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I EastAndWestInTheRomanEmpireOfTheFourthCentury i  EastandWestintheRomanEmpireoftheFourthCentury RoaldDijkstraetal.,2015 | doi10.1163/9789004291935_001 © -This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution .Noncommercial3.0Unported(CC-BY-NC3.0)License  ii Radboud Studies in Humanities Series Editor (SophieLevie(RadboudUniversity Editorial Board (PaulBakker(RadboudUniversity (AndréLardinois(RadboudUniversity (DanielaMüller(RadboudUniversity (GlennMost(ScuolaNormaleSuperiore,Pisa (PeterRaedts(RadboudUniversity (JohanTollebeek(KULeuven (MarcSlors(RadboudUniversity (ClaudiaSwan(NorthwesternUniversityEvanston VOLUME5 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/rsh iii East and West in the Roman Empire of the Fourth Century An End to Unity? Edited by RoaldDijkstra SannevanPoppel DaniëlleSlootjes LEIDEN|BOSTON  iv -ThisisanopenaccesstitledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution -Noncommercial3.0Unported(CC-BY-NC3.0)License,whichpermitsanynon-commer (cialuse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthor(s .andsourcearecredited .Coverillustration:DetailoftheTabula Peutingeriana.Coverdesign:SophieDijkstra LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100characterscovering .Latin,ipa,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitableforuseinthehumanities .Formoreinformation,pleaseseewww.brill.com/brill-typeface issn2213-9729 (isbn978-90-04-29192-8(hardback (isbn978-90-04-29193-5(e-book .Copyright2015bytheEditorsandAuthors .ThisworkispublishedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillHes&DeGraaf,BrillNijhoff,BrillRodopiand HoteiPublishing.KoninklijkeBrillNVreservestherighttoprotectthepublicationagainstunauthorized ,useandtoauthorizedisseminationbymeansofoffprints,legitimatephotocopies,microformeditions reprints,translations,andsecondaryinformationsources,suchasabstractingandindexingservices includingdatabases.Requestsforcommercialre-use,useofpartsofthepublication,and/ortranslations .mustbeaddressedtoKoninklijkeBrillNV .Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper ContentsContents v Contents List of Maps and Figures vii List of Contributors viiix Introduction 1 Roald Dijkstra, Sanne van Poppel and Daniëlle Slootjes Part 1 Geo-political Developments 1 Les discours de l’unité romaine au quatrième siècle 9 Hervé Inglebert 2 Measuring the Power of the Roman Empire 26 David Potter 3 Mapping the New Empire: A Geographical Look at the Fourth Century 49 Giusto Traina 4 Die Synode von Serdika 343: Das Scheitern eines ökumenischen Konzils und seine Folgen für die Einheit der Reichskirche 63 Josef Rist 5 The divisio regni of 364: The End of Unity? 82 Jan Willem Drijvers PART 2 Unity in the Fourth Century: Four Case Studies 6 Concordia Apostolorum – Concordia Augustorum. Building a Corporate Image for the Theodosian Dynasty 99 Gitte Lønstrup Dal Santo 7 Looking at Athletics in the Fourth Century: The Unification of the Spectacle Landscape in East and West 121 Sofie Remijsen vi Contents 8 Eunuchs in the East, Men in the West? Dis/unity, Gender and Orientalism in the Fourth Century 147 Shaun Tougher 9 Kaiser, Rom und Reich bei Prudentius 164 Christian Gnilka Index 181 183 Contents Contents v Contents v ListofMapandFigures vii ListofMapandFigures vii Maps vii Figures vii ListofContributors viii ListofContributors viii Introduction 1 Introduction 1 TheConceptofUnityandGeopoliticalDevelopments 2 UnityinTheFourthCentury:FourCase-studies  4 part1 7 Geo-politicalDevelopments 7 7 ∵ Chapter1 9 Lesdiscoursdel’unitéromaineauquartième siècle 9 HervéInglebert 9 I Lesévolutionsdestroisième-quatrièmesiècles 10 II Lesdiscoursunificateurs 17 Conclusion 23 Chapter2 26 MeasuringthePoweroftheRomanEmpire 26 DavidPotter 26 Chapter3 49 MappingtheNewEmpire :AGeographicalLookattheFourthCentury 49 GiustoTraina 49 Chapter4 63 DieSynodevonSerdika343:DasScheiterneinesökumenischenKonzilsundseineFolgenfürdieEinheitderReichskirche 63 JosefRist 63 DieAusgangslage 65 DerVerlaufderBeratungen 70 DieUrsachenderSpaltung 73 Schlussfolgerung 78 Chapter5 82 Thedivisio regniof364:TheEndofUnity? 82 JanWillemDrijvers 82 Introduction 82 ThePartitionofEmpirein364 86 Valentinian’sChoiceoftheWest 90 Duae curaeandconcordia 92 ConcludingRemarks 94 part2 97 UnityintheFourthCentury:FourCaseStudies 97 97 ∵ Chapter6 99 BuildingaCorporateImagefortheTheodosianDynasty 99 GitteLønstrupdalSanto 99 TheEarliestConstantinopolitanCultofPeterandPaul 100 RomeandRomanitas–DamasusandConcordia–PeterandPaul 102 TheodosianPatronageatRomeandRavenna 105 TheChurchofStsPeterandPaulintheTriconchatConstantinople 109 ConcludingRemarks 115 Chapter7 121 LookingatAthleticsintheFourthCentury:TheUnificationoftheSpectacleLandscapeinEastandWest 121 SofieRemijsen 121 GamesandtheRomanEmpire 121 AMeetingwithaThird-CenturyAthlete 125 WatchingAthleticContestsintheFourthCentury 130 LookingatAthletesintheFourthCentury 136 ARomanizationofGames? 139 Chapter8 147 EunuchsintheEast,MenintheWest?Dis/unity,GenderandOrientalismintheFourthCentury 147 ShaunTougher 147 Introduction 147 ClaudianandEutropius 148 ClaudianandRomanOrientalism 155 CourtEunuchsbefore395 157 CourtEunuchsafter399 159 Conclusion 161 Chapter9 164 Kaiser,RomundReichbeiPrudentius 164 ChristianGnilka 164 164 .1 164 .2 165 .3 166 .4 167 .5 168 .6 169 .7 171 .8 172 .9 173 .10 174 .11 175 .12 176 .13 177 .14 Index 181 Index 181 ListOfMapsList ofAnd MapsFigures and Figures vii List of Maps and Figures Maps Unproblèmestratégique :laguerresurtroisfrontsVers270,lafragmentationde 1.1 l’Empireestunesolutionpolitique 14 Un problème stratégique : la guerre sur trois fronts.Vers 340, les préfectures 1.2 régionalesduPrétoiresontunesolutionadministrative 15 -MapofConstantinopleshowingtheintersectionattheCapitoliumandPhiladel 6.1 phion,wheretheChurchoftheholyApostlesPeterandPaulintheTriconch appearstohavebeenlocated.ItburntdownduringthereignoftheEmperor Zeno(474–491)butwasrebuiltin571–572bytheEmperorJustinI 112 Figures ReverseofagoldenmedallionfromTreviri.Münzkabinett,StaatlicheMuseenzu 3.1 Berlin,18200450 54 ,Fourth-century gold glass (drinking vessel or bowl) featuring Peter and Paul 6.1 whosenamesareinscribedaboveandbehindtheirheadsaroundtheborderof theglass.Theyaredepictedsidebyside,theirfacesturnedtowardseachotheras -theChristiancounterparttotheseculariconographyoftwoemperorsinConcor dia 103 Concordia Augustorum. The reverse of a golden coin from 161 AD showing 6.2 .EmperorsMarcusAureliusandLuciusVerusshakinghandsinasignofconcord TheinscriptionreadsCONCORDIAEAVGVSTOR.ThisisoneoftheearliestRoman issuesofatypethatwouldcontinuetobemintedforcenturies 103 -Fifth-centuryenamelandgold-leafmedalliondepictingLiciniaEudoxia,daugh 6.3 -terofTheodosiusIIandwifeofValentinianIII–entrustedwiththeroleofbridg ingtheeasternandwesternhalvesofthedynasty 106 FELICITERNUPTIISfestalsolidusstruckatConstantinoplefortheweddingof 6.4 ValentinianIIIandEudoxiain437.ThesolidusfeaturesaportraitofTheodosius II,thesenioremperor,whoisshownembracingthebrideandgroom.Withthis -gesture,heembodiestheonenessoftheempire,thefutureofwhichthewed ding,asanactofconcordia augustorum,wasmeanttoensure 108 -FELICITERNUPTIISfestalsolidusstruckatThessalonicafortheweddingofVal 6.5 ,entinianIIIandEudoxiain437.ThesolidusfeaturesaportraitofValentinianIII appointedCaesarin424attheageoffive,whenhewasengagedtoLicinius Eudoxia,whowasbarelythreeyearsold 108 viii ListofContributors ListOfContributors List of Contributors Roald Dijkstra Ph.D. (2014), Radboud University, is postdoctoral researcher and lecturer at thatuniversity.Histhesis(Portraying Witnesses. The apostles in early Christian art and poetry) will be published in the Vigiliae Christianae Supplements .Series.Seefurther:http://radboud.academia.edu/RoaldDijkstra Jan Willem Drijvers Ph.D.(1989),UniversityofGroningen, isseniorlecturerofAncientHistoryat thatuniversity.Hepublishedwidelyonthepoliticalandculturalhistoryof LateAntiquity.Heisco-authorofthePhilological and Historical Commentaries ./on Ammianus Marcellinus.Seefurtherhttp://www.rug.nl/staff/j.w.drijvers Christian Gnilka -Ph.D.(1962),UniversitätBonn,isemeritusProfessoroftheWestfälischeWil -helmsUniversitätMünster.HismanypublicationsincludethreevolumesPru dentiana (2000) and Philologische Streifzüge durch die römische Dichtung (2007). Hervé Inglebert -Ph.D.(1993),UniversityofParisOuestNanterreLaDéfenseisProfessorofRo manhistory(LateAntiquity)atthatuniversity.HehaspublishedHistoire de la -civilisation romaine(2005)andLe Monde, l’Histoire. Essai sur les histoires uni .(verselles(2014 Gitte Lønstrup Dal Santo Ph.D.(2010),UniversityofAarhus,withthedissertationConcordia Augustorum - Concordia Apostolorum. The making of shared memory between Rome and Constantinople. Gitte wasAssistantDirectorattheDanishInstituteatRome .2011-14andcurrentlyworksasanadvisor&facilitatorinCopenhagen Sanne van Poppel Ph.D.(2014),RadboudUniversity,istheAssistantHeadLibrarianofKULeuven -Kulak.ShereceivedherPhDfromRadboudUniversityNijmegen(UrbsetAu -gustus.The City of Rome in Politics and Representations of Power during the Con stantinian Dynasty (306-361)).
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