DOCSLIB.ORG

The Land and Its People Mena.Pdf 3.71 MB

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Land and Its People Civil Society Voices Address the Crisis over Natural Resources in the Middle East/North Africa Housing and Land Rights Network Habitat International Coalition The Land and Its People: Civil Society Voices Address the Crisis over Natural Resources in the Middle East/North Africa Housing and Land Rights Network Habitat International Coalition Housing and Land Rights Network HABITAT INTERNATIONAL COALITION Coordination Office and Middle East/North Africa Program: 12 Tiba Street, Floor 2 • Muhandisin, Cairo EGYPT Tel./Fax: +20 (0)2 3478–6379 • E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Website: www.hlrn.org / www.hic-mena.org South Asian Regional Program: B–28, Nizamuddin East • Delhi 110013 INDIA Tel./ Fax: +91 (0)11 2435–8492 • E-mail: [email protected] Latin America Program (HIC-AL): Coalitión Internacional Habitat—México Huatusco No. 39 • Col. Roma Sur • 06760 México, D.F. MÉXICO Tel: +52 (0)55 12 15 86 • Fax: +52 (0)55 12 38 42 E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.hic-al.org Sub-Saharan Africa Program (SSAP): c/o Mazingira Institute P.O. Box 14550 • Nairobi KENYA Tel: 254 (0)2 443–226/443–229/443–219 • Fax: +254 (0)2 444–643 E-mail: [email protected] • Website: www.mazinst.org UN Liaison Office: 8, rue Gustave Moynier • 1202 Geneva SWITZERLAND Tel./Fax: +41 (0)22 738–8167 • E-mail: [email protected] The Land and Its People: Civil Society Voices Address the Crisis over Natural Resources in the Middle East/North Africa Copyright © 2015 Housing and Land Rights Network Made possible with support from: 2 Contents Welcome ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Land in the Middle East/ North Africa ................................................................................................. 7 A Regional Perspective of the Land, Joseph Schechla and Rabie Wahba ...................................................... 9 In the Long Shadow of Ottoman Land Administration, Jamal Talab al-Amleh and Joseph Schechla ........ 15 Toward Land Governance in the Middle East/North Africa Region, Willi Zimmerman .............................. 29 Water Security in the Arab Region, Aziz Latrash .......................................................................................... 45 2. Tenure Rights ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Displacement by Force of Law: Security of Tenure and Legal Lacunae in Egypt, Muhammad Abd al-Azim al-Bahay ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Occupied Palestinian Small Farmers’ Rights to Property and Development, Ali Kadri ............................... 65 Challenges of Agricultural Cooperatives and Food Security in Egypt, Ahmed Mansour Ismail ................. 75 Real Property Rights in Libya, Mass`oud al-Karāti ....................................................................................... 81 Agrarian Reform and Its Undoing, Hasanain Kishk ...................................................................................... 87 3. Gender ................................................................................................................................................ 97 Exclusion of Women from Land and Housing: The Case of Inheritance, Saïda Garrach ............................ 99 Women’s Collective Land Rights: Laws, Customs and Violations in the Kingdom of Morocco, Raja’ al- Kassāb .......................................................................................................................................................... 103 4. Right to the City ................................................................................................................................ 107 The Arab World and Problems of Urban Growth: Toward a Regional Charter for the Right to the City, Baher Shawky .............................................................................................................................................. 109 Toward Comprehensive Interventions in Informal Settlements in Cairo, Ahmed Sedky ......................... 118 Informal Self-determination: Batn al-Baqara, Cairo, HIC-HLRN ................................................................. 126 The Right to the City: Cairo, Joseph Schechla ............................................................................................. 131 Imagining the Right to the City ine Jerusalem, Joseph Schechla ............................................................... 143 5. Corruption ......................................................................................................................................... 153 Land Dimensions of Corruption and Embezzlement in Tunisia, Ahmed Mansour Ismail ........................ 155 A Stolen Land: The Deepening Political, Security and Legitimacy Crisis in Bahrain, Akeela Ali and Joseph Schechla ....................................................................................................................................................... 161 6. Indigenous Peoples ........................................................................................................................... 165 Communal Land Rights, Identities and Conflicts in Sudan: The Nuba Question, Guma Kunda Komey ... 167 Nubian Land Rights, Manal Tibe ................................................................................................................. 179 Contours of the Land Question in Kurdistan, Sheruan Hassan and HIC-HLRN.......................................... 189 Syrian Kurds under Systematic Housing and Land Rights Violations, Sheruan Hassan and HIC-HLRN .... 199 The Forgotten Occupation: `Arab al-Aḥwāz, Adil al-Swidi and HIC-HLRN ................................................. 205 3 Amazigh People’s Rights to Their Land and Natural Resources/Azref g Wakal nnegh, various authors . 215 7. Conflict, Occupation and War .......................................................................................................... 221 The Nexus of Discrimination and Dispossession: Land and Lawfare, Joseph Schehcla............................. 223 Western Sahara: Denial of Self-determination and Human Rights, Malainin Lakhal and Mohamed Amroun ........................................................................................................................................................ 235 Cyprus Property Claims and Judgments, Joseph Schechla ......................................................................... 243 Reconstruction: The Next Struggle in Syria, HIC-HLRN .............................................................................. 251 8. Globalization ..................................................................................................................................... 257 International Investment Law and the [Human Right to] Land, Kinda Mohamedia ................................. 259 Privatizing the Land in Turkey, Cihan Uzunçarşılı Baysal and HIC-HLRN .................................................. 265 The Right to Water: International and Regional Agreements on the Tigris and Euphrates, Hazim al- Luhebe and Abbas Hasan Rahi al-Shamri ................................................................................................... 279 9. Land and Revolution ......................................................................................................................... 285 Lands of the Arab Spring, Joseph Schechla ................................................................................................. 287 Land and Transitional Justice in Yemen, HIC-HLRN .................................................................................... 293 10. Land in Constitution and Policy Reform .......................................................................................... 297 Operationalizing Food Sovereignty in the Egyptian Constitution, Basheer Saqr and Emily Mattheisen . 299 Land and Natural Resource Rights in the Constitutions of Transitional Countries: Examples for Arab Reformers, Joseph Schechla ........................................................................................................................ 305 A Constitutional Approach to Urban Egypt, Cairo Coalition ...................................................................... 319 Afterword ................................................................................................................................................. 327 Contributors ............................................................................................................................................. 329 4 Welcome The Housing and Land Rights Network of Habitat International Coalition (HIC-HLRN) warmly welcomes you to the Middle East/North Africa Land Forum. As a reader of this volume, you are joining a process that HIC-HLRN initiated in 2009 with the objective of developing further the knowledge and capacities of the region’s civil society actors as needed to advance both the research and advocacy agendas on human rights dimensions of land and natural resources. The volume under your eyes represents much of the cumulative output of the first four annual Land Forums since 2009. This volume also represents the completion of a critical diagnostic stage in the MENA region’s civil
Recommended publications
  • Strasbourg, 3 September 2003 MIN-LANG/PR (2003) 7 Initial Periodical Report Presented to the Secretary General of the Council Of

    Strasbourg, 3 September 2003 MIN-LANG/PR (2003) 7 Initial Periodical Report Presented to the Secretary General of the Council Of

    Strasbourg, 3 September 2003 MIN-LANG/PR (2003) 7 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Initial Periodical Report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter ARMENIA The First Report of the Republic of Armenia According to Paragraph 1 of Article 15 of European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages June 2003, Yerevan 2 INTRODUCTION The Republic of Armenia signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages on May 11, 2001. In respect of Armenia the Charter has come into force since May 1, 2002. The RA introduces the following report according to Paragraph 1 of Article 15 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. This report has been elaborated and developed by the State Language Board at the Ministry of Education and Science based on the information submitted by the relevant ministries NGOs and administrative offices, taking into consideration the remarks and suggestions made by them and all parties interested, while discussing the following report. PART I Historical Outline Being one of the oldest countries in the world, for the first time in its new history Armenia regained its independence on May 28, 1918. The first Republic existed till November 29, 1920, when Armenia after forced sovetalization joined the Soviet Union, becoming on of the 15 republics. As a result of referendum the Republic of Armenia revived its independence on September 21, 1991. Armenia covers an area of 29,8 thousand km2, the population is nearly 32000001. Armenia borders on Iran, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turkey.
  • 45 the RESURRECTION of SYRIAN KURDISH POLITICS by Ro

    45 the RESURRECTION of SYRIAN KURDISH POLITICS by Ro

    THE RESURRECTION OF SYRIAN KURDISH POLITICS By Rodi Hevian* This article examines the current political landscape of the Kurdish region in Syria, the role the Kurds have played in the ongoing Syrian civil war, and intra-Kurdish relations. For many years, the Kurds in Syria were Iraqi Kurdistan to Afrin in the northwest on subjected to discrimination at the hands of the the Turkish border. This article examines the Ba’th regime and were stripped of their basic current political landscape of the Kurdish rights.1 During the 1960s and 1970s, some region in Syria, the role the Kurds have played Syrian Kurds were deprived of citizenship, in the ongoing conflict, and intra-Kurdish leaving them with no legal status in the relations. country.2 Although Syria was a key player in the modern Kurdish struggle against Turkey and Iraq, its policies toward the Kurds there THE KURDS IN SYRIA were in many cases worse than those in the neighboring countries. On the one hand, the It is estimated that there are some 3 million Asad regime provided safe haven for the Kurds in Syria, constituting 13 percent of Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and the Syria’s 23 million inhabitants. They mostly Kurdish movements in Iraq fighting Saddam’s occupy the northern part of the country, a regime. On the other hand, it cracked down on region that borders with Iraqi Kurdistan to the its own Kurds in the northern part of the east and Turkey to the north and west. There country. Kurdish parties, Kurdish language, are also some major districts in Aleppo and Kurdish culture and Kurdish names were Damascus that are populated by the Kurds.
  • World's Major Rivers

    World's Major Rivers

    WWWWWWoorrlldd’’ss mmaajjoorr rriivveerrss AAnn IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall wwwwwwaatteerr llaawwwwww wwwwwwiitthh ccaassee ssttuuddiieess THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK WWWWWWoorrlldd’’ss mmaajjoorr rriivveerrss An introduction to international water law with case studies Colorado River Commission of Nevada 555 E. Washington Avenue, Suite 3100 Las Vegas, Nevada 89101 Phone: (702) 486-2670 Website: http://crc.nv.gov November 2008 Jacob (Jay) D. Bingham, Chairman Ace I. Robinson, Vice Chairman Andrea Anderson, Commissioner Marybel Batjer, Commissioner Chip Maxfield, Commissioner George F. Ogilvie III, Commissioner Lois Tarkanian, Commissioner George M. Caan, Executive Director Primary Author: Daniel Seligman, Attorney at Law Columbia Research Corp. P.O. Box 99249 Seattle, Washington 98139 (206) 285-1185 Project Editors: McClain Peterson, Project Manager Manager, Natural Resource Division Colorado River Commission of Nevada Sara Price Special Counsel-Consultant Colorado River Commission of Nevada Esther Valle Natural Resource Analyst Colorado River Commission of Nevada Nicole Everett Natural Resource Analyst Colorado River Commission of Nevada THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK World’s Major Rivers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Daniel Seligman at the Columbia Research Corp. wishes to thank Jacqueline Pruner, attorney at law in Seattle, for her contribution to the section on water law in Canada and her valuable editing assistance throughout the entire document. The staff at the Murray-Darling Basin Commission and Goulburn-Murray Water in Australia provided important information about the Murray-Darling River system, patiently answered the author’s questions, and reviewed the draft text on water trading. Staff at the International Joint Commission in Washington, D.C., and the Prairie Provinces Water Board in Regina, Canada, also offered helpful comments on an earlier draft.
  • Greening the Agriculture System: Morocco's Political Failure In

    Greening the Agriculture System: Morocco's Political Failure In

    Greening the Agriculture System: Morocco’s Political Failure in Building a Sustainable Model for Development By Jihane Benamar Mentored by Dr. Harry Verhoeven A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Honors in International Politics, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Spring 2018. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 2 • THE MOROCCAN PUZZLE .................................................................................................... 5 • WHY IS AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IMPORTANT FOR MOROCCO? .............................. 7 • WHY THE PLAN MAROC VERT? .......................................................................................... 8 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 13 • A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR “DEVELOPMENT”....................................................... 14 • ROSTOW, STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS (SAPS) & THE OLD DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE ......................................................................................................................... 19 • THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPMENT .............................................................. 24 • SUSTAINABILITY AND THE DISCOURSE ON DEVELOPMENT & AGRICULTURE ................
  • Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 414 September 2019

    Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 414 September 2019

    INSTITUT KURDDE PARIS E Information and liaison bulletin N° 414 SEPTEMBER 2019 The publication of this Bulletin enjoys a subsidy from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Ministry of Culture This bulletin is issued in French and English Price per issue : France: 6 € — Abroad : 7,5 € Annual subscribtion (12 issues) France : 60 € — Elsewhere : 75 € Monthly review Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tel. : 01-48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01-48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: bulletin@fikp.org Information and liaison bulletin Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 414 September 2019 • TURKEY: DESPITE SOME ACQUITTALS, STILL MASS CONVICTIONS.... • TURKEY: MANY DEMONSTRATIONS AFTER FURTHER DISMISSALS OF HDP MAYORS • ROJAVA: TURKEY CONTINUES ITS THREATS • IRAQ: A CONSTITUTION FOR THE KURDISTAN REGION? • IRAN: HIGHLY CONTESTED, THE REGIME IS AGAIN STEPPING UP ITS REPRESSION TURKEY: DESPITE SOME ACQUITTALS, STILL MASS CONVICTIONS.... he Turkish govern- economist. The vice-president of ten points lower than the previ- ment is increasingly the CHP, Aykut Erdoğdu, ous year, with the disagreement embarrassed by the recalled that the Istanbul rate rising from 38 to 48%. On economic situation. Chamber of Commerce had esti- 16, TurkStat published unem- T The TurkStat Statistical mated annual inflation at ployment figures for June: 13%, Institute reported on 2 22.55%. The figure of the trade up 2.8%, or 4,253,000 unem- September that production in the union Türk-İş is almost identical. ployed. For young people aged previous quarter fell by 1.5% HDP MP Garo Paylan ironically 15 to 24, it is 24.8%, an increase compared to the same period in said: “Mr.
  • Non-State Nations in International Relations: the Kurdish Question Revisited

    Non-State Nations in International Relations: the Kurdish Question Revisited

    2018 Non-State Nations in International Relations: The Kurdish Question Revisited RESEARCH MASTERS WITH TRAINING – THESIS SUBMISSION JESS WIKNER 1 Statement of Declaration: I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. 2 Abstract This thesis explores the fundamental research puzzle of why non-state nations struggle to achieve independent sovereign statehood through secession. It explores why non-state nations like the Kurds desire sovereign statehood, and why they fail to achieve it. This thesis argues two main points. Firstly, non-state nations such as the Kurds seek sovereign statehood because of two main reasons: the essence of nationhood and national self-determination is sovereign statehood; and that non-state nations are usually treated unfairly and unjustly by their host state and thus develop a strong moral case for secession and sovereign statehood. Secondly, non-state nations like the Kurds fail to achieve sovereign statehood mainly because of key endogenous and exogenous factors. The endogenous factors comprise internal divisions which result in failure to achieve a unified secessionist challenge, due to differences in factions which result in divergent objectives and perspectives, and the high chances of regime co-optation of dissident factions. Exogenous factors include the international normative regime which is unsupportive of secession, hence non-state nations like the Kurds do not receive support from the UN and other global bodies in their quest for sovereign statehood; and that non-state nations also seldom receive the backing from Major Powers, both democratic and non-democratic, in their efforts to secede from their host state and set up their own sovereign state.
  • Network Map of Knowledge And

    Network Map of Knowledge And

    Humphry Davy George Grosz Patrick Galvin August Wilhelm von Hofmann Mervyn Gotsman Peter Blake Willa Cather Norman Vincent Peale Hans Holbein the Elder David Bomberg Hans Lewy Mark Ryden Juan Gris Ian Stevenson Charles Coleman (English painter) Mauritz de Haas David Drake Donald E. Westlake John Morton Blum Yehuda Amichai Stephen Smale Bernd and Hilla Becher Vitsentzos Kornaros Maxfield Parrish L. Sprague de Camp Derek Jarman Baron Carl von Rokitansky John LaFarge Richard Francis Burton Jamie Hewlett George Sterling Sergei Winogradsky Federico Halbherr Jean-Léon Gérôme William M. Bass Roy Lichtenstein Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael Tony Cliff Julia Margaret Cameron Arnold Sommerfeld Adrian Willaert Olga Arsenievna Oleinik LeMoine Fitzgerald Christian Krohg Wilfred Thesiger Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant Eva Hesse `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas Him Mark Lai Clark Ashton Smith Clint Eastwood Therkel Mathiassen Bettie Page Frank DuMond Peter Whittle Salvador Espriu Gaetano Fichera William Cubley Jean Tinguely Amado Nervo Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Ferdinand Hodler Françoise Sagan Dave Meltzer Anton Julius Carlson Bela Cikoš Sesija John Cleese Kan Nyunt Charlotte Lamb Benjamin Silliman Howard Hendricks Jim Russell (cartoonist) Kate Chopin Gary Becker Harvey Kurtzman Michel Tapié John C. Maxwell Stan Pitt Henry Lawson Gustave Boulanger Wayne Shorter Irshad Kamil Joseph Greenberg Dungeons & Dragons Serbian epic poetry Adrian Ludwig Richter Eliseu Visconti Albert Maignan Syed Nazeer Husain Hakushu Kitahara Lim Cheng Hoe David Brin Bernard Ogilvie Dodge Star Wars Karel Capek Hudson River School Alfred Hitchcock Vladimir Colin Robert Kroetsch Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Stephen Sondheim Robert Ludlum Frank Frazetta Walter Tevis Sax Rohmer Rafael Sabatini Ralph Nader Manon Gropius Aristide Maillol Ed Roth Jonathan Dordick Abdur Razzaq (Professor) John W.
  • Looking Into Iraq

    Looking Into Iraq

    Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch cc79-cover.qxp 28/07/2005 15:27 Page 2 Chaillot Paper Chaillot n° 79 In January 2002 the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) beca- Looking into Iraq me an autonomous Paris-based agency of the European Union. Following an EU Council Joint Action of 20 July 2001, it is now an integral part of the new structures that will support the further development of the CFSP/ESDP. The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and recommendations that can be of use and relevance to the formulation of the European security and defence policy. In carrying out that mission, it also acts as an interface between European experts and decision-makers at all levels. Chaillot Papers are monographs on topical questions written either by a member of the ISS research team or by outside authors chosen and commissioned by the Institute. Early drafts are normally discussed at a semi- nar or study group of experts convened by the Institute and publication indicates that the paper is considered Edited by Walter Posch Edited by Walter by the ISS as a useful and authoritative contribution to the debate on CFSP/ESDP. Responsibility for the views expressed in them lies exclusively with authors. Chaillot Papers are also accessible via the Institute’s Website: www.iss-eu.org cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 1 Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch Institute for Security Studies European Union Paris cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 2 Institute for Security Studies European Union 43 avenue du Président Wilson 75775 Paris cedex 16 tel.: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 30 fax: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 31 e-mail: [email protected] www.iss-eu.org Director: Nicole Gnesotto © EU Institute for Security Studies 2005.
  • Lament of Ahmad Khani: a Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan

    Lament of Ahmad Khani: a Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan

    Lament of Ahmad Khani: A Study of the Historical Struggle of the Kurds for an Independent Kurdistan Erik Novak Department of Political Science Villanova University The Kurdish poet Sheikmous Hasan, better known as Cigerxwin, wrote these words as part of his much larger work, Who Am I? while living in exile in Sweden. “I am the proud Kurd, the enemies’ enemy, the friend of peace-loving ones. I am of noble race, not wild as they claim. My mighty ancestors were free people. Like them I want to be free and that is why I fight, for the enemy won’t leave in peace and I don’t want to be forever oppressed.”1 Although Hasan, who died in 1984, was a modern voice for Kurdish nationalism, he is merely one of a chorus of Kurds reaching back centuries crying out for a free and independent Kurdish state, unofficially named Kurdistan. Although the concept of nationalism is common today, the cries of the Kurds for their own state reach back centuries, the first written example coming from the Kurdish poet Ahmad Khani in his national epic Mem-o-Zin in 1695. Mem-o-Zin actually predates the French Revolution of 1789, which is often thought to be the true beginning of the concept of a national state. Despite having conceived of nationalism for the Kurds nearly a century ahead of France and the rest of Western Europe, the Kurds lack a state of their own. What are the origins of Kurdish nationalist thought and how has it evolved over the years? To answer this question, we will track the evolution of Kurdish nationalist thought from its origins during the Ottoman Empire, 1 through World War I and up to the present by looking at the three successor states of the Ottoman Empire that contain the largest Kurdish populations: Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
  • To Appear in Kurdish Studies Language

    To Appear in Kurdish Studies Language

    To appear in Kurdish Studies Language attitudes and religion: Kurdish Alevis in the UK Birgul Yilmaz1 2 Abstract In this article I report on results of a Matched Guise Tests (MGT) study investigating attitudes towards Bohtan (BHKr) and Maraş Kurmanji (MRKr) spoken among the UK diaspora. I focus on BHKr, which I use to refer to the Kurmanji that is identified as “good Kurmanji”, also referred to as “academic”/ “proper”, and MRKr to refer to the Kurmanji that is referred to as “bad Kurmanji” by Kurmanji speakers in the UK (Yilmaz, 2018). The MGT, and questions pertaining to perceptual dialectology such as respondents’ perceptions of region, religion, gender and class in this study, show that attitudes towards what is perceived as BHKr and MRKr differ significantly. By concentrating on language attitudes towards Kurmanji which have never been studied in the UK context before, this paper investigates negative and positive evaluations of both BHKr and MRKr in relation to religious affiliation. Keywords Language attitudes, religion, matched guise tests, Kurdish-Kurmanji, Alevis 1 Birgul Yilmaz is a British Academy Postdoctoral Researcher at UCL Institute of Education in London Centre for Applied Linguistics | 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL Email: [email protected] 2 I wish to thank Michael Chyet, Ruth Kircher, Jeff Izzard and the reviewers of this special issue for their feedback on earlier versions and thoughtful suggestions. 1 Introduction Sociolinguistic studies have dealt with social factors such as social status, gender and age (Labov, 1966), and the ways in which these are intertwined with change and variation (Eckert 2012).
  • Egypt and Nubia

    Egypt and Nubia

    9 Egypt and Nubia Robert Morkot THE, EGYPTIAN E,MPIRE,IN NUBIA IN THE LATE, BRONZE AGE (t.1550-l 070B CE) Introdu,ct'ion:sef-def,nit'ion an,d. the ,irnperi.ol con.cept in Egypt There can be litde doubt rhat the Egyptian pharaohs and the elite of the New I(ngdom viewed themselvesas rulers of an empire. This universal rule is clearly expressedin royal imagerv and terminology (Grimal f986). The pharaoh is styied asthe "Ruler of all that sun encircles" and from the mid-f 8th Dynasry the tides "I(ing of kings" and "Ruler of the rulers," with the variants "Lion" or "Sun of the Rulers," emphasizepharaoh's preeminence among other monarchs.The imagery of krngship is of the all-conquering heroic ruler subjecting a1lforeign lands.The lcingin human form smiteshis enemies.Or, asthe celestialconqueror in the form of the sphinx, he tramples them under foot. In the reigns of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten this imagery was exrended to the king's wife who became the conqueror of the female enemies of Egypt, appearing like her husbandin both human and sphinx forms (Morkot 1986). The appropriateter- minology also appeared; Queen Tiye became "Mistress of all women" and "Great of terror in the foreign lands." Empire, for the Egyptians,equals force - "all lands are under his feet." This metaphor is graphically expressedin the royal footstools and painted paths decorated \Mith images of bound foreign rulers, crushed by pharaoh as he walked or sar. This imagery and terminologv indicates that the Egyptian attirude to their empire was universally applied irrespective of the peoples or countries.
  • Greater Ouarzazate, a 21St-Century Oasis City : Historical Benchmarks and International Visibility

    Greater Ouarzazate, a 21St-Century Oasis City : Historical Benchmarks and International Visibility

    GREATER OUARZAZATE, A 21ST-CENTURY OASIS CITY : HISTORICAL BENCHMARKS AND INTERNATIONAL VISIBILITY CONTEXT DOCUMENT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP OF URBAN PLANNING OUARZAZATE - MOROCCO - 3RD - 16TH NOVEMBER 2018 CONTENTS 1. Contextual Framework . .7 1. Presentation of Morocco: population, climate, diversity ........................ 7 1.1. General description of Morocco �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 1.2. Toponymy �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 1.3. Geography of Morocco ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 1.4. Plains . .8 1.5. Coatline . .8 1.6. Climate in Morocco ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 1.7. Morocco’s hydrography . .9 2. Territorial organization in Morocco ........................................ 10 3. Morocco’s international positioning ........................................ 11 4. Physical and environnemental setting, and geographic location ................. 12 4.1. Geographic location of the workshop’s perimeter . .12 4.2. Physical data of the Great Ouarzazate: �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 5. Histroy of the given territoiry ............................................. 14 6. Political and