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A Study of the Ritual Practices of the Izanagi-Ryū

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Memorializing the Gods: A Study of the Ritual Practices of the Izanagi-ryū Carolyn Pang Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 © 2021 Carolyn Pang All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Memorializing the Gods: A Study of the Ritual Practices of the Izanagi-ryū Carolyn Pang This dissertation focuses on the Izanagi-ryū, a Japanese folk religion closely associated with the Monobe region in Kōchi Prefecture, to study the challenges faced by local communities in preserving and transmitting their intangible cultural heritages. Using an interdisciplinary approach that combines historical and textual analysis with observational ethnographic studies of actual ritual practices and performances, the study of Izanagi-ryū is intended to draw out the ways in which competing narratives amongst local communities and institutional rhetoric over the preservation of intangible cultural heritages affect the transmission of local cultural practices. The strategies undertaken by the practitioners of Izanagi-ryū to construct their local identities and legitimize their status within the framework of governmental policies and scholarly rhetoric will be examined, along with studying the effects of modifying ritual spaces and procedures to fit contemporary demands and limitations. This research encourages us to look deeper into the repercussions of cultural preservation whereby the enthusiastic drive to secure the continuity of cultural practices might conversely distort their significance and transmission instead. This dissertation argues that the implementation of cultural preservation, while critical for defining and protecting the identity of a culture, would require a more careful consideration whereby allowances for cultural practices to discontinue, when necessary, should be factored in to ensure the integrity of these practices. Cultural practices should always be allowed to continue, or cease, on their own terms. TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary of Japanese terms………………....………………………………………….…....... iv Acknowledgements…...……………………………………………………………..…….….. x Dedication…………………….……………………………………………………..……...… xii Chapter 1 Introduction: What is Izanagi-ryū? …………………………………………........ 1 1.1 Situating the Site of Research: Where is Izanagi-ryū?.………..………...….... 3 1.2 Environment of Monobe and the remapping of spatial boundaries.…....……. 7 1.3 Structure of dissertation…………………………………………………….... 9 1.4 A note about the term, “Izanagi-ryū”…….………………...………..……….. 12 1.5 The tayū ritualists of Izanagi-ryū..…………………………..………..…….... 16 1.6 Conclusion: Where are the “gods” of Izanagi-ryū?....…………………..……. 21 Chapter 2 Praying to the Gods: A look at the rituals and kagura of Izanagi-ryū..….....…….. 23 2.1 Ritual festivals of Monobe and Izanagi-ryū ………………………………… 25 2.2 Types of rituals in Izanagi-ryū.………………………………………………. 30 2.3 Kitō (prayer-ritual) ………………………………………………………….. 31 2.4 Yagitō (household prayer-ritual) …………………………………………….. 33 2.5 Purgation of curses (suso no toriwake, susobarai)…………………………... 34 2.6 Byōnin-kitō (healing prayer ritual)…………………………………………... 36 2.7 Augury……………………………………………………………………….. 37 2.8 The basic structure of Izanagi-ryū rituals.…………………………………… 41 2.9 The kagura of Izanagi-ryū.…………………………………………………... 48 2.10 Kagura and kitō…………………………………………………………… 51 2.11 Types of kagura in Izanagi-ryū.…………………………………………… 55 i 2.12 Music in Izanagi-ryū kagura………………………………………………... 62 2.13 Costume…………………………………………………………………….. 63 2.14 Ritual tools (torimono)……………………………………………………... 65 2.15 Modifications to ritual practices………...………………………….………. 67 2.16 Conclusion.………………………………..………………………………... 71 Chapter 3 Dancing for the Gods: Managing the Representation of Cultural Heritages.…...... 73 3.1 Developments of the Izanagi-ryū Kagura Preservation Society.........……….. 74 3.2 Activities of the Izanagi-ryū Kagura Preservation Society………….......…… 81 3.3 Changes in Izanagi-ryū kagura to match the times………………….….……. 85 3.4 The Preservation Society as a Representative of Izanagi-ryū……….……….. 88 3.5 Reception towards Izanagi-ryū kagura as a folk performing art……….…….. 93 3.6 Limitations of a Preservation Society (hozon-kai)…………..….……………. 98 3.7 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………. 100 Chapter 4 Communicating with the Gods: The Politics of Performance in Ritual Legitimation.………………………………...…………………………………… 103 4.1 Being and becoming a “true” tayū……………..…………………………….. 106 4.2 Redefining the measures of legitimacy to create a “true” tayū….……………. 112 4.3 Measures of legitimacy: How a disciple was made...………………………... 118 4.4 Measures of legitimacy: Recreating the ritual space of transmission………... 121 4.5 Measures of legitimacy: The economies of pilgrimage……………………… 126 4.6 A power play of legitimacy…………………………………………………... 128 4.7 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………. 133 Chapter 5 Negotiating with the Gods: The Effects of Relocating Ritual Space and Objects 136 ii 5.1 The dangers of having displaced gods in limbo.…………………………….. 137 5.2 How to relocate the gods: The house-moving ritual at Okuribata.…………... 142 5.3 Providing a final place for the gods: The Nichigetsu Festival of 2016.……... 145 5.4 When the rituals for the gods ended: The Suijin water deity at Befu village... 150 5.5 Persuading the gods to move: The Mountain God Festival at Ōbi-ura.……... 156 5.6 Burying the secrets of the trade.……………………………………………... 163 5.7 Depositing ritual artifacts in the museums..…………………………………. 170 5.8 Conclusion.…………………………………………………………………... 176 Chapter 6 Conclusion: How is Izanagi-ryū studied?……..………….…………………….... 178 6.1 The Purveyors of Authenticity and the Transmitters of Tradition..………… 178 6.2 Fieldwork Fencing: Methods of information-gathering.……..………...…….. 182 6.3 Conclusion.…………………………………………………….…...…...……. 186 Bibliography.........………………………………………………………..………………..…. 188 iii GLOSSARY OF JAPANESE TERMS Hiragana Kanji aya no okasa 綾の小笠 bakkai バッカイ bon-odori 盆踊り byōnin-kitō 病人祈禱 chōzubachi 手水鉢 denshōsha kyōshitsu 伝承者教室 Ebisu 恵比寿 Fudō Myō-ō 不動明王 gohei 御幣 go-shotai ご招待 hakama 袴 hakue, shiraginu 白衣 haiden 拝殿 haigorei 背後霊 hakase 博士 haori 羽織 hegi へぎ henpai 反閇 hō-no-makura 法の枕 hoko 鉾 hōmon 法文 hōmon-chō 法文帳 honji 本地 hon-kagura 本神楽 hon-matsuri 本祭 honke 本家 hozonkai 保存会 inkan 印鑑 inori 祈り Izanagi-ryū いざなぎ流 Izanagi-ryū gokitō いざなぎ流御祈禱 Izanagi-ryū gokitō hozon junbi-kai いざなぎ流御祈禱保存準備会 Izanagi-ryū kagura hozon-kai いざなぎ流神楽保存会 Jigami 地神 jumon 呪文 kachin-sai 火鎮祭 kagura 神楽 iv kagura geinō taikai 神楽芸能大会 kagura-hei 神楽幣 kami-kanjō 神勧請 kami-matsuri 神祭り kami-okuri 神送り kasa 笠 kawa-mizaki 川ミザキ kegare 穢れ kenshūhi 研修費 kinen 祈念 kitō 祈禱 Kōjin 荒神 kongō-zue, kongō-jō 金剛杖 korikubari こりくばり kuji くじ（九字） kuji wo kiru 九字を切る kyōma 京間 kyōbon 経本 mai-kagura 舞神楽 masu 枡 matsuri 祭り mikogami 御子神 mingu 民具 misemono 見世物 mitegura みてぐら mitsumata 三椏 monku 文句 Myōjin-sama 明神様 naorai 直会 naraka 奈落 Nichigetsu-sai 日月祭 nobori-hata のぼり旗 nōkyō-chō 納経帳 omote 表 o-saisen お賽銭 osenzō-sama 御先祖様 Kosui matsuri 湖水祭 Onzaki-sama オンザキ様 oshiki 折敷 oyutate お湯立て v rei-kagura 礼神楽 sakaki 榊 saimon 祭文 saimon-chō 祭文帳 samue 作務衣 sawachi ryōri 皿鉢料理 sekihan 赤飯 shakujō 錫杖 shikiōji 式王子 shikoku-hachijūhachikasho-shūinjiku 四国八十八ヶ所朱印軸 shikoku henro, 四国遍路 shikoku junrei 四国巡礼 shimenawa 注連縄 shisoku 四足 shizume 鎮め Shōwa Nankai jishin 昭和南海地震 sōgitō 総祈祷 Suijin-sama 水神様 suso すそ susobarai すそ祓い susomori すそ森 tabi 足袋 taiko 太鼓 taisai 大祭 tasuki 襷 tayū 太夫 Tenjin-sama 天神 Ten-no-kami 天ノ神 tochi kinbaku 土地緊縛 tokonoma 床の間 tori-wake 取り分け tsumairi, tsumairi-zukuri 妻入・妻入造 tsurugi, tachi 太刀 ujikami 氏神 ujiko 氏子 ura 裏 warabi 蕨 waraji 草鞋 warasube 藁すべ vi yagitō 家祈祷 yakudoshi 厄年 Yama-mizaki 山ミザキ Yama-no-kami 山ノ神 Yatsuraou ヤツラオウ (八頭王) yu-kagura 湯神楽 yumi 弓 yumi-kitō 弓祈祷 yurushi 許し Japanese names of scholars and residents of Monobe Handa Kotomi 半田琴美 Handa Toshiharu 半田敏張 Honda Yasuji 本田安次 Komatsu Kazuhiko 小松和彦 Komatsu Shūshi 小松周史 Matsumoto Minoru 松本実 Saito Hideki 斎藤英喜 Takagi Keio 高木啓夫 Tanaka Mitsuyo 田中光代 Umeno Mitsuoki 梅野光興 Yoshimura Yoshiho 吉村淑甫 Japanese names of tayū Fujioka Takatoshi 藤岡雄俊 Komatsu Toyonori 小松豊孝 Ii Ariyoshi 伊井阿良芳 Muneishi Rikio 宗石力雄 Nakao Kesakiyo 中尾計佐清 Nakayama Yoshihiro 中山義弘 Ogasawara Daihō 小笠原大峰 Ogasawara Kenj. 小笠原謙峰 Japanese names of places Aichi 愛知 Akaoka 赤岡町 Aki 安芸 Baromura 馬路村 Befu-kyō 別府郷 Geisei 芸西 vii Honyama 本山 Izanagi Room (Izanagi-heya) いざなぎ部屋 Kagami 香我美 Kahoku-chō 香北町 Kami District (Kami-gun) 香美郡 Kami City (Kami-shi) 香美市 Kaminirō 上韮生村 Kaminirō River (Kaminirōgawa) 上韮生川 Kitōjō (Prayer Venue) 祈祷所 Kochi Prefecture Archaeological Center 高知県立埋蔵文化財センター Konan City Cultural Properties Center 香南市文化財センター Kōchi Prefecture 高知県 Kōnan 香南市 Kujikata Shrine 公士方神社 Mai River (Maigawa) 舞川 Makiyama 槙山村 Makiyama River (Makiyamagawa) 槇山川 Monobe 物部 Monobe River (Monobegawa) 物部川 Nagase Dam 永瀬ダム Nagaoka District 長岡郡 Nankoku City 南国市 Niyodogawa 仁淀川 Noichi 野市町 Oka-no-uchi 岡ノ内 Okumonobe Lake (Okumonobe-ko) 奥物部湖 Okuribata 送畑 Old Residence of Tanaka Ryosukekyutei 田中良助旧邸 Old Sekikawa Family House 旧関川家住宅民家資料館 Ōbi-ura 大日浦 Ōdochi 大栃 Ōdochi Lake (Ōdochigawa) 大栃湖 Ōkawasuji Samurai Residence 大川筋武家屋敷資料館 Ōtoyo-chō 大豊町 Miyoshiga River (Miyoshigagawa) みよしが川 Mount Tsurugi 剣山 Sendō 仙頭 Shimanto 四万十 Sukumo 宿毛 viii Tokushima Prefecture 徳島県 Tosa 土佐 Tosa Domain (Tosa-han) 土佐藩 Tosa Province (Tosa-kuni) 土佐国 Tosayamada 土佐山田 Yasu 夜須町 Yasuhara 梼原 Yasumaru 安丸 Yoshikawa 吉川村 Japanese names of ritual texts Daitokkū saimon 大土公の祭文 Ebisu no saimon 恵比寿の祭文 Izanagi no saimon いざなぎの祭文 Jigami no saimon 地神祭文 Onzaki no saimon オンザキの祭文 Suijin no saimon 水神の祭文 Suso saimon スソ祭文 Tengeshō 天下正 Yama-no-kami saimon 山ノ神祭文 Types of Izanagi-ryū
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    The Japanese and Okinawan American Communities and Shintoism in Hawaii: Through the Case of Izumo Taishakyo Mission of Hawaii A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʽI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN AMERICAN STUDIES MAY 2012 By Sawako Kinjo Thesis Committee: Dennis M. Ogawa, Chairperson Katsunori Yamazato Akemi Kikumura Yano Keywords: Japanese American Community, Shintoism in Hawaii, Izumo Taishayo Mission of Hawaii To My Parents, Sonoe and Yoshihiro Kinjo, and My Family in Okinawa and in Hawaii Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my committee chair, Professor Dennis M. Ogawa, whose guidance, patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge have provided a good basis for the present thesis. I also attribute the completion of my master’s thesis to his encouragement and understanding and without his thoughtful support, this thesis would not have been accomplished or written. I also wish to express my warm and cordial thanks to my committee members, Professor Katsunori Yamazato, an affiliate faculty from the University of the Ryukyus, and Dr. Akemi Kikumura Yano, an affiliate faculty and President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Japanese American National Museum, for their encouragement, helpful reference, and insightful comments and questions. My sincere thanks also goes to the interviewees, Richard T. Miyao, Robert Nakasone, Vince A. Morikawa, Daniel Chinen, Joseph Peters, and Jikai Yamazato, for kindly offering me opportunities to interview with them. It is a pleasure to thank those who made this thesis possible.
  • Meguro Walking Map

    Meguro Walking Map

    Meguro Walking Map Meguro Walking Map Primary print number No. 31-30 Published February 2, 2020 December 6, 2019 Published by Meguro City Edited by Health Promotion Section, Health Promotion Department; Sports Promotion Section, Culture and Sports Department, Meguro City 2-19-15 Kamimeguro, Meguro City, Tokyo Phone 03-3715-1111 Cooperation provided by Meguro Walking Association Produced by Chuo Geomatics Co., Ltd. Meguro City Total Area Course Map Contents Walking Course 7 Meguro Walking Courses Meguro Walking Course Higashi-Kitazawa Sta. Total Area Course Map C2 Walking 7 Meguro Walking Courses P2 Course 1: Meguro-dori Ave. Ikenoue Sta. Ke Walk dazzling Meguro-dori Ave. P3 io Inok Map ashira Line Komaba-todaimae Sta. Course 2: Komaba/Aobadai area Shinsen Sta. Walk the ties between Meguro and Fuji P7 0 100 500 1,000m Awas hima-dori St. 3 Course 3: Kakinokizaka/Higashigaoka area Kyuyamate-dori Ave. Walk the 1964 Tokyo Olympics P11 2 Komaba/Aobadai area Walk the ties between Meguro and Fuji Shibuya City Tamagawa-dori Ave. Course 4: Himon-ya/Meguro-honcho area Ikejiri-ohashi Sta. Meguro/Shimomeguro area Walk among the history and greenery of Himon-ya P15 5 Walk among Edo period townscape Daikan-yama Sta. Course 5: Meguro/Shimomeguro area Tokyu Den-en-toshi Line Walk among Edo period townscape P19 Ebisu Sta. kyo Me e To tro Hibiya Lin Course 6: Yakumo/Midorigaoka area Naka-meguro Sta. J R Walk a green road born from a culvert P23 Y Yutenji/Chuo-cho area a m 7 Yamate-dori Ave. a Walk Yutenji and the vestiges of the old horse track n o Course 7: Yutenji/Chuo-cho area t e L Meguro City Office i Walk Yutenji and the vestiges of the old horse track n P27 e / S 2 a i k Minato e y Kakinokizaka/Higashigaoka area o in City Small efforts, L Yutenji Sta.
  • What-Kind-Place-Is-Ayabe.Pdf

    What-Kind-Place-Is-Ayabe.Pdf

    What kind of Place is Ayabe? Lovely Land and Lovable People Table of Contents 1.Outline of Ayabe City 1) Fundamental Information of Ayabe City 2 2) The Land of Ayabe 6 3) The People of Ayabe 9 2. Four Seasons in Ayabe (Events and Flowers) 1)Spring ( from March to May ) 12 2)Summer ( from June to August ) 27 3)Autumn ( from September to November ) 38 4)Winter ( from December to February ) 51 3.Cultural Aspects and Tourist Destinations in Ayabe 1) Shinto and Shinto Shrines 57 2) Buddhism and Buddhist Temples 63 3) Other Cultural Aspects and Tourist Destinations 69 4) Shops, Cafés, Restaurants etc. 84 Ayabe City Sightseeing Map 88 C260A4AM21 この地図の作成に当っては、国土地理院長の承認を得て、同院発行の数値地図25000(地図画像)を使用した。(承認番号 平２２業使、第632号)」 1. Outline of Ayabe City 1) Fundamental Information of Ayabe City Location The middle part of Kyoto Prefecture. It takes about one hour by train from Kyoto. Total Area 347.1 square kilometers Climate It belongs to the temperate zone. The average yearly temperature is 14.8 degrees Celsius. Population 33,821 people in 2015 Working The working population of commerce Population 2,002 people (in 2014) The working population of industry 4,786 people (in 2014) The working population of agriculture 2,914 people (in 2015) Established August 1, 1950 Mayor Zenya Yamazaki (as of 2017) Friendship Cities Jerusalem (Israel), Changshu (China) City Tree Pine City Flower Japanese plum blossoms City Bird Grosbeak (Ikaru) Schools Kyoto Prefectural Agricultural College Ayabe Senior High School Junior high schools 6 schools Elementary schools 10 schools Local Specialties Green tea Matsutake mushroom Chestnut Sweet fish (Ayu) Traditional Japanese hand-made paper (Kurotani Washi) Main Rivers Yura River, Kambayashi River, Sai River, Isazu River, Yata River High mountains M.Tokin (871meters), Mt.