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The New Orleans Riot of 1866 : the Anatomy of a Tragedy

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The New Orleans Riot of 1866 : the Anatomy of a Tragedy W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1978 The New Orleans riot of 1866 : the anatomy of a tragedy Gilles Vandal College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Vandal, Gilles, "The New Orleans riot of 1866 : the anatomy of a tragedy" (1978). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623711. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-dt1s-dw06 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 79042 63 VANDAL( GILLES THE NEW ORLEANS RIOT OF 1866: THE ANATUMY A TRAGEDY. THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA PH.D., 1978 University Microfilms International 3 0 0 n. z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , mi 48io6 © 1978 GILLES VANDAL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The New Orleans Riot of 1866: the Anatomy of a Tragedy A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by G ille s Vandal APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Author Approved, August 19.78 Ludwell H. Johuson, 111 trm^fer Helen C. Walker Ricnard B. Sherman John E. / Selby JlwHerbert G. fiutri\pnj Department of History City University of New York . UCTJAt'JIdA Margaret HH am am ilton, ilton, DepartmentDepaiMargaret' o f Government College of William and Mary Table of Contents Page List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... iv P reface ........................................................................................................................................v L ist o f T a b le s .......................................................................................................................v i i List of Maps ...........................................................................................................................ix A b s tr a c t ....................................................................................................................................x Chapter I The Genesis of Reconstruction in Louisiana ............................... 2 Chapter II Louisiana under the Hahn-Banks fa c tio n ........................................41 Chapter III Wells' Conservative Policy .................................................................. 78 Chapter IV The Democratic Ascendancy ...................................................................120 Chapter V The Impending Crisis ................................................................................160 Chapter VI The "Bloody Details" of July 3 0 .....................................................214 Chapter VII Crowd and Mob: A World Without Class Distinction . .243 Chapter VIII Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 264 Appendix I ................................................................................................................................276 Appendix I I ................................................................................................................................277 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 279 i i i List of Abbreviations BRFAL Bureau o f Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands LC Library of Congress LHSL Louisiana Historical Society Library MHS Maine Historical Society NA National Archives NYHS New York Historical Society PHS Pennsylvania Historical Society UNCA University of North Carolina Archives Preface The New Orleans riot of July 30, 1866, was a grim event, with far- reaching consequences for both the city and the nation. Three hours of savage violence had left between forty and fifty blacks dead and more than one hundred f if t y others wounded. Federal troops were forced to intervene, and the city was put under martial law. The tragedy shocked the North, helped the Republicans to win a resounding victory in the congressional elections of 1866, and paved the way for the Reconstruc­ tion Acts of 1867. Most historians have acknowledged the importance of the New Orleans riot in the history of Reconstruction, and yet, strangely enough, it has never been studied in detail. Historians who have dealt with the sub­ ject at all have been confused as to its origins and the nature of the contending parties involved in the riot, and they have failed to employ important sources that are here fully exploited for the first time. In this study, I have attempted to fill a gap in a critical period of American h isto ry . Teaching assistantships from the College of William and Mary and scholarships from the Quebec Government helped to support me during the years of my doctoral studies and to complete my dissertation much sooner than would have otherwise been possible. My deepest gratitide goes to Professor Ludwell H. Johnson. His candid criticisms and his understanding of the difficulties confronting a French-Canadian in mastering the English language helped to make this study a reality. I am especially grateful to Professor Johnson for the freedom he left me in developing my own ideas. I am also endebted to Professor Herbert G. Gutman, under whom I began this study during his year as Harrison Professor at the College of William and Mary. Professor Gutman willingly took time out of his busy schedule to read a draft of my dissertation and to serve on my committee. I a lso p ro fited from the comments o f Professor Helen C. Walker who served as second reader on my committee. I should acknowledge, too, my indebtedness to Professor James P. Whittenburg for his patience and willing assistance. Finally, I want to thank the other members of my committee, professors Margaret Hamilton, John E. Selby, and Richard B. Sherman. Librarians and archivists at the Swem Library of the College of William and Mary, the National Archives, the Library of Congress, and the Public Library of New Orleans were particularly helpful in my search for pertinent sources. v i List of Tables Page Table II.1 Voting pattern on the question of black suffrage .................. 48 Table II.2 Occupation of the members of the 1864-1865 Legislature. .58 Table II.3 Occupation of the Participants at the N.E.R.L. Convention held in New Orleans in January 1865 ....................... 62 Table III.1 Occupation of the Delegates at the Republican Convention of September 1865 ...............................................................94 Table III.2 Political Affiliation before the War of the National Democrats .....................................................................................98 Table III.3 Occupation of Democratic Members from New Orleans a t November 1865 E le c t io n ................................................................. 101 Table III.4 Civil War Record of New Orleans National Democrats. 102 Table III.5 Occupation of the Conservative Union Party ............................
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