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OGC-98-5 U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution
United States General Accounting Office Report to the Chairman, Committee on GAO Resources, House of Representatives November 1997 U.S. INSULAR AREAS Application of the U.S. Constitution GAO/OGC-98-5 United States General Accounting Office GAO Washington, D.C. 20548 Office of the General Counsel B-271897 November 7, 1997 The Honorable Don Young Chairman Committee on Resources House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: More than 4 million U.S. citizens and nationals live in insular areas1 under the jurisdiction of the United States. The Territorial Clause of the Constitution authorizes the Congress to “make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property” of the United States.2 Relying on the Territorial Clause, the Congress has enacted legislation making some provisions of the Constitution explicitly applicable in the insular areas. In addition to this congressional action, courts from time to time have ruled on the application of constitutional provisions to one or more of the insular areas. You asked us to update our 1991 report to you on the applicability of provisions of the Constitution to five insular areas: Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (the CNMI), American Samoa, and Guam. You asked specifically about significant judicial and legislative developments concerning the political or tax status of these areas, as well as court decisions since our earlier report involving the applicability of constitutional provisions to these areas. We have included this information in appendix I. 1As we did in our 1991 report on this issue, Applicability of Relevant Provisions of the U.S. -
5. Ecological Impacts of the 2015/16 El Niño in the Central Equatorial Pacific
5. ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF THE 2015/16 EL NIÑO IN THE CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC RUSSELL E. BRAINARD, THOMAS OLIVER, MICHAEL J. MCPHADEN, ANNE COHEN, ROBErtO VENEGAS, ADEL HEENAN, BERNARDO VARGAS-ÁNGEL, RANDI ROtjAN, SANGEETA MANGUBHAI, ELIZABETH FLINT, AND SUSAN A. HUNTER Coral reef and seabird communities in the central equatorial Pacific were disrupted by record-setting sea surface temperatures, linked to an anthropogenically forced trend, during the 2015/16 El Niño. Introduction. In the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the El Niño were likely unprecedented and unlikely to El Niño–Southern Oscillation substantially affects have occurred naturally, thereby reflecting an anthro- atmospheric and oceanic conditions on interannual pogenically forced trend. Lee and McPhaden (2010) time scales. The central and eastern equatorial earlier reported increasing amplitudes of El Niño Pacific fluctuates between anomalously warm and events in Niño-4 that is also evident in our study nutrient-poor El Niño and anomalously cool and region (Figs. 5.1b,c). nutrient-rich La Niña conditions (Chavez et al. 1999; Remote islands in the CEP (Fig. 5.1a), including Jar- McPhaden et al. 2006; Gierach et al. 2012). El Niño vis Island (0°22′S, 160°01′W), Howland Island (0°48′N, events are characterized by an eastward expansion of 176°37′W), Baker Island (0°12′N, 176°29′W), and the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) and deepening Kanton Island (2°50′S, 171°40′W), support healthy, of the thermocline and nutricline in response resilient coral reef ecosystems characterized by excep- to weakening trade winds (Strutton and Chavez tionally high biomass of planktivorous and piscivorous 2000; Turk et al. -
Jarvis Island NWR Final
Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan Unincorporated U.S. Territory, Central Pacific Ocean The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) has completed the Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) and Environmental Assessment (EA) for Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge). The CCP will guide management of the Refuge for the next 15 years. The CCP and EA describe the Service’s preferred alternative for managing the Refuge and its effects on the human environment. Decision Following comprehensive review and analysis, the Service selected Alternative B in the draft EA for implementation because it is the alternative that best meets the following criteria: Achieves the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System. Achieves the purposes of the Refuge. Will be able to achieve the vision and goals for the Refuge. Maintains and restores the ecological integrity of the habitats and plant and animal populations at the Refuge. Addresses the important issues identified during the scoping process. Addresses the legal mandates of the Service and the Refuge. Is consistent with the scientific principles of sound wildlife management. Can be implemented within the projected fiscal and logistical management constraints associated with the Refuge’s remote location. As described in detail in the CCP and EA, implementing the selected alternative will have no significant impacts on any of the natural or cultural resources identified in the CCP and EA. Public Review The planning process incorporated a variety of public involvement techniques in developing and reviewing the CCP. This included three planning updates, meetings with partners, and public review and comment on the planning documents. -
Wake Island, Pearl Harbor & GUAM
The 74th Anniversary Tour | December 5-14, 2015 | $6,990 Wake Island, Pearl Harbor & GUAM While Japanese planes bombed and strafed the military and civilian settlements in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, their naval and air forces struck the American military installations on Wake Island. This culminated in a battle that lasted until December 23. After an heroic defense the American forces were compelled to surrender to a reinforced Japanese attack that included a landing of 2,500 infantry. Day 1 – December 5 - Hawaii Our tour will begin with a Welcome Reception and Dinner at our hotel in Hawaii. You will get a chance to meet our historian and other tour guests. (Please call us about flights from your home city to Hawaii.) Days 2 & 3 – December 6,7 - Hawaii Ford Island is the centerpiece of the Pearl Harbor National Historic Landmark District and adjacent to Battleship Row. The original airfield, air tower, WWII hangars, a collection of bungalows and officers’ housing remain on the site. While on Ford Island, we will visit the Pacific Aviation Museum and the USS Missouri. www.stephenambrosetours.com | 888-903-3329 | [email protected] Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor occupies World War II-era hangars that still bear the scars of our nation’s first aviation “A detachment of marines battlefield. The museum houses many was sent in, along with some examples of WWII aircraft and exhibits relating the stories of these planes. 1,200 civilian construction workers under contract The USS Missouri was part of the force that supported bombing raids over Tokyo and to the government. -
ISO Country Codes
COUNTRY SHORT NAME DESCRIPTION CODE AD Andorra Principality of Andorra AE United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates AF Afghanistan The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan AG Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda (includes Redonda Island) AI Anguilla Anguilla AL Albania Republic of Albania AM Armenia Republic of Armenia Netherlands Antilles (includes Bonaire, Curacao, AN Netherlands Antilles Saba, St. Eustatius, and Southern St. Martin) AO Angola Republic of Angola (includes Cabinda) AQ Antarctica Territory south of 60 degrees south latitude AR Argentina Argentine Republic America Samoa (principal island Tutuila and AS American Samoa includes Swain's Island) AT Austria Republic of Austria Australia (includes Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Islands, Ashmore Islands and Cartier Island, and Coral Sea Islands are Australian external AU Australia territories) AW Aruba Aruba AX Aland Islands Aland Islands AZ Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan BA Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina BB Barbados Barbados BD Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh BE Belgium Kingdom of Belgium BF Burkina Faso Burkina Faso BG Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria BH Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain BI Burundi Republic of Burundi BJ Benin Republic of Benin BL Saint Barthelemy Saint Barthelemy BM Bermuda Bermuda BN Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia Republic of Bolivia Federative Republic of Brazil (includes Fernando de Noronha Island, Martim Vaz Islands, and BR Brazil Trindade Island) BS Bahamas Commonwealth of the Bahamas BT Bhutan Kingdom of Bhutan -
New York State Artificial Reef Plan and Generic Environmental Impact
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................... vi 1. INTRODUCTION .......................1 2. MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT ..................4 2.1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. ..............4 2.2. LOCATION. .....................7 2.3. NATURAL RESOURCES. .................7 2.3.1 Physical Characteristics. ..........7 2.3.2 Living Resources. ............. 11 2.4. HUMAN RESOURCES. ................. 14 2.4.1 Fisheries. ................. 14 2.4.2 Archaeological Resources. ......... 17 2.4.3 Sand and Gravel Mining. .......... 18 2.4.4 Marine Disposal of Waste. ......... 18 2.4.5 Navigation. ................ 18 2.5. ARTIFICIAL REEF RESOURCES. ............ 20 3. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .................. 26 3.1 GOALS ....................... 26 3.2 OBJECTIVES .................... 26 4. POLICY ......................... 28 4.1 PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION .............. 28 4.1.1 Permits. .................. 29 4.1.2 Materials Donations and Acquisitions. ... 31 4.1.3 Citizen Participation. ........... 33 4.1.4 Liability. ................. 35 4.1.5 Intra/Interagency Coordination. ...... 36 4.1.6 Program Costs and Funding. ......... 38 4.1.7 Research. ................. 40 4.2 DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES .............. 44 4.2.1 Siting. .................. 44 4.2.2 Materials. ................. 55 4.2.3 Design. .................. 63 4.3 MANAGEMENT .................... 70 4.3.1 Monitoring. ................ 70 4.3.2 Maintenance. ................ 72 4.3.3 Reefs in the Exclusive Economic Zone. ... 74 4.3.4 Special Management Concerns. ........ 76 4.3.41 Estuarine reefs. ........... 76 4.3.42 Mitigation. ............. 77 4.3.43 Fish aggregating devices. ...... 80 i 4.3.44 User group conflicts. ........ 82 4.3.45 Illegal and destructive practices. .. 85 4.4 PLAN REVIEW .................... 88 5. ACTIONS ........................ 89 5.1 ADMINISTRATION .................. 89 5.2 RESEARCH ..................... 89 5.3 DEVELOPMENT .................... 91 5.4 MANAGEMENT .................... 96 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................. 97 6.1 ECOSYSTEM IMPACTS. -
1 Applying Makawalu to Midway Atoll's Visitor Program Kuaihelani, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by Gina M. Mcgu
Applying Makawalu to Midway Atoll’s Visitor Program Kuaihelani, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by Gina M. McGuire B.A. (Stanford University) 2017 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science in the Graduate Division of the University of Hawaiʻi, Hilo Committee in charge: Dr. Jason P. Turner Dr. Kathryn Besio Mr. Barry W. Stieglitz Spring 2019 1 ABSTRACT Applying Makawalu to Midway Atoll’s Visitor Program: Kuaihelani, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument by Gina M. McGuire Master of Science in Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science University of Hawaiʻi, Hilo Professor Jason P. Turner, Chair This study informs decisionmakers on the stakeholder's views about the feasibility of re- opening visitation to the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge and Battle of Midway National Memorial. Midway Atoll is operated under the National Wildlife Refuge System and is the only area within the surrounding Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument designated to allow for public visitation. Narrative research methodologies including interviewing and participant observation were conducted under the Hawaiian framework of makawalu, literally translating to “eight eyes.” Narrative research provides the context and added complexity to inform decisions about visitation regarding social, ecological, heritage, and economic interests in the Atoll. Stakeholder responses show that the question as to whether visitation “should” be re- opened on Midway is unclear across responses, and that in many cases where there is strong conviction to have visitation, it is only for certain groups and interviewees have serious reservations about visitation program design. Spatial landscape analysis identifies gaps in data availability to determine potential environmental impact on Midway Atoll and the importance of including Indigenous ways of knowing in management. -
GAO-16-382, MIDWAY ATOLL: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Faces
United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Requesters June 2016 MIDWAY ATOLL U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Faces Many Competing Priorities GAO-16-382 June 2016 MIDWAY ATOLL U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Faces Many Competing Priorities Highlights of GAO-16-382, a report to congressional requesters Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found Midway, a trio of islands about According to officials in the Department of the Interior’s U.S. Fish and Wildlife 1,300 miles from Honolulu, has been Service (FWS), operations funding for Midway Atoll (Midway) has decreased in managed by FWS as a wildlife refuge recent years and project-specific funding has varied. Specifically, budget officials since the closure of a naval base in said that FWS, after increasing the funding allocated to Midway’s operations to 1996. Midway also serves as a more than $4 million by fiscal year 2011, decreased Midway’s allocation by more national memorial to a historic World than $1 million by fiscal years 2012 and 2013. These officials said that the lower War II battle. GAO was asked to allocation led to suspension of public visitation on Midway in November 2012, review FWS’s management of Midway. which, in turn, decreased operations funding available from fees collected for This report examines (1) funding for services such as lodging. Midway has also received funding for specific projects, operations and projects on Midway for such as lead-based paint abatement. In addition, under an interagency fiscal years 2009 to 2015, (2) how agreement, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has reimbursed FWS up to FWS maintained historic properties on $3 million per year for the direct costs of operating Midway’s Henderson Airfield Midway and the extent to which it and provided additional funds for capital improvement projects, such as consulted with key parties and sought resurfacing runways. -
Idaho Topics: Triumph & Tragedy Politics, Law, Government Cecil
Idaho Topics: Triumph & Tragedy Politics, Law, Government ● Cecil Andrus and the fight against nuclear waste in Idaho ● Salmon v Dams ● 1896 Deep Creek Murders and Diamond Jack Davis ● 1897 Legislation to protect bison ● Women’s suffrage in Idaho ● Castle Rock ● Forcing Idaho tribes into reservations ● William Borah’s stance on isolationism ● Assassination of Gov. Frank Steunenberg and trial of Harry Orchard ● Stealing the capitol from Lewiston to Boise ● Idaho territory becoming the state of Idaho ● New Deal programs in Idaho: the CCC, FSA, and WPA Environment ● Cecil Andrus and the White Clouds ● Reintroduction of wolves in Idaho ● Establishment of Crater of the Moon ● 1991 Coeur d’Alene tribe sues mining companies to clean up the Lake Coeur d’Alene ● Morley Nelson Birds of Prey Conservation Area ● Nuclear energy in Idaho ● The Carey Act ● Early 20th Century Water Projects across Idaho Exploration ● Lewis and Clark ● Sacajawea ● Fur trapping in Idaho ● Silver City, Idaho ● The Gold Rush in IDaho ● Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ● Early settlers in Idaho War & Conflict ● Ruby Ridge Standoff ● Bannock War of 1878 ● Battle of White Bird Canyon ● Nez Perce War ● Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 and Chief Buffalo Horn ● Kootenai War of 1974: A bloodless war against the US government ● FIrst Idaho Regiment of military volunteers called into action in the Philippines ● The Snake War of the Shoshone Bannock ● Richard Butler and the Aryan Nation ● Coeur D’Alene miners uprising ● Idahoans in World War I ● WWII in Idaho ○ Submarine training at Farragut ○ Morrison-Knudsen at Wake Island ○ JR Simplot potatoes ○ Minidoka Japanese Internment Camp ○ Basque immigration ● Idahoans in the Korean War ● Idahoans in the Vietnam War Idaho People ● Old Idaho Penitentiary inmates ● Chinese workers in Idaho ● James Pierson Beckwourth ● Ah Fong Chuck ● Carol Ryrie Brink ● Chief Joseph ● James Angleton, spycatcher at the CIA ● Joe Albertson ● JR Simplot ● Philo T. -
Public Law 89-92 Be If Enacted
282 PUBLIC LAW 89-92-JULY 27, 1965 [79 STAT. Public Law 89-92 July 27, 1965 ^'^ ^^^ ^^' ^^^^ To regulate the labeling of cigarettes, and for other puriHises. Be if enacted ~by the Senate and Hau-^e of Bepi-eHentat'iveH of the arrtte"?b?ang V^Jted States of Ain^rlca in Congresn a^sfiemMed, Tliat this Act and Advertising inaj be cited as the "Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act. Act". DECLARATION OF POLICY SEC. 2. It is the policy of the Congress, and the purpose of this Act, to establish a comprehensive Federal program to deal with cigarette labeling and advertising with respect to any relationship between smoking and health, whereby— (1) the public may be adequately informed that cigarette smok ing may be hazardous to health by inclusion of a warning to that effect on each package of cigarettes; and (2) commerce and the national economy may be (A) protected to the maximum extent consistent with this declared policy and (B) not impeded by diverse, nonuniform, and confusing ciga rette labeling and advertising regulations with respect to any relationship between smoking and health. DEFINITIONS SEC. 3. As used in this Act— (1) The term "cigarette" means— (A) any roll of tobacco wrapped in i)aper or in any sub stance not containing tobacco, and (B) any roll of tobacco w^rapped in any substance contain ing tobacco which, because of its apjjearance, the type of tobacco used in the filler, or its packaging and labeling, is likely to be offered to, or purchased by, consumers as a ciga rette described in subparagraph (A). -
Fishery Conservation and Management Pt. 665, Table 1
Fishery Conservation and Management Pt. 665, Table 1 Magnuson-Stevens Act, other applica- E. long., 12° N. lat., and 142° E. long., ble laws, and the CREFMP. 16° N. lat. (iv) To minimize conflicts between the Federal and state/territorial/com- § 665.609 Annual reports monwealth management systems, the (a) Annual reports. By July 31 of each Council will use the procedures in para- year, a Council-appointed coral reef graph (a)(2) in this section to respond ecosystem plan team will prepare an to state/territorial/commonwealth annual report on coral reef fisheries of management actions. The Council’s the western Pacific region. The report consideration of action would normally will contain, among other things, fish- begin with a representative of the ery performance data, summaries of state, territorial or commonwealth new information and assessments of government bringing a potential or ac- need for Council action. tual management conflict or need to (b) Recommendation for Council action. the Council’s attention. (1) The Council will evaluate the an- nual report and advisory body rec- § 665.608 Regulatory area. ommendations and may recommend (a) The regulations in this subpart management action by either the state/ govern fishing for coral reef ecosystem territorial/commonwealth governments management unit species by vessels of or by Federal regulation; the United States or persons who oper- (2) If the Council believes that man- ate or are based inside the outer bound- agement action should be considered, it ary of the U.S. EEZ off: will make specific recommendations to (1) The Hawaiian Islands Archipelago the Regional Administrator after con- lying to the east of 160°50′ W. -
Inventory and Monitoring Plan
Inventory and Monitoring Plan Howland Island, Baker Island, and Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuges and Howland Island, Baker Island, and Jarvis Island Units of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument September 2015 1 | Page Howland Island, Baker Island, and Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuges, and Howland Island Unit, Baker Island Unit, and Jarvis Island Unit of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument Inventory and Monitoring Plan Signature Page Action Signature /Printed Name Date ein Kenyon (I&M Specialist) Prepared By: Beth Flint (Supervisory Wildlife Biologist) ared Underwood (I&M Zone Biologist) "IS/I Reviewed By: 15 Superintendent - Operations Reviewed By: Monuments Superintendent - Policy/Partners/Support Reviewed By: IS" Region 1 I&M Coordinator Reviewed By: T/2///S Refuge/and Monuiognt Supervisor Reviewed By: RegionarRefuge Biologist/Division Chief Approved By: 2 I P a g e Table of Contents Signature Page .............................................................................................................................................2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................4 Methods........................................................................................................................................................6 Results ..........................................................................................................................................................8