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OOWEKYALA SEGMENTAL PHONOLOCY Darln MATHEW

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OOWEKYALA SEGMENTAL PHONOLOCY Darln MATHEW OOWEKYALA SEGMENTAL PHONOLOCY DARlN MATHEW HOWE B.A. (Hons.), University of Ottawa, 1994 M.A., University of Ottawa, 1 995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF CRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Linguistics) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 2000 O Darin Mathew Howe, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 305 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your Mu VohnlUmnw Our ri Notre ré18rence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothéque nationale du Canada de reproduce, Ioan, distribute or seîî reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts ikom it Ni 1a thèse ni des extraits substantie1s rnay be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent êeimprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract This dissertation treats the sound pattern of Oowekyala, a nearly extinct Wakashan language of British Columbia. Proposed analyses are set in Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993). Following an introduction to the language (its speakers, their location, adjacent languages, etc.) and to the adopted theory, the discussion focuses on three dimensions of Oowekyala phonology: intrasegmentai, intersegmental, and correspondence-related. The segment-interna1 (paradigrnatic) phonology results from the interaction between lexical faithfulness and context-free markedness constraints. This interaction is discussed with respect to the various features that cross-classify the segment inventory of Oowekyala. For instance, it is argued that laryngeals are [+sonorant], that affricates are [-continuant], that [+voice] and [+constricted glottis] occur as floating elements and that these floaters may cause lenition (insertion of [+sonorant]), and that gutturals (uvulars and laryngeals) are [-ATRI. Intersegmental (syntagmatic) patterns result from the interaction between lexical faithfulness and context-sensitive markedness constraints. Patterns discussed include: rounding of obstruents, degemination, spirantisation/deocclusivisation, continuancy dissimilation, voicing neutralisation, allophonic vowel lowering and resonant debuccalisation. Exceptional phonological patterns that cannot be explained through the interaction between input-output faithfulness constraints and markedness constraints are addressed last. It is proposed that these exceptional patterns reflect various correspondence relations (cf. McCarthy & Prince 1995, 1 999 on Correspondence Theory): base-reduplicant correspondence, output-to-output correspondence, and candidate-to-candidate correspondence. Table of contents .. Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... II ... Table of contents .......................................................................................................................III Acknowledgrnents ....................................................................................................................... v Key to sources cited ................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 . Language background ............................................................................................... 1 1. 1 -1 . Speakers and location ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 .2. Adjacent languages ............................................................................................. 3 1.1 .3. Previous documentation ...................................................................................... 7 1. 1 . 4. On "degenerate" syllables .................................................................................... 9 1.2. Theoretical background ............................................................................................ 18 1.2.1 . Optimality Theory .........................................................................................18 1 .2. 2. Correspondence Theory .................................................................................... 19 2 . lntrasegmental phonology ................................................................................................ 21 2.1 . Introduction: the segment inventory of Oowekyala ................................................... 21 2.2. Stricture features ...................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 . Major class features .......................................................................................... 22 2.2.2. Continuancy ...................................................................................................... 25 2.3. Laryngeal features ............................................................................................. 30 2.3.1. Laryngeal features in stops and affricates .........................................................30 2.3.2. Laryngeal features and fricatives ....................................................................... 41 2.3.3. Laryngeal contrasts in sonorants ....................................................................... 50 2.3.4. Laryngeal contrastç in vowels ........................................................................ 53 2.4. Articulatory features ................................................................................................. 56 2.4.1 . Introduction ...................................................................................................... 56 2.4.2. Lips .................................................................................................................. 56 2.4.3. Tongue Blade .................................................................................................... 60 2.4.4. Tongue Body .....................................................................................................64 2.4.5. Soft Palate .........................................................................................................70 2.4.6. Tongue Root ..................................................................................................... 71 2.5. lntrasegmental phonology: conclusion ..................................................................... 77 3 . Intersegmental phonology ................................................................................................ 80 3.1 . Introduction .............................................................................................................. 80 3.2. Rounding in consonants ..................................................................................... 80 3.2.1 . Neutralisation aRer /ut ..................................................................................... 81 3.2.2. Rounding assimilation between obstruents ....................................................... 89 3.3. Degemination ...........................................................................................................95 3.3.1 . Introduction .....................................................................................................95 3.3.2. OT analysis ........................................................................................................ 99 3.3.3. Rounding stability in degemination ............................................................. 100 3.4. Spirantisation/deocclusivisation ............................................................................. 104 3.4.1 . Introduction ................................................................................................. 104 3.4.2. OT analysis.................................................................................................. 108 3.4.3. Special cases of spirantisation ...................................................................... 111 3.4.4. Exceptions to spirantisation/deocclusivisation ................................................ 117 3.5. Coronal fricative dissimilation .................................................................................119 3.5.1 . Description..................................................................................................... 119 3.5.2. OT analysis................................................................................................ 124 3.5.3. Interaction with spirantisation ......................................................................... 125 3.6. Voicing neutralisation ............................................................................................. 129 3.6.1 . Description ..................................................................................................
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