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Urban Agriculture, Which Has Been Advocated As Benefiting Individuals, Society, and the Natural Environment

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Urban Agriculture, Which Has Been Advocated As Benefiting Individuals, Society, and the Natural Environment Factors Influencing Peri-urban Residents’ Decisions to Adopt Gardening Innovations, Hat Yai District, Thailand Troy Santos A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Development Prince of Songkla University 2017 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University i Factors Influencing Peri-urban Residents’ Decisions to Adopt Gardening Innovations, Hat Yai District, Thailand Troy Santos A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Development Prince of Songkla University 2017 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University ii Thesis Title Factors Influencing Peri-urban Residents’ Decisions to Adopt Gardening Innovations, Hat Yai District, Thailand Author Mr. Troy Santos Major Program Agricultural Development _______________________________________________________________________________ Major Advisor Examining Committee: ......................................................... ...............................................Chairperson (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somyot Thungwa) (Prof. Dr. Buncha Somboonsuke) ..................................................Committee Co-advisor (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somyot Thungwa) ......................................................... ..................................................Committee (Dr. Kobchai Worrapimphong) (Dr. Kobchai Worrapimphong) ..................................................Committee (Dr. Cherdsak Kuaraksa) The Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, has approved this thesis as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Agricultural Development .......................................................... (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Damrongsak Faroongsarng) Dean of Graduate School iii This is to certify that the work here submitted is the result of the candidate’s own investigations. Due acknowledgement has been made of any assistance received. .............................................................Signature (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Somyot Thungwa) Major Advisor .............................................................Signature (Mr. Troy Santos) Candidate iv I hereby certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not being currently submitted in candidature for any degree. .............................................................Signature (Mr. Troy Santos) Candidate v Thesis Title Factors influencing peri-urban residents’ decisions to adopt gardening innovations, Hat Yai District, Thailand Author Mr. Troy Santos Major Program Agricultural Development Academic Year 2017 ABSTRACT Pressing and urgent environmental and social issues have taken on prominence in recent years. Thus, many individuals and organizations seek ways to alleviate these issues. One such way is through urban agriculture, which has been advocated as benefiting individuals, society, and the natural environment. Though some proponents’ claims are hotly disputed, the potential for these benefits remains. This research comprised 2 objectives. The first was to investigate the current situation of urban agriculture in Hat Yai, Thailand’s third largest urban area. Data was collected through a focus group and a questionnaire, with the local urban agriculture group for both tools. Content analysis and descriptive analysis were used to examine the data. Results indicate that the majority of urban gardeners are 46-75 years old, female, making less than the provincial household average. Due to lack of land for gardening, they predominantly grow in pots and other containers in front of their homes. Their major motivations for gardening, were to improve their health and to save money. The second objective was to determine various factors influencing residents to adopt or reject gardening innovations. It was reasoned that obstacles to adoption of urban gardening could be mitigated by adoption of one or more of the innovations that were introduced in the research. Answering the second objective made up the major portion of the research, where several new methods were introduced that participants were asked to try, then decide to adopt or reject. A questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and vi observations by the researcher were the main data collection tools. Content analysis was used to examine these data. Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations formed the theoretical foundation. Three sets of factors set forth in the book, namely attributes of innovations, characteristics of adopters, and contact with the change agent, along with aforementioned obstacles constituted the basis for examining the influential factors in participants’ decisions to adopt or reject. In addition to these factors, other limitations were examined, including know-how, and space and time available for gardening. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations were also investigated for their roles underlying participants’ decisions. Attributes of the innovations and contact with the researcher were influential among both adopters and non-adopters, however, motivation was determined to have the most influence. Additionally, an unwillingness to further complicate urban life, and a misunderstanding of the methods and their design flexibility hindered adoption. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank everyone who helped with this research, starting, of course, with my main advisor, who helped tremendously with every aspect of research design, offered important advice along the way, and introduced the author to the local urban agriculture group. I am grateful to my co-advisor for the numerous times he was ready with invaluable advice, the help he offered with various aspects of the research, and his frequent priceless encouragement during the many challenging times. A heartfelt thank you goes to every one of the participants for their valuable time and energy, their enthusiasm, their input that made up the major content of the research results, and for putting up with my difficult questions, and for some, too- frequent visits, phone calls, and social media contact. The research was greatly helped along by the work of the directors of the Songkhla Community Foundation, which is the organization that oversees the activities of the Hat Yai urban agriculture group. Their tireless efforts are instrumental in making the group the expanding success that it has become. I genuinely thank and respect the leaders of the group and the members of the group for agreeing to interviews, and for their energy and enthusiasm to growing vegetables and growing the group. The same genuine appreciation and respect is due the personnel at the Hat Yai Municipal Office for the interviews, and for their commitment to the people of Hat Yai. Troy Santos viii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii CHAPTER I Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.1.1 Environmental and social repercussions of urbanization 1 1.1.2 Cities of the future 1 1.1.3 UA is heavily promoted for its various benefits 2 1.1.4 Some negative aspects of UA 3 1.2 Objectives 3 1.3 Expected benefits of this research 4 1.4 Scope of the research 5 1.5 Definitions 5 CHAPTER II Literature Review 7 2.1 Theory of Diffusion of Innovations 7 2.2 A definition of urban agriculture 11 2.3 Urban agriculture around the world, past to present 11 2.4 History of UA in Thailand 12 2.4.1 Urban gardening in contemporary Thailand 13 2.4.2 Urban gardening in Hat Yai 14 2.5 Positive and negative impacts of UA, and skepticism of the benefits 16 2.5.1 Health impacts 17 ix CONTENTS (CONT) Page 2.5.2 Social impacts 20 2.5.3 Economic impacts 21 2.5.4 Environmental impacts 22 2.5.5 Summary of impacts 28 2.6 Literature regarding gardening methods introduced in this research 29 2.6.1 Wicking boxes 30 2.6.2 Hugelkultur beds 31 2.6.3 Sheet mulch beds 34 2.7 Case studies 36 2.7.1 Social marketing 36 2.7.2 Health 37 2.7.3 Agriculture 39 CHAPTER III Methodology 40 3.1 Study of current situation of UA in Hat Yai 41 3.1.1 Sampling methods for study site and sample group 41 3.1.2 Hat Yai, Southern Thailand 42 3.1.3 Data collection tools 44 3.1.4 Data analysis 44 3.2 Study of factors influencing adoption/rejection of gardening innovations 45 3.2.1 Gardening methods 45 3.2.1.1 Wicking boxes 45 3.2.1.2 Hugelkultur Beds 46 3.2.1.3 Sheet Mulch Beds 48 3.2.1.4 Two alternative methods 49 x CONTENTS (CONT) Page 3.2.2 Meeting the Hat Yai UA group 50 3.2.3 Sampling methods for study site and sample group 50 3.2.4 Khlong Toei Community 52 3.2.5 Data collection tools 53 3.2.6 Data analysis 54 3.2.7 Garden size 55 CHAPTER IV Results and Discussion 56 4.1 Urban agriculture in Hat Yai 56 4.1.1 Hat Yai’s UA group 56 4.1.2 The current situation 57 4.1.2.1 Support for UA in Hat Yai 57 4.1.2.2 The focus group 58 4.1.2.3 The questionnaire: Basic data on Hat Yai District gardeners 60 4.1.3 Future of UA in Hat Yai 68 4.2 Factors influencing adoption or rejection of the gardening innovations 69 4.2.1 Obstacles to UA in Hat Yai 69 4.2.1.1 More commonly cited limiting factors 70 4.2.1.2 Less commonly cited limiting factors 72 4.2.1.3 Motivation 74 4.2.2 Factors affecting adoption or rejection of the gardening methods 76 4.2.2.1 Participants’ backgrounds 77 4.2.2.2 Participants’ innovation-decision processes 85 4.2.2.3 Relation between background and innovation-decision 92 process xi CONTENTS (CONT) Page 4.2.3 Attributes of the innovations and participants’ attitudes of them 94 4.2.3.1 Motivation in the context of attributes of the innovations
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