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War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. -
![234] of MINNESOTA for 1961 399 Nually Thereafter Such Mayor Shall](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/6286/234-of-minnesota-for-1961-399-nually-thereafter-such-mayor-shall-36286.webp)
234] of MINNESOTA for 1961 399 Nually Thereafter Such Mayor Shall
234] OF MINNESOTA FOR 1961 399 nually thereafter such mayor shall appoint for the term of three years and until their successors qualify a sufficient num- ber of directors to fill the places of those whose term or terms expire. All terms shall end with the fiscal year. Approved April 10,1961. CHAPTER 236—S. F. No. 330 [Not Coded] An act relating to the cession by the state of Minnesota to the state of North Dakota of certain parcels of real prop- erty located in Clay county, Minnesota. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota: Section 1. Finding. By reason of flood control work upon the Red River of the north an avulsion has occurred leaving two parcels of land described as: (1) That portion of Government Lot 2 in the north- east quarter (NE 1/4) of Section 29, Township 140 North, Range 48 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, Clay County, Minnesota, bounded by the thread of the Red River of the North as it existed prior to January 1, 1959, and the new thread of the Red River of the North as established by the United States Army Corps of En- gineers under Project CIVENG-21-018-59-22, containing 9.78 acres more or less; and (2) That portion of Government Lot 2 in the north- east quarter (NE 1/4) of Section 7, Township 139.North, Range 48 West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, Clay County, Minnesota, bounded by the thread of the Red River of the North as it existed prior to January 1, 1959, and the new thread of the Red River of the North as established by the United States Army Corps of En- gineers under Project CIVENG-21-018-59-22, containing 12.76 acres more or less, physically detached from the state of Minnesota and at- tached to the state of North Dakota. -
OGC-98-5 U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution
United States General Accounting Office Report to the Chairman, Committee on GAO Resources, House of Representatives November 1997 U.S. INSULAR AREAS Application of the U.S. Constitution GAO/OGC-98-5 United States General Accounting Office GAO Washington, D.C. 20548 Office of the General Counsel B-271897 November 7, 1997 The Honorable Don Young Chairman Committee on Resources House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: More than 4 million U.S. citizens and nationals live in insular areas1 under the jurisdiction of the United States. The Territorial Clause of the Constitution authorizes the Congress to “make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property” of the United States.2 Relying on the Territorial Clause, the Congress has enacted legislation making some provisions of the Constitution explicitly applicable in the insular areas. In addition to this congressional action, courts from time to time have ruled on the application of constitutional provisions to one or more of the insular areas. You asked us to update our 1991 report to you on the applicability of provisions of the Constitution to five insular areas: Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (the CNMI), American Samoa, and Guam. You asked specifically about significant judicial and legislative developments concerning the political or tax status of these areas, as well as court decisions since our earlier report involving the applicability of constitutional provisions to these areas. We have included this information in appendix I. 1As we did in our 1991 report on this issue, Applicability of Relevant Provisions of the U.S. -
5. Ecological Impacts of the 2015/16 El Niño in the Central Equatorial Pacific
5. ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF THE 2015/16 EL NIÑO IN THE CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC RUSSELL E. BRAINARD, THOMAS OLIVER, MICHAEL J. MCPHADEN, ANNE COHEN, ROBErtO VENEGAS, ADEL HEENAN, BERNARDO VARGAS-ÁNGEL, RANDI ROtjAN, SANGEETA MANGUBHAI, ELIZABETH FLINT, AND SUSAN A. HUNTER Coral reef and seabird communities in the central equatorial Pacific were disrupted by record-setting sea surface temperatures, linked to an anthropogenically forced trend, during the 2015/16 El Niño. Introduction. In the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the El Niño were likely unprecedented and unlikely to El Niño–Southern Oscillation substantially affects have occurred naturally, thereby reflecting an anthro- atmospheric and oceanic conditions on interannual pogenically forced trend. Lee and McPhaden (2010) time scales. The central and eastern equatorial earlier reported increasing amplitudes of El Niño Pacific fluctuates between anomalously warm and events in Niño-4 that is also evident in our study nutrient-poor El Niño and anomalously cool and region (Figs. 5.1b,c). nutrient-rich La Niña conditions (Chavez et al. 1999; Remote islands in the CEP (Fig. 5.1a), including Jar- McPhaden et al. 2006; Gierach et al. 2012). El Niño vis Island (0°22′S, 160°01′W), Howland Island (0°48′N, events are characterized by an eastward expansion of 176°37′W), Baker Island (0°12′N, 176°29′W), and the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) and deepening Kanton Island (2°50′S, 171°40′W), support healthy, of the thermocline and nutricline in response resilient coral reef ecosystems characterized by excep- to weakening trade winds (Strutton and Chavez tionally high biomass of planktivorous and piscivorous 2000; Turk et al. -
South Dakota Vs. Minnesota Trust Law Desk Reference Guide
South Dakota vs. Minnesota Trust Law Desk Reference Guide Advantage South Dakota Minnesota For over 30 years, SD has been Like many states, MN has one of the best places to locate attempted to catch up to SD by a trust. A unique and active implementing the Uniform legislative trust committee, Trust Code. However, the Trust Location (Situs) favorable Legislature and difference is still clear and governor support continues to distinct, and the state does not rank SD as a top tier trust have the stability or support jurisdiction state; as verified by that SD enjoys from the industry leaders. government. In addition to many other taxes, MN taxes its trusts. In 2018, the There is no state personal, Fielding v. Commissioner of corporate, or fiduciary income Revenue decision highlighted tax, as well as no state tax on this major difference, holding State Taxes capital gains, dividends, that a trust set up as a MN trust interest, intangibles, or any may not need to stay a resident other income. This equates to trust for tax purposes for the NO state taxes on trust income. entire length of the trust (depending on circumstances). A Dynasty Trust has unlimited possibilities because there is no Rule Against Perpetuities MN has a Rule Against The Dynasty Trust - Legacy (abolished in 1983). Dynasty Perpetuities. By statute, all Trusts avoid federal estate and non-vested interests must vest Planning for Generations income taxation on trust assets (pass) 21 years after death of an because there is no forced asset individual or 90 years after its distribution and the bonus of creation. -
Flooding the Missouri Valley the Politics of Dam Site Selection and Design
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Summer 1997 Flooding The Missouri Valley The Politics Of Dam Site Selection And Design Robert Kelley Schneiders Texas Tech University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Schneiders, Robert Kelley, "Flooding The Missouri Valley The Politics Of Dam Site Selection And Design" (1997). Great Plains Quarterly. 1954. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1954 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FLOODING THE MISSOURI VALLEY THE POLITICS OF DAM SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN ROBERT KELLEY SCHNEIDERS In December 1944 the United States Con Dakota is 160 feet high and 10,700 feet long. gress passed a Rivers and Harbors Bill that The reservoir behind it stretches 140 miles authorized the construction of the Pick-Sloan north-northwest along the Missouri Valley. plan for Missouri River development. From Oahe Dam, near Pierre, South Dakota, sur 1946 to 1966, the United States Army Corps passes even Fort Randall Dam at 242 feet high of Engineers, with the assistance of private and 9300 feet long.! Oahe's reservoir stretches contractors, implemented much of that plan 250 miles upstream. The completion of Gar in the Missouri River Valley. In that twenty rison Dam in North Dakota, and Oahe, Big year period, five of the world's largest earthen Bend, Fort Randall, and Gavin's Point dams dams were built across the main-stem of the in South Dakota resulted in the innundation Missouri River in North and South Dakota. -
SD Missouri River Fishing Report
SD MISSOURI RIVER TOURISM FISHING REPORT – July 12, 2021 Provided by: South Dakota Missouri River Tourism Fishing Update for The Missouri River in South Dakota Like us on Facebook for up to date information on the Missouri River Region! The weather this week is mostly 90’s. Bring plenty of water, bug spray, and sunscreen along. Expect busy boat ramps and fish cleaning stations. Enjoy some time outdoors on the Missouri River in central South Dakota and good luck catching! Lake Oahe In the Pollock and Mobridge areas, the fishing has slowed but anglers are still getting limits of nice fish. Anglers are fishing the main lake points in 25-35 feet of water and using bouncers with spinners and crawlers. Crank baits are also working well. At Akaska the fishing is good. Anglers are fishing in 20-30 feet of water. Bouncers with spinners and crawlers or leeches are working well. Some sorting is necessary and some nice bigger fish are coming in. At Gettysburg, the fishing is very good. Minnows, lots of crawlers, and some leeches are being used. Anglers are fishing in 15-25 feet of water and those who like pulling plugs are doing quite well. The smallmouth and catfish bites are hot right now. Around Spring Creek / Cow Creek the fishing is pretty good. Anglers can use the presentation of their choice and do well. Depths are generally 25-30 feet of water. Lake Sharpe Around Pierre/Fort Pierre the fishing is good. Anglers are fishing in 10-20 feet of water. Bouncers with spinners and crawlers are working well, but anglers are having success with most presentations. -
The Late Tertiary History of the Upper Little Missouri River, North Dakota
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 1956 The al te tertiary history of the upper Little iM ssouri River, North Dakota Charles K. Petter Jr. University of North Dakota Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Petter, Charles K. Jr., "The al te tertiary history of the upper Little iM ssouri River, North Dakota" (1956). Theses and Dissertations. 231. https://commons.und.edu/theses/231 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LATE TERTIARY H!~TORY OF 'l'HE. UPP.7:B LITTLE MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA A Thesis Submitted to tba Faculty of' the G?"adue.te School of the University ot 1'1ortri Dakota by Charles K. Petter, Jr. II In Partial Fulf'1llment or the Requirements tor the Degree ot Master of Science .rune 1956 "l' I l i This t.:iesis sured. tted by Charles re. Petter, J.r-. 1.n partial lftllment of tb.e requirements '.for the Degree of .Master of gcJenee in tr:i.e ·;rnivarsity of llorth Dakot;a. is .hereby approved by the Committee under. whom l~he work h.a.s 1)EH!Hl done. -- i"", " *'\ ~1" Wf 303937 Illustrations ......... .,............................. iv Oeneral Statement.............................. l Ar..:l:nowlodgments ................................. -
Northern Mariana Islands
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS CUSTOMS REGULATIONS AND INFORMATION FOR IMPORTS HOUSEHOLD GOODS AND PERSONAL EFFECTS Note: American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Baker Island, Howland Islands, Jarvis Island, Johnston Island, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Palmyra, and Wake Island are all territories / possessions of the United States and as such are subject to the importation rules of the United States. They may have additional requirements to import into each territory as each one has a delicate ecosystem they are trying to protect. An individual is generally considered a bona fide resident of a territory / possession if he or she is physically present in the territory for 183 days during the taxable year, does not have a tax home outside the territory during the tax year, and does not have a closer connection to the U.S. or a foreign country. However, U.S. citizens and resident aliens are permitted certain exceptions to the 183-day rule. Documents Required Copy of Passport (some ports require Passports for all family members listed on the 3299) Form CF-3299 Supplemental Declaration (required by most ports) Detailed inventory in English Copy of Visa (if non-US citizen / permanent resident) / copy of Permanent Resident Card I-94 Stamp / Card Copy of Bill of Lading (OBL) / Air Waybill (AWB) Form DS-1504 (Diplomats) A-1 Visa (Diplomats) Importers Security Filing (ISF) Specific Information The shipper must be present during Customs clearance. All shipments are subject to inspection. Do not indicate “packed by owner” (PBO) or miscellaneous descriptions on the detailed inventory. -
Conflicts-In-Federal-Systems-Mintz
PUBLICATIONS SPP Research Paper Volume 12:14 April 2019 TWO DIFFERENT CONFLICTS IN FEDERAL SYSTEMS: AN APPLICATION TO CANADA*† Jack M. Mintz SUMMARY Canadians are used to taking seriously the threat of separation when it comes to Quebec, but a more serious, less manageable form of conflict may eventually emerge in the federation between Western Canada and the rest of Canada. Where the Canadian government has been successful so far in managing the “conflict of taste” that has led to Quebec’s historic discomfort in the Canadian federation, because the federal government possesses the tools to address that challenge, it does not have the same tools to manage the “conflict of claim” that is creating increased dissatisfaction with Confederation in the West. The result is that Canada is a less stable federation than many observers realize. Interestingly, the future of its unity depends largely on whether the West is able to establish a lasting political alliance with Ontario even though that would mean Quebec no longer being critical for national coalitions. Conflicts of taste revolve around differences in political preferences between regions within a federation. While Quebec is animated by its different culture, history and language than the rest of Canada, which has created a conflict of taste, mechanisms have been put in place to help mitigate the friction, including: Provincial powers over key cultural institutions such as education and health, special fiscal and immigration arrangements for Quebec, guaranteed bilingualism in federal institutions and tax-collection powers unique to Quebec. Quebec’s ability to wield federal power through a Central Canadian alliance with Ontario has also helped partially alleviate the province’s discomfort within Confederation. -
B: Other U.S. Island Possessions in the Tropical Pacific
Appendix B Other U.S. Island Possessions in the Tropical Pacific1 Introduction Howland, Jarvis, and Baker Islands There are eight isolated and unincorporated is- Howland, Jarvis and Baker are arid coral islands lands and reefs under U.S. control and sovereignty in the southern Line Island group (figure B-l). Aside in the tropical Pacific Basin. Included in this cate- from American Samoa, Jarvis Island is the only gory are: Kingman Reef, Palmyra and Johnston other U.S.-affiliated island in the Southern Hemi- Atolls in the northern Line Island group; Howland, sphere. These islands lie within one-half degree Baker and Jarvis Islands in the southern Line Is- from the equator, in the equatorial climatic zone. land group; Midway Atoll at the northwest end of During the 19th century the United States and the Hawaiian archipelago; and Wake Island north Britain actively exploited the significant guano de- of the Marshall Islands. Evidence indicates that posits found on these three islands. Jarvis Island some of these islands were not inhabited prior to was claimed by the United States in 1857, and sub- “Western” discovery; and today some remain unin- sequently annexed by Britain in 1889. Jarvis, Howland, habited. and Baker Islands were made territories of the These islands range from less than 1 degree south United States in 1936, and placed under the juris- latitude to nearly 29 degrees north latitude and from diction of the Department of the Interior. The is- 162 degrees west to 167 east longitude. The climate lands currently are uninhabited. regimes range from arid to wet and equatorial to These atolls were used as weather stations and subtropical. -
Town Charter
Taken from: Province of New Hampshire—Records of Council 1716 ( pages 690 & 691 ) Province of New Hampshire At a Council held at the Council chambers in Portsmouth March 14, 17151715----16161616 PRESENT: The Honorable George Vaughan, Esq., Lt. Governor; Richard Waldron, Samuel Penhallow, John Plaisted, Mark Hunking, John Wentworth, Esquires. Mr. Smith appeared at this Board on behalf of sundry inhabitants of Swampscott and presented a petition (against making Swampscott a town) as on file, bearing date, January 14, 1715-6*. Notwithstanding which petition and sundry other objections which have been made since ye first motions about making said Swampscott a town, it is In Council Ordered, that Swampscott Patent land be a township by the name of Stratham, and have full power to choose officers as other towns within this Province, and that the bounds of said town be according to the limits specified in a petition proffered to this board by Mr. Andrew Wiggin, the 13 th day of January last, except some families lying near to Greenland (viz.) John Hill, Thomas Leatherby, Enoch Barker, and Michael Hicks, which said some families shall belong to the Parish of Greenland: And that a meeting house be built on the King’s great road leading from Greenland to Exeter, within half a mile of the midway between ye bounds yet are next Exeter and the bounds that are next Greenland, as the road goes; and that they be obliged to have a learned orthodox minister to preach in said meeting house within one year from the date hereof. R. Waldron, Cleric Con.