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The Effect of Magnetic Bearing on the Vibration and Friction of a Wind Turbine

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The Effect of Magnetic Bearing on the Vibration and Friction of a Wind Turbine University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2012 The Effect Of Magnetic Bearing On The Vibration And Friction Of A Wind Turbine Mark Ryan Vorwaller University of Central Florida Part of the Computer-Aided Engineering and Design Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Vorwaller, Mark Ryan, "The Effect Of Magnetic Bearing On The Vibration And Friction Of A Wind Turbine" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2248. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2248 THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC BEARING ON THE VIBRATION AND FRICTION OF A WIND TURBINE by MARK RYAN VORWALLER B.S. Brigham Young University, 2011 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2012 © 2012 Mark Ryan Vorwaller ii ABSTRACT Demands for sustainable energy have resulted in increased interest in wind turbines. Thus, despite widespread economic difficulties, global installed wind power increased by over 20% in 2011 alone. Recently, magnetic bearing technology has been proposed to improve wind turbine performance by mitigating vibration and reducing frictional losses. While magnetic bearing has been shown to reduce friction in other applications, little data has been presented to establish its effect on vibration and friction in wind turbines. Accordingly, this study provides a functional method for experimentally evaluating the effect of a magnetic bearing on the vibration and efficiency characteristics of a wind turbine, along with associated results and conclusions. The magnetic bearing under examination is a passive, concentric ring design. Vibration levels, dominant frequency components, and efficiency results are reported for the bearing as tested in two systems: a precision test fixture, and a small commercially available wind turbine. Data is also presented for a geometrically equivalent ball bearing, providing a benchmark for the magnetic bearing’s performance. The magnetic bearing is conclusively shown to reduce frictional losses as predicted by the original hypothesis. However, while reducing vibration in the precision test fixture, the magnetic bearing demonstrates increased vibration in the small wind turbine. This is explained in terms of the stiffness and damping of the passive test bearing. Thus, magnetic bearing technology promises to improve wind turbine performance, provided that application specific stiffness and damping characteristics are considered in the bearing design. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work acknowledges the support of the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (KRF-2009-220-D00034) and Progress Energy. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 4 Rotating Machinery ...................................................................................................... 4 Wind Turbine Technology ............................................................................................ 5 Vibration Basics ........................................................................................................... 7 Magnetic Bearings ....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 11 Passive Magnetic Bearings ....................................................................................... 11 Vibration Analysis and Rotordynamics ...................................................................... 12 Wind Turbine Modeling .............................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS .................................................................. 15 The Test Bearings ..................................................................................................... 15 Magnetic Bearing ................................................................................................... 15 Ball Bearing ............................................................................................................ 18 Experimental Testbed ................................................................................................ 18 v Fixture Components ............................................................................................... 20 Wind Simulation ..................................................................................................... 23 Vibration Measurements ........................................................................................ 26 Efficiency Measurements ....................................................................................... 28 Whisper 100 Wind Turbine ........................................................................................ 29 Turbine Components .............................................................................................. 29 Wind Simulation ..................................................................................................... 29 Vibration Measurement Methods ........................................................................... 31 Efficiency Measurement Methods .......................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 5: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ................................................................... 32 Testbed ...................................................................................................................... 32 Vibration Measurements ........................................................................................ 32 Efficiency Measurements ....................................................................................... 37 Whisper 100 Wind Turbine ........................................................................................ 39 Vibration Measurements ........................................................................................ 39 Efficiency Measurements ....................................................................................... 41 Reference Testing ..................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 6: ANALYTICAL MODELING ...................................................................... 45 vi CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX A: ENGINEERING DRAWINGS ................................................................. 51 APPENDIX B: MATLAB CODE ..................................................................................... 58 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 62 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Magnetic and Ball Bearing Test Subjects ......................................................... 2 Figure 2: Visual Representations of the Precision Test Fixture ....................................... 2 Figure 3: Commercially Available “Whisper 100” Wind Turbine ...................................... 3 Figure 4: Components of a generalized ball bearing ....................................................... 5 Figure 5: Components of Rotating Machinery Applied to Wind Turbine .......................... 5 Figure 6: Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines ............................. 6 Figure 7: Plane of Lateral Rotor Vibration ....................................................................... 7 Figure 8: Simple Mass, Spring, Damper System ............................................................. 8 Figure 9: Halbach Array Magnet Orientation and Arrangement .................................... 10 Figure 10: Geometry of the Passive Magnetic Bearing ................................................. 16 Figure 11: Magnetic Poles and Field Between Inner and Outer Ring Magnets ............. 16 Figure 12: Completely Assembled Magnetic Bearing in Shifted Position ...................... 17 Figure 13: Completely Assembled Magnetic Bearing Forced into Alignment ................ 17 Figure 14: Ball Bearing Used to Benchmark Magnetic Bearing Performance ............... 18 Figure 15: General Schematic of Experimental Test Set-up ......................................... 19 Figure 16: CAD Model of Fixture Assembly .................................................................. 21 Figure 17: Photo of Finished and Wired Assembly ....................................................... 21 Figure 18: Magnetic and Ball Bearing Shaft/Coupler Configuration
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