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Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro RETROSPECTIVA DOS MÉTODOS DE LEVITAÇÃO E O ESTADO DA ARTE DA TECNOLOGIA DE LEVITAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA Hugo Pelle Ferreira 2017 RETROSPECTIVA DOS MÉTODOS DE LEVITAÇÃO E O ESTADO DA ARTE DA TECNOLOGIA DE LEVITAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA Hugo Pelle Ferreira Projeto de Graduação apresentado ao Curso de Engenharia Elétrica da Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Engenheiro. Orientador: Richard Magdalena Stephan Rio de Janeiro Abril de 2017 RETROSPECTIVA DOS MÉTODOS DE LEVITAÇÃO E O ESTADO DA ARTE DA TECNOLOGIA DE LEVITAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA Hugo Pelle Ferreira PROJETO DE GRADUAÇÃO SUBMETIDO AO CORPO DOCENTE DO CURSO DE ENGENHARIA ELÉTRICA DA ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE ENGENHEIRO ELETRICISTA. Examinada por: ________________________________________ Prof. Richard Magdalena Stephan, Dr.-Ing. (Orientador) ________________________________________ Prof. Antonio Carlos Ferreira, Ph.D. ________________________________________ Prof. Rubens de Andrade Jr., D.Sc. RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ – BRASIL ABRIL de 2017 RETROSPECTIVA DOS MÉTODOS DE LEVITAÇÃO E O ESTADO DA ARTE DA TECNOLOGIA DE LEVITAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA Ferreira, Hugo Pelle Retrospectiva dos Métodos de Levitação e o Estado da Arte da Tecnologia de Levitação Magnética/ Hugo Pelle Ferreira. – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/ Escola Politécnica, 2017. XVIII, 165 p.: il.; 29,7 cm. Orientador: Richard Magdalena Stephan Projeto de Graduação – UFRJ/ Escola Politécnica/ Curso de Engenharia Elétrica, 2017. Referências Bibliográficas: p. 108 – 165. 1. Introdução. 2. Princípios de Levitação e Aplicações. 3. Levitação Magnética e Aplicações. 4. Conclusões. I. Stephan, Richard Magdalena. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Escola Politécnica, Curso de Engenharia Elétrica. III. Retrospectiva dos Métodos de Levitação e o Estado da Arte da Tecnologia de Levitação Magnética. iv AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, por sua infinita misericórdia e força que me ajudaram a chegar até aqui e enfrentar todos os desafios. Agradeço ao Professor Richard Magdalena Stephan por ter me selecionado como aluno de inciação científica do Laboratório de Aplicações de Supercondutores (LASUP) e do Laboratório de Máquinas (LabMaq), o que me permitiu ter a primeira oportunidade de colocar em prática os conhecimentos vistos ao longo do curso, ampliar os horizontes e ter acesso ao estado da arte da tecnologia de levitação magnética, com os mancais magnéticos e o projeto MagLev-Cobra, além de participar de duas conferências internacionais sobre o tema. Agradeço também por sua paciência, confiança e didática para a orientação deste trabalho e ao longo do curso, que contribuíram muito para minha formação como engeheiro. Agradeço ao Professor Antonio Carlos Ferreira e ao Professor Rubens de Andrade Jr. por aceitarem o convite para participar da banca de avaliação deste trabalho. Agradeço ao CNPq pelo apoio financeiro como aluno bolsista de iniciação científica. Agradeço à minha mãe, Lenita, pelo imenso apoio, amor, carinho e incentivo para alcançar meus objetivos e cumprir mais uma etapa de minha vida. Agradeço ao meu pai, José Manuel, por me ensinar a importância da matemática e estímulo para as ciências exatas. Agradeço à minha irmã, Carolina, por sua ajuda nesta caminhada. Agradeço aos demais familiares que sempre torceram por mim. Agradeço a todos os amigos que tive a oportunidade de encontrar ao longo dos anos e compartilhar vários momentos que tornaram esta caminhada mais leve, em especial Andrei, Bruno, Carlos Augusto, Carolina, Fábio, Leonardo, Marcello, Paola, Rafaela, Rodrigo, Samuel e Yuri. Agradeço também aos engenheiros Alan Endalécio, Marcelo Lopes e Vinícius Rodrigues, que além de serem grandes amigos, muito me auxiliaram nas atividades do laboratório. Agradeço à toda a equipe do LASUP e do LabMaq por me darem todas as condições e suporte para a realização deste trabalho em um excelente ambiente, em especial ao Professor Elkin Rodríguez, Sérgio Ferreira, Vina Guedes e aos engenheiros Felipe Costa, Felipe Sass e Marcos Dantas. Agradeço aos Professores que me motivaram e demonstraram a importância do conhecimento e do estudo, ao longo de toda minha vida, e cujos esforços se traduzem neste trabalho, em especial, Adriana Benazzi, Antonio Ribeiro, Almir Nogueira, Djalma Falcão, Glauco Taranto, Leila Schiesari, Miguel Bastos, Paulo Mendes, Rafael Pinheiro, Rosa Maria, Valmar Carneiro e Walter Suemitsu. v Agradeço ao pesquisador da USP, Marcos Andrade, e as empresas, por ordem alfabética, Bytronic Educational Technology, crazybaby, Inc., Crealev B. V., Elivatix, INTECO, IQDEMY, Levitronix, LG Electronics, Inc., LTI Motion, Mecos AG, Thoratec Corporation, e Waukesha Bearings, pela permissão para utilizar a imagem de suas pesquisas e seus produtos neste trabalho e, assim, enriquecer o seu conteúdo. vi Resumo do Projeto de Graduação apresentado ao Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica da Escola Politécnica/ UFRJ como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Engenheiro Eletricista. RETROSPECTIVA DOS MÉTODOS DE LEVITAÇÃO E O ESTADO DA ARTE DA TECNOLOGIA DE LEVITAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA Hugo Pelle Ferreira Abril/2017 Orientador: Richard Magdalena Stephan Curso: Engenharia Elétrica Ao longo da história, o fenômeno da suspensão ou da levitação de objetos sempre atraiu a atenção e o imáginário da humanidade para a possibilidade surpreendente de reproduzir o comportamento das aves e desafiar a ação gravitacional, que nos mantinham limitados ao solo. Dentre todos os métodos de levitação de objetos, a técnica de levitação magnética é a que atrai mais interesse atualmente e que possui maior capacidade de apresentar tecnologias promissoras ao mercado, sobretudo no setor de transporte de passageiros e na área industrial, e impactar de maneira positiva grande parte da sociedade, contribuindo para o seu bem-estar. Sob este cenário favorável para a levitação magnética, este trabalho se propõe a primeiramente analisar em detalhes todas as formas de suspensão de objetos anteriormente desenvolvidas, realizando uma retrospectiva sobre as técnicas acústica, óptica, aeroestática, aerodinâmica e eletrostática, descrevendo o princípio de funcionamento de cada uma delas, as suas vantagens e desvantagens e as aplicações em que são frequentemente encontradas. Em seguida, este trabalho apresenta todas as possíveis variações da levitação magnética, com as respectivas formulações matemáticas de seus sistemas de levitação, ressaltando o estado da arte das suas aplicações acadêmicas, industriais, de meios de transporte ou de bens de consumo, indicando os projetos de trens MagLev, e fabricantes de máquinas e equipamentos dotados desta tecnologia. Palavras-chave: EDL, EML, Hovercraft, MagLev, Mancais Magnéticos, SML, TACV vii Abstract of Undergraduate Project presented to the Department of Electrical Engineering of POLI/UFRJ as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Engineer. LEVITATION METHODS RETROSPECTIVE AND MAGNETIC LEVITATION TECHNOLOGY STATE OF THE ART Hugo Pelle Ferreira April/2017 Advisor: Richard Magdalena Stephan Course: Electrical Engineering Througout history, the suspension or levitation phenomenon have always attracted the humanity’s imaginary to the astonishing possibility of reproduce the birds’ behavior and defy gravity, that had maintained us limited to the ground. In addition to all the levitation methods, the magnetic levitation technique is the one that has attracted more interest currently and has the most promising technologies to the market, mainly to the passengers’ transportation and at the industry level, to impact in a positive way the whole society, contributing to their wellbeing. Under this favorable scenarium to the magnetic levitation, this work will first analize in details all the suspension methods previously developed, doing a retrospective of the acoustic, optical, aerostatic, aerodynamic and electrostatic’s techniques, describing the each one’s operating principle, their advantages and disadvantages, and their main applications. After, this undergraduate project will present all the possible magnetic levitation schemes, with their respective mathematical analysis, highlighting the academic, industrial, transportation, and consumer goods state of the art, indicating the MagLev trains’ projects, and the machinery manufacturers with this technology. Keywords: EDL, EML, Hovercraft, MagLev, Magnetic Bearings, SML, TACV viii Sumário Sumário ...................................................................................................................... ix Lista de Símbolos ...................................................................................................... xi Listas de Abreviaturas e Siglas ............................................................................... xii Listas de Figuras ..................................................................................................... xvi Listas de Tabelas ................................................................................................... xviii 1. Introdução ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Motivação e Tema ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Objetivos e Metodologia ..............................................................................................
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