Every one 0 Prize-Wi n ner!

GUDOSHNIK GOLDEN SPRINGTIME . " Will be the Feature "New Rose Beauty" " New introduction of rare beauty" Attraction of your

QUEEN WILHELMINA

" A great Prize-Winner" WHITE JEWEL "Outclasses every thin " A new white beauty" in the Tulip World" ~CfU:EPE 'u. I !Da7.-win cJ/Jb7.-ui CluLLp1-

THEY WERE ORIGINALLY INTRODUCED BY US TO AMERICAN GARDENS IN 1951.

Largest fl owering. stro ngest growing ­ the most prolific Tulips in existence. They are fragrant w ith the sweetness akin to the Night-bloo ming Cereus These Darwin H ybrid Tulips are the re­ su lt of crossing the Darwin and Bo tanical Fosteriana. Red Emperor types Th e y have the fin e qualities of the Darwin with large flowers plus the performance of the Botanical. thus producing a Tulip of out­ standing quality Unlike other Tulips. they may be left undisturbed in the garden for News from and For several years: they naturalize. producing vigorous increased growth each season TH EY H AVE WON WORLD-WIDE ACCLAIM BIG CH IEF B eau t iful old-rose shade Friends of River Farm H e ig ht. 27 inches $3.75 for 1 0 ; $35.00 per 100. DOVER . Poppy red . a radiant bloom H eight. 26 inches. $2.55 for .1 0; $23.00 Fall Friends Day will be "Discovery Day". per 100. GOLDEN SPRINGTIME Golden yellow. Dr. Henry M. Cathey, President of the trace of red at edges of petals. Height. 27 inches. $2.55 for 10; $23.00 per 100. American Horticultural Society, has brought G UDOSHNIK Creamy yellow with each petal etched peach pink H eight . 2 7 together an exciting varietal display of horti­ inches. $2.55 for 10; $23.00 per 100. O UEEN W ILH ELM INA . The sca rl et cultural subjects for Friends and their guests bl oom hasa narrow yel low margin H eight. 26 inches. $2.75 for 1 0; $25.00 per 1 00. to enjoy on Sunday, October 12, 1975. We WH ITE JEWEL. Pu re w hite. Enormous bloom. H eight. 27 inches. $3.15 for 10; will share these discoveries with you in future $29.00.. per 100. issues of American Horticulturist. A bove varieties may be purchased in­ River Farm Cottage, AHS's new plant dividually at prices noted above. and gift shop, will also be formally opened on II( We also offer the following Special Coll ec­ Fall Friends Day, featuring some very un­ tions: usual plants, as well as gift items which are N O. 1. Consisting of 5 bulbs each of the 6 varieties illustrated in color designed and created especially for the SPECIAL PRICE $9.00 No 2. Consisting of 10 bulbs each of the Society. Please look for our River Farm 6 varieties illustrated in color. SPECIAL PRICE $17.00 Cottage ad in this magazine. The Friends of N O. 3 . Consisting of 25 bulbs each of the 6 varieties illustrated in colo r. River Farm Committee has chosen to make a SPECIAL PRICE $39.00 Bulbs WIll be shipped in the Fall at proper select group of AHS gifts available to you, time for planting in your climate. Each group of bulbs will be separately pack­ by mail. Proceeds from the River Farm aged and labeled. with full planting in­ structions included. Cottage will in turn be used for maintenance Catalogs available now 1. Holland Tulips. Narcissi. Hyacinths and allied Bulbs­ and development of AHS headquarters as a color illustrated. 2. Forcing Bulbs for in­ door growing. Greenhouse. Conservatory National Center for American Horticulture. and outdoors in Frost-proof areas. 3. Supplement New Peonies. Hardy Cycla­ men and Erythronium. Note: Residents N.Y. State please in· clude applicable Sales tax with remit· tance. Delivery Charges Will Be Billed After Shipment Is Made

JOHN SCHEEPERS, Inc. '][OWEJt Bu[r; ~pE.Ciafi~h

63-65 Wall Street. New York. N.Y. 10005 "Serving America's Finest Gardens For over 65 years " An Editorial

AMENITY-SURVIVAL WORDS FOR HORTICULTURE

Ha ve you ever had a fri end hand you a plant w ith the CO Ill- . Illent, " I saw it in the ga rd en shop, I don't know what it's ca ll ed or how to grow it or even what it w i II do but, I bought it for you anyway A business whi ch produces crackers, tennis shoes, shaving lotion, or ski equi pillent would have an ad agency to find Illany noisy ways to inforlll consuillers of their product's potentials and uniq ue characterist ics. Yet plant people se ldolll have the chance to help gui de beginning ga rdeners to apprec iate the w ide array of plants whi ch can be grown successfu ll y. Often we find that plants have bee n given Illany standardized nailles whi ch tend to block out the potential use of other va ri et ies whi ch do not Illilllic the recogni zed standby. For exaillple, try the words Del icious, Ailleri ca n Bea uty, and Ru ssett on a group of fri ends. One w il l usuall y get back th e response, Deli cious Apple, A illeri ca n Beauty Rose, and Russett Potato. Dr. Henry M. Cathey, President of A HS . Th e recogni zed standby Illay not be the forlll that is grow n today. Apple breeders Illay have taken adva ntage of Illutations This sUllllller our cities had the highest recorded level of oxi­ which all ow for the propagation of a spur-type f lowering f orlll dants in our history. Unless a Illiracl e occurs, pollution wi ll whi ch produces f ruit w ith double red skin and Illatures twenty continue to take its toll on all li ving things. days ea rlier than the original parent. To IllOS t of us it is still a Our registration procedures for the safe use of pestic ides Deli cious, but the continued updating of the product has faces challenges. By October, 1976, Illany of our standby completely revolutioni zed the product ivity of the tree. Cu lture, control Illeas ures w i II no longer be Illarketed for use by gar­ disease , and insect probl eills of all forills of the Deli cious Apple deners. reillain Illuch the saille. Thus when we mas ter the growing of a va ri ety, all the other forills of the plant possess silllilar (or We continue to be bil ked by offers of "wonder" plants or near similar) requireillents. Yea rs of experience were required ga rdening products w hich are a was te of Illoney and affront to Illaster these growth requireillents and all the noisy ad our i ntell igence. agencies in th e worl d ca n do little to provide us w ith this prac ­ Th e advent of " instant landsca ping" affects the surviveabi lity tical failli l iari zation. of Illany urban plantings. Th ese brief surviving " cover-ups" A lthough experience and fa illi I iari zation pl ay i Illportant pa rts do li ttle to ailleli orate our urban deteriorati on. in th e average ga rd eners/world, it plays an even large r role in th e bas is of cO llllllercial horticulture. Th e fertilizer shortage threatens our abilit y to supply food Th e average hOllle ga rdener gardens Illore for pleas ure-for and insure our green envi ronillent. th e amenit y involved. As w ith other things in this world, ga rd ening is undergoing As a poi nt of illustrat io n, rellleillber we left you stand i ng there Illany changes. In spite of these changes, however, ga rdening w ith your friend's gift of an unknown pl ant? You have never w ill survive. seen it in the shops before. Perh aps, w ith grea t difficulty, you We IllUSt identify the illlpact that plant surviva l ca n have on have found a picture and desc ri pt ion in a standard reference. individuals, faillilies, cOllllllunities, nations and the worl d. This is a Illoillent when the ga rd ening experi ence has its Illajor Horti culture IllUSt find a way to bring these areas-am enity illlpac t on t he li ves of th e average ga rdener. Yo ur Illind begins and surviva l into full accord . The needs for persona l di scovery to visuali ze what the plant w il l becoille. Yo u dec ide on what (lets ca ll it o ne of the aillenities of life) is the dri ving force for exposure, growing Illed ia, watering, fertilization and pruning all gard eners. sc hedule you w ill use. You look over its leaves and steills. You Our horti cultural orga ni zat ions see k to fulf ill these needs note how well it's anchored in the growi ng media and ask, through publ ications such as th e American Horticulturist, its " Does it wilt in the sUllllller hea t? Is it cold hard y in Illy area? meetings, and the continuing prograills in every club, arboretulll, Is it a host for a pa rticul ar disease? Ca n I propagate it by cut­ botani c gard en, ga rden center, and educational inst itution. In tings?" These and countless oth er questions run through your an age w here red Illeat, grai ns, and soy bea ns have t he top bi II i ng Illi nd. But why do you as k these ques tions? Beca use you enj oy as the saviours of our way of li fe, we the gardener, have the the chall enge, you enjoy the results of your efforts, and you res ponsibility of Illaintaini ng all of the plants w hich populate find gardening a pl eas urable past-tillle. Yo u appreciate horti­ our hOllles, offices, Illalls, gardens, parks, freeways, and land­ cultural amenities. scapes. We IllUSt find the words to convey the Illeaning of horti­ M eanwhile other forces are working to radica lly change our culture as being sO lllewhere between amenity and surviva l. ga rd eni ng experi ence. Th e average ga rdener is becoilling Illore Write to A HS and express your ideas. Th ey Illay becoille 2 and Illore awa re of theill. For exa illple: part of the t heille for our 1976 Congress in Philadelphi a. H.M.C American

Herticulturist Volume 54 Number 5 October 1975

For United Horticulture ... the particular O. KEIS TER EVANS , Executi ve Director objects and business of The American MURRAY KEENE, Editor Horticu ltu ral Soc iety are to promote and JANE STEFFEY, Editorial Assistant encoura ge nati ona l interest in scientific DONALD WYMAN , Horti cultural Consultant research and education in horticu lture in ALEX BERRY , Art Director al l of its branches. The American Horticultural Society, Publisher AMERICAN H ORTICULTURIST is the of­ Mount Vernon, Vi rginia 22121 ficia l pub li ca ti on of The America n Horti ­ 703/768-5700 cu ltural Society, 793 1 East Bou leva rd Drive, Alexand ri a, Virginia 22308, and is iss ued in February, Apri l, June, August, October and December. Membership in th e Soc iety automati ca lly includes a sub­ 2 An Editorial scription to American Horticult urist and $1.50 is des ignated for each issue of this publication. Membership dues tart at Fruits and Vegetables $15.00 a yea r. 4 Wine Growing for the Home Vineyardist-R. deTreville Lawrence, Sr. Refer ed itori al matters to: 9 Crab Apples-Dr. Donald Wyman Murray Keene Ameri can Horticu lturist Mount Ve rnon , Virginia 22 121 Comment Refer adverti sing matters to : 12 Licking the Bug Problem in 1975-Bill Youngman Publisher Services , Inc. 62 1 Duke Street Alexandria, Virgi ni a 223 14 Gardener's Notebook Address requests for reprints of 14 Autumn Color-Coast to Coast-Dr. Donald Wyman, etal. arti cles to The Ameri can Horticu ltural Society, 28 Micro Gardens-Deni Seibert Mount Vernon , Virginia 35 New Among the Gesneriads-Ruth Katzenberger

AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the Education sc ience and art of growi ng orn amental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related sub­ 20 Air Layering-Billings M. McArthur jects. Original papers whi ch increase 22 Selecting and Breeding Hardy Passionflowers­ knowledge of plant material s of economic H. F. Winters, R. J. Knight, Jr. and aesthetic importance are invited. For manuscript specifications please address 31 Lawn Basics-Dr. Robert W. Schery the Executive Di rector, Mount Vernon, Vi rgin ia 2212 1. My Favorite Flower Replacement iss ues of AMERICAN HOR­ 38 Aloe Vera-Gayle Gates TICULTURIST are avai lab le at a cost of $2.50 per copy, but not beyond twe lve months prior to date of curre nt issue.

The opinions expressed in the articles which appear in AMERICAN H O RTICUL­ TURIST are those of the au thors and are not necessa rily those of the Society. They are presented as contributions to contem­ porary thought.

Second class postage paid at Alexandri a, OUR COVER PHOTO-Fall color-Acer circinatum. Photo by Clarence E. Lewis Virginia and at additional mai ling offices. 3 Copyri ght © 1975 by The Ameri ca n Hor­ ticultural Society. PRINTING: RAY PRINTING, KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI · WmeGrowJng for the HomeVm------" dist

R. de Treville Lawrence, Sr. President, Vinifera, Th e Plains, VA 22171

New vineyards, with European vines that make the vine tops and a tiny louse (phylloxera) was destroying the good table wines, are beginning to dot the hillsides in roots. several eastern states thanks to modern cultural methods. In the latter half of the 18th century, Mission Fathers Home vineyardists are toasting their friends with their in California planted Vinifera and the premium wine own " Burgundies" and " Bordeaux's" grown and made for vines prospered. The very dry climate and mild winters a few cents a bottle and rivalling many imports made created a combination that discouraged fungi and the from the same wine grapes-Chardonnay, Riesling, root louse, and thus a great wine-growing industry was Cabernet Sauvignon, and others. established in that far western state. But why has it taken about 365 years to accomplish Now we have fungicides that protect against mildew this since Captain John Smith wrote about the native Vir­ and root stocks for grafting that phylloxera will not at­ ginia varieties, "Of vines great abundance in many parts tack. Because of this, a number of states, heretofore con­ tha~ climbe the top pes of highest trees ... they be fatte, sidered non-wine-growing, may become the great pro­ and the juyce thicke ... neither doth the taste so well please ducers of quality wine in the future. Huge markets are when they are made into wine" ? in the East-and growing. A " new" agri-business may Man's oldest horticultural effort goes back to about soon take off. 3000 B.C, the earliest certain date of the wine industry. " Noah began to be a husbandman, and he planted a vine­ yard, " the Bible says. In 2100 B.C mention of grape wine occurs in writings of the reign of Gudea of Mesopotamia, and in 700 B.C cults of Bacchus and Dionysos developed that were devoted to wine. From 476 A.D. to 1450 A.D., during the Dark Ages, the Church, through the monastic vineyards, preserved the wine industry and good records were kept. Shakespeare often referred to wine. In London the Lords' Proprietors of the Jamestown Com­ pany granted special favors to those who undertook wine-growing. And the New World's Assembly in one of its first Acts required each householder to plant and care for 10 grape cutti ngs of the European variety. But they would sicken and die. Th e wine made from the loca l native varieties had a " wi Id" taste, apparently derived from a chemical substance which is not found in the Vinifera (European) varieties. Experiments continued on down through Thomas Jef­ ferson 's time. He brought high ly skilled vignerons to tend a large variety of French, German and Italian wine vines. While servi ng as Ambassador to France, he wrote his overseer at Monticello in Charlottesville, " How does my vineyard come on? I should like to receive here a few bottles of wine." But alas, there is no record of any being Ahove- I mmature grapes hold promise of future wi ne . 4 sent to him. We know now that mildew was withering the Right - M ature grapes rea dy for harvesting.

Left-Montage of scenes from author's privClte w ine making fac ility.

Choosing The Best Wine-Makers Planting Wine can be made from any grape. But t he best wines Prepare a hole 12" to 18" w ide and about 12" deep to ca n only be made f rom certain vari eties. They shou ld be receive the nursery plant. Remove all canes except one or ordered a year in advance to give nurseri es time to graft two on which about six buds are left. For grafted plants, w hen necessary. Here are t he quality levels: cut back to two buds. Pack top soil around and water. Do Th e least expensive wines-usua ll y sweet -are made not cover graft union because the top sc ion may root. from table (eating) grapes like M uscad ine, Concord and As the shoots develop from the buds, all owthe strongest Norton. two to grow and rub off the others (after danger of frost The medium level of quality wines are made from the is past). Supplement rainfall to all ow about 1 inch of French Hybrids, developed in France about 50 yea rs ago water per week through the hot summer. The vine throws from descendents of the Vinifera. Th ey are hardy, good its roots down deep, and after the first year there is no producers , and make an excell ent dry red and wh ite t able need to water aga in where there is an average yearly rain­ w ine. They can be grown on their own roots but in some fal l of about 35 inches. cases perform better if grafted. Th e Foch makes a f ine red During the summer, cultivat e t he soi l about 18 inches something like the Gamay Beaujolias wh ich is en joyed around the vine. Clea n cultivation between the rows is after only a few months ag ing. For a dry wh ite, the Seyve desirable for the Vinifera to help hold down surface Vi li ard 5276 or SV 12375 makes an excellent wi ne of the moisture and t hus red uce mildew but this is not absolute­ Chablis t ype. ly esse ntial. Remove grapes that try to form the first two The top of the line and most expensive wines are made years. Let them bear the third year. Strengthen the roots from Vitis Vinifera varieties. For a red , the Pinot Noir and ma in trunk the f irst two seasons. Remove laterals or Cabernet Sauvignon; and for a w hite, the noble Pin ot (suckers) that try to grow between the leaf and stem. Chardonnay is unequaled. This is the grape the French Remove sprouts at base of vine. Do not all ow any below Government requires all " Chabli s" to be of 100 percent, a graft. Develop one or two shoots the first two years and the sa me grape that the famous Moet et Chandon that w ill form the mai n trunk or t runks, and tie them to a champagne is made from. For German type Rhine wines, stake when t hey are about two feet high. The w inter after the Riesling is the best, w ith the beautifu l pink Gewurz­ planting is a good time to put in the trellis and they may traminer running a cl ose second. be tied t o the first w ire of that in the second year. As w ine-g rowing popularity grows, some mail ord er Fungus And Insect Control cat alogs feature nursery st ock, usuall y the French Hy­ Proper spraying is probably the single most important brids. These and the Vinifera ca n be obtained from sev­ element in w ine vine cultivation. For this reason, a plant­ era l eastern nu rseries, and they may also be ord ered from ing of no less than 25 vines may be advisabl e because so urces in Ca liforni a and ai rshipped. w ith a lesser number we may be tempted to overlook a Soils Make Little Difference reg ular sc hed ul e. Starting w hen shoots are two inches Much has been w ritten about t he sandy soi ls of Bor­ long, sp raying should be conducted every ten days or deaux being the onl y ones for the noble Cabern et Sauvi­ after hard rai ns that have washed off the previous appl i­ gnon, the f linty slopes of the Rhine t he best for the Reis­ cations. ling, and that the Pinot Chardonnay is only at home in At the first of t he growing season, the vines should be the loam of Burgu ndy. Ameri ca n viticulturist <; tooay, sp rayed with Captan and Ferbam t o control Blac k Rot however, maintain that so il s do not make much differ­ and Downy Mildew. About the f irst of June, or'earli er in ence. In fact the wi ne vine is unique of all horti cultural the South, Benlate should be added t o this for control pl ants ... it wi II thrive in the poorest of soi Is. of Powdery Mildew, perh aps the worst enemy of the Vini­ A soi l test should be made and average fertility ob­ fera. When insects appear, add Sevin or Malethion. This tained. Too much fertility is worse than too little. Baron may be discontinued w hen insects are under contro l. Philip de Rothsch ild says that the vine does best when it Continue other sprays until two weeks before harvest, has to stru ggle a little. Heavy clays, very shall ow soils, and afterward s sp ray about twice before frost. It is best poorly drained land, and too much alkali, sa lts and toxic to spray once too often than once t oo little. Local condi­ substances shou ld be avoided . tions vary somewhat from north to south, therefore it is A site should be chosen where there is air and water advisable t o consult extension agents or other authorities. drainage. The vineyard should not be placed in a low frost Trellising and Pruning pocket. There must be good all day su n, and trees, bushes During the first growing season, only a stick or lath or adjoining other barriers should be removed if possible about three feet hi gh is needed for the new vine. This to all ow a free flow of air that will help to dispel mildew. may be put in when it is first planted. The next w inter is A hillside is best, the southern exposure in the northern a good time to put in the trellis. The traditional three­ states and a northern exposure in central and southern wire system is excell ent, on posts insta ll ed after every states. three vines. 7 The pos ts should be eight feet long and pl aced two arri ved . Red w ine grapes are cru shed and put in a con­ feet in the groun d. En d posts shoul d be braced and some­ tainer, skins and all. The yeast activity releases the color w hat larger. Use about 12 ga uge for the bottom w i re and f rom the skins. It is t hen pres sed and the juice put in a stapl e it about two feet above the ground. Use the longest carboy (3 to 5 ga ll on bottle) or half barrel, depending on staples and do not drive down firmly so that the w ires quant ity, for fermenti ng. Some met abisulfite ca n be added ca n be t ightened later by pulling f rom the end post s. to destroy harmful bacteri a, and a little M ontrachet yeast Use about 1 0 ga uge w ire for the top and 12 for the middl ~. st arter if des i red for insurance. I n a day or two, bubbles Pruning is not difficult w hen the bas ics are underst ood. announce the start of fermentation, and about four days The first year it is very simple and the new grower has time later a sugar test w i II show a drop to about 18. When tests to study and go into the next stage. The nice thing too is, over the next ten days or longer, depending on tempera­ if a mistake has been made, it can almost always be cor­ ture, show a reading of zero we kn ow that the suga r has rected the next year. The vine is very hardy. Reasons for turned to alcohol and it is now wine. pruning are to insure a crop every yea r, keep the vines It is important at this point to prot ect the w ine from the under control in the row for ease in spraying, cultivating, ai r w hi ch would convert the alcohol into acid -vinegar. and harvesting. Pruning is done in the dormant season. The " delectabl e ferment that maintains man's faith in First Year: During the summer, one or two buds from mirac les" isthen put into a cask w hi ch is filled to the top, the new pl ant have been allowed t o sprout and grow or if in a ca rboy this is filled and an airl ock used for a about two to f ive feet hi gh. The first winter they are cut st opper. Every two wee ks thereafter until bottling it must back t o two buds again. be " topped" w ith a similar w ine in order to fill the ai r­ Second Year. Th e two buds sprout in the spring and one space that occurs from evaporation. After about two is removed w hen growth is about 6 inches if a single trunk months the w ine is siphoned (racked) t o another con­ is des ired, or both allowed to grow if two trunks for the tainer and the sed iment discarded. This may be done two perm anent vine are wanted. Remove grape clust ers that or three times before bottling t o both cl arify and improve try t o bea rthis season . Ti e the shoot s (canes) to the w ires t he t aste. Bottles are put in a 400 degree oven for five during the summer. When the dormant season is on, if minutes before filling. Corks are put in a container with the vine was vigorous, cut the canes back so as to leave wat er and heated to about 180 degrees (below boiling) a total of about 12 to 15 buds. The third summer's f ruit for 15 minutes before bottling. The wine should then w i)1 grow from canes growing from these buds. Try to keep for several yea rs. "Am erican Wines & Wine-Making" leave a cane on each side of the trunk on two wires, and by Philip Wagner, Kn opf, is recommended for more details. also leave a spur (cane cut t o two buds) nea r each of M an's oldest med icine-wine-has long been pre­ these. sc ri bed by doct ors to help appet ites . A new study at the Third and later years. Fruit will bea r only from new University of Ca liforni a has found that it does indeed im­ ca nes, not f rom two-year old or older wood. Therefore, prove nutrition. Who kn ows, we may one day see on the it is necessary t o cut the canes back every year that have label, " NOTICE: the Surgeon General has determined born e grapes, and all ow the spurs of the previous year's that a little w ine is good for the hea lth." prun i ng to produce the canes that wi II bea r the next year's fruit. The third winter the vine is well established and can be all owed t o have 20 t o 40 buds depending on vigor. Prune the sa me as the previous winter, leaving canes bal­ anced on each side of the trunk and a renewal spur nea r eac h w ire. For an excellent pamphlet with sket ches, write the Ameri can Wine Societ y, 4218 Rosewald, Royal Oak, Michigan 48073. Making The Wine The grape is the only f ruit which contains a sufficient amount of its own sugar for alcohol, yeast for fermenta­ tion and ac id for preservation, to make wine. Crush the grape, put it in a container and nature will do the rest .. . in a few days you w ill have w ine. Unlike beer and liquor making, w ine is a natural process, and a simple one. A few refinements are des irable of course, and one or two steps are essential for multi-year st orage. Relatively in­ ex pensive eq ui pment is avail abl e in w ine supply stores and mai I order houses . It can be used year after yea r. A juice sa mple of 20 t o 22 Bri x sugar usi ng a sacc hrom- 8 et er (hydrometer) signals that time for the venda nge has Author'S " backya rd" vineya rd nea r M iddleburg, Va. Donald W ym an Horticulturist Emeritus, Arnold Arboretum

Malus 'Dorothea'

I n the fa ll of the yea r crab apples about the time, or just before, lilacs t he once popul ar Pu rpl e Crab were are once aga in prominent in the b loom . Mostl y they are rounded, always prone to qui ckly fade to a landsca pe, for thei r myri ads of small dense trees, one or two bei ng pend u­ dirty li ght purple, but some of its fruits are outstandingly colorf ul. A ll lous in habit (' Red Jade'), one de­ varieties li ke t he Lemoine Crab wi ll of them are small trees, only a few c idedly columnar in habit eVa n Ese l­ retain a much better f lower color. beingas hi gh as 50 feettall, and they ti ne') and one se ldom growing over Norm ally, a crab apple w ill be color­ are w idely used in home p lantings in 8 feet ta ll -Malus sargentii. f ul in the sp ring a week or ten days, all the areas where apples prove Th e f lowers are usuall y si ngle, but but duri ng extremely warm weather, hardy. Some are natives to North ' Dorothea' is blessed w ith double li ke we had t hi s past spring, t hey Ameri ca but these have green fruits f lowers. The form erl y popul ar Bec h­ open their f lowers rapidly and fade and such are not orn amental. Others tel Crab (M ioensis 'Plena') has very quickly, and there is nothing come f rom Siberi a and the Orient, double pink f lowers like small roses, we ca n do about t hat, eit her. and it is these and their many hy­ but it was ext remely susceptible t o Studies have been made of their bri ds-over 200 of them - that make disease and t he f rui ts were merely res ista nce t o scab disease and Juni­ up the bulk of this dec idedly va lu­ gree n, so it has been superceded by per ru st, and some once popul ar abl e group of orn amental small trees. some of the ori ental hybri ds. vari eties have proved so susceptible Th ey hybridize read ily, the reason We judge crab apples now on thei r to t hese disf iguring diseases , that why new cl ones are appea ring in ability to bl oom annually, for some crab apples like t he Bechtel, 'Almey', nurse ry catalogues all the t ime. Bas i­ like the popular Arn old Crab w ill 'Cri mson Brilliant', and M purpurea ca ll y, however, their small , fragrant bloom only every other year, and ' Eleyi' might best not be grown es­ f lowers are w hite, pink, red or pur­ there is nothing muc h t hat can be pec iall y in areas w here such diseases plish red, all appearing in mid-spring done about it. Also, the f lowers of are prevalent, it has been noted t hat 9 would supply food for the birds . As for foli age color, vari eties li ke 'M akamik','Pin k Spires' and vari eties of M. purpurea have a bronze ti nge t o the leaves that is retained nearl y the entire growing season. Th e color proves effective especially in sum­ mer, and lat er in the fa ll it seems t o be even more prominent. Fruits range from the size of a small pea to nearl y an inch in di­ amet er of the vari eties here men­ tioned. Th e edible types of crab apples like 'Trail', of course, have f ruits as much as 1-3/4 inches in diameter, but these fruits are so large that if the trees are not sprayed as persist ently as most commer­ c iall y grown appl es are, insects disfigure the fruit and make them decidedly unpleasant to observe. O n the other hand, trees w ith small­ er fruits, about the size of a very l arge pea, do not seem t o be so t roubled, and hence require far less spraying. In the Arnold Arboretum we always had trouble with canker worms and would spray the crab Malus f loribunda apples once a year for that, but t hose years w hen we omitted this 'J ne spray, the t rees did not seem t o some of the most res istant varieties w hat makes them an asset in any be noticeabl y injured. are 'Adams', 'Beverl y', ' Burton' and garden. Propagation today is almost en­ 'Ormi st on Roy'. It is hard to eliminate There is a seq uence in f ruiting in tirely by asex ual mea ns, either graft­ altogether the many other types, the fall, and some vari eties w ill re­ ing or budding. Seed lings se ldom and most gardeners are wi II i ng to tain their fruits much longer than have all the des irable attributes of take a chance on growing th.em . The others. For inst ance, the once pop­ the parent tree. Unfortunately it is point should be made, however, that ular 'Dolgo' ret ains its fruits for extrem ely d iffic ult t o root c rab in areas w here diseases are prevalent only a t hree week peri od in A ugust, appl es by cutti ngs so that the ga r­ every year, the few disease-res istant in M assachusetts. O n the other hand dener either buys his trees f rom com­ t ypes sho uld be so ught o ut and 'Bob W hite' retai ns its f ruits f rom merc ial sou rces or else becomes grown. ea rl y September until February, and adept at budding or grafting under In the fall , f ruits are predominant, by that time woul d be one of the few his own garden conditions. and most attractive t o the birds as frwits availabl e to the birds during Good so i I, f ull sunsh i ne and nor­ well . I did have an inquiry a few the cold winter months. M ost of the mal moisture res ult in well grown years ago f rom an individual w ho va ri eties bea r fruits st arting t o color trees. They should have pl enty of " simply loved!' crab apples, but in September, and usuall y they either room to expand naturall y, for, w hen hea rtily disli ked the fruits w hich fa ll off the t ree or are eaten by the jammed together or pushed in cl ose were always creating a mess on her birds by the end of October. Some, t o the building they do not have the concret e wal ks. For such, the se ldom like M baccata 'Jac kii', 'M akamik', opportun ity t o t ~ke on the well f ruiting types li ke ' Royal Ru by' and M . sa rgentii and M zumi ca /ocarpa rounded appearance that most vari­ 'Sp ring Snow' are avail able f rom one retain their f ru its until very nea r the eties have. An application of fer­ ortwocommercial sources. For most end of December. Of course the ti I izer every year or so, may help of us, the beauty of the crab apples f ruits go t hrough a color change so trees in poor so il s, and pruning is in flower in t he spring, and their that nea r the end they would be needed at times to prevent too dense 10 vividly colored fruits in the fa ll are merely brown, but nevertheless they growth or cross ing I imbs, but many a crab apple sUI'vives yea r after yea r, tai ned by w riti ng to the America n SOURCES FOR CRAB APPLES in good conditio n, w itho ut such spe­ Horticulturist if the vari ety is not c ial treatment obtainable locall y Some nurse ry­ 1. d ,llllS Nursery Inc. 130)\ '525 Westf ield, Mass. 0168 '5 The fol lowing crab appl es are not men grow a few crab apples w hich 2.St udebaker Nurse ri es Inc. " the best " by any manner of mea ns. they know w ill do well in their own New Ca rli sk" Oh io 45 344 They have been se lected because al area. Others, li ke a large nur­ 10 3.Shcrman Nurse ry Comllany most are annual bloomers, have good sery nea r m e, o ffer 51 different va ri ­ Charles City, Iowa 50616 f lowers and fru its, and are reason­ eti es. W ith at leas t 250 va ri eties 4.E i IeI' Nurse ri es ably res istant to seri o us infestatio ns bing grown in A meri a today, the 219 East Pearl St. , P.O. Box 70 of disease in areas w here suc h dis­ ga rd ening public ca n afford to t ake l3 utl 'r. Pa. 16001 eases are prevalent. A ll hav a com­ a little t ime to se lect the ri ght va ri ­ 'i.Si mpson Orchard Co ., Inc. merc ial source, w hic h can be ob- ety f o r the ri ght p lace. 1'i0 4 Whea tl and Road Vince nn es, Ind . 47591 b.Co le ursery Co ., Inc. Circlevil le, Ohi o 43113 7. Charles IOrchards, Inc. J ,.2", RD 2, Biglerville, Pa. 17307 ..... QJ '0 ..... oJ: 9.l3oyd Nursery Co. , In c. (5 o <.I ~.= Box 71 McMinnville, Tenn . 37110 .- c:: 8 Vl·_ 10.Lake County Nursery Exc hange Inc. Special Notes Box 122 Rt . 84 Perry, Ohi o 44081 'Adams' A P 1 1'2 R 25 fl. buds red; di sease free 11. Dee ter Nurseri es, In c., baccata 'Jackii ' AW 1% BR 30 general upright habit Hok Rd ., Clayton. Ohio 45315 'Barbara Ann ' R 1 % R 20 double fl owers 12.Weston Nurse ri es of Hopki nton ' Beverl y' P BR 30 fl. buds red ; di sease free Rt. 135 Hopki nton, Ma ss. 01748 'Bob White' W Y-DB 30 fl. buds pi nk ; fruits remain until 13.Congdon & Well er Feb. Wholesa le urse ry, 'Centennial' AW R-Y 25 slightly suscepti bl e to scab Mileblock Rd . North Collins, NY. 141 11 'David' W R 20 fl. buds pink; disease free 14.Dugan Nurse ri es, Inc. 791 Center Rd ., Perry, Oh io 44081 'Dorothea' A P Y 15 fl. buds red ; double f lowers 15.H oec hstetters Nurse ry, In c. floribunda A P-W Y-R 20 f l. buds pink to red; rounded habit 1000 Indiana Rd ., Verona, Pa . 15147 hupehensis W GY-R 20 fl. buds pink; vase shaped habit . Adams' 1 'Indian Magic' P R 25 fruit glossy red baccata 'Jacki i' 10 'Makamik' A PR-R PR-R 25 fl. buds dark red; bronze foliage 1% 'Barbara Ann ' 12 'Mary Potter' AW lYs R 25 f l. buds pink . Beve rl y' 2,3,4 'Ormiston Roy' A P 1 1'2 Y 25 fruit lasts Oct.-Jan. di sease free 'Bob Wh ite' 5,11 pwpurea 'Lemoinei' A. R 1 1'2 R 20 fol iage bronze 'Centenni al' 9 'Pink Spires' P PR-R 12 foli age bro nze in fall ; upright 'Da vid' 5 habit 'Dorothea' 4,5,15 'Red Jade' AWl % BR 15 fl. buds pink; weeping habit; f/oribunda 4,6, glossy recl fruits hupehens is 6,11 IRed Splendor' P-R 1-1.l'2 R 25 ' foliage purplish red ; fro remain ' Indian Magic' 5.7 'Makamik' 3 to Dec. 'Mary Potter' 2,5,11 'RQyalty' R-PR R 20 foliage purplish red 'Ormiston Roy' 8 sa rgentii W R 10 flowers very fragrant purpurea' Lemoinei' 5. 12 'Snowdrift' W OR 20 fl. buds pink; foliage lust uous 'Pink Sp ires' 7 green 'Red Jade' 5,6, 14 '\Ian Eseltine' p Y-R 18 columnar form; double flowers 'Red Splendor' 3, 13 'Winter Gold' W Y . fl. buds deep carmine 'Royal Ruby' 5,6 zurni calocarpa 'W R fl. buds deep red; fruits remain 'Royalty' 5.7. 14,16 sa rgentii 4,5, 14 'Snowdrift' 5,6, 'Spri ng Snow' 3 W-white O-orange GY-greenish yellow 'Van Ese lti ne' 4,5.7 R -red Y -yel low BR -brignt red 'Wi nter Cold' 12 P -pink DB-clark bl'owfl PR-purple zumi calocarpa 4,14,15, 11 .....NG I

, I EBUG I • I PRO~ INl975 Bill Youngman-Mr. Youngman recently retired as Carden Editor of the Washington Star-News. He is a Past President of AHS.

,It was quite commonplace yesteryear when we had a Next year we will find out whether or not we may use bug problem to go down to the hardware store or a garden them or whether we will have to hire a certified appli­ supply center and ask the folks there what to use to con­ cator to do the job for us. This new step is being formu­ trol the bugs on the sweet corn. The salesperson would lated by the EPA and is based upon the relative toxicity reach up on the shelf and say, " Well, I think this will do of the pesticides. Perhaps you have noted on containers it," and we would take it home, mix it in the sprayer and of highly toxic materials there is a skull and crossbones. go out and spray. Since the bugs on the sweet corn were a On those that are moderately toxic, the word " warning" rather universal and common problem, it did not take appears. If it is slightly toxic, the word " caution" appears any especial skill on the part of the salesperson or the on the label. gardener to lick the bugs . By September 1976 it is planned to test and certify Today it is a different problem. Today we must identify qualified people who will do the applying of the more the bug and then go into the shop and look over the pesti­ toxic materials. This means that the home gardener, un­ cides to see which is legal to use on the sweet corn for less he wishes to undertake the training and testing nece5- that particular bug, because today we have a very sary to receive an appl icator's license, can only use those specific pesticide law (it was enacted in 1972) that puts materials which are the least toxic. From the present sta­ the entire responsibility on us to use only those materials tus of this program, it would appear that most of the com­ which have been approved by the Environmental Protec­ monly used pesticides will be available to the home gar­ tion Agency for the control of that particular bug on sweet dener. corn . If we were to use that material (carbaryl) on dahlias A number of gardeners were given a proposed examina­ when troubled by that bug, it may be illegal as dahlias tion to see if they might be qualified for an applicator's are not on the label. license. Most of them, without any previous training or This means that today the gardener must become in­ guidance, did not score very high but given a little train­ formed as to which bugs are on his flowers, fruits and ing they had no difficulty in passing this test. vegetables. Obviously this is beyond most people, and This year, at least, if we are going to lick the bug prob­ so it wi II be necessary to arrange to have the pests, when lem, we need only to know what the bug or blight is and they appea r, identified by a qualified person . Once they to find a material that has been approved for its control. have been identified, then we must find which materials These new developments in the pesticide control field have been approved for the control of them upon that will be discouraging to many gardeners. Undoubtedly 12 particular crop. many have already been buying ladybugs and praying .. ,.'\!j . .: .. '- mantis and other predators w ith the hopes that they w i II pests, then look for the least toxic materi als t o control the be able t o harvest a portion of their crops. I n a few cases, bugs and employ other methods that may become avail­ these natural predators have been effective in reduc ing able. insect injury, but by and large they don't lick the problem We have been told that an effort is bei ng made to make In 1974 reports were received from experimental work the EPA regulations more rea listic. It was pointed out that as well as field trials in which aluminum foil was used to in a recent iss ue of the Federal Reg ister permission was repel the insect s. This project proved that a thin sheet granted for the farm ers and others to use certai n pesti­ of aluminum sp read on the ground beneath sq uas h vin es , ci des at lower dosage rates than are I isted on the con­ bush beans and several other crops effectively repell ed tainer. A ll containers should give the dilution or dosage certain insect pests. A major problem of the home gar­ rates. It is rather pitiful to note how many thousand words dener in using this approach is t o obtain the thin layer appeared in this notice. of aluminum mounted on craft paper w hich can be sp read It is eq uall y discouragi ng to see the obstacles which over the surface of the garden and inse rt seed or plants any new pes ti cide must surmount before it ca n become through the foil into the soil. It is effective on plants ava il able to the ga rd ener. For example, a new materi al up to 3 feet in height and helps to repel such insect pests bei ng tried out in the mag nol ia gardens in South Caro­ as the Mexican bea n beetle, the striped cucumber beetle, lina gave phenomenal res ults in the control of the azalea sq uash bugs, leafhoppers, sp ider mites, et c. There is no petal bl ight. Obviously every ga rd ener in the areas af­ point in using the aluminum foil beneath plants w hich f li cted by this disease is eagerl y awa iting the day w hen are not troubled by these or other se ri ous insect pests it wi ll be lega l and avail able. Th e difference between which are not repell ed by the reflect ed ultra-vi olet rays dai ly sp raying and sp raying once a week is rea ll y some­ of light. thing, not to mention far less costly. In this connection A new material, Bacillus thuringie nsis, has been ap­ we also were very happy t o f ind that Dr. Ralph Webb of proved for the control of a number of common garden the U.S. Department of Agri culture has come up with a pests, such as the cabbage looper, inchworm, et c. This control for the rose midge, the tiny insect that tunnels material falls in the same cl ass as the Milky Spore Di s­ into the neck of the rose and ca uses it to droop. On the ease used to control the Japanese beetle. Perh aps others bas is of hi s test s, a simple material commonl y ava il able will be forthcoming. In the mea ntime, we should take as for the control of the bil lbug in zoys ia is eq uall y effective many steps as poss ible to lic k our bug problem. Another in control I i ng the rose midge, but the question is how long way is to seek those kinds and varieties least subject to will it be before it is lega l to use it in the rose garden. 13

FROM CD~lO CD~

Americans fortunately li ve in a country blessed w ith a cl imate and native vegetation conducive t o bri lliant autumn color. As everyone knows, t hi s vari es from year to year and place to p lace depending on c limate, native vegetation and altitude. Cool nights (below 45 ° F.) in the ea rl y fa ll, foll owed by warm su nny days, make for good autumn coloration if there has been pl enty of soi l mois­ ture in the right areas . Certain tree and shrub species always turn red, others ye ll ow and when they grow to­ gether brilliant color combinations res ult. When there has been a long summer drought, or when the fa ll ni ghts are warm and the days are c loudy, " poor" autumn color res ults. Often an ea rl y freeze (not just a frost ) or a high w ind storm w ill kill the leaves or blow them from the trees prematurely. The eastern United Hydrangea quericifolia Stat es is considered by many to have just the right trees and the ri ght weather for the " best" autumn color. Other areas (western Plain states) may not have such vivid dis­ pl ays. In general, autumn color starts in the far northern parts membered experience to view the mag nificent displ ay of the United States in early September, and rolls relent­ from some distant highway through the mountains, where less ly southward from then, through October and in some range after range is covered w ith the yell ows and reds pl aces even into November. Nine trained hortic ulturists of the trees. However, so me years, as I have lea rn ed after have pooled so me very bri ef observations on this phe­ a long trip through the mountains, the best and most vivid nomenon for the following notes. The Editor regrets that colors can be found right in orn amental pl antings in one's space does not permit the reproduction of all the infor­ own home town. In all these areas, color may last in one mation so generously sent in, but here, in general , is the place only a few days t o a short week, depending on picture: weather conditions. If there are several species of trees Northeastern U.S.-(Donald Wyman, Horticulturist involved, as there usuall y are, good color can be seen Emeritus, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.) over a period of several weeks . " Best" color in New En g­ Autumn color st arts in the extreme northern part (es­ land's mountains is usually during the second and third pecially the higher altitudes) from M aine to Ohio, in ea rl y week of October, and slightly later in Pennsylvania and September, reaching the White Mountains by ea rly Oc­ Maryland . tober and Virginia and the Skyline Drive by mid-October. Southeastern u.S. -(c. Gordon Tyrrell, Callaway Gar­ There are many coniferous evergreens in this area, show­ dens, Pine Mountain, Ga.) ing off the gorgeous reds of the oaks, mapl es, dogwoods, Autumn color is t o be seen over a longer peri od in the tupelos, and the gums; the purples of the as hes, the yel­ Southeast than further north - i n fact, there is color from lows of the birches and the bronzes of the beeches t o September on, often into November. Among the bright splendid advantage. It is the large area that is often thought reds and sca rl et s are Acer rubrum and Acer floridanum, of as " best" for autumn color by many people, probably which stand out so well against the dark green of the because of the large amount of hardwood species mixed Lobloll y Pine. In more subdued t ones are the red-toned in with the coniferous evergreens. It is always a well re- dogwoods and the soft yell ow of Aesculus parviflora, the 15 golden ye ll ow of t he st ately Tulip Tree, Lirodendron charinum, Ulmus america na, Fraxinus pennsylva nica and tulipfera Darker hues of w in es and purples are provided Populus deltoides. by the Liquidamber, whi le to complement these sa me Chief contributors to coloration of t he val ley forests colors, we might add Vaccinium arboreum and other of Ill inois are Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Acer saccharum, spec ies t o be found in the open areas of the woods or Tilia america na, and Ostrya virginiana. Coloration is meadows. mostly yellow The Driftless Area of northwestern il l­ Russets or browns are supplied by the many oaks, the inois is an espec iall y good place to see color, beg inning most common being Quercus coccin ea (Scarlet Oak), about the f irst of October. Various species of sumac add Q. falca ta (Southern Red Oak) and Q. alba (White Oak) great ly to the landscape with their contributions of red . while in the more northern areas is the Chinquapin Oak Red fall color is genera lly good along the river va ll eys (Q. muhlenbergii ) Among the nat ive shrubs which put and in the hill s of southern Illinois. Th e dec iduous trees in good fall color is Hydrangea quercifolia (Oakl eaf of northern Illinois are also prese nt, and the list of addi­ Hydrangea) with a medley of shades f rom red t o purple, tional contributors is long. Some of t he spec ies are : while almost in the sa me color range is Itea virginica Nyssa sylva tica, Liquidamba r styrac iflua, Sassa fras al­ (Sweet spire). bidum, Q uercus pa lustris, Q. shumardii, Q. falcata, Acer Not to be forgotten are the sour gums, Nyssa sylvatica, rubrum, Diosp yros virginiana and Fagus grandifolia. w ith its bri ll iant maroon color in autumn, w hi le a similar Colorat ion in southern III i nois may ext end through Oct o­ tree Nyssa aquatica, with larger leaves, wi ll be found in ber into November. swamps in the coastal areas. Fall color is most ly confined to ri ver va ll eys of North One of my favorites, the Sourwood (Oxydendrum ar­ and South Dakota, w here Populus deltoides, Frax inus boreum ), whose light gree n leaves turn to a brilliant red pennsylva nica,Acer negundo, and Ulmus americana con­ in ea rly autumn, while the pers istent fruit hangs in long tri bute yellow color, usually not spectac ular, f rom late racemes to add f urther interest . In the higher elevat ions, September to mid-Oct ober in North Dakota, and until Sw~e t Birch, Betula lenta, is a gorgeous yellow and the lat e Oct ober in South Dakot a. ever present Magnolia grandiflora, w hich is t o be found Th e Bl ack Hills are a forest ed island w ith the dark everywhere-with the pines, adds that ri ch green color green of Pinus ponderosa providing a background for which sets off all the other autumn tints. the coloration (predominantly yell ow ) from Populus Upper Midwestern U.S. -(Cordon Ware, Ecologist and tremuloides, Betula pap yrifera, Populus balsa mifera, Ostrya virginiana, Ulm us america na and Frax inus penn­ Dendrologist, M orton Arboretum, Lisle, III.) sylva nica . Th e coniferous reg ion of northern Minnesot a has ex­ tensive areas w here Populus tremuloides and Betula The deep va ll eys of east ern Nebras ka nea r the M is­ papyrifera are abundant. Local ized areas of Acer sac­ souri River are wooded; however few spec ies produce charum, Ti lia america na, Betula lutea, and Quercus good fall color w ith the coloration along the ri ver va lleys being similar to that of t he Dakot as. rubra also contri bute to color which may sometimes Forest ed va ll eys are w ides pread in Iow a, and several begin rather early in September and extend into Oct ober. spec ies contribute to good fa ll color throughout Octo­ Red M aple (Acer rubrum ) is scattered throughout the ber. Bl ack M aple (Acer nigrum ) displays rich yellow to area and often gives vivid red color in contrast to the ca rmine color and creat es an autumn aura and atmos phere ye ll ow and orange of most other spec ies. Tamarack (Larix laricina) bogs produce bea utiful disp lays of orange simi lar to that found elsewhere w here Su ga r M aple is in ful l color. A lso Quercus ru ba (red to orange), Quercus foliage. alba (maroon) and Linden (yellow) w ith red sumacs add Th e dec iduous forest area of Minnesota is in the south­ ern half of the st at e. Forested vall eys, much li ke those greatly. of Iowa may have good displays of ye llows, oranges, Kentucky- {Clarence Hubbuck, Jr., Arboretum Supt., and reds by Acer nigrum, Acer saccharum, Tilia ameri­ Bernheim Forest, Clermont, Ke ntucky) ca na, Quercus alba and Q. ru bra Throughout much of W ith correct weather conditions, the last three weeks Minnesota (in sa ndy areas) Hi ll's oak (Quercus ellipsoi­ of Oct ober ca n usua ll y be counted on for exceptional da lis) foli age turns t o a striking red color in t he fall. Color­ fall foli age in the mountains of Tennessee and Wes t at ion in M innesota beg ins in mid-September in the north Virgin ia as well as Kentucky. Th e major trees and shrubs and extends into October southward . contributing to fa ll color inc lude Sassafras, Sumac, Black A long the va lleys of the Mi ss iss ippi and the M innesota Cum, Fl owering Dogwood, Oaks, Red M aple, Oakl ea f Rivers, one ca n see not only the fa ll color of the upland Hydrangea (all reds) ; and Pers immon, Hickory, Spi ce­ 16 trees but also the color of bottomland trees : Acer sac - bush, and Pawpaw (a ll yell ows). Beec h adds the bronze color and Sugar Maple is of course red and yellow. Rocky Mountain States-{William G Gambin Jr., Di­ Southern Midwestern U.S., Texas -{Edward McWil­ rector, Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, Co lorado) liams, Assoc. Prof. of Horticulture, Texas A&M University, In the tremendous area occupied by Colorado, Wyo­ College Station, Texas) ming and Montana, the autumn color is predominately The best autumn color in Texas is found in extreme yell ow, given chi efly by the Trembling Aspen (Populus East Texas, where there is the most westward extension tremuloides). This spec ies is the most predominant in of the geographical distribution of many North American these states and is of course widely distributed from forest spec ies. In this area, eastern species, including coast to coast . Th ere are other poplars in this area also, Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Flowering Dogwood (Cor­ like the Narrowleaf Poplar (P. angustifol ia ) the next most nus florida), Sweet Gum (Liquidambar styraciflua ), Black abundant spec ies but limited to the moist areas along Gum (Nyssa sylvatica ), and various Hi ckori es (Ca rya spp .) the strea m beds, not on the mountai n slopes themselves . provide most of the autumn color. Lesser species include Th e Trembling Aspen goes up to 11 ,000 feet elevation, Virginia Creeper (Parthenociss us quinquifolia) Rhus spp. and because of this, covers tremendous areas of moun­ or Sumacs and various Quercus spp . or Oaks. Fall color tains. In some places it is a pale pinkish orange to pale along rivers and streams is good where Red Maple, (Acer brill ia nt red. rubrum) and Bl ac k-Gum are abundant. The color occurs between mid-September and mid­ I n the better years, i.e., those w ith cooler fa ll s, autumn October, slightly ea rlier on the higher elevations. Usu­ color in extreme northeast Texas may compare favorably ally it is pro minent in Glac ier National Park a week with color in the eastern part of the country and late ea rli er than in Rocky Mountain National Park, yet some October and ea rly November is generally the peak peri od . years there is onl y a few days difference. However, during mild w inters the leaves may remain on In the plains areas of these three stat es, the Cotton­ many species until Christmas. wood (P. sargentii ) forms ribbo ns of gold along the Fall coloration becomes less dramatic as we move from strea ms, and seve ral species of wi ll ow wi ll be seen to be east to central and west Texas. The Texas Oak, Quercus ye ll owish through November into December. Th e West­ texana, is a brilliant source of color in the Hill Country ern Larch (Larix occidentalis ) adds intense gold-yel low of Central Texas. Native Peca ns, (Ca rya illinoensis ), Ce­ color, while a little bronze-red is contributed by the dar Elm, (Ulmus crassifolia) and Soapberry (Sap indus Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii) in the mountains of drummondii) provide various shades of ye ll ow along so uthern and western Co lorad o and portions of Wyoming. many streams and ravi nes in central and west Texas . In the so-ca ll ed " good" yea rs this is the onl y abundant A beautiful Maple, Acer grandidentatum, occurs in ca n­ Rocky Mountain plant with this color. yons of the Edwards Plateau and in the mountains of Elsewhere in sma ll patches in all three states, the red the Trans-Pecos area. of Sm ooth Sumac (R hus glabra) ca n be seen, and chiefly Another western tree, Populus wislizenii, the Rio Grande at lower elevations the Skunkbrush (R. trilobata ) and Cottonwood, provides bright yellow coloration along even the gorgeous reds and yel lows of Poison Ivy appear rivers and irrigation canals in va lleys and ca nyons of Texas in scattered patches. and New Mexico. One of the most widely cultivated trees M ountain Maple (Acer glabrum) is in the ca nyons with in the southwest is Sapium sebiferum, the Chinese Tallow its dull yell ow to sometimes bright red colored foliage, tree; this species has escaped in much of south Texas. It and also Boxelder with its dull yellow. has red and purplish leaves in late autumn and ea rly win­ Holly-grape (M ahonia repens) is widely distributed, ter. Pistachia chinensis, Chinese Pistach, is commonly and although it is under 15" tall, its leaves in fall usually cultivated throughout Texas for its brilliant red foliage display yellow, orange to bright purplish red colors be­ which remains on the tree until late November or De­ fore they turn brown in the winter. Then too, Black Choke­ cember. Texas plants, however, often do not exhibit the cherry (Prunus virginiana melanocarpa) and the Wi Id Plum striking autumn coloration noted in the eastern U.S. give a red color in the places along the streams where Arizona and New Mexico-(Fred B. Widmoyer, Head, they grow. Several smal l birches supply more yell ow, Dept of Horticulture, New Mexico State University, Las especiall y the Bog Birch (Betula glandulosa) are noted in Cruces, N. M ) the mountains in bogs, up as high as timberline. There Autumn color is very good in the higher elevations of are many other native plants add ing to the colors of fall, Arizona and New Mexico, especial ly in the northern but in general, these are the most numerous. areas. Color is mainly on Aspen (yellow), Oak (red ) and West Coast; Central California-(A lbert Delisle, Prof. Mountain Maple (red). Dependent on the weather the of Genetics, California State University, Sacramento, Cal.) color starts about October 15 through November 10. The best autumn color is from mid-October to the first 17 two weeks in November, especially in the foothills be­ tween Sacramento and Lake Tahoe at altitudes lower than 3800 feet. The major plants with autumn color are the maples, oaks and dogwoods, ranging from orange, rose gold to brown. Elsewhere the Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum), Box-elder (Acer negundo ca lifomicum), blackberries and w ild grape (turning gold) add sp las hes of color. Oregon-{Ruth M. Hansen, Horticultural enthusiast, Portland, Oregon) In Oregon one may see autumn foliage as a continuous progression across the state, from ea rly Septemberthrough October. Poss ibly the finest of all native small trees which produce brilliant red t o orange fall foliage is the Vine Maple, Acer circinatum. It is an excellent all-round sma ll tree, and from September through October, often into mid-November it provides breathtaking beauty for the traveler. The Sunset and W ilson river hi ghways lead ing to the coast or the Mt. Hood Loop circuit are a spec ial joy for those w ho drive these roads. Across the Columbia River in the state of Washington, Quercus alba Vine Maple is especiall y beautiful on the lava beds of Mt. Adams. Here it grows as a stu nted shrub made into bonsai by Mother Nature. In this harsh environment it seems to mature early and f launts its red and ye ll ow colors for miles and miles. The Rocky Mountain Maple, A glabrum grows in lo­ ca li zed areas throughout the state, mainly in the Blue, Siskiyou and Cascade mountai ns w here it colors bri 1- li antly in the fa ll. However, east of Government Camp, Mt. Hood area, the leaves turn a clear yell ow making many lovely compos itions agai nst the dark green fol iage of the Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Our Bigleaf Maple, A macrophyllum is not a flame thrower like the two small er species. Its large leaves just turn yell ow, then a golden brown. Really, nothing spec­ tacular, but from a distance the hills are richly clad in gold-color for a full six weeks or more. When the trees are surrounded by fi rs and pi nes it presents a picture of a golden island in a deep green sea. Large colonies of Quaking Aspen, Populus tremuloides ex hi bit a magnificent sp lendor unsurpassed for sheer beauty when see n in their fall attire of clear lemon yell ow. This tree is w idespread in Oregon, but mainly east of the Cascade summits. The Pacific Dogwood, Comus nuttallii, in the fall , clothes the hi li s in a blending of soft w ine colors ranging from near pink to deepest burgandy. Second on ly to V ine Maple for a riot of red and yell ow Acer ru brum colors are the many deciduous hucklebe·rri es, Vaccinium spp. Certa in varieties are nativeto the coastal region wh il e others prefer the high mountains, but all put forth a gor­ 18 geous fa ll array, and this, along w ith del icious berries . Rhus t yphina

Acer grandidentatum,

Two other large shrubs whi ch put on good fa!1 showing are the Cree k Dogwood, Comus stolonifera occidentalis and the Serviceberry, Amelanchier aln ifolia. Although the plants grow in different habitats their fall coloring lends itse lf to the soft shades of mauve and purple. Th e Western Larch , Larix occidenta/is, is a large tree found mainly in Oregon east of the Cascades where it forms pure stands, but more often in mixed stands of lodgepole pine, Engelman n spruce, white and lowland firs, and Douglas-fir. In late fall, October through Novem­ ber, the one to two inch-long need les turn a bright lemon­ yellow which distinguishes the tree from all other coni­ f ers. Th e Blue and Wallowa mountains of far eastern Oregon, the Metolius river country, the Mount Jefferson areas of central Oregon and the Mt. Hood National Forest are all well known for the fall beauty of this forest tree. 19 Billings M. McArthur 40 Lake Drive, Killarney Point Winter Pa rk, 'Florida 32789

A ir-layering is a method of ob­ of fi nely-gro u nd spaghnum moss f illed w ith root s, it, with the branch t aining a few true "offspring" of w hi ch has bee n t horoughly moist­ can be cut f rom the parent shrub. woody or semi-woody shrubs in a ened in a container of water. Place Like handling a new-born baby, use relative ly short time-six weeks or this poultice of moss over the dusted great tendern ess at this point, avoid­ a few months. Instead of using lop­ wound and wrap the plastic around ing tw isting or sliding the ball of pin g-s h ea r s t o p run e h ea lth y the branch, giving a tug on the end t ender root s! branches on spec imen bushes and t o " snug" it in pl ace, t hus squeezing At the potting benc h, carefull y t rees, a ir- Iaye rin gwill p r ov i de out excess water. untie and unw ind the pl astic band­ hea lthy " children" w ith est ablished Each of the two ends of this cylin­ age w ithout disturbing t he root sys­ roots, w hi ch can becutoffand potted drica l w rapping ca n then be gathered tem. Using a " loose" potting soil, Choose a branch about penc il and ti ed in pl ace w ith a 'Tw ist-em' or pour it around the ball of roots, held size (or larger) and w here there is a f lat ri bbon. They should be tight suspended in the center of a pot, section about six inches in length eno ugh t o ho ld the ' bandage' in then gently water the soil into pl ace, ava il abl e for working (cut off some place, but not so t ight as to act as a avoiding unnecessary tamping of the leaflets, if necessary). Using a sturdy t o urniquet . A third ti e wrapped so il. Stake the newly potted pl ant so pruning knife, make two girdling around the middle w ill help squeeze it wi II not be tw isted accidently or cuts down to hard wood, about 3/ 4 the m oss into contact with the by a gust of wind. If it appears that inch apart. Sc rape off all the bark wound. After t agging this branch, so there is excess ive foli age to be nour­ and the green cambium layer under­ it can be found weeks later, with ished by the small new root syst em, neath, between these girdling cuts. pl ant identification and the date some leaves can be trimmed off. In Dust this exposed wound w ith the air-layer w as applied, proceed perh aps a month, the roots w i II ex­ ho rmo ne pow der (eg. Root o ne ), t o the next branch to be air-layered. pand to fi II the pot and then the new eas ily applied w ith an artist's pa int Because of the water content of plant can be transpl anted as des ired. bru sh. It is conveni ent to have two the moss in the bandage, th i s process This method of pl ant propagation sizes of " ba ndage" ava il abl e, (a) should be used when danger of win­ has the advantage of produc ing a 5" x 7"; (b) 6" x 9" of thin clear t er freezes is over. Having used li ving reproduction of its parent in pl astic (such as is used on news­ transparent pl astic for the covering, a few wee ks or months, as contrasted papers on rainy days). after some weeks, root s ca n be see n to growing from seeds-which may Laying a squa re of t his plast ic on developing in the spaghnum moss. require a year or more to reac h this 20 opened hand, pl ace on it a handful When the ball of moss is visibly well size.

Selecting& Breeding Thssionflowers

H.F. Winters and RJ Knight Ir Research Horticulturist Plant Cenetics and Cermplasm Institute, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, and Research Horticulturist Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, ARS, USDA, Miami, Florida .

Pass ionflower vines have been favorite conservat ory subjects in Europe and Ameri ca since indoor ga rdening was f irst populari zed in t he lat e 18th and ea rl y 19th cen­ t uries. Many hybri ds have been produced, but many were lost beca use of retrenc hments in conservat ory horti cul­ ture during and aft er the two World Wars. The continued maintenance of conservatory coll ections of tropica l plants aga in is under examination because of fuel short­ ages and t he high cost of maintenance. In those green­ houses w here retrenchment is considered, vi nes, i nc l ud i ng pass ionf lowers, often are t he f irst victims, because their space requirements are so great. Few f lowers have a more f asc inating structure than pass ionflowers. This un us ual morphology has insp ired a close linkage w ith legend and myth (19). Ayensu (5) and Ba il ey (6) have desc ri bed the assoc iation of f loral parts w ith the implements and reli gious symboli sm of the cruc ifixion of Christ . Although pass ionflowers are commonl y thought to be tropical subject s, several can be c ultivated outdoors in t emperate c limates similar to that of Was hingt on, D.C. Two of these are native species, Passiflora incarn ata L. and P lutea L. Another is the cultivar ' Incense.' The fourth, P. caerulea L. , was introduced many years ago f rom Brazil, probabl y via Eu rope. , I ncense' is a true genet ic hybrid, ra ised at the Sub­ tropi ca l Horticulture Resea rch Station of the USDA at M iami, Fl orida, and released t o the publi c in 1973 (27) . It res ulted f rom a breed ing program des igned to extend the cold-h ardiness range of tropica l f ruits. The seed parent was a vine of the native maypop, Passiflora incarnata L. , Passiflora cincin nata, the Crato Pass ion vine Po llen 22 coll ected in Tennessee. Th e poll en parent was the Crato Parent. Pass iflora inca rnata L seed parent.

Passiflora ' Incense', a true genetic hybri d. 23 Passionvine, P. cincinnata Mast., P.L 298883, introduced and grown from seeds col lected in 1964 in juyuy Province of northern Argentina. At M iam i, P. in carnata dies to the ground each w inter w ith or w ithout f rost. P. cincinnata is evergreen. Th e growth of ' Incense' is somewhat inter-. mediate, slowing during the w inter but retaining its leaves. When vigorous growth is resumed in the sp ring, shoots arise from older stems near the ground level. Propagations of ' I ncense' were sent to the senior author in May, 1973. One was planted in a southwestern exposure near the foundation of a house in Si Iver Spring, Maryland. It survived the following wi nter, f lowered prolifically dur­ ing1974, and survived the w inter of 1974-75. Another prop­ agation, planted at the west corner of a porch in Annapol is, Maryland, survived but failed to bloom. ' Incense' is a vigorous, slender, herbaceous, perennial vine in Maryland. The annual growth easily attai ns 4 me­ ters or more in length dtJring one growing season. The 7-to-15 cm, dark-green leaves are divided into three t o five acutely tipped, lanceolate-to-oblong lobes. Leaf mar­ gi ns are shallowly serrate. The patides bear a pai r of prominent nectariferous glands near the apex. New shoots start growth in late Apri I or ea rly M ay in suburban Mary­ land, depending on earliness or lateness of the season, and att ain full height by july. During 1973 and 1974, early fall frosts caused no damage to the plants. In 1974, they were killed to the ground by a low temperature of - 8°C. (18°F.) on November 29-30. The outst anding characteri stic of ' Incense' is the large, Pa ss iflora incarnata in Fruit. colorful, fragrant flowers borne singly at the nodes on peduncles as long as the petioles. Th e five-angled f lower buds are beautifully sculptured, and each keeled lobe when it drops and becomes chartreuse in color. It has a bears an erect, green, sp ur-like appendage just short of the strong rose-like fragrance and sweet-subacid f lavor. tip. Although larger, the flowers have a striking resem­ ' Incense' is a long-day plant. In Maryland, it starts to blance to the P. incarnata parent. When fully open, the f lower in early july and continues unabated until about flowers measure 11 to 13 cm in diameter. The five petals September 20. For two to three weeks after this date, an and the upper surfaces of the five sepa ls are pale violet. occasional flower may be produced. Th e most consp icuous part of the flower is the fringed The new shoots of ' Incense' emerge from the ground corona which shades from I ight verbena violet, approach­ in late April or ea rl y May, depending upon sp ring tem­ ing blue, at the top to two bands of darker violet toward peratures. Like the mother, ' Incense' is rather promiscu­ the center. Th ese dark bands alternate w ith bands of very ous . Some of t he new shoots may emerge at a distance of pale lilac, approaching w hite. The corona segments are 2 meters from . the parent plant. Unwanted plants are as long or sli ghtly longer than the.petals. The conseq uent eas il y removed by a f irm straight tug from just ab0ve crowding of corona members at late bud stage causes ~ ground level. them to crinkle, sometimes almost curl, toward the apex Passiflora incarnata L. of each member like the P. incarnata pa rent. Anthers and Imparting hardiness and other desirable characteristics styles usually are greenish yell ow to yell ow, although the to the hybrid ' Incense' is the maypop, apricot vine, or f il aments may be tinted with lavender. The anthers are wi ld passionflower, P. incarnata L. Killip (12, 13) gives pollen steri Ie. Th e flowers have a st rong fragrance sug­ the distribution for this species as Virginia to southern gestive of sweet peas. Fl owers open about 9:30 in the Illinois and southeast Kansas, south to Florida and Texas, morning, remain open for one day, then drop off unless and Bermuda. Beca use parts of this range fall within pollinated with compatible pollen. Plant Hardiness Zone 4 one might expect the maypop t o The edible fruit of ' Incense' is sma ll, egg-sh aped, 5 cm survive in other parts of the zone. It has, in fact, survived 24 long by4cm in diameter. It is olive colored until maturity, in the central Connecticut valley at Northampton, Massa- Sometimes the maypop becomes weedy in moist, fer­ tile sites. Formerly it could be seen throughout the South, overrunning fences and bu shes along roadsides and rail­ way embankments, often on rather poor so i Is. it is not as common now, probably due partly to the use of herbi­ cides . One of the ea rli est memories of the sen ior author is of these vines covering a fence each summer in Tulsa Co unty, Oklahoma, ac ross the road from the fam ily dwell­ ing. As children, we ate and enj oyed the fruits against the advice of our elders. Th e dried pl ant tops are used in preparation of tincturae pass iflorae (29 ), which Deming says is mildly sedative (11 ). Th eauthors' question, however, thatLhe delectable drink served to Demi ng at Fort Myers, Florida, was prepared from this fruit. Perh aps it was from the related tropica l species, P. edulis Sims. Medical uses of P. incarn ata are summarized by Vogel in his book, American Indian Medicine (28). P. incarn ata appea rs to hybridize fa irly eas ily with other species of the genus. In 1825, Sweet (26) described its use as seed parent in a cross w ith P. caerulea . Th e hyhriri was named P. xcn 1vil/ii Sweet after Colvi II 's Nursery of England where itwas raised (18, 19, 26). In regard to hardiness, Sweet st ated, " Th e present pl ant w ill grow freely in the common garden so il , and onl y req uires to be covered with a mat or two in very severe frost and a I ittle dry I itter put about its roots. " Lawrence (19) lists P. xcolvil/ii among the hybrids and spec ies known to be cultivated in the United States in 1960. Passiflora lutea L. Thi s native herbaceous perennial may attain 1-1 / 2 to 3 m of growth annuall y it probably is the most cold-hardy spe­ chusetts, at the extreme northern edge of this zone, when cies of the genus, since it has been coll ected in the wi ld planted near a building (23). from Pennsy lvania. it also ranges south and west to Florida The maypop is a tall-climbing perennial vine that may and Texas (6). When not in bloom, it may be distinguished attain 6 to 9 m of growth. The ovate-cordate leaves are by the leaves. Th ey are broader than long, sha ll owly and three-lobed to about one-half their length . Leaf margins bluntly three lobed, and cordate at the base. Old leaves are serrate. The petioles bear two prominent nectariferous may ex hibit a si lvery, marbl ed pattern. The petioles are glands nea r the leaf base. The flowers, borne singly in without glands. The green ish yell ow to yellow flowers are the leaf axi ls on stiff peduncles, as long as the petioles, produced singly or in pairs during late summer. Although are 5 to 6 cm in diameter. They greatly resemble those of the flowers contain the same beautiful structure that has the hybrid ' incense,' though small er and less intensely intrigued so many gardners, they are only about 2 cm in di­ colored. The most common flower color is pale lavendar ameter and are apt to escape notice. The fruit is a globose with a slightly darker halo toward the corona base. The berry, 1 cm in diameter, dark purple at maturity. Previous authors have not observed flowers of pink or flesh color, authors have considered it of little significance as an orna­ as indicated by the specific designation " incarnata." A mental plant (1). Nevertheless, it may eventually prove of pur.e-white-flowered variety from Barry County, Missouri, va lue in breeding programs. was strikingly figured rece ntly on the cover of American Additional U.S. Species Horticulturist (3). Small (24) lists five additional species for the United The fruit ripens yellow during late summer and fall. States. Probably none would contribute much in the way it is ovoid, about 5 cm long, with 3 longitudinal sutures. of hardiness to hybrids, but their breeding p01ential is The pulp surrounding the many seeds is ed ible from the unknown. time the fruit yellows until it shrivels and turns brown. P. pal/ens Poepp. ex. Mast. -A small to medium, white Captain John Smith observed that indians in Virginia or greenish white flower of southern Florida and the West cultivated the plallt for its' fruits (3). indies. 25 Passiflora coccinea .

P sex flora Juss. -Asmall, greenishwhiteflower of south­ have been described in the 8- to 11-cm, slightly-frag rant ern Florida and the West Indies. flowers. Th e classical form was figured in color in a recent P warmingii Mast.-A small, pale yellow flower with arti cle by Ayensu (5) . Usuallytheuppersurfaceofthesepals white-hairy fruit. It is native to Brazil, but it has been is greenish w hite, but it may be tinted with lavender. naturalized near Clemson, S.c. The petals are gree ni sh w hite, pinkish, or lavender. Fil a­ P. suberosa L. (syn. P. pal/ida L.)-A small, greenish ments of the corona are usually straight and are shorter flower w ith a corky stem. It is native to peninsular Florida than the sepa ls and petals. They usuall y are bluish at and the Keys, West I ndies, and Central and South America . the tips and shade to violet and to purple below the halo P. multiflora L. -A small , yellow-green and white f lower of w hite spots. A nthers and stigmas usua ll y are yell ow­ of southern Florida, the Keys, and West Ind ies. green, but the styles may show a purplish tint. One of its P. caerulea L. large-flowered cu ltivars is sometimes listed by nursery­ Much of the I iterature about ornamental passionflowers men as 'Crandiflora' or erroneously as 'Po grandiflora.' pertai ns to th is speci es (5, 6, 9, 12, 19, 21, 25, 26). It is the 'Constance Elliott' is a pure w hite, f ragrant cultivar. species most commonl y cultivated in green houses and is Various hybrids of P caerulea with other spec ies have one of the hard ier tropical species. It can be grown in the been reported (6, 18, 19, 26) but there is no reason to South and in Ca lifornia as far north as San Franc isco. A l­ expect that any of t hem besides P. x 'Colvillii' would be though WCls hington, D.C. , is borderline for t his spec ies. more cold-hard y than the parent. Mrs. Etta Babcock of nearby Brandywine, Maryland, has Discussion plants growing outdoors. Th ey flower during the summer Th e possibility of breed ing cold-hardy pass ionf lowers if she lets down the vines during the winter and protects has not been w ithout its advocates. Writing about P in­ them with a heavy mulch. P. caerulea produces strong, ca m ata in 1942, the columnist (probably BY Morrison) slender vines. The leaf is divided nea rl y t o the petiole into for " The Cardener's Pocketbook" in The National Horti­ 5 (so metimes up to 9) entire, sharp-pointed segments. Th e cultural Magazine wrote, " Someday, perhaps, some Ca li­ stipules are ovate and lea f- li ke. Th e two to four petiole forn ian with poll en of more brilliant spec ies at IllS dis­ 26 glands are supported by short stalks. Various color forms posal may trouble himself to fertilize this plant and rear LITERATURE CITED

1. Anonymous. The Gardener's Pocketbook. Pa ss ilJora Jutea L. Th e National Horticultural Magazine 21 (1): Frontpiece, 44, 46. 1942. 2. Anonymous. Th e Gardener's Pocketbook. Pa ssifJora incarnata. The National Horticultural Magazine 21(4): Frontpiece, 198. 1942. 3. Anonymous. Our cover photo- Pass ifJora inca rnata .. . American Horticulturist 51 (2) : Cover, 3. 1972. 4. Anonymous. Plant Hardiness zone map. M .P. No. 814, ARS, USDA. 1960. 5. Ayensu , Edward S. The religious, 'st upendous' passionflowers. Smithsoni an 3(12): 56-61. 1973. 6. Bai l y, L. H. The standard cycloped ia of horticulture. p. 2480-2487. New York . 1935. 7. Ba ldwin, J. T., Jr . Polyploidy in Passiflora lutea. Rhodora 51(602 ): 29. 1949. 8 Bowden, W. M . A list of chromosome numbers in higher plants, II. Menispermaceae to Verbenaceae. Am. Jour. Bot. 32: 191-201. 1945. 9. Chittenden, F. J. and Synge, P. M . Roya l Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. 2nd Edition, reprinted (with corrections). Vol 3: 1490-1493 Oxford Univ. Press. Illus. 1974. 10. Darlington, C. D and Wylie, A. P. Chromosome Atlas of Flowering Pl ants. 519 pp. London. 1955 . 11 . Deming, W. C. Gardener's Pocketbook. PassifJora incarnata. The National Horticultural Magazine 22(2 ): 64 . 1943. 12 Killlp, E P TIl(' Ameri can specie of Pass ifloraceae. Bot. Ser. Fil'ld Mu~ . Nat. Hi s! 19 1-613. 1938. 13 Kil lip, E. P. Supplemental notes on the Ameri ca n species of Pa ss ifloraceae, with descriptions of new spec ies. Contributions from the United Sta tes National Herbarium 35, Part I: 1-23. 1960. 14. Knight, R. J., Jr. Th e potential for Florida of hybrids between the purple and yellow passionfruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 85 : Passiflora ' I ncense' 288-292 . 1973. 15. Knight, R. J., Jr . Sp cial problems in tropica l ·fruit production. XIXth International Horticultural Congress. Warsaw, Poland. 1974. a host of seed lings some few of which may give us a com­ 16. Knight, R. J., Jr. and H. F. Winters. Po ll inat ion and fru it set of yellow pass ionfruit in outhern Florida. Proc. Fla . State Hort. Soc. 75: bination of the relative hard iness of inca m ata with the 412-418. 1962. brilliance of the more southern species and then?" (2). 17. Knight, R. J., Jr . and H. F. Winters . Effects of se lfing and The apparent ease w ith which the two cold-hardy hy­ crossing in the yellow pa ss ionfruit. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc . 76 : brids P. x co/vi/Iii and ' Incense' were produced, even 345-347. 1963. some 125 years apart, wou ld seem to indicate that a con­ 18. Lawrence, George H. M . Names of Pa ss iflora hybrids. Bai leya 8(3): 11 &-120. 1960. certed breeding effort with P incarnata might result in a 19. Lawrence, George H. M . Identifica tion of the cul tivated new series of ornamental or even ed ible-fruited vi nes . passionflowers Baileya 8(4) : 121-132 . 1960. P. incam ata is reported to have 9 pairs of chromosomes 20. Ll oyd, R. M . Tetrap loid PassifJora incarnata in North Carolina. (10, 25). Th e sa me basic chromosome complement was Rhodora 65 (761 ): 7Passifloras. Trans. Bot. Soc . Edinburgh 9: 399-402. 1868. ca mata. To perform the actual crosses, however, would 23. Shaub, Mary S. The exotic passio n flower. Hort. 28: 300. 1950. require manipulation of t he plants to sec ure blooms at 24. Sma ll , J. K. Manual of the Southeastern Flora . 1554 pp ., the sa me time. A ll of the species except those native to New York . 1933. 25 . Storey, W. B. Chromosome numbers of some spec ies of the eastern Un ited Stat es and possibly P caeru/ea would PassifJora occurring in Hawa ii. Pac. Sci . 4: 37-42. 1950. req uire greenhouse protection t hroughout most of the 26. Sweet. Robert. British Flower Garden Vol . 2: 126. 1825 to 1827. United States. To the knowledge of the authors, poll en 27 . U.S. Department of Agriculture. Notice to nurserymen relative storage st udies have not been reported. to the release of Pass iflora ' I ncense'. Processed. 1973 . 28. Vogel, Virgi l J. American Indian medicine. Norman, Oklahoma Longwood Gardens at Ken nett Square, Pennsylva ni a, 583 pp. 1970. has started a program to breed passionflowers for cold 29. Wood, H. C. et al. The dispensatory of the United States of hardiness . Emp hasis in this program is placed on crosses America. 22nd Editi on, 1894 pp. Philadelphia. 1940. w ith the brill iant-flowered P coccinea Aubl and related spec ies . 27

Today's world tells us that small er pupate at the bottom of a glass jar to India and Java to improve hea lth is better-smaller families, houses, which was tightly sea led with a lid. in Asia. By way of Kew Gardens, and cars. There is nothing startling One day he found a sporeling fern rubber was se nt to Ceylon, cork oaks about this to the horticultural crowd and a blade of grass sprouting from to Austral ia, and tobacco to Natal. for we discovered the joys of micro-­ the leafmold . He observed that in During the Victorian era growing gardens in glass containers a long the heat of the day moisture rose the elusive fern and other tropicals time ago. from the mold, condensed on the in little glass houses became a With our busy lives and apartment glass, and then returned from where mania. Charl es, sixth Duke of Devon­ living, we may not have the oppor­ it came maintaining constant hu­ sh ire, with money as no object, sent tunity for outdoor digging but we midity. his coll ector with "Wardi an cases" can create a mini-world of green in The fern flourished untouched in to Ca lcutta to bring back the first a terrarium for indoor pleasure w ith the bottle for four years and died Amherstia nobilis, that superlative minimal maintenance. A ll you need on ly w hen the I id rusted and water tree used as a floral sacrifice in its is a bottle, fish-bowl , or even a hur­ seeped into the jar. Dr. Ward con­ homeland. ricane lamp Place a few pebbles in cl uded that the success of the fern In the 20th century, another gen­ the bottom, cover w it h a rich soil, growth was due to conditions free tleman took up the challenge. My and plant your favorite miniatures. from soot, constant moisture, con­ father, George H. Pring, who was These ti ny setti ngs need little trolled heat, I ight, and a qu iet at­ Superintendent of the Missouri care. With a I id they provide thei r mosphere. Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, re­ own rain by condensat ion. My Hetook h is knowledge and appl ied ca ll ed in hi s youth at Kew Gardens brothers made a bottle garden thir­ it to growing other plants. He de­ packing "Wardian cases" of rubber ty years ago and it is sti II green and signed sma ll glass boxes made in the plants. He decided to introduce this has never been watered. (This is a shape of little greenhouses and be­ ski II of the professional to the ama­ 20 ga ll on demi-john, planted w ith gan experimenting w ith growing teur gardener. Pile a microphylla, Sansevieria spe­ methods. He found that all plants In the late 1920's, he planted a cies, a moss and Philodendron has­ did wel l under these conditions. glass ga rd en t o accompany a lecture tatum variegatum; the latter still In 1833, he filled two of his glazed at the St. Louis Horticultural Society. in good hea lth ). If the bottle fogs glass boxes, w hi ch had become He demonstrated how to plant these up too much they just open the lid known as " Wardian cases" , with little gardens with " hills and valleys for a short time. Terrariums fare ferns and grasses and sent them to to represent a natural woodland best in a bright li ght without direct Sydney, Australia, with his friend landscape" stressi ng the importance sun. Captain Charl es Mallard. The plants of design and color in the use of Only your imagination limits what arrived six months later in perfect plants. Among the list of plants he to plant in your terrarium. A jungle condition. Th e cases were refilled suggested, his favorite was the Cocos look appea rs with miniature ferns, with rare and tender plants for the weddelliana which looks like a little gesneriads, begonias, and geraniums. return trip t o England. Although they coconut palm. Or try a fool-proof desert garden with were packed in temperatures of 100°, Mr. Pring challenged members to baby cacti and succulents. sai led around Cape Horn under a use their imag ination in choosing A fern led the way to this Vi ctorian foot of snow at 20°, passed by containers. The idea took fire. The innovation in the plant world. An Argentina at temperatures of 120°, next month at their flower show, English physician, Dr. Nathaniel they reached England eight months fifty competed for a special pri ze BagshawWard, had a passion to grow later in a healthy state. offered by the Botanical Garden. ferns and mosses in his London gar­ This experiment revolutionized Every shape bottle, aquarium, even den. A century and a half ago he plant collecting and transporting an old light bulb were used . wrote in his book, On the Growth of which dramatically improved the The Ladies Home Journal (Dec. Plants in Closely Glazed Cases, " Be­ world of horticulture. 1931) asked Mr. Pri ng to write on ing, however, surrounded by numer­ Tea seeds were planted in " Ward­ his "Glass Gardens" and it was re­ ous manufactories and enveloped ian cases" by Robert Fortune and printed in Europe. The wave spread in their smoke, my plants soon be­ shipped in 1848 successfully for the around the plant world. gan to decline, and ultimately per­ first time from China to India to in­ Today we are experiencing a re­ ished ... ." itiate a new economic culture. vival of this art. Terrariums suit our I n the summer of 1829, he buried Cinchona trees, the only source of urban lives as a space saver-instant a Sphinx cat erpillar in leafmold to quinine, moved from South America centerpiece-no care gardening. 29

---~ Dr. Robert W. Schery, Director TI-IE LAWN INS TITUTE

Th e concept of a grassy sward to grace the home-the stemming from studies on plant growth horm ones. One lawn - is a relatively recent horticultural innovation. ca n't control all weeds in the lawn, yet, but we're coming Domesticated food plants have underwritten civilization c lose; broad leaf weeds like dandeli on, plantain, dock; since man first began his sedentary way of li fe millenia creepers such as chickweed, knotweed, spurge and ground ago, and biodynamic plants (for ritual and medicine) ivy; annual grasses such as crabgrass, goosegrass and were part of humankind's lore before the written word. barnyardgrass; even nutsedge and rushes, are all safely Certainly by the middle ages non-essential plants, prized discouraged in today's lawn. Perennial grasses of un­ for beauty rather than utilitarianism, were widely appre­ wanted type, quite similar in their physiology to turf­ ciated. But onl y centuries later was a grass lawn, as dis­ grass, remain a problem; but even here there are tricks tinct from animal pasture, paid much attention. When for favoring the turf over the weed. America began moving f rom the c ity to the suburbs after Basic care receives many ass ists. Lawn spreaders make World War i, the die was cast; st ill, there was little un­ it easy to apply the product instantaneously. irrigation derstanding of lawn behavior. Rather, as w ith pastures keeps the lawn green during drought, though perhaps at and meadows before them, lawns were simply open the expense of encouraging water-lovi ng weeds, and for­ spaces kept that way by mowing. The inform ed suburban­ going the disease therapy that dryness provides. Under­ ite might court the rose, the tulip, the iris and the peony, ground systems activated by a time clock reduce the but " Iawngrass" remained just anything that could with­ burden of watering, but not the need for timing judg­ stand ceaseless decapitation by mowi ng. Many lawns were ments Machines that thin, thatch and punch holes in I ittle else than crabgrass and prostrate Dicots. the soi l (ae ri f ication) are commonplace today. Fungi­ So it is only recently-within the last two decades, c ides can prevent spread of disease if appli ed in time. for the most part, that lawn care has become something insecticides prevent bug devastation that ca n severely of a sc ience, with cultivars chosen to f it the peculiar weaken turf; and aids such as wetting agents, chemica l ecosystem that a lawn is. The change has been evolu­ edgers, pH correctives, even growth restraints (not yet tionary, all but unnoticed as we sc urry through a lifetime; very practical), have found their way to the garden cen­ but probably the " best" lawn on the block in my youth, ter shelves . Fortunately, not much in the way of extra would be a home owner embarrassment today. ass istance is needed if the basics are properly covered. Yet, with all the modern refinements, lawn basics are So let's look at our basics in a bit more detail. rel atively few, principally: kind of grass, mowing, fertiliza­ The Lawngrasses tion, and usually weed control. We have motorized our " Breeders' Ri ghts," protecting seeded cultivars as well mowers , and lea rned that it is good for the grass not to as the traditional vegetative clones, became law in the clip it too closely; but we still must mow. We favor at­ United States in 1971. This triggered release of many new tractive cultivars as our lawn companions, and improve lawngrasses such as are found among acceptances by the their chances by fertilizing with plant foods designed for Lawn institute's Variety Review Board (boxed insert). fine turf rather than cropland. The experi enced lawnsman Some se lections are simply discovered in the " wild," uses a gradual-release fertilizer for steady growth, thus but increas ingly they are bred by the cross ing of pedi­ avoiding cyclical succulence conducive to disease, al­ greed bloodl in es proven for such desiderata as low growth, ternating with off-color "st arvation ." He knows the disease resistance, attractiveness, and so on. Some of time of year when fertilizer will do the grass the most t oday's selections no doubt will be replaced by st ill better good and confer least advantage upon competing vege­ cultivars, but the state-of-the-a rt at present does provide tation ("weeds"). He no longer digs out weeds by hand, many desirable candidates even if no " perfect" turfgrass. havi ng at the ready those marvelous se lective herbic ides Blending severa l cultivars, or mixing spec ies that have 31 like habits, broadens a lawn's genetic base and extends Establishing the Grass the turf's adaptibility. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) Lawns can be started by sowing seed directly into the provides most turf for the northern two-thirds of the na­ soil, or by laying sod (with which a pro has nursed the tion and Canada, abetted by fine Fescues (Festuca rubra ) grass through its seedling stages for you). In either case for dry shade and poor soil, with up to 20% of the attrac­ seed oftop quality, of grasses suited to the locality, should tive (but competitive) new perennial ryegrasses (Lolium be insisted upon. Lawnseed should contain little other perenne) permissible for quick cover. Bentgrasses (Agros­ than the cultivars you specify, although there will always tis spp.) dominate in moist climates, such as the Pacific be a bit of " inert" (chaff and suchlike), fractional per­ slopes of the Northwest. The elegant bents are non-pareil centages of "weeds" (seldom serious), and perhaps some for golf greens everywhere. Turf-type perennial ryegrasses "crop" (often perennial field grasses, to be avoided). do well in equable climates, such as in middle latitudes Reliably-grown sod contains no unwanted off-types, al­ along both coasts; and because of quick establishment though a possible residuum of weed seeds in the soil will they are much used for athletic fields that get chewed sprout should the grass thin and not keep them sup­ up in pl ay, and for overseeding dormant southern grass pressed . Whether for a new seedling, or for the laying of in winter. In the South most improved grasses, especially sod, the soilbed should be properly prepared. the bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) and Zoysia, but also The best soilbeds are cultivated, fertilizer being mixed some St . Augusti ne (S tenotaphrum secundatum), are in according to need. If you are not familiar with your planted vegetatively because they do not come true from soil's condition, (does it grow thriving weeds?), a soil seed . Bahia (Paspalum notatun) and centipede (Eremoch­ t est will help tell what nutrients to provide. Adequate loa ophiuroides) seed is available, but not as select cul­ phosphorus (at least 30 Ibs/ A by soil test) is vital for seed­ tivars. ling growth, though nitrogen will become more important

LAWNGRASS CUHIVARS ACC EPH [) BY THE PIERENINIAL RYEGIRASS~quick cover, "turf" varieties VARIETY REVIEW BOARD OF THE LAWN INSTITUTE as attractive as bluegrass: COfnpas -A Dutch selection, especially for mixtures KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS -'--great on good soil a,r:ld in and as a nursegrass. open locations: Derby-A dark, dense polycross of excellent pedigree. Adelphi-A dark green, diminutive mybriGi from Rutgers. Manhattan-The heralded synthetic: from Central Park Aboretum-A dWfable selectiol1 for tall-mowe€l turf sources, low, dark, hardy. in the traditional mold, NK-100-A cross between famed English S-23 and a Arista-An impfQved variety from Holland; mostly domestic selection. wsed in mixtures. NK-200 -,- An attractive domestic cu ltivar with Baron_A workhorse from Holl and" unassurning but exceptional winter hardiness. strong al'ld pefiable. Pelo~A reliable variety from Holland, moderately Bonl"'lieblt1e~Or'le of the darkest gr.een Rutgers hybrids, dark. great ~r:l winter. Pennfine-A top-rating Penn State cu ltivar, hardy i;tnd Cf;)(~ ri ~A Swedi Slh variety wi·tn virtues like Baron. neat mowing. Fylking.,-Low-growinf, and delig·htfully graceful for Yorktown ~ An attractive Rutgers polycross with some elegant lawn$. Manhattan bloodlines. CaJaxy,-".Another decumhent Rutgers hybrid, with FINE FESCUIr-good for shade and poor soil, excellent lengthy season. bluegrass companion: G/ade--A dark, sturdy., low-growf.I1g selection g od in Highlight=A brilliant cu ltivar of the Chewings type, shade or sun . from Hon and. Majestic ~A diminutive Rutgers hybrid l~lakir:lg ex­ Jamestown-A low-growing, domestic Chewings, dark, celler:ln sod . holding up in summer. MeFion-Stili the "Cadillac" of improvedbluegrasses Koket-Another Chewings fescue from Holland, ~ivi n g rhough not new. top performance. Nligget-A deflse, very attractive v~Hiftty, frorm Alaska, Rliby-A spreading fescue, fairly open and well-suited good in shack; to mixtmes. Penmtar -RefiRed at Penn Stpte from good European F3ENTGRASS-ada!'lted to humid cI imateS; low, dense ancestry. turfs "like a golf green": PllfSh ~ A broad-bladed sel®c:nion horn Rutgers, wlclich Emerald-Topflight cr eping bent from seed, inbred seems widely adapted. from famed Congr.es~ionaL Prato-A cOI~lpatible Dutc:h selection priz@a for mix­ Exeter-A colol'lial bent Moned to perfection at Univ. tures. of Rhode Island. Sodco-Four pedigreed lines from PUf

32 w as h, and prevents the seedbed from drying out so quick­ ly. Warm, humid so il brings quick sprouting. Ryegrass germinates in only a few days, and other species not much later. But if weather remains cool, or the seedbed dry, seed lings may not show for wee ks. Soa k the seedbed, and keep it moist by subsequent syringings - daily if need be. As the seedlings root more deeply wat ering can taper off. Lawn Mowing M owing dese rves more forethought than it generally receives. No other lawn activity t akes up so much of an attendant's time, ergo, the more comfortabl e the " fit", t he li ghter will seem the burden. Even if some extrava­ ga nce may be involved, sec ure mowing equipment that: 1) has capacity enough t o t ake care of the lawn quickly; most ya rd s shoul d be mowable in a half-hour w ithout a lot of exertion, 2) is powerful enough t o handle the grass at its season of most robust growth, usuall y Spring with northern species, Summer w it h southern ones, 3) is sturdy, reli able, and ca n be serviced loca ll y (nothing is more frustrating than t o be stall ed by broken down equipment during the ru sh season), Pros and cons about mowing equipment ca n go on endless ly; a few of the considera­ Top-The dense root & rhi zome system of an im­ proved culti va r (sod overturned & was hed free of tions you may want t o weigh are these: soil.) This is M ajesti c. Mowing w ill be facilitated if: 1) overh ang (s uch as Bottom - The elegance of Creepi ng be ntgrass. Th is bul ky w heels) is minimal, permitting cl oser approach t o is a sod section of Emerald (S maragd in Europe),. borders and stru ct ures; 2) blade speed is independent onl y 10 months from seeding. of forward motion, so that you can dawdle over tough­ to-mow turf though not sac ri f ice speed where the going lat er. Pot ass ium is generall y adeq uate, and using a com­ is easy; 3) adjustment of mowing height is quic k, simple, pl ete fertilizer w ill keep levels up. O nl y under unusual and covers a reasonabl e range (at least from 1-3 inches circ umstances are minor elements like iron defic ient, w ith rot ary mowers) ; 4) weight and maneuverability are such as on the hi ghl y alkaline so il s of the west ern pl ains, suited t o the sit uation (maybe a bi g mower is needed for or a few sa ndy ones of the so utheast ern coastal pl ain . the m ain jo b, a li ght we ight unit for " trimming"); 5) Fertili zer is evenly and eas il y distributed w ith a spread­ heavier units, such as the riding mowers, have flotation er. Foll ow recommendati ons on the fertili zer bag f or rate, ti res. so as not to rut a soa ked lawn; 6) a reverse gear al­ usuall y 5-10 pounds per thousa nd square feet (M ) for lows backing away f rom corn ers; 7) des ign is good, such average-strength fertili ze rs. Cultivate at least 2 or 3 inches that the mower is easy t o-st art, handy to use, and simple deep to brea k up compacti on. Sandy so il s may need no to f uel and lubri cate. more than a surface sc ratching, but loa ms and cl ays w ill probabl y require pl owing-di sc ing, or rot ary tilling, at a Whether c lippings are coll ected is a matter of prefer­ dry enough stage so that they crumble nicely. Don't over­ ence. Clippings contribute rather little to thatch, since cultivate; the bes t so ilbeds consist of aggregat es about they are seldom li gneous and decay readily. Yet, at cer­ as bi g as the tip of your finger. Seed settles into a medium tain seasons they may be too abundant to settle obscurely of this type, but remains at the surface prone to loss if into the turf; they become unsightly, then, as they turn the soilbed is dusty fine. brown. Th e mineral value of c lippings is appreciable, Bluegrass m'i xtures are sown about 3 Ibs/M , preferably probably equal to a couple of fertilizations during the with half the seed cast in one direction, the other half year; nutrients rec ycl ed through clippings surely make at right angl es, to ass ure aga inst coverage gaps. Here, some contribution to lawn fertility. Lawns mow better again, a spreader makes light of a tedious job. Fluffy when dry than when damp; aftern oon or evening mow­ seedbeds may need some restorati on of ca pi lI arity, but ing will generall y find less dew on the grass. a soaking ordinarily settles soil suffic iently about the Fertilizing The Lawn seed, and rolling would onl y recompact the surface mak­ A lawn fertilization program should consider the soil ing it less receptive to insoak. A mulch of clean straw, quality, c limat e and type of grass. Without some fertiliza­ fragmented twigs, pine boughs, woven nettings, or similar tion gra ss becomes less competitive, loses color and tends loose covering, protects the surface from puddling and t o thin, becoming weedy. Except on so il s that are very 33 fertile, at least one or two wel l-timed feedings annuall y trol, dalapon, glyphosate, etc.). The fi rst three contact are in order, at the " norm al" rat e of about 1 pound of materi als are little t aken up by the pl ant, but the latter nit rogen (N)/M . Bermudagrass in the south, a few blue­ three are systemic-i.e. , the chemi cal translocates t o dis­ grasses such as M eri on, and creeping bentgrasses, are t ant un sprayed parts of the pl ant. Paraquat, phytar and heavy feeders; they w ill probabl y require at least 4 pounds glyphosate are quickl y immobilized by the so il, while N/ M annuall y. At the other extreme are centipedegrass others may be toxic to a new seeding for days or even and f ine fescues, " poor so il" grasses, needing no more months. Their brea kdown and di ss ipation is quickest in than a pound or so of N. warm, humid weather. Northern lawns benefit most f rom fertili zation in Au­ The summari zation w hich follows has northern lawns tumn, a t ime of year when the grass accumulates food c hi efly in mind. Weed control in the South is compli­ reserves and no longer suffers competition from Summer cated by great diversity in the weed population, and by weeds. Southern grasses " enj oy" fertilization the grow­ the intensified bi ological tempo of a subtropica l en­ ing season long, but too-heavy feeding in Summer makes vironment. mowing burdensome. Southern grasses hold their color The phenoxy chemica ls (2, 4-D group) have proven later into Autumn if well fertili zed, but in colder regions outstanding for controlling broadleaf spec ies (Dicotyle­ then become less Winter-h ardy. dons), the more discord ant weeds of turf. M CPP, silvex, As not ed ea rlier, " gradual-release" lawn fertilizers such and dicamba are often mi xed with 2, 4-D t o broaden its as those incorporating urea form have adva ntages, es peci­ effectiveness. About 1 Ib./ A of phenoxy herbi c ide ally for warm weather and for sa ndy so il s that hold nu­ w ill cause most broad leafs to weaken and die, without trients poorl y. Soluble fertili zers are best used lightly injury t o most grasses . Proper combinations of the chem­ and more frequently. ica ls mentioned are synergistic, becoming more effec­ Nitrogen is the nutrient res ponsible for leaf formation tive at li ghter rates than w hen used individuall y. Sil ves-2, and color, and is the mai n consideration in choosing q 4-D, and M CPP-di ca mba-2 , 4- D (the patented Trimec fertili zer. But in most instances nutrient balance is best formulation) control weeds that are not ori ousl y hard t o maintained with a complete fertili zer; one containing handle. Trimec works even in cool weather when 2, 4-D in addition to the nitrogen, the other major nutrients, is not very effective. Thus broad leaf weeds such as dande­ phGs phorus (P) and potass ium (K). Ph osphorus fixes in li on, plantain, dock, ground-ivy and chickweed are rea ll y the soil, while potassium leac hes somewhat, and nitro­ no longer seri ous problems, thanks to the phenoxy herbi­ gen becomes quickl y ex hausted. Generall y a lawn ferti­ c ides. li zer ri ch in nitrogen, low in phos phorus, and intermedi­ Crabgrass no longer strikes terror, thanks t o improved ate in potass ium best meet s gra ss needs. (30-5-8 is a good lawn culture and chemical preventers. The preventers ratio. ) (i.e. bensulide, DCPA, siduron, et c.) kill the seedlings of annual grasses as the seed sprouts, w ithout injury to Keeping Weeds Out growing turfgrass. Th ey are spread on sunny sections of If the basi cs already covered are well attended t o, lawn having a history of crabgrass, ea rly in spring before weed probl ems should be few . The gras s pol ices the lawn, the pest germinates (typica lly when so il warms above suppress ing those weeds that mowing does not eliminate. 60° F). They are effective for a number of weeks . Siduron, But a few globally ubiquitous weeds seem t o get a foot in though controlling crabgrass, does not hinder many other the door whenever the defense weakens. They are pri­ species, and is the only preventer that can be used at the marily warm-weather annuals such as crabgrass, knot­ sa me time lawnseed is sown (but never use sideron on weed and spurge; or rosette perennials such as dande­ bermudagrass). li on and pl antain . No soil seems entirely free from their Other chemica ls have spec if ic uses . Organi c ars enicals seed. Chi ckweed and rosette crucifers may be trouble­ (arsonates) ki II older crabgrass when sprayed a couple some in cooler weather. of times to the foliage. It is also useful for nutsedge con­ Fortunat ely, we have today hi ghly effective, se lective trol, although a new chemica l, basagran, may soon usurp (i. e., kills the weed but not the grass) herbi cides; hafild this role. Dal apron and glyphosate are helpful against digging or massive applications of soil " preventives" perennial grass weeds, although, I ike paraquat and phy­ such ·as arse nic are largely a thing of the past. Herbi c ides t ar, they kill any turfgrass contacted, too. Reseeding or used for lawns fall primari Iy into these categories: 1) sodding must foll ow. Inc identally, activated-charcoal broad leaf contro ls, 2) 9. nnual grass preventers, and 3) products are becoming available, which can " turn off" se lective compounds for specific weeds. Non-se lective most herbic ides if appl ied soon after a mistaken applica­ herbi c ides have already been mentioned for lawn renova­ tion. t ion; they include an array of materi als ranging from soil Di sc ussi on here is unavoidably abbreviated, but Dr. steri lants (su ch as methyl bromide and metham) to com- Schery's vi ews are more fully developed in the book A 34 tact compounds (viz. -kerose ne, paraquat, phytar, ami- Perfect Lawn, (M acmillan). Ruth Katzenberger 197-04 58 Avenue Flushing, New York 11365

New is not necessari Iy better. Th e C. ca rn osa is a sma ll basket Newness has bee n brought to its p lant with t iny succ ulent leaves ze nith by commercial interes ts to hanging o n graceful pendulant feed the mani a of Africa n-violet stems. The tiny crea my wax-like growers. The res ult is a miriad of f lower resembles a small pea ling be ll. look alike plants having different There is rarely a large number of names w it h no particular merit or flowers open at one time but it flow­ advancement in the Saintpaulia ers continuall y once maturity is genus. reac hed . Codonanthe forms berri es Unfortunately these sa me inter­ and C. carn osa forms bright orange ests are perpetrating the same of­ berri es small er than a pea . It is easy fenses on the genera Episc ia, Col­ of culture as king onl y not to be al­ umnea and the miniature Sinningias lowed t o dry out in sp ite of its suc­ all in the pursuit of something new. cul ent tendencies. It is a short sighted view of a won­ The miniature Streptocarpus hy­ derful fami ly of plants, the Ges neri a­ brid is nea rl y unifoliat e as the sec­ ceae. W ith 120-125 genera there is ond leaf is only a vestige. Th e sma ll no need to glut the marketplace w ith strap leaf produces scapes along the hybrids that offer the grower so little. midrib each having as many as seven The disce rning w ill limit their coll ec­ lilac colored flowers w ith a throat tions to the best and ignore the rest. Cloxinia, a fam iliar Cesneri acl . of dark stripes. Th e species parent, The best new pl ant mat eri al comes S. cyanandrus, is temperamental in to us through the introduction into has coll ected many new species re­ cultivation and is an annual requir­ cultivation of spec ies from the wild, cently whi ch w ill find their way into ing the coll ecting of seed before and the ea rl y hybridi zing done w ith the marketplace. Some have already the pl ant dies. Th e hybrid has not them. Often intergeneri c hybrids reac hed the coll ectors and hybrid­ died after f lowering hut is continu­ offer outstanding new materi als. izers. We should soon see a flow of ing to grow and flower. Most impor­ There is one such intergeneric hy­ lovely ges neriads from these sources. tant cultural requirements are high brid soon to be released by Lyndon Armyn Spi es co ll ect ed a ye ll ow humidity. It can be allowed to Lyon of Dolgeville, N.Y. He will flowering Aeschynanthus in New dry out. Experience has found they be se lling a hybrid of Se emannia Guinea which is in the process of do well in continually moist long­ latifolia by Gloxinia gymnostoma At being studied and used in hybrid­ grained sphagnum moss which is the moment a correct i ntergeneri c izing. constantly fed. This is not the only name is holdi ng up the release. It wi II Avai lable right now are a few way they can be grown for they be worth watching for. Pl ant habit is pri zes worth mentioning. To top the will also do well in any loose highly like Seemannia with a flow~r color of li st are two miniatures; the species organic growing medium that is well cherry red . Codonanthe carnosa and a hybrid fertilized . Hans Wiehler, of the Marie Selby Streptocarpus using the charming For a new standard sized Strepto­ Botanic Gardens in Sarasota, Florida, 5 cyanandrus. carpus there is the 'M aasen's White' 35 Achimenes' 'W etterl ows Triumph' Aeschynanthus elliptious

to rival the 'Constant Nymph' intro­ brids of Nemathanthus over the last because it is smaller and prettier duced severa l yea rs ago. Th e stark few years. Due to h is work the gen us than most. Achimenes andrieuxii cv. whiteness of the flower is broken Hypocyrta has been eliminated and tincocama has tiny lilac flowers only by the sunny yellow tinge in these plants are all now known as emerging from the axils of bright the tube of the coroll a. 'Maasen's Nemathanthus (thread flower). His red hairy stems. Several rhizomes White' flowers freely and continu­ ea rl y hybrids, N. ' Black Magic' and in a three inch pot present a dimin­ ously if given sufficient li ght. N. 'Tropicana' have been steady fa­ utive hanging basket of rare beauty. Th ose people who like chall eng­ vorites among the blue ribbon win­ To locat e the gesneri ads men­ ing larger shrubs should look into ners. 'Black Magic' refers to the dark ti oned it wi II be necessa ry to order Drymonia striggosa. D. striggosa cuts glossy foliage on small woody st ems from the spec iali sts in this family. back severely t o a trunk showing with flowers hanging from deep red Th e miniature Streptocarpus hybrid eyes and comes up agai n more bushy threads. 'Tropicana' has small and the new Seemannia cross are and beautiful than before. Th e long pouched flowers with stripes. Further products of the Lyndon Lyons Green­ petioled medium green leaves have work has produced newer forms Houses, 14 Mutchler Street, Dolge­ a gli stening pubescense. Axillary showing improvement in the plant v ille, N.Y. 13329. All the others can flowers occur either so litary or in hab it. Hi s new hybrids now released be purchased from Michael Kartuz, clusters. Th e f unnel-shaped lemon are N. 'Bijou' and N. 'Cheeri o'. 92 Chestnut Street, Wilmington, yell ow coroll a emerges f rom a fancy Columnea tricolor is a sport of the Mass. 01887 and from East erbrook frilled pink ca lyx whi ch opens w ide. small leaved C microphylla. It has Greenhouses, 10 Craig Street, Butler, Th e flowers read ily form an oblong variegated foliage showing green, Ohio 44822. berry beginning white and turning w hite and pink on the new growth To enj oy the exotic and varied Thi s makes an interesting basket orange upo n maturity. Drymonia famil y of Gesneriaceae it would st enophylla has been in cu Itivation even without flowers. To get the red help to join the America n Gloxinia for several years and is a good shrub blossoms it w i II be necessa ry to give and Ges neriad Society and receive it the ch i II treatment down to at least companion although not as colorful. their bi-monthly publication. The The flowers are creamy yellow and 50° to set buds. ann ual dues of $7.00 should be sent the calyx while fluted is a tannish Achimenes are always popular. to: Mrs. Charlotte Rowe, Dept. RK, color. Drymonias are thirsty. Th ere is a new one sma ll enough to Box 174, New Milford, Conn. 06776. William Saylor of Brewster, Mass . become a wi ndowsi II favorite. It 36 has been producing some fine hy- might even be used in a terrarium whelmed when I literall y laid these plants in my desert MyEworite Plant garden intending later to plant them properly. However, a sudden onset of bad weather and busy activities kept me from my good intentions. Th erefore, you ca n imag­ ine my pleas ure and surpri se when I happened to notice f lower buds swelling among the foli age and thorns. Where all else had failed, this plant was growing success­ oeVem fully. I was determin ed to find out why it would thrive, Gayle Gates blossom and become one of my most spectacular plants. Phoenix, Arizona After consulting severa l texts and horticulturists, I found that my plant fell in a category ca ll ed, "drought res isting succu lents. " Nearly everything about the Aloe is designed to help it survive the desert terrain. First, it is capable of storing up large quantities of water in its pulpy leaves during wet periods whi le gradu­ all y shrinking during dry spe ll s, li ving on its stored water. Second, it has a web of wide ranging roots that fan out close to the su rface where 97% of the moisture in desert ga rd ens remain. Last, its leaves are edged w ith thorns; a primary de­ fense aga inst animals that would eat the pulpy leaves, thereby depriving the plant of its stored water source. Primari ly a South African plant, it is just one of over 200 different Aloe spec ies ranging in height from an eightee n-foot tree to dwarfs-3 to 4 inches high. Culturally, the Aloe Vera for centuries has been used for medicinal purposes. Th e leaves when broken, emit a jell y substance capable of ki ll ing pain. More recently, doctors are using this substance to aid in the healing of severe burn cases . Experiments are also being carried out in the cos metic field where it is used as a condi­ tioning agent in makeups and shampoos. Aloe Vera 's base fol iage forms a rosette that remains a lovely jade green in frost-free areas. Where w inters are cooler the t i ps of the leaves wi II turn a coral color. The bud sp ikes spring from the center of the foliage and rapid ly grow to a height of 24 to 36 inches with the flower heads branching out in a "bottle brush" manner. The Aloe Vera blooms off and on throughout the 12 months w ith the blossoms bursting into a myriad of tiny orange trumpets that last for weeks. The flowers become favorite haunts for humming birds. To most people, the word desert brings to mind a For propagation, all you have to do is snap off t he wasteland of sand-scorched by the su n and wind, new offsets that grow abundantly near the base of the waterless and void of shelter. These factors create enor­ plant and place them in moist potting so il. Remember mous problems to anything trying live there. Plants that to wear gloves and avoid the thorns. grow in temperate climates could never survive these After the new plants have set up a good root system, harsh conditions. Still, there are a great variety of spe­ reduce watering. When the offset succulents are ready cies that have developed the abi lity to thrive in the to be transplanted, place them in rapidly draining soil desert. This harsh setting is the home of an unusual containing sizable amounts of sand and pebbles. Ferti­ plant ca ll ed Aloe Vera. lize once a year with a li ght so lution and don't expose It seems fitting that the word desert comes from a the new plants to direct sunlight for about a month. latin word meaning 'abandoned' -because that's ex­ The Aloe Vera, my mystery plant, turned out to be actly how I found my Aloe Vera, abandoned in an all ey. fascinating and spectacular. This succu lent gives both After many seasons of unsuccessful attempts to grow beauty and pleasure. Just remember not to " rub it the even hardy annuals in a desert setting, I was over- wrong way." 37 Here's a once in a lifetime opportunity to not only individualize, but add elegance and majesty to your garden and make it the pride of your whole neighbor­ hood!! - and for unheard of prices, despite inflation! We offer five of the world's great varieties, each of which has been awarded BEST-IN-SHOW, in na­ tional and/or International competition. In addition, by purchasing a triple collection you receive a special bonus of a large bulb of the glorious, "JOURNEYS END," lily, a " Round the World" winner developed by Dr. Yeats of Australia, which until recently sold for $15.00 each. LEMON ROYAL BOWL STRAIN These magn ificent hybrid I i I ies a re a II CLU M P The National Arboretum at Washington, D.C. openeEl with the formers and the combination is designed to give you International Exhibition of the North American Lily Society. The glorious spike pictured above, (Official I'lhoto - U.S. Dept. of Agri­ myriads of blooms from EARLY to LATE season. All culture) grown and shown by one of our customers, made the fol­ are superior cut flowers. (Some bring as much as lowing unprecedented win: 1. BEST TRUMPET TYPE IN SHOW! 2. BEST DERIVATIVE OF L. HENRYI IN SHOW!! 3. BEST IN SHOW­ $1.00 per bud on the wholesale cut flower market!) ALL TYPES COMPETING!!! HERE'S WHAT YOU GET ------ONE ROSETTE STRAI N (Bemis) 4 ft. June - Masses of orchid-like blooms in soft pastel shades, - high ratio of pinks. Elizabeth Bishop award, BEST UN-NAMED SEEDLING IN SHOW - Worcester Horticultural Society. (44 buds and flowers) At Harvard University's test garden at the Arnold Arboretum, with hundreds of varieties and species competing, this strain was - in flower for 42 DAYS!I (See scientific journal "Arnoldia" - volume 24 - number 10) Catalog price $2.50

ON~ CONNECTICUT YANKEE (Stone) 4 ft. Early July. Scads (40'to 50 is not unusual) of exciting blooms of a never equalled apricot-coral color which glow like luminescent paint in the evening and on dark days. - BEST-IN­ SHOW, International Exhibition, North American Lily Society. Probably has more BEST-IN-SHOW awards than any lily in exist­ ence. It can do the same for YOU! Catalog price $3.95 each.

ONE NUTMEGGER (Stone) 6 ft. July and August. Best-In-Show (by a N. E. hybridizer) International Exhibition, North American Lily Society, and similar wins wherever shown. Up to fifty (and sometimes more) big, yellow green blooms with jet black spotting. The arranger's dream lily, often produces as many as four blooms from a single stem l Catalog price $3.95 each.

ONE LEMON ROYAL BOWL strain (Bemis) 4 ft. August. See photo at upper right. Huge, satiny, delight­ fully fragrant, bowl shaped blooms of entrancing shades of lemon yellow and chartreuse. Catalog price $3.50 each.

ONE BLACK BEAUTY (Wood riff) 5 ft. Late August - September - October .. BEST-IN-SHOW, International Exhibi­ tion, North American Lily Society. Unbelievable masses of ve lvety crimson-maroon flowers, edged silver, with sparkl ing green nectaries in the center, over a long period when there is little else flowering in your gardens. Hardy and vigorous beyond imagina­ tion. One of our customers reports his BLACK BEAUTY was over seven feet tall, had 32 buds and blossoms and took BEST-IN­ SHOW at Detroit! Catalog price $3.95 (was $7.50 each, up to last year.)

COMPLETE BEST-IN-SHOW SPECIAL ONLY $13.95 consisting of one each of the five great lilies listed above. CATALOG VALUE $17.85 TRIPLE BEST-IN-SHOW EXTRA SPECIAL $33.95 CATALOG VALUE $59.50 consisting of 3 each of the great lilies listed above, PLUS FREE BONUS of 1 bulb of Dr. Yeat's majestic lily JOURNEY'S END - 6 ft. August - September. The huge flaring blooms, often a foot across, are rich tyrean red in color with petals edged shiny silveri Incomparable beauty! Catalog price $5.95 .each . Sixteen big healthy flowering size bulbs for less than half their current catalog price!! Order immediately, for we doubt very much that you will ever again Special prices are for the combinations as shown above and these have the opportunity to acquire so many really great winning lilies offers are POSITIVELY VOID after December 1, 1974 or before , if for such a low cost. sold out. However, we will hold your order for Spring shipment, if you desire . Special prices are foethe combinations as shown above and these offers are POSITIVELY VOID after December 30. 1975 or before. if sold out. However. we will hold your order for Spring shipment. if you desire. SEND FOR CATALOG TODAY We also feature Alliums, Hostas, Clematis, Wildflowers, Dutch Bulbs, as well as rare and distinctive easily grown bulbs and plants from worldwide sources. CATALOG $1.00. FREE WITH ORDER. 38

Massa chusetts Residents include 3 % Sales Tax Jilachtborne ~arben~ WE PAY POSTAGE 48A Quincy Street, Holbrook, Mass. 02343 NEVER UNDERWATER

/ /' NEVER OVERWATER YOUR PLANTS AGAIN!

• WHEN "FLOWER" CENTER CHANGES TO BLUE-WATER

• WHEN "FLOWER" CENTER IS PINK-DON'T WATER

• WORKS ON ALL KINDS OF PLANTS AND FLOWERS!

More plants probably die from over­ watering (watering too often or too ""-.~- TRY WATER-STIKSTMFOR 90 DAYS AT heavi Iy) than from unde rwateri ng OURRISK.IFNOTCOMPLETELYSATlS· 1-__ (leaving soil too dry). Water-stiksnl FlED, RETURN FOR PROMPT REFUND. protect your plants against both of these problems; keeps you from killing them with kindness, (overwatering), or Jay Norris, 25 W. Merrick Rd. with neglect (underwatering) . They take Dept. MAH 2 , Freeport, N.Y. 11521 the guesswork out of watering .. so even a child can care for plants like a Please rush me Pack(s) of professional gardener! Water-sticks ({I 10 for only $1 .99 plus Slip one of these amazing little indicators , 50¢ shipping and handling. into the soil in each pot next to the plant - ---- right down to the " Accu-Depth" line that ~ l~~ n SAVE! Order 20 for only $3.65 plus 60¢ guarantees correct depth. When the soil is ~ t~ lit'le shipping and handling. too dry, the center of the Water-stiksnl .~\ "Flower" - turns blue so you'll know it's o SAVE MOREl Order 40 for only $6 .50 time to water. When the plant is fully watered, \ $1.00 shipping and handling. the center turns pink - telling you not to water. And it stays pink until the plant needs ~ nclosed is D check or 0 money water again . It's that easy. order for $ N.Y residents add sales tax. Equip each of your plants with a Water-Stiks Sorry, no C.O.D.'s "brain" . .. and keep the " flower" centers pink Please Print to keep your plants growing greenl Stick to Water-stiksnl and watch your plants grow NAME ______greener, healthier, and more beautiful than ever before l ADDRESS ______~"=-===I"t"O""t"I!II2·t··"/~;II!!I/·k~f)" COIIP. 25 W. Merrick Rd., Dept. MAH2, Freeport, N.Y. 11521 Serving Satisfied Customers for over 25 Years African Violets Save 20-33% on Indoor gardening Suppli es , Publications Li ght Fi xtures, Lamps (over 20 types), Pl ant AFRICAN VIOLET? Free copy "Helpful Hints WAKE UP YOUR GARDENING, Gardening is Stands, Accessories. 6 GRO-LUX(WS) Lamps for Success with African Violets " Wri te Salnt­ going places-are you with it l The AVANT paulla International, POBox 549, Knoxv il le, 15, 20,40 watt-$ 11 .98 prepaid. Catalog over GARDENER brings yo u all the "firsts"-new Tenn 37901 100 items-25G: (Refunded) INDOOR GAR­ plants, products, techniques, with sources­ DENING SUPPLIES, PO Box 40551AH De­ plus full features , special issues. A unique troit, Michigan 48240 horti cultural magazine-news service, 24 is­ Begonias sues a yea r, over 500 articles. Curious? 3 sam ple copies $1 . Serious? $8.50 for a full Indoor Plant Specialists. Begonias, Exotics, Greenhouses year. P. O. Box 489, New York, NY 10028. Geraniums, Herbs. Cata log with color, pro­ GREENHOUSE 8' x 12' Build yourself for $50 fusely illustrated, $ 1.00. LOGEE'S GREEN ­ or less. Eight different plans $2 .97. Includes HOUS ES, Danielson, Connecticut 06239. VEGETABLE GARDEN DISPLAYED, by Th e hotbed . Guaranteed . Werth 's, Box 1902AH, DepLAH. British Royal Horticultural Society is invalu­ Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406. able for gardeners everywhere: $6.75, post­ paid. Bryant & Cook, Seedsmen, Box 488 A, Bromeliads Herb Plants South Windsor, Connecticut 06074. 10 medium, labeled plants, postpaid to you for $8.50 . Cornelison's Bromeliad Nursery, SEEDS, PLANTS AND GARDEN PLANS. 225 San Bernardino Street. North Fort Myers, Fall catal ogue features culinary herbs for in­ 1976 GROWERS CATALOG-(50th year) Fl orida 33903 Member Bromel iad Society. door light gardening. $100 refunded with Th ousands of items. Many unusual. Trees, $5.00 order. Rutland Herbs, Box 583 H, Shrubs, Plants, Seedlings, Seeds, Books, Georgetown, Kentucky, 40324. Pots, Tools, Supplies. Stamps appreciated. Cactus & Succulents Mellinger's, North Lima 41 , Ohio 44452. House Plants Llthops- FasC lnatlng African succulents re­ sembling colorful pebbles. Other rare succu­ BOTANICAL & HORTICULTURAL BOOKS. len ts Write for catalog . ED STORM S, 4223 GUARANTEED PLANTS - Discount prices to Rare, Out-of-print, New.-Latest Catalog members on Bamboo, Begonias, Bromeliads, Pershi ng , Ft. Worth , Texas 76 107 . $1.00 S.J. Si nger Co. 11 33 Broadway, New Cactus, Succulents, Stag-Horn and Ra bbit, Squi rrel , Hare and Bare-Foot Fern s, Gesne­ York, NY 10010 riads, Orchids, Tree Fern Products. Dues Chrysanthemums $3.00 Yea rl y. Strictly your mail ord er club. Rare Bulbs and Plants Plant credits. Free plants. No obligation to National Chrysanthemum Society, Inc . USA. buy. Literature to members on ly. Join Today. Annual dues $5 .00, includes 5 issues of The THE WIDE , WIDE WORLD OF BULBS AND GUARANTEED PLANT CLUB, Box GA, Rob­ PLANTS. Ame rica's unique catalog , Th ou­ Chrysanthemum, Beg inner's Handbook. binsville, N.J. 08691 . MRS , WALTER CHRISTOFFERS, Sec " 394 sands of rare items. Many un available else­ Central Avenue, Mountainside, New Jersey where. Bulbs from Achimenes through 07092 . Japanese Maples Zephyranthes. Hun dred s of genera and th ou­ sands of species from the worlds's be st Over 150 NAMED CULTIVARS. Also other growers. Hardy bulbs and perennials; hou se Daffodil Bulbs rare Maples includ ing named cultivars of plants, orc hid s, bromeliads, insectivorous japonicum, campestre, shirasdwanum, sie­ plants, countless others. Now completely re­ Ri ver's Edge (8+ varieties) or All-Yellow (4 vised. Price: $2 .00 (Deductible). INTERNA­ boldianum, mono, and truncatum. Grafted extra-early to late varieties) Daffod il Bulb TI ONAL GROW ER S EXC HANGE, Box 397-8': , plants shipped Send 10¢ for list. GREER Mixtures: Bushel $40; Peck $12. Postpaid Farmington , Michigan 48024. GARDENS, Dept. H, 1280 Goodpasture Is. East of Mississi ppi , 10% extra West. River's Rd , Eugene, OR 97401 Edge Farm, Rt. 3, Box 228A, Gloucester, Va . Rhododendrons 2306 1. Miscellaneous Species and Hybrids, over 600 varieties. Fuchsias Versatile M ister-Automated solid state Send 25G: for complete catalog describing system Rapid heavy rooting and sturdy Rh ododendrons and rare compan ion plants. FU CHSIAS-75 varieties tested in the S.E. growth-Valve, sensor, power supply, cables GREER GARDENS, Dept. A , 1280 Good­ for heat resistance. Propagated from acclima­ -$69.50 . Full y Gua ranteed AQUAMONI ­ pasture Is. Rd., Eugene, OR 97401 tized stock. Send 10G: for list. HIDDEN TOR , Box 327 -Z , Huntington, New York SPRI NGS NURSERY, Route 3, Rockmart, 11743. Georgia 30153. Specialists in Rhododendrons-both species Professional Plastic Pots and low-growing hybrids. Exbury azaleas, other rare plants. Fall catalog 25G:. THE BO­ Gardening Equipment GREEN PLASTIC POTS-3" Round 10/ VEES NURSERY 1737 A SW Coronado, Port­ $1.60, 24/ $3.75, 50/$7.00; 4 Y2" Round 10/ land, Oregon 97219. COMPLETE TERRARIUM TOOL KIT: 24 " $2.50, 25/ $5.75, 50/ $10.50; 6" Azalea 5/ Funnel & Tongs, Attachments, Water Tube, $2 .00, 25/ $9.50, 50/ $18.00. Minimum order Terrarium Pl anti ng Booklet- $3.50. Gift Kits $5.00 Postpaid. Write for complete list. NY3 mailed per your instructions. OPEN SEA­ residents add tax. PRACTI CAL PRODUCTS, 40 SON, Box 225/ AH, Ashland, Oregon 97520. Box 246A, South Salem, NY 10590 Super Deluxe AUTHORS WANTED BY Gold Lined Labels NEW YORK PUBLISHER Only Leading book publisher seeks manuscripts of all $2.00 types: fiction , non-fiction , poetry, scholarly and juvenile works, etc. New authors welcomed. For comple te information, send for free booklet M - 93. Va ntage Press, 516 W . 34 St .. New York 10001 Dr. J ohn L eo n ard 2 545 Wa l n ut St reet An ywher e , Califo rnia Turner Greenhouses 9 4 5 44 are inexpensive, but they're not cheap. ~:mriGOR FREE

Turner Greenhou ses, 500 GOLD LINED RT. 117 South, Goldsboro, NC 27530 RETURN ADDRESS LABELS Quick and easy way to put your Name and Return address on letters, books, records, etc. Any Name, Address and Zip Code up to 4 lines beautifully printed THESE TREES ARE with large Gold Strip. 500 labels only $2.00. FOR THE BIRDS!

Provide a haven of food , shel­ Dublin Valley Press, Dept. A-2 ter and nesting spots for the birds, and watch th em flock to 11683 Betlen Drive your own ba ckyard . 5 Russian Olive 12-18" Dublin, California 94566 5 Bittersweet 12-18" 5 Grey Dogwood 10-16" 5 Red Oak 8-12" 5 Dwarf Rose Hedge 12-18" Pa. destinations add 6% ta x. ::~':-~-:..... ~,..,! Box No. 31 K Indiana, Pa. 15701

Isnlt it time you had your own * *' * ... ~rmanent Greenhouse! * Keeping· * America * • Beautiful: *

The Gothic Arch Greenhouse IS strong, permanent, maintenance-free and guaranteed! It's constructed of top quality California Heart Redwood and trans­ lucent fiberglass panels .. . completely prefabri­ cated for easy assembly! And the price? The 12'x12' model is less than $600. Sure, you might find a cheaper greenhouse, but when you compare it to a Gothic Arch . . . you'll see ours is the real bargain! The Pioneer Plant Food Write today for Free Brochure and "The Practical Good for everything you grow. Roses, Guide for Greenhouse Selection." trees, shrubs, flowers, lawns, fruits, vegetables. Spark vigorous growth. Ciothic~ Just dissolve in water, then sprinkle or spray. Fast acting, speeds results, Arch ffB" no burning. High analysis 23-19-17%. Greenhouses The favorite of experts for years! Dept. 8-10 P_ O. Box 1564 Mobile, AI. 36601 Serving Greenhouse Growers for 30 years Introducing River Far The American Horticultural Society's new plant and gi River Fann Headquarters, Mount Vernon, Virginia.

Formal opening is October 12, in conjunction with Fall Friends Day, and open by appointment thereafter. AHS and the Friends of River Farm wish to share with you the opportunity to purchase a few of our unique and exciting gifts available in the shop in time for Christmas giving. Each item is our design and is manufactured especially for the SOciety.

Propagating Caddy AHS Potting Apron Of beautifullucite filled with perlite Natural light canvas with large and a clay pot. An excellent utilitarian pocket featuring AHS method for propagating your Green Tree design. One size fits all. African violets, philodendrons, etc. $9.50 Just dampen the perlite, fill clay pot with water, add your plant material (and label stick with date & variety, of course), and watch. Pretty enough to keep in full view with your other plants. Designed by AHS and manufactured for us Note Cards with our Green Tree symbol. Clay "George Washington's River Farm, pot, perlite, label sticks & directions site of the American Horticultural included. Choice of Clear, White, Society headquarters, Mount or Orange. $15.00 Vernon, Virginia" is inscribed on the back of these lovely all-purpose note cards, etched in sepia on Our Green Tree Scarf ivory, 7" x 3 ". 12 cards and In a lovely moss green with white. envelopes. $2.50 Designed for AHS exclusively by Frankie Welch© of Virginia. Soft Celanese© material, wearable 13 ways. Approx. 8 " x 34". $8.50 I I : ORDER FORM I CHRISTMAS DELIVERY - To ensure delivery before Christmas rush, order your Cottage I Cottage Gifts today. I YES, PLEASE RUSH THE FOLLOWING ITEMS: shop at its I PROPAGATING CADDY (Orange, clear, white). I Quantity Color Alternate Color ... at $15 each. $ ____ _ I . . . at $15 each. $ ______...... at$15 each. $, _____ HISTORICAL I (Each is shipped in its own box) HORTICULTURAL PRINTS RIVER FARM NOTE CARDS (12 cards & envelopes) . I Quantity _____ Boxes ...... at $2.50 each. $, _____ AHS POTTING APRON (Natural with Green Tree) . Quantity ...... at $9.50 each. $____ _ OUR GREEN TREE SCARF (Green with white) . Quantity _____ ...... at $8.50 each. $, _ ____ HORTICULTURAL PRINTS Quantity _____ ...... Print A $20 $, ______...... Print B $15 $, ______...... Print C $15 $, ______...... Print D $15 $, _ ____ ...... All Four Prints $60 $, _____ (Prints shipped in mailing tubes) Sub-total: $,----- PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY Postage: Add 10% From: of sub-total. All PtintC PtintD packages shipped I ------1st class insured I Name U. S. mail. $,----- Exquisite reproductions just for us Tax: Virginia from a special limited edition album I Street residents add 4% published jointly by the Hunt of sub-total. $----- I City State Zip Total Enclosed: Institute and the Swiss Rose $==== Society, of original works of 18th­ I Total Enclosed' $===== Century French botanical illustrator I Make checks payable to AHS-River Farm Cottage. Proceeds from River Farm Cottage are used Pierre-Joseph Redoute. They are for maintenance and improvement of River Farm headquarters of the American Horticultural life-Size, vertical, 15" x 20", with I SOciety. gold border and signature. I IMPORTANT - THIS IS YOUR RETURN MAIL LABEL Print A $20.00 Print C $15.00 I Shipping: (All items must be shipped to same ad­ Print B $15.00 Print D $15.00 dress. Print legibly. This will be your return mailing All four prints $60.00 I label.)

I The American Horticultural Society I Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121

I TO: If~1 I River Farm Cottage I Name American Horticultural Society Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121 I Street I City State Zip I I Introducing the Official 1976 American Horticultural Society Calendar

~ dt/~'~rnlt 9t:,A;'(f~"NF/ f4";'7J

Th e American Horti cultural Soci ety is proud and delighted to prese nt the 1976 Ca lendar of American Wildflowers des igned by arti st-naturali st Martha H. Cawley. Eac h month features one of twelve Ameri ca n w i Id­ fl owers from all across the nation. The California ORDER FORM ••••••••••••••••••••••• poppy, res ponsible for the phrase " Colden West. " : 0 YESI Pl ease se nd me ______co py( ies) of the 1976 • The Atamasco lily, " flower of the West Wind." Th e • Ca lend ar of Ameri ca n Wi ldflowers: Texas bluebonnet or lupine, whose name is deri ved • from the ancient beli ef that it desec rated croplands • Unit Price Quantity Cost as wolves prey on sheep. The New England aster, • • • 1-4 copies $4.95 whose roots I ndians once smoked to attract game ----~$---- • 5-9 copies 4.00 for hunting. 3.50 Accompanying eac h wildflower is a brief selection • 10-24 copies of poetry or prose from some of the world's greatest • 25-49 copies 3.25 writers - Wordsworth, Wh ittier, Th orea u and thei r • 50 or more copies 3.00 literary peers . In add ition, you receive a fascinating Total cost for ca lend ars===== biography of each flower-its scientific name, its Shipping & handling (see instructions) + _____ many common names, its preferred living conditions, Total amount enclosed $===== its distribution in North America, its season and little­ known facts and fables about it. Shipping and Handling Charges Pri.nted in full color on high-quality paper, this Pl ease add the following amounts to your ord er: 11 " x 17" wall calend ar makes an elegant yet practial 1-9 ca lendars: 60q: per ord er -10-49 ca lend ars: $1.20 per ord er year-round add ition to home or office. And you can - 50 or more ca lendars : $2.50 per order order your ca lendar now, in plenty of time for thought­ Name ______ful gift-giving or fund-raising projects. Add ress ______• Full-color reproductions • Accompanying prose from Wordsworth, Whittier, City ______State ______Z ip _____ Thorea u, among others Mail with check to. • Only $4.95 each (quantity discounts available) Th e America n Horti cultural Soc iety • A great fundraising idea for sc hools or clubs M ount Vernon, Virginia 22121 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• WRITERS WHY WAIT? PUBLISH YOUR BOOK IN 90 DAYS and get expe rt editing, des ign , manu­ CUSTOM DESIGN factu re, publi city, promoti on and advertising -all under one roof at low cos ts. Two free books and lite rature give details and suc­ cess stories. Write o r ca ll Oept.393 INSULATED Exposition Press, Inc., 900 So. Oyst~r Bay DOUBLE­ TH ER MAL Rd ., Hicksville, N.Y . 11801 (516) 822-5700 WALLED BAR RIER Give a friend GREENHOUSES a gift membership in the FROM JUST $499 American Horticultural DESIGNED TO SAVE YOU ENERGY Society, It's the first quality greenhouse totally designed to reduce th e heating and cool­ ing requirements by 50% o r more. For the economy-minded grower, it becomes th e least expensive greenhouse to own and operate that we know o f. There are many ot her details, features, 53 eac!h;, !.c~rScotch Pinee!, Norway,~4 11 • pOints about material and workmanship Spruce, Austrian Pine, Col- I'' • that makes this an outstanding value. No orado Blue Spruce, White foundations are re quired, and It'S designed Pine. for easy do-it-yourself assembly. Lean-to and free-standing models are available direct from factory only, giving ThesCANADIANe sturdy, well HEMLOCK rooted 3-yr . .'. you additional savings. seedlings are idea l for bac k· , ground or hedge in sun or . . shade. Trim to desired height. . Postpaid . No C.O.D. • • SEND FOR FREE COLOR CATALOGUE TODAY Write for FREE ILLUSTRATED CATALOG . '· • P.O. Box 2235, Dept. AH-IO Grand Central Station, New York, N.Y. 10017 ~'111J.1-11:1 BoxNo. 3 ' K .r.r;If.l'OF.-.~('''liD

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