2.7 Project (8): Climate Change ADaptation in Remote Rural Areas ............................. 93 7.2.8 Project (9): Integrated Livelihood Program in Darfur Region .................................. 95 8 References ..................................................................................................................................... 99 9 People Interviewed ..................................................................................................................... 102 10 Annexes ....................................................................................................................................... 103 d LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The interplay between food, water and energy and its main drivers ................................................... 25 Figure 2: Mapping of the existing situation of the WEF Nexus in Sudan .............................................................. 31 Figure 3: Mapping of interlinkages, trade-offs and risks ...................................................................................... 32 Figure 4: Sources of energy supply in Sudan ........................................................................................................ 35 Figure 5: Electricity consumption by sector (percentage) .................................................................................... 35 Figure 6: Share of household cooking (percentage) in the use of each energy source ........................................ 38 Figure 7: Sudan WEF Nexus Institutions Mapping ................................................................................................ 42 Figure 8: Summary of proposed projects and activities ....................................................................................... 66 Figure 9: Proposed reorganization of coordinating higher council for WEF Nexus for integrated water,
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