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Protestant Explorations of Catholic Spirituality in Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne Amy Oatis University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Protestant Explorations of Catholic Spirituality in Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne Amy Oatis University of Arkansas, Fayetteville University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 "The Best Soil of Their eH arts": Protestant Explorations of Catholic Spirituality in Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne Amy Oatis University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the American Literature Commons, and the Catholic Studies Commons Recommended Citation Oatis, Amy, ""The Best Soil of Their eH arts": Protestant Explorations of Catholic Spirituality in Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 1830. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1830 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. “The Best Soil of Their Hearts”: Protestant Explorations of Catholic Spirituality in Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Amy Oatis University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies, 1991 Emory University Master of Arts in History, 1996 December 2016 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. _________________________________ Dr. Charles Adams Dissertation Director _________________________________ _________________________________ Dr. Sidney Burris Dr. Benjamin Fagan Committee Member Committee Member Abstract This dissertation examines the works of James Fenimore Cooper, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, focusing upon their explorations of Roman Catholic spirituality, as reflected in their poetry, prose, and personal writings. Despite the anti-Romanism prevalent in nineteenth-century American political and religious culture, these authors engaged deeply with Catholic sacramentality, discovering an appeal in the Catholic faith tradition that provided possible answers to questions about spirituality in an increasingly pluralistic democratic society. The first chapter explores the aesthetic appeal of Roman Catholic sacramentals that attracted the attention of Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne. The second chapter connects Catholic sacramentality to the American landscape, examining how these authors infused settings with a Catholic understanding of nature. The third chapter examines how these writers created ageric saints suited to the unique conditions of the American landscape in their works. The fourth chapter considers the connections between the consecrated life of ageric saints and its compatibility with nineteenth-century American understandings of civic virtue and republicanism. Despite many ongoing cultural conflicts, Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne served through their creative works as mediators of the conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism in nineteenth-century America, and their writings allow a better understanding of how Catholicism could be part of the identity that Jacksonian-era Americans were trying to create. ©2016 by Amy Oatis All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Department of English at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville for supporting me in my return to the classroom; I have gained valuable knowledge and friendships from my studies. I am grateful in particular to the members of my committee for their challenging questions and valuable advice as I worked on this project, and for their patience with me when I retreated into my own world to research and write. Dr. Charles Adams is a tremendous role model, professionally and personally, and I am very fortunate to have had this opportunity to work with him. Leigh Pryor Sparks made the navigation of paperwork much less intimidating, and I appreciate her kind helpfulness. I am grateful to my friends, colleagues, and students at the University of the Ozarks for supporting and inspiring me throughout my graduate study at the University of Arkansas. The librarians at the University of the Ozarks, Stuart Stelzer and Doug Denné, have been tremendously helpful, finding sources, making suggestions, and tolerating my overdue books with patience. Michelle Gibeault, the English Subject Specialist at the University of Arkansas, similarly has been very helpful. The monks at Subiaco Abbey have, through their prayers and friendship, sustained me throughout this project, as have my friends and family, who are, to my great fortune, too numerous to name here. My heart is filled with gratitude for everyone who has helped me along the way. Dedication For my family, with gratitude for their unflinching support: Mom and Dad, Patrick, Eric, Steve, and Lilly and in memory of Father David Bellinghausen, O. S. B., who had faith in this project. Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 89 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 140 Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 193 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 263 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................ 281 1 “The Best Soil of Their Hearts”: Protestant Explorations of Catholic Spirituality in Cooper, Longfellow, and Hawthorne Introduction In his French and Italian Notebooks, Nathaniel Hawthorne reveals that he spent quite a bit of time—more, it seems, than the typical tourist—in Catholic churches. In addition to seeing the paintings of Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel and other famous works in old churches and cathedrals, Hawthorne, like so many other visitors, was frequently drawn away from the frescoes and statues to the actions of the faithful, those whose visits were of a more spiritual, more familiar, and more comfortable nature. On October 10th, 1858, Hawthorne was moved by the sight of one particular family: I saw a father entering with two little bits of boys, just big enough to toddle along, holding his hand on either side. The father dipt [sic] his fingers into the marble font of holy water (which, on its pedestals, was two or three times as high as those small Christians) and wet a hand of each, and taught them how to cross themselves. When they come to be men, it will be impossible to convince those children that there is no efficacy in holy water, without plucking up all religious faith and sentiment by the roots. Generally, I suspect, when people throw off the faith they were born in, the best soil of their hearts is apt to cling to its roots. (Centenary 14:460; French Italian Notebooks, 10 Oct. 1858) One might expect an American tourist to regard this ritual of dipping one’s fingers in water and making a sign of faith with the droplets on one’s fingers as superstitious, something of which churches in the “new” world were largely “purified.” However, in the holy water, Hawthorne found some spiritual resonance so strong that, regardless of what these boys were to experience in their lives, he was confident that the sacramental holy water would remain with them as a powerful reminder of faith. Further, in this moment, Hawthorne was possibly getting closer to understanding his own fascination with the rites and rituals of Catholic worship, despite his own Protestant beliefs, perhaps illuminating in this moment his earlier observation that “[i]t is for 2 Protestants to inquire whether some of these inestimable advantages are not compatible with a purified faith, and do not indeed belong to Christianity” (Centenary 14:195; French Italian Notebooks, 1 May 1858). Hawthorne, in other words, was open to an exploration of Catholicism as the faith that he and his Protestant ancestors and countrymen had thrown off, due to the possibility that “the best soil of their hearts” could indeed have clung to its roots. This study will demonstrate that Hawthorne, like his contemporaries James Fenimore Cooper and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, experienced such encounters with sacramental essence of Catholicism despite the anti-Romanism of their own American society, and thus it will offer a new way of analyzing their engagement of Catholic characters, settings, and themes in their works. While it might seem unusual to focus on the works of three non-Catholics as a window into explorations of Catholic spirituality, I argue that this focus both complements extant scholarship and offers new ways of understanding the seeming incompatibility between Catholicism and American republican ideals, demonstrating that even for writers who did not adhere to Catholicism, the Catholic faith tradition offered an appeal and possible answers to questions about spirituality in an increasingly democratic and pluralistic society. Most serious students of American history and literature in
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