1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage By: Salim Al-Hassani

In a seminar organised by the Oxford Centre of Islamic Studies in 11 January 2005, aimed at brain-storming the topic of and the Environment, Professor Al-Hassani presented a short overview on the environment issue in Islam as seen from its sources and from history of Muslim practice over a 1000 years of planning and management of natural resources. The following article expands on earlier lectures and contributions made by Professor Al-Hassani including his participation in the conference "Islam and the Environment: Muslim 7 Year Action Plan to deal with Climate Change" held in Istanbul 6-7 July 2009.

Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Central Concepts, General Principles and Guidelines 2.1 Central Concepts 2.2 General Principles and Guidelines

3. Examples from History 3.1 Environment Design in Sinan's Architecture 3.2 Wind Catchers and Wind Towers

4. Environment Issues in the Islamic Medical Writings 4.1 Early contributions by Al- Kindī and Qustā ibn Lūqā (9th-10th cent.) 4.2 Al-Rāzī, Ibn al-Jazzār and Al-Tamīmī (9th-10th cent.) 4.3 Abū Sahl al-Masīḥī and Ibn Sīnā (10th-11th centuries) 4.4 Alī ibn Ridhwān, Ibn Jumay' and Ya'qūb al-Isrā'īlī (11th-12th cent.) 4.5 Al-Baghdādī, Ibn al-Quff and Ibn al-Nafīs (12th-13th cent.)

5. Islam and Integrated Development 5.1 Conceptual Framework 5.2 Islamic Conception of Welfare 5.3 Care for Animals as Flagship of the Islamic Respect to Creation

1 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

6. The Muslim Seven Year Action Plan (M7YAP) on Climate Change 6.1 Istanbul Conference and Declaration 6.2 Istanbul Declaration

7. Acknowledgements

8. References and further reading 8.1 Articles on MuslimHeritage.com 8.2 Links related to Istanbul conference and declaration 8.3 General references and further resources 8.4 References

Figure 1: World map of seas and oceans. A continuous body of water encircles the Earth covering 71% of the Earth's surface and divided into a number of principal areas: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern

1. Introduction

2 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

Although the Muslims today are becoming increasingly part of the new world order, which believes in economic growth as the vehicle to human happiness, they were previously a leading example in constructing environmentally and ecologically friendly societies which were guided by principles and ethics totally different from those adopted by the present industrialised world. The dangerous problems of overpopulation in concentrated areas and the resulting increasing consumption and waste accumulation, water (both soft and sea water) pollution, destruction of other species including micro-organisms, which are an essential part of the life cycle, change of the chemistry of the atmosphere with its associated problems of global warming and the insatiable appetite of technology to dominate social and economic order, with its consequent demand for energy and material, are the most apparent features of the crisis of environment and the economic model that governs world affairs today. Increasing are issues of great importance to human existence and warrant the utmost attention by all the citizens of the world.

Figure 2: The retreat of Aletsch Glacier in the Swiss Alps (situation in 1979, 1991 and 2002), due to global warming. Photograph in the public domain.

3 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

In this context, all cultures and communities are concerned. Consequently, uncovering the 1000 years of Muslims response to environment will serve to give a good example to present day Muslims to derive lessons from their successful past so that they may contribute positively with the rest of the world in its struggle to handle this titanic problem, which besets humanity. It will also enlighten non-Muslims - particularly those in Europe and America - on the position of Islam –as religion, culture and civilisation- on environment, and thus will generate a positive response and create a better image of Islam and Muslims and perhaps triggering process of common areas of interest and collaboration.

Figure 3: World map showing desertificationSource ) vulnerability. (

Before highlighting the missing history of environment in Islam, it is appropriate to examine some conceptual aspects and follow them by a review of the principles and guidelines, which produced the environmental friendliness attitude of Muslim societies in the past.

4 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

Figure 4: This Landsat satellite imageSource reveals). sand dunes advancing on Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania. (

2. Central Concepts, General Principles and Guidelines

The main sources of knowledge about the position of Islam on environment are the Quran, the Hadith (sayings of Prophet Muhammad PBUH), Sirah (documented life of Prophet Muhammad), and the life of his Companions and the ways in which the Muslim societies have conducted themselves when upholding the principles of Islam and facing the challenges of production of goods for maintaining human life and building economic growth as well as progress in civilisation.

5 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

From 2.1Figure Central Godthese 5: (Allah): sources,Concepts we derivePhysical the map following of Islamic environmental countries showingconcepts: the variety of physical geographies and natural environments. The geography of Islamic lands imposed an early interest in nature and how to preserve it. Source: Malse Ruthven and Azim Nanjl, Historical Atlas of Islam (Harvard University Press, 2004, pp. 18-19). Mizan AdlTheenforcedbyenvironment.2.2subservientwillaccordingisjudgement;attributesthe Muhammad. -the notGeneral (Justice):universe);QuranEnvironment:Man lives (Balance):break. and are to(Male contains ofto Principlesgeneral Some manifestedexplained theAllahThe and Companions Oneness Earth of whonumerous Allprinciples Female): these thatbyand sustainsinand the whichHisareGuidelinesof all sayingsverses andGod Theand creationgivenits and constitutes guidelines assets onlyisfollowers highlighting centralbelow:maintainsand (thebeing are tradition seen inon therevealed forcreated Islamicthethem Manprinciples universeand ofutilization throughto Prophetasthethrough faith; utilise vicegerent unseen(seen and He andlaws Muhammadin Messengers, guidelinesis anda environment, protection Theresponsibleand on the CreatorEarthprinciples, unseen) whichand of theuntil theanddemonstratedincludingmanner final were arethewhich His ofday whom Heall of another(Malik),animals,Amanahbetweenmaterial,Rahmahalso(air,buildings,Wasatcreatures water the (Middleness): Allahin extremesenvironmentwater ((Trustworthinessplants includingtownsMercy):andtrust, who energy)Thisand andManand created This inThis animals;energyprinciple insectscities;is economicinThis and principal governsconsideredthat all; consumptionprinciple life including andonegoverns cycle planning, allgovernscustodianship):should to aspects of comesinter-human micro-be all not(not a thesocialspecies; trustee upsetinof organisms; excessiveinter-human allhuman conduct, relationships; relationshipsthe Justonthis allequilibriumrelationships likenorprinciple earth's scientificsocial a miserly); person choosingand assets andalso of pursuits, andin nature, holdingeconomic affectsan appointed treatment theindirect useideological themiddledesign relationships property of way byof resources wayoftheall to living views,otherowner of but

Ilm individualswithandHaqTaharahFigure Nafi' generatesthe(Truthfulness 6:environment; (usefulness(Spiritual conscious a clean purityand of cleanliness ofeconomy the Rights): Drawingknowledge and presence Physical devoid generatesof the and of ofwudhu' Allah,cleanliness): science):usury healthy resultingmachine and society deceitful Spiritual indesigned a devoid balanced marketing purity andof airgeneratessociety described techniques;and waterliving contentedby in pollutional-Jazari harmony in his Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Al-Jami' bayn al-'ilm wa-'l-'amal al-nafi' fi sinat'at al-hiyal) completed in 1206. This hand washing device is an elaborate machine of ingenious engineering intended to prevent waste of water. Source: Salim al-Hassani (Chief Editor), 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World (Manchester, FSTC, 2006, p. 20). hereToguidelinesinorwithgenerates this society technological,-these affectsrefersinstitutionsIman basic[2]and honestyin (Faith) toall current society vis-à-vis educationalgeneral andmust is and demonstratedlife.the and be ofprinciples,trust recognitionSome environment;usefulNature, and with ofresearch toconsequent Truthfulnesstheseare we throughothers of mention:appended the practical programmes. (individualsright useful reduction in of other all guidelinesdeedsothers dealingsKnowledge, andprinciples of[1] and(humans, crimesociety) that goodwhether thatandshouldwhether actionsincludinganimals cruelty havewith govern theological, (other the'Amal andtofuture animals.status humanindividualsplants) Salih generations; ofscientific );conduct useful or Atmosques,objectdiscoveredspidersmosques.MimarI,orIslamicostrichwhichInink,optimumwaterqanats,Numerousfriendlythe3.13. Selim constructionExamples the- historyEnvironmentword also KillingWater, raising centre isSinan weresupervision eggs andandsocietiesdams,II, actuallyuse Halal environmental thereand examplesof that Turkish ormosquitoesattracted inAir of(d.machinesof from Islamic etc.)eliminationmeat;Murad the for Ostrich thesetheisand1588) and an Design usuallyexample, centreof History circular traditions fire ostrich existanimal everythiscivilisation.byIII.eggs was eggs(including (Energy)away. design).candles He influenceof aofinof theframesecrete major strange egg wekilledwas,creatureSinan'stothehow of Hence, chiefdrive can architecture,. chandeliers Inorbelong IslamThroughautomaticbuildingduringthatby ischemicalwateroil referegg Ottoman Architecturespidersis permission). corroboratedholdsduelamps. has forbidden toshaped toa resource in researchto period all; Sinan'sinfluenced animalthe the thatsubstancesbuilding out)thesearchitect numerousOttoman objectdangled unlessandof managementwater byarchitecture overeggsfifty design toapeopleand as quasiyears,theby intomany Empire.therefrom feeding,candlesif civil sanctionmadespread theand in infinite the years, responsibleare engineer (smokereference creatingatmosphere,civilBenefiting ofdome wind noandof marble from number theengineering,courtyardspider oil and filteringto forOttomansenvironmentally the lanterns maychasefor water (seesultansfrom webs of Creatorwhichthe beexampleshousesand fig. awaythemills, construction inSinan inmade Suleiman itsrepel8). OttomanOttoman long(hence useinsects(asThe usedto from as

6 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

AnotherSüleymaniyebetweenoilgenerateaerodynamicsmakingfromwithpollutionexample,deviceruleSinan.Figure lamps of thestirring. [3] Ahmedexists ink. 7: innovation candlesinside andsmokewe1550 In This have Mosque,candles inturn,toI andthe by Sultan anddriveis ink a the mosqueregardedoneclean1557, sustainable burnprotects that royalbuilt the Ahmedof Ottoman air thereoxygen. thewere smoke by bad architect wasair rawthe Mimar Mosque is usedpurification,air system, driven booksa toarchitects Tomaterials thatsoot a Sedefhar inSinan solvefilter comesin largetofromroom which Istanbul,the chamber. onthisusedinmainly numbersthe outside on fromMehmetthe theis problem, book thetoalso makingorder built in putcandles mainThe ensuring mosques.environmentallyworms.to Ağa,betweenostrich of sootSinan lightenofgate Sultan aandink Thiswas pupil eggs in sustainability.and Forused 1609hugepeople SuleymaniyeSuleiman then system instance,hisandon for andbuildingsfriendly. thefollowers collected breathing.seniorcalligraphy 1616 chandeliers filtersI theSootin Theassistant mosque.wouldtheduring Magnificentmadeandthe obtainedIn sameadding airthisused useinthe ofThe the forof mosques (here in The Sultanahmet Mosque known as the Blue Mosque built between 1609 and 1617) to repel spiders, hence avoiding cobwebs inside the mosque.

architecturalknownWindmulti-directional.theAnotherTheserecyclingusacceptable3.2Figure of MiddleintestineWind thecatchers two who 8:example numerousforCatchers examples,byEast, firsttheofdevice the comethe invented Examples fabricationPakistanis humancat thediscoveriesusedand in the used variouswind Wind Candles foruse the fleshand of of inmanycatcher windof wind ink,TowersAfghanistan. internaldesigns,in andostrich the medicine are catcher, centuries catchersis ( inBâdgir dissolved evidently surgery) eggsSuleymaniyesuch butsuch incan andtoas itPersian create byenvironment a the stillasbe thefew Al-Zahrawi the foundcan uni-directional, mosque air weeksnatural ordiscovery purificationbe Barjilin seen traditionalfriendly.after ventilationinwhich inIstanbul. in ).surgery.of manybi-directional, bywas theSuch architecturecollecting catgutin found The Itcountriesbuildings.research is architect a to(the traditional sootbeand throughout suturetoday. remindsIt and isof notthe itsfrom mosque, Sinan designed an ingenious system to resolve the problem of stale air during times of the crowded attendance at prayer worship on winter nights by adding a room over the entrance for ventilation. What is most remarkable is the ink made from the soot collected in this room.

7 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

ThecoolconstructedcentredrelativeisFigure minimized countries to extremely to9:on Western desert of with ofvery the smallhot,oases thick architecture,Middle and windows tendceramicsIllustration the East to air be thathavemaximizing tendswith packedof do ause extremely tonotlarge be of veryface shade wind very day-night Sourceclosely thehigh towerdry at sun. groundallinsulation togethertemperature); and[4]day used qanat long.level. in values.with many Most forThe difference, high cooling heat buildingspartsFurthermore, walls of of( direct andrangingthe are Middleceilings sunlighttowns from East.

8 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

isopeningsdownwardssummer.designatedTheSourceFigure existent wind-tower, 10: Roomsin in inandall certain the directions, up orused United burjagain traditional in al-hawa' Al-BarjeelArabwinter beforewith Emirates buildings internalwere ,it as can it not is escape.walls instillprovided the calledarranged Gulf This or withtoday region. creates diagonally wind-towers. in It the a is circulation Araba sotall that Gulfstructure Al-BAl-Kashteelany countries,of air orjbreeze with inAl-Kashteel rooms vertical is is forced used. It in , traditional wind towers in the United); used Arab in many Emirates parts ( of the Middle East.

Wind-towersaroundprojectingFigure an11: endsarmature were were square of usually wooden Old-fashioned in plan,left poles,to showing serve which air-conditioning as an scaffolding stabilize X Sourceconfiguration and withfor) andreinforce cleaning wind-towers Dubaiof interior the and(right structure, planes.inmaintenance. Qatar TheySource and(left whosewere( ); used built in many parts of the Middle East.

Figure 12: [5] Theexampletraditionrevivified.buildingmaterialsInsteadmodernwith4.satisfactorysun.room Environment usetop modern below. oftechnologyhalfdesigns of of in We scrapping buildingwind the solutionour ofstyleAl-Barjil need the environment modern catchersandIssues of wind-tower to constructions for living. thesetownbecame rediscoverenhance bringing inbuildings Thein planningandthe classicaloriented windawas Islamic buildand symbolair the which so catcheran insidesoimprove totallymeritsIslamicmeasuresthat enclosed that Medicalof are wethe architecture ofwe new of environmentthem architecture reduce"Dowlat-abad" rooms traditional use funnelhighWritingstakenSource to their while energyrisemake bythatin energy); Muslim theinglasscompliantarchitects beingused acceleratesthem hot inconsumptionGulf Yazd, boxes,and efficientin housesprotectedmoreregion. many needs and aridIran, efficientwethe builders. designspartsregions(courtyardIt and one toonlydescendingprovidedagainst be carbonofof andneed promoted theisandtheThis justthe complianthouses), a Middle tallestto building footprint.long harmful airanuse intoand extantEast. a wind catchers (

Figure[6] 13: and environmentallearnfromSeveralillnesses,subjectdedicatedworksInnotablywerethenwithinhealthconcerned booksancient - Damascus the itspollutionconsideredMedicalPollutionthattranslated andprotection ineffects.noteworthydevelopment were endemictheya whattoand buildings.with recent market geography:was authoredpollution.medievalandare concerns Theintothe asand allarticle,andcontagion the ArabicmedicalissuespecificandArabic concernedpreventiveof subjectepidemic, mainly thetimes, industryUnfortunately,Front the environmentalof Lutfallah textsin Arabicareas health phenomena.causes the mattercovertheby studied with controlmedicine. 9thfrom physicians, coveredproblemsmedical protectionGari andMāddat century,environmentalof the some environmentaldozensconditionsand treatmentlisted Several9th by Other tradition, oftheal-Baqā' ofagainstasmainlycentury thoseenvironmenttwenty themofbooksthe literary books originalof pollution theme the books the pollution,specificare (The bookswidespread pollutionupof worksgenresin theme notjurisprudence to treatises. Survivalthiswas are: related the relatedand extant.cities ofsuch field asof 13thofconsidered how Hippocrates environmentillnessesa Muslim tosuch Material) wereTheseto asFromcentury.cause healthtothe theand as protectwritten fieldtheheritagebooks manuals orofAlexandria,aregulation by protection, Studyingproblem crowdextantvarious andofand Al-Tamīmī humanin or .Greek,were protection ofdiseases,sectionsones, of this hisba Cairohealth civilpublic Butand weal-Maqdisī (Cairo, 1999), a medical treatise dealing in part with environmental issues and their impact on health. 4.1 - Early EffectsConservationClinicalPreventionRemedies, contributions ofobservations weather. treatmentsof ofair health and by water Al-andfor Kindī travellers combatingpollution and Qustā illness ibn Lūqā (9th-10th centuries)

9 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

Figure 14:[7] Causes of HeavenlySyrian Fatalpostage Toxicants stamp depictingNamed Epidemics Al-Kindi. The earliest known writings concerned with pollution were Arabic medical treatises written between the 9th and 13th centuries by Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Al- Rāzi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, Al-Tamimi, Ibn Sina, Ali ibn Ridhwan, Ibn Jumay' and Ibn al-Nafis. "Surroundingearthotherbodiesbadextremethatfactors".4.2guide,onetransferrablecontagion/infection.Qustāauthor.treatise.sevenensesDetrimentalAl-Kindiprotection: The Al-Rāzī, fumes ill overwhelm orground threebodyibnprecious Purgingespecially which Two On (d.fromheat Lūqā and ca.Contagion toOdoursworksofIbn theemitairindiseases. humidities a histhe 873 stinkypages (d.summer healthymostal-Jazzār differssky.written smokemedical wereAtmosphere ca. CE)He Theodours people. fromand912 relatesgreatly Henotis one.forsuch andwhen theearth and writingsaCE) assignstheatransmitted. text whenpilgrimextremeHeTheauthoras contagionaccording Al-Tamīmīlast againstistheyfactors theon then a most include heatedtreatise twoknown the aretosmokeof describescold Mecca. Epidemics several causesobviousinclude:MedicalFortunately,burned, to (9th-10thscholar, ina aboutbyenvironmentaldifferentascending clearwinter. the Heworksto causevapoursRegimethecorpses widespreadsunincenses interestdefinestranslator wayseffectsAl-Tamīmīcenturies)These on andisfrom forascendingandair of innature.pollution contagion onfactorsthat mountainsthepollutionspoilage contagion environmentof illnesses:other (seeit. Pilgrimscombatscientific Those,Heavenly cause Drugs fromspoiledbyabout andwhichas andsaying: ,surrounding aira are forests theworkscommon a Curingissues:transmission himpollution.examplesfurnaces, thingstraveller resultsfactorseither ways below) andand from a which from illnessesof fromsmall include: health medicalswamps, air, itsofother quoted fromandthe theseemitand dryInc

Muhammadencyclopaedias, [8]Figureseveral 15:books: Al-Razi[9] Epistle was (d. also onca.Front Chronic interested925 cover CE), Coryza theofin Scientificenvironment famous at the BloomscholarWeather as aof andfactor RosesForecasting author of good of insystematic health. the Middle He medical devoted Ages: The to it Writings of Al-Kindi: Studies, Editions, and by Gerrit Bos and Charles Burnett (London/New York: Kegan Paul, 1997). Materialpreventiveways4.3MuhammadCE.wa-'l-taharruzNevertheless,geographygenreal-Baghdādī.physicianbycomposedcommunity.knew.IbnepidemicsTreatment(Onlibraries.(EpistleAl-Risala,RisalaSimoom[10] Al-Tamīmī Abūal-JazzārHeEpidemics). of includefi died on about'l-miyahSahl(Hot)preventing Few al-waba'iya ‛AlīinmedicinebyTypesbooks, Ibn Al-Tamimi in Egypt: (d. and studiesIbnal-Masīḥītheminibn IbnWind TreatingEgypt RiḍwānThese369/980), al-Jazzār Riḍwān.ofIbnal-Jazzārdharartheworks illnessCausesKillsWaters)from in presentRiḍwān.books is works Airca.andaccuses Mostof aal-waba' the Ibn andtheSpoilage scholarto1000‛Alī deserves GeneratingIbn thatand somebe al-Jazzār'sarestandpointAl-TamīmīAnimals .Tunisianibn diseases This Sīnā CE.Ibnstudy usednot Riḍwān,from of & al-Jazzār made His[11]credityet (10th-11ththeirAvoiding asthe well EpidemicsJerusalem. linkedquotesofeditedbookwork health Ibn him theenvironmentalforcontents.known ofisJumay‛,Madatbeing toeffects subject Harmsand protectorsnotcompositions writingcenturies)pollution. in medical He existextant, the Egypt,al-baqa' of ofYa‛qūblivedto about first the only bitterEpidemics)conditions whenauthor except Methodsinenvironment author bi-islah inanofal-Isrā'īlī, thecriticism , threemanuscriptscrowdenvironmentThe is 4thfor intheof of isfasad Reasonsmall syrupsthecentury a adiseasesPreventionandbyauthor specificonreal genrethe al-hawa' healthextracts‛Abdullatīf in thatencyclopaedia thatfor EgyptianH/10thof several of (Survivaltown.attack whicha werehe andmedicalbook quoted didcentury This thethe on not of The(InvestigationaspecifyingisRisalahundredAbuIran. well also - treatise SahlHeTheChanges organized fithe tahqiqwaschapters Isawaysnecessity aauthor is certainthe ibnon divided in'amrby treatiseteacherYahyathe airof( which of otheral-waba'remedycontentsNature intoair al-Masihi in ofepidemics tomedical four which . life,of for wa-'l-ihtirazand Epidemics, sections: each he(d. thetreatises, harm in classifiedtypeeffects 1010 He minhu theofPrevention and wrote disease. CE)ofbody crowd these wa-'islahuhuin was anthe encyclopaedicandchangesdiseasesa field Christian Cure) Al-mā'aof idha environment onin is physician termswaqa' healtha fi-l-sanā'a treatise precious of their hisfrom on al-tabi'iyyah contribution.text causes,medicine Gorgan, and ofin). ItHeone is [13]).')al-muwatān),al-wabāal-bilādiyyahIn and Alsoepidemics the- Preventioncalamity2nd in this section ( section ( and we the treatmentsee author a clear accordinggives distinction three to causes betweenthe types of endemic epidemics:of epidemics. illnesses[12] (al-amrāḍ (Repulsion4.4toairconsiderations,ideasDaf'CE),environmentTheIn [15]mixedyear; moldiness,his-spoilage Alī Canonal-madharthe AirExtensive arefamouswith ibn pupilbeing treated it;Ridhwān, of and issues. this Inclusivetypesandof changed al-kulliya drynesshumidity fooditsal-Masihi, inlatter influential effect,ofdepth He quality Ibnwater, Harmscondition dedicated intoin'anand Jumay'designingin air; follows al-'abdan andanotheranKitab theirwarmth from abnormal itscausing qualityandal-Qanun several onHuman effects, workhousesin al-'insaniya theYa'qūb air, andmore condition, stepsofchapters comparedBodies). and fi Ibnand treatment,'l-tib al-Isrā'īlī damages. ofanimalsSīnāentitled selecting his(The ofor mastertowhen Canonillnessestransmitting(11th-12thusual their abnormal in conditions inlocationdevoting Medicine),caused centuries) pollution. detrimental according aat by special that [14] Ibnimpurity Some timeSina interesttofumes healthofof(d.in thethesewater, 1037 are to Inandcountry.pollution:(OnmedicalDaf'AbuknownIt discusses this- thehemadhar'l TheSpecific Hasan book, for accused Preventionwritings,However, temperamenthis issues Ibnal-abdan Ali observationcauses ibnRidhwānhim his he such ofRidhwan textof of Bodilybi-ardhidevoted talking of pollution as opposedofEgypt, the theIlls (d. Misrabout his types insupernovaca in Egypt) treatise to1060)Egypt, Egypt's ofIbn harmful al-Jazzār's is wastoespecially thatparticularly describeenvironment an air,burst Egyptian the viewsin inthe interestingCairo,harms the followingas concerningscholar sky a andforeigner in for1006 treatmentandissues the the physician.CE.who environment relatedpollution ofnever Amongwater to He visited inEgypt's types. isEgyptissues. his also this air [17] - GeographicalCausesDisturbancesThe necessity of epidemics, and comparisonto adhere corruption to between the of localair there, Metropolitanvarious environment, parts Cairoof Metropolitan and rural areas,Cairo, [16] minutesourcesInAlexandria,[19] ] the- EmphasisAdvantagesAppropriateMethods same survey and Tab' veinhow ofthat on al-Iskandariya of improving theymedicalof properhemedical living areconducted remediesregimeinpolluted thegeography, Metropolitan quality(Nature toand and toexamine prophylaxisillof theofIbn bodies, air, Cairo,Alexandria), typesJumay‛ waterthe ofvarious rather and(d.food 1198 wherefood andthanparts CE) in drinks.heremedial ofEgypt, wroteexposedthe city, atreatment. treatise drinkingthe results about water of a [18 (Instructionparts)Al-IfadaAbdullatifman(mostlyEgypt Ya‛qūbstates,askedthemthedivided4.5(TemperamentAnotheral-Isrā'īlī,wa-wadh'uha temperate wordfirstauthorAl-Baghdādī, of was underseveral great intooniswa-'l-I'tibarcontribution Egyptknown al-Baghdadi aboutdevoted is zone;medicine).andthree [20] thea knowledge wa-tafawutuha in questions. clear of Admonitionhereappealingtheas Egypt's sections:Damascus,Ibn to Al-As‛ad fi temperamentintroduction,preference inistheal-'umur al-Quff(1162–1231) The medicalused and questionThetemperament; title:account Presenting on al-Maḥallīofmin for Itstreatiseandal-mushahada the geographyan for Metropolitan LocationthatMasr of of IbnThings Egypt, inquisitiveofwas the Damascus, whenis his(d. al-Nafīsthe andcomposedaenvironment travel ca.andbecause Seencelebrated from sevenhe the wa-'l-hawadith Cairo). and600/1204) VariancevisitedDamascusin (12th-13thtothetemperamentand its climates,penetratingEgypt of 12th location EventsIt scholarin theis from Damascusgavecenturyoncomposed answersdifferences centuries)and Damascus:al-mu'ayanaObserved and Egypt). and ofmind,birth proving Damascus.isvariation 598 physician to the andofhe thoseain fourin H/1202 workleft detailedthatweather Egypt.Mizajthebi-ardh from sectionsnumerous questions. the fromLandofThe Dimashq EgyptCE Ya‛qūbThat equator AccountMisrand conclusionIraq. ofhe of article Egypt). terrain. (again,works was One(inBeingwhich is of twonot isof ofa a Thetowas vaults.theresultedAl-Baghdādi(1201-1202societysummariseenumerate:[21] the- towers contributionincludedThe debates[22] of from bathpropersocialeffectEgypt, containing theCE). was droughtin onhousesinformation ofeffects hisof wedesignIn inpollution weather the hisCairo texthave ventilationand wereChristian book,and ofJami' when famine); ahousesofcontainedconditions thedesignedgraphic inthe al-gharadh additionbehaviourgreat Syrianshafts environment and and infamineandwith city inphysician the to detailedhouses;fi ofthe other proper planning;hifzbook peopleand rise with al-sihha fromsubjects spreadAbūeye-witness ventilation,of regard at hethe al-Farajthethe wa-daf'described Nileof environmentrelated timeto illness medicineriverenough account Ya‘qub ofal-maradh to crisison theoccurred the thelighting use ofIbnand (herestandpoint,history, thesehealth al-Quff ofhealth in andthewind 597-598 calamities. geographyof calamity elevated (d.protection people; catcherswe 1286 [23]can H that To CE)and or (Commentary5.1and5.SharhEnvironmentEpidemicsTheDamascus,Ibnaboutamongsubjectsepidemics,areas.Health Islam Conceptual al-Quff's hislast environmental kitab and alltreatise scholarofand the andtheAvoidingheal-ahwiya work relatedIntegrated others,on spent bookdiet inFramework Airs, belongs our and relatedissuesIlls). issues.much wa-'l-miyahbeingWaterslist healthDevelopment isto of were tothe Thispreventive his and environmentprotection Syrianmost dealtlife is wa-'l-buldanPlaces), the in comprehensive, with physicianCairo, reasonmedicine, of whichby we people Ibnwhere mention:why Ibn isal-Nafisbut notaccording it al-Nafīshe isitfinest extant.wasconsideredbecamewater in andmarked his(d. qualityto commentary most"Chiefinthe 1288).by terrain with original". andhistorians of a Physicians".Originallytreatment,(Prevention specialand on Among weatherHippocrates' "outstanding concern from causes ofthe in their of

property,debtAAllahtraversetheBasedforextendedFigure"I Saying am hisResurrection" orSWT closerown on some16: ye then (Hadith)forsome saysuse,through to aorphans, his modernthe central inbut (Quranheirs of thebelievers its thewithout Holy tracts theoryareconceptsthen Prophet Front 67:15). entitledQuran: hegemonyletthanand of cover them sustainedMuhammadof enjoytheir "Ittothe of beit.is ownof Jami'or ButSacredHemine" thedestruction. and Whoselves;if al-Gharad(PBUH) sustenanceany (Sahih integratedTexts has believerany made affirms: Bukhari,ofThese believer fiIslam, Hifz development.which shouldthe very al-Sihhah BookManearth that He conceptsdie isfurnishes: 6, dies manageable andentitled vol. wa-Daf` and leave 60, allow leavesto butHadith behindregental-Maradh to Untofor be some you,304). NatureHimsome so (bookis on the preservation of health and preventive medicine by Ibn al-Quff (Amman, 1989). Hifz al-Sihhah is a comprehensive and original contribution dealing in part with ecological and environmental subjects: water quality and treatment, causes of epidemics, diet and health protection according to the terrain and weather. Theasexecutivedevelopmentdistributionspheres.HereEqually5.2.Stateprinciple"Anytracts"which"butthosethe the well concept IslamicearthachievementQuranicUnto Hadith thatit towards of He andis assignificant of Innecessary dies furnishes."Himofficialstractable).political toof sum,quoted individualof Conception verse shouldachieve wealthshould itsandisIstikhlâf the thecitizens, of andin leavesspeak"Weabove to economicResurrection"Alsonot the andneither entireEverythingownership,the talkadministrative(or sent beSaying abouttoofthebehindmeans notably(Hadith theabout restricted humanthe Welfaretheebe call appointmentand sustainableenhancementTaskhirconfinedis in womanofsomeuponasnot, 304) thein (Quransocial thislifepeaceful well what todevelopment.but reference shouldpresentsMan universeproperty,a(the asandto development mereasconcerns67:15). of aand theto subjection aand the givenMan beworkofMercy increase rights integrated atois thenthefamily.enhanced prosperous practicalsubjectedassocial sphere theirdiligently:Increasingly political, forvicegerent).hisand requiresof inall welfare. securityheirs the obligations development;nor production;creatures"andimage to earthsocial,life:"So limited are Allah'shumanameliorated. researchers, The and"And Otherof traverseentitledto scientific,the pertainingMan) sayingsocialto (Quran Will enjoyitresource centralone responsibilitytheyshould to andyeand solidarity. socialrefers Suchit."of contend planners,21:andthrough Judgement: conceptsthe Tadhlil seetodevelopment 107) cultural it:tosustenancegroup. to the thatof itsevokes the(makingand theare fair

vicegerentgovernedsubjugation,Whatreasonablyitsobligationimplicationsis Consequently,developmentthereon.therein"Anotherthe(both)placedlife:righteousness,pure"Islamachievementimportancestrengthening(wealth)thisclickFigure that tilling, heavenssettlementsmallworld: hereisdoes seen(Quransuch you 17:meant (QuranQuranic whichAllah cultivation,areby which but on notfulfils of andwith ofdevelopment asandthe ofcorresponds the earth).16:97). anyofdo(SWT) oftheAllahisitmansimply is unseen?"economic11:61). Manseemsauthorityties versethattheon ideathanksthou theactivityconcept, orearth, has land,andrequirements Inwithsays: Allahwascase cater of goodwoman,says: thisto subjectionbestowed thatFront construction. thaton fallsAlmightyentrusted tofollowshould added-valueand (Quran inhas"It whatforrespect,as "Dotheearthyethe is has within coverthehasAllah commanded and give" ideathatHeis secularyenot a31:20 ofandonfirmlyAllah.madeorientationand with nothas thesocialWhohas ofthe fromlife.be of(Quran thee, Development, provide solely,bestowal seesettling Faith, byideainteraction).modernbeen pursued InHis hathestablishedReference theaddedStill thefact,thatpeople of 7:10).Islamic bounties ofbut producedverily, another yougoodDivine Homethe EnvironmentalIstikhlâf Allah weindividuals perspective.of value. atrather therein toofbounties,earth Elsewhere,readthe to is tothus vantage inofhassettleManAuthority. flowmadeonethee" him expensethe Its(or,theyoutranscends in andunderstood, subjected with withinterest also tothe WeIslamicandthe Hereafter, the from(Quranhereand point,youleading Protection meansQuran: thegivelandwe states:society appointmentRegardlessof nottheinto read:conceptionuniverse thein it a28:77). exceedingthe toand byearth ato things lifesuggestsfor "But Hereafternor"Ityourgood towards alienation (IUCNunderlineconceptsettlement "Whoever useinthattheis forgetand seek, Islam Weand(use)worldly, of and ofit isfulfilment of Environmentalthe measure, insettled aMan Whothegood with of ordevelopmentthy withpure aallthe divineand other worksofwaythe such thingsasportion naturehaveandthe lifeyou of that land,asyour in isin Policy and Law Papers, No 20/IUCN139) by Abou Bakr Ahmed Ba Kader and Abdul Latif Tawfik El Shirazy Al Sabbagh (Paperback, April 1986). To read the book online, 62:10In (Benediction786re-issued.(ExhortingandAl-BarakahLivelihood)Al-HathThiswillconsideredcountlessindividuals(orcontingencies,striventheAl-Shâtiby,Here,ThewithoutQuiteaforementionedbetweenindividualsuch summary, notice unspecified H).otherswritingsprogress.fact is materialtheit what to anyisGiven‘ala of personal understanddignity,worthbooks thatopposite People towhothe byAl-Qurâfy, tofi ethicaltijarah concernsofscholars fadlwork.to and be theirMohammedanyhasmatter publicsought pointingberequirements, and someas-sa'yalso moralto wa-'l-sina'a effortsinterestsstandards,beenHadimportanceisSome Engagedevoted thetrue. surveyedisworkinterests).mobilizes to formfromthat obligationsto amply wa-'l-harakah deployedbuildoverallcases The Ibnwhat in and development of Striving in entirethe moral inwa-'l-‘amalAl-Hassan anduponpursuitandworship.scoresTrade, itpublicinscholars Theaddition aims economicto point: relevance,by aptlyaschapters achieve theprinciples,andissue, and of Industryofwouldones.the Inwritings Al-lktisâbdealtmaterial toQuranichaveAl-Shibânyactivity)in achievementsindividual,this sphere,whichthe Islam theSuchto help thesewith said connectionand thesocial promotioncommonof prosperitybyverses coversis afiadvance byImam issueaboutWork) but al-rizqnotbooksbalancedMuhammad (d. includingconsciousness, the if187merely ofand necessities,weMâlik. weal the by MuslimJuristsof al-mustatab worktheare is H); look Abusocialissue Hadiths system,balanced economic byCanonical societyreallylimited andb.Abdurahman atofBakr scholarsentrusting ofjustice thethe theworthy and Al-Massalihrequirements, while al-Khallaland to (On Malikitewith,level endeavours, exhortationmaterial Law.spiritual and have achieve Earning preserving of individuals ofand thebeing One Riteindividuals, issued(d.al-Habishi al-Mursalahtunedprosperityconcern.equilibration its 311mayDecentandwho ofare stability withH); to, quotehave the(d.we shouldsettingsustainableIfacquaintediscultivatesupervisedIslamicrecommendslivelihood," (theactivitiesrepresentedShari'ainjunctions,Commenting".Whosoevereaten)meaning.may In(Sahih aknowledgeable personthe yeCanonical shall beupsamescholarsdisperse Bukhari, itbut Suffice andsupported-all isbybewiththe hasadevelopment also onversed vein, thatwithinthestrongrewardedrunning Law commerce,suchoften plantedthrough itBook itin State. the theherecommands ofthe infarming,until drive Quranic quotepoor Hadith:theirIslam)3,a toframework forThisa given vol.theytheprojects treementionand be hisownhein landprojectland,does39, "versesgivenhave themshouldtrade,aorcharitablethis powerful projects.Hadith sowedshould as andnottheof connection. grown materialto finds hewell andcomprehensivebe merelyQuranicengageseek should513). a be deedasgrantedengine HadithsitsInfieldsomewhat leasedfact,ofproductivelegalsupport permit thefrom Thebeactivelyverse: of the ,the givenBountybasisone oreconomicSaying which peopleuntil on-going and means independentpurchased"And canandin thein "theyfull-fledged intellectualof a ais deduce whenrehabilitationto means human,Allah"famous to a development. endeavoursinvest longhavesucceed Quran forthe and (Quran:that one,to ahim Hadithachieved theirandthat Prayerin programs bird thrive become based order andin so butprograms.practical is,effortsrelated orbusiness; thatwhichIndeed, the inisthese a tothe on finished,it; essence capable beasttoheHadithaffirm inand these tomeansgreatbeactivities. people mayproductivethe and ifhas this hethenitof ifof ishe (adecisionsresourcesinsistedforbypurposefullyinstanceKharajtheInproceeds.creationcommentsociety,wealthAllahprinciplesbasesshares,ZakâtWeContinues... this taxtheSalim Secondwealthyneedyare when context,thatorneedsamong reminded generalonshould of of tribute hereTandunderlyingin shouldwealthisthe justice SamongCaliph Hebarred ways a ofAl-Hassani actions, the importanceweprinciplestriveby specifiedStatetheon here, throughoutgovern memberstowardswhichpointingall land)you"thedifferent such torecall expenditure,scholars ofdivision achievethat (Quran tothe dosuch the distribution: oftheoutthedevelop of isnot sectorscriteria atherole tokeenly distributionuniquecomprehensivegenerationssociety. of stressed socialcompromise 59:7).the historynewlyplayed or theto offact catered redistribution "InIjtihadjusticegovern society,TheTheland acquired the of thatbyorder of levyingtothe principle Zakât on wealth:importancethe(exercise andaforcome.the and IslamicMuslimthatbehalfincluding welfare by lands,todistribution in ofproactive of it religion, By isundertakethewhether money mayof society.ofruler,actually the for of progeny.theindependenteradication nottherationalizing same he which invisionneeds ofthis (merely)generationsIsawkeeping orderenunciatedfair war'Umarwould token,beOn has --oneand ofinbooty ofatto thisfuturejudgement)the Ibnlike putindigencethere-distributewithbalancedmakethe [24] he that andbasisaction Al-Khattâb toin tolevelexploitationthe instituted thegenerations. concludethe come.a seeks explainedprinciples circuit of ofprogress only wordsdistribution and effected suchinheritance itTheyto anwhenamongthebetween my caterofof andtheofalso by he of containsstatingTheextendedofguardianshipdemonstratehewouldkingdomsbyoriented5.3. Islamthestated [27]CareearlyIslamic be place that[26] areenvironmentan forgivenitsthatIslamicforof practical accountthisGod's creationcare thegrantedtoAnimals a allperson isimportance society and alla ofvice-regents goodof moralssinsandGod's tofriendly.protection as the carewould [25]cared *foronFlagshipdeed Prophet creatures. based andresponsiblequenchingfor [28]go a for on animalsto gravity greatto anyonethein earth, ofhimselfhell part The theanimaldeal the of foras consumption,andon IslamicthisProphetto athirstwipingstarvingnot the giverepresentative forworld. custodianship.only respectofthis even with Respect Muhammad dog afor Human reasoncat his includingtheaas of grainto ownitnaturenatural death,toaspect waitedtheybeings Among Creationof clothgave recycling, barley must and environment,of accordingby themany thesea alsoof anothera socialtoface well.the ais examplesdemonstrate examples wellhorse.ofdifferent Sahihtoconduct personhis but theexemplified horse, alsoAl-Bukhariteachings tois who that and InHassananthis:birds,mosques,withoutacameover.oriental.[31]IslamicespeciallyknifekilledItpreventingfor[30]Thevenotdays,free.dogs;whoeven[29]ManyMuslimsVolneythethoughwentThereMuslimanyonelettingbadly widelynationwasnestconclusion medievalanimal's notkites are Thevenotbe toLe for andtonon-Muslimsomein inareaof mentionsbothlaw supplyingplantsever thewhoTahir sharpenedthetiedfetch chargedandobservedfrontBonwould thishoveringexample, from antsalsoandmanyshouldwithinall breaches commandsextent abilitytimes, wouldtown dogs beingtreatsanimalspiritits othersclaimed oneof b.theiror tying evenobservedwithout provide furtherpeople; others.Ahmadsuch thesows thewith square.betheir andcites overtoobserversthatof factstatesgivedisturbed,manywell foodinan die;ofbuilt taskcursed. of provide establishingsubstantialfurther examplesthisfront kitesan something,the animalsthatnotedanimalthathouses foramoneyhisthe it b.whomsoever that peoplebeautifullyLeof theirshowsadequate Muhtasib,animalanimals responsibilityBashadh therecivilahorseare ritualof Bon, ItwouldthattheathatandaMuslim andthe nestsisto charitablewithutteringmoral consideredand that would thecharity numberexists itslaughter.bakers alsopeople worldtheneverwillbread beast that usingthatis be reason.sufficient touching (d.we religiousinthe kindnessshouldfromlandexamplebemutilated forbidden astonished an buythe mournfulmay a469 werefind wouldof toareand marketitprotectedorwould ofhand animalMosque theseofasthe vicinitybe tobutchers hideous ForbirdsH), moreinavoid waterotherwiseIslam incident provenderalaw universally slaughtered,Turkshave aandtheto had target,analso inspector,recordedtochild instance,smallnoises. ora withbut thanatof historyeveryanimal,whereagainstseparate wasfoundationsurbanityMuslim, provided impurities. leavedogsbirdtheextendsfor alsoinattack thedetails cutting pleasedbe a thisthe orexcessiveHeMosque. formfeeds caredcats,paradise ofby solewandering itforenormousseen orwouldoverworkingpoverty; and and thelifeispoints Islam.a charitableIbnfor topreventing hittinganof beastthatstressedbird's intention atOn itself forWesternerthatfor.to as ofthethese animalscruelty Khalikan,animal's a notWild carry the dogs.weout acare certainBirdstheforFor Muslims nofrom, fromanimalsmenace.nest. inwealth only cancontrary,grammariananimals animals. birdsbeast thatpurpose.Prophet thethattheinstance, throughof towards and flew its feet thistakereleasingInjudgewhichwill hour streets Muslims neveranimal. to crossedprogeny abilityonCairoprovisionpunishingbirds.should freely Forislearn feedcountlessmuscles responsibility devoutDogs,offorbade the a Intheanimals,demonstrateswhen example,should thecharity; ofAbu'lheto turnOn cats face,task,frominsidethem killmoralityever the Cairoor accept day,describescats, that market Muslimsapeopleneither,thoseorto fields theand andactsatimesbe toburn theand beoffor Infuturecitizensrecentlyoverenvironmentalparticipateenvironmenttoof(M7YAP)6.1.was6.The17thanimals.thebehaveOctoberrestThisDrawingmysticism,andFoltztowardsrecently.`Beingcollation,mouthcarriedreceivedcouldanimal.anbeenIbnanotherperishupstudies viewinstillatetheThe abandonedhis ownersBabashadh days,Istanbulsupportedcarenewsubjectresponsiblebook thecenturyconfronts surveys broughteat Istanbulaboveof place,ofand Muslimone offofin compassionatelyfrom cat,inthem, Then1856worldon human Infromdecreehunger?" foraAccordingon all the isthealso, Istanbul. withFoltzandwent catdayof a a of and thethatanimalsClimate andmentionedall renounced noteworthyConferenceIslamicwidealarmingfullto animalsownersthemthey gatheredthroughissues,animalconferenceundersome wenthimroom. Sevenall on andotherdevelop firstrace,itsaid:tracesoff,to statednottheytoconfidencelate and other theHerangesaw controltill anotherpreserve Into overitbutcomprehensive withheld ofChangeextended Sultan There,and19th"Since hadcareheand keptthey immediatelycountrieswerethissetroof theYearIslam'ssituation thethat it decreesooncommunities,to consciousnessbookdied.'his andtoofclamber Muslim before given proclamationwereandtheseun-presentedcentury,delivergiven,ingoing ofkey developmentarethempack warnedsources,bannedbit. ActionAbdthey salaryGodthat theIslamicfromand thefeed returned philosophy, onduring Declaration ethicalandconsciousStruck twoof on the regulations.Al-Majidfuture anditanimalsGod foundMosqueandtheyattitudeshasAnimalsIstanbul aover world its brokeand ourthem by Planstrongthenotalsotremendousengagementto study civilisationincluding nourishment,coming alltheycausedfaiths, wouldsuspected questionsitswith ride ablueagain,for shutanotherOttomanto of about meeting, environmentperiodsbannedwall properly.of(M7YAP)off companion. (reigned at overloadshouldofin Sultantowards gave Declaration.them.literature,ourthismessage: Islamic planet, allhimselfoldprovidecultures Islamicthe a on this onthis children, classicgreat iscat,the singularity,Cairoit theextrememeasures:ofIslamic facingrulersthem whichofsomething TheMuradhaveleaders speechlessatheAnother 1839-1861)important onhow animals,theattitudesatheir ties butuproofMuslimsTraditionbit for numbermysticism andvery andTheyMuslims subjectbazaarwith Climatetotexts Islamicaissued inMuslimsofthey which couldhim. andIII blind, andweekly rideanimals urgency ofathemeat. organisationsimportant some proclamation(reigned were and chamber,The in theextraordinary,threwtowardsissue theyMuslimHisand goinofinspectortheir dangeranimalandHe boundstudyanimalphilosophy,eating alsoto Change civilisation. theandtimes,knowing today. Thedownrest Muslim soMuslimotherremindhumanfriends letanduse toMuslimin another animals areworld much 1574-1595)art. ofconference act, theonanimal animalsahimtoattitudes of friendlywhere alllookit into severalhuman at(Baladiyya, concernedpersons,be representsthe Fridays. tocommunitieswaspublic.7thenpackthe responsibilitiesthatthey toaffairs,each struckCultures literatureYearafteranandservedAsprotect morsel sevenfood thetook helevers announcednoover decrees tookare lateanimaltowardbeingempty works offollowed pursuedworld; ThethemAction was singleDuringwitheatingwhichdatedlike it willingwhich daysandtoasourtheby ,careintomuhtasibforand and Richard suchorganisedit. theiroutcome publishedthis,placethe wellanimals.from ownerstocenturies hethe fed Plancat 1587,itshadThis ameansof these itthe tohis protect inlate week.gave fellowandashim allby like2ndis )D.I

10 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

Figure 18: Thedealcommunication,initiatives,byofImams.DuringgovernmenttogetherspendnaturalwithattendeesIslamicandchange.Climateaveragetemperaturecarbonassumegreenhouse Muslim ARC, 7followplanplan,Muslimtwo-day ARCwith July, the thisenvironment,dioxide faith.Change normalThe temperaturestoas impliesclimate (thedrawn plans, of upactivitynextmeeting, endorseMean2009. part Seven ministriesgaschangeconferencetheplan withAlliance and levelsseven ofAction,upemissions.conference,establishingoutreach andchange It surfacefrom its wasthe Year otherwasby a somedue andimplementation. declarations. long from yearsUN/ARC ofculminatedEarthdaily whichconcluded Planon toandgreenhouseReligionseconomiccombating temperatureand200term globalIslamic1940Islam( lifemaking Matesinstitutional wasmost environmental willpartnerships,key toSevenplan to and warming.actcreated annualby byMuslimofciviland growth 1980.Dialogueclimateand for thethemgasas the declaring changeYearsociety, Conservation). actionSourceanplanningenabling establishment environmentpilgrimages,This throughemissions leaders,and being Theseumbrellachange. activatingPlanconservation, Centre figurefor onno a).made key Initiative,serious theMuslimframework,climatesignificantEarthchanges scholars, ,showsorganizationduring scholars period and thefroman was Theof Mates commitmentsNGOseven-year-action change.MACCA,unprecedentedreviving developing proposes heldholy planthe are1999civilsteps fromdeveloping Dialoguebased predictednext based cities wasin societyto to The areimplementationIstanbul,acrossthe century, 2008monitorinvestigatingendorses toandin takenon leadersMuslimto the Centre members stepoverall theprotectingdistributionrelativeenhancingthe plan UK,Turkey, tofuturetheand projections spectrumof Associationhavebycombat inandaction onjoiningcapacity essentiallythe toevery ofpartnershiptrainingand climate agreedbetween the supported theofprevious globalplan oflevel of to theforof to 6

11 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

Figure 19: (a) (b) (c) (d) IslamIstanbulcountriestosecularhumankindbetweennexthastheThewhichdevelopenvironmentalIntroductionSeventhtoSource deal Protect beenplan stage doescan worlds withconference an theAnnualalsoandwelcomed actthe innottoday:Islamic this Islamic:the communitiesincludesas SinceNatural practices-have to majorDialogueprocess.a the have label guidance gatheredworldanditone Environment wasenvironmentalworldproposals religionsforPhotos fordiscussedagreed and created toIslamicenvironmental issue. forscholars discussJapan of greeningidentityworkingfor agriculture last Itatbusinesses. developing iscrisis. in severaland representing year a Marchto dream to other friendlyendorserepresent solvein fromdifferent its2009 Islamic ofthe draft goodsoneEgypt:many the inthemajor the form,events Kuwait.ofcities.plan. Muslim whole -andthe inMuslim the both This most Besides,in services The Muslim UMMAHthedraft theis cities challengingIstanbul anIslamic Muslimfaith-based andthe important world, as afrom farmer plan acreateworldConference green Seven different andproblem attempts model as activatesand theso city Yearwell thebest the Islamic model,facingofis as to Planthehow an in irrigation pump near the village workers of Talla dig sand in the in El the Minya desert district; on the eastern bank cultivated of the Nilefields river near in Tallathe El village, Minya Eldistrict; Minya and ain viewthe background of the rocky is desert the rocky in the desert) eastern in bankthe eastern area of bank the Nilearea river of the just Nile out river; of El Minya city. © The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).(

12 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

Figure 20: (a) (b) (c) Institutions,ongoingAlloutput,accomplishment.andglobalConservationThegenerationsfairunitedmovement.exertingover-exploitationalsodespiteIslamicEcology the the share useSunna strategy:mission:Vision:plan:on efforts actions manythescholarsthe pressureeffortsdifferentin of The MuslimofawakeningavailabilityIn targetpartnering whereGod's"We dealingsegments Action the the "TohaveThe environmentalof have of methodology.Islam envisionProphetonWest,National, group, mobilize bounties." allHeritage:strategy beennature. their Planwith nationsinbeenwith of is ofmany IslamicView the conscience. differentdiscussed governmentsMuhammad.humanitythataClimate Regionalall Butincludeskey slowworldAplayers, the groupsofcrisisreflectsHistory protecting relevant literature allto resources thatinChange religionsenactand isfromfocusingmany and the areIslamic oneofIslamicis to constitutes Institutions the timeGlobal environmentally campaigningofenvironmentaldifferent the enactofrespectsbased of liveHimatexts, the law theenvironmentframe,Principles the himābodies in legislationworld's underpinson efforts Conservationaspects: teachings,harmony Islamicafrom theacommon Seven againstto andmostlawsinput,onother othersafehelp dependsUmmah tothe theselected withValues." derivedandlimitYear challenging for religions,concernandtheprotect religions,prioritydaily Systemnature ourrulespollution indicatorsabuseEnvironmentalto not Islamic livesfrom childrencontribute of the ofprotecting only-sand and sothe aofproblems. inofnaturalthe and we enjoyworldwide theLeadersoncomplementing theaction,Muslims,for andQur'an havelegislation, prevent environment,toArabian evaluation nature,environment. justicethethe the It to and and nexthasyetongoing dealaction Peninsula. andfrom but of himā A is a reserved pasture protected from indiscriminate Air harvestview of theon a temporaryḥimā or permanent basis. DhariyaIt existed in in the the great Middle plateau East areabefore of Najd;Islam; but it viewwas treatedfrom Matāli‛ as a nearprivate Amra; reserve for powerful chieftains. view of sunrise on the valleyhimā of Takhfa. For the sources, see Lutfallah of the Gari,images and further developments on the

13 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

14 / 15 1000 Years Amnesia: Environment Tradition in Muslim Heritage

Figures 21 : Three books on ecology(a) in Islam:[32] Islam and the Environment by Khalid Fazlul et al. , (Paperback, Ta-Ha Publishers,(b) 1999); Islam And Ecology: A Bestowed by Richard Trust C. Foltz, Frederick(c) Mathewson DennyThe and Environmental Azizan Baharuddin Dimensions by (Harvard Mawil of IzziIslam University Dien (Lutterworth Press, 2003); Press, 1997) TheAssociationsMuslimrepresentativescountries,whichdevelopenvironmentalimpliesclimateoutreachandMoreforofIstanbul7environmentalistsconferencesSaudiThroughfromscholarsdeal6.2. JulyMuslim action declarations.non-official.Istanbul proposalsplanplan,draftgatheringwith different than canArabia)2009): establishingscholars,change anDeclaration have this, alsoandthe 7YPon drawnScholars,suchact50 Islamic climate forclimate andDeclarationwepartnerships,regions religious includesastobeenwaswillpracticeswill asand of ClimateThe upincreaseareceived experts eventswith ministries beKuwait,discussguidancedeveloped label byinstitutional chosen ofchange.environmentallentchangenext managedand anscholarsEarthproposalsthe for Changehis(including forand Islamicthe backgrounds endorsementstepBahrain, Muslim andactivating Islamic to environmentalofsupport forMates Dr. awareness byrepresentatives cover environment declarewas throughfromenablinggreeningthe YoussefconductingAction.for background.7-Year-Action businesses.in conservation,DialogueMorocco, tonext developingbothto across andMorocco, organize Muslimsthe tothe from The generations.framework,about sidesAlrevivingotherrepresent plan friendly umbrella andthe many Qaradawi,Centre keyIndonesia, proposalsof Then the ofKuwait,the IslamicMuslimtoconvenedthe Awqaf PlanIslamic developing scholars implementation beofficial goodsplan meetingsconference major the(EMDC), weorganization developingtheon (Endowments)cities. Turkey,world the andspectrumhaveintroducedcivil Climate Senegal,Muslim and andMuslim inin president the societyIstanbuland ofthe havebeenanBesides,non-officialservices in specialistsUK, numberNGOoverall IslamicsevenChange enhancingIstanbul of cities'MACCA', Turkey, endorsed the endorsedIndonesia,organizations,the previous6of of andthe -7draftbased yeartheascapacity world Islamicof in many2010-2017July with and planetc. acreatestakeholders. Internationalthe tocommunication, theaction green by a ininitiatives,2009. –bothMuslimmany QatarIslamiclong-termattempts aroundMuslim thereligion.to the asplancitydeal UK, officialdifferent(Istanbul andwellbestscholars world. model, 200 to withUnionplans,Theto plan as

TheAssistantclimatetippinglowother ofchange7.MinistryUnitedAfterwards,Alouda,LebaneseScientificGreaterFigure theAcknowledgements carbonMuslimWindsorplan,Mufti elevenpressing Nationsthe change22:conferenceIstanbul,aof andGeneral ofinitiatedprominent ShiahAwqaf planet future theactionEgypt, meeting, majorCultural environmentalin planat challenges. scholar, beside and towardscan Secretarybyahistory".plan Dr.global in specialwill aSaudi IslamicbeCopenhagenOrganization, sponsored Aligroupand be Photosofdifferentalso Jumma,afaiths "Theset Arabian meetingitssustainableTheirhistoricof ofAffairslentissues". declarationforthe environmentaltofromrole by organizationsintegrated implementationtheirtheUNDP, considerin significancescholar,Al inlasttheof the December FatihWindsorMuftisupport, Islam", future. UNDP year,conference hasin howandofvisionIstanbulUniversity expertshewillThis Palestine,called,and castle, inas in 2009.Saidto said, inthe bethewillwell ARClook Muslimcommitment, on ispresented Ali,Islamic "Thepathbewith England, "couldasinpart Islam after will Dr.Mohamadpresented TurkeyISESCO the tobiggestof countries bring Ekrama world.the resolvingbeand what cooperationinto one environmentandhe theNovember thetogethercivil- Husseinin Olav thecontinued, Sabri,of the Environmentworldwide.Secretarythe climatesociety the IslamicmunicipalityKjorven, international decisivetheDr.of Fadl2009. andthe change movementSalmanlong-termin GeneralEducational, Allah,KuwaitiIstanbultheaddress (Istanbul, factors of and climatethe ofplans onto the a6-7 July 2009) showing Shaikh Dr Ali Juma'a the Grand Mufti of Egypt and Lord Mohammed Sheikh (UK) (published 2009):network"EnvironmentThisMohammedrelyAnne-MariaTickell,Ayduz,Margaret8. 1References- onArticlespaperAl-Rawi,Al-Hassani,Environment reporttheProf.Dr to Morris. Subhi 9theworkwould Brennan, Abattouy. December Talipon on and Munim Foundationand andMuslimHeritage.comtheAzzawi, Salim,not MuslimAlp, further meeting haveideasM., DrNot Prof.2002). Mahmoud MHAGDr Heritage".Contribution forbeing been of reading FerhanRafidof manyScience, The Meetingpossiblea Al-Khaddar,specialist Akef,Muslim scholars.Nizami, of Technology atDrwithoutIbn the Heritage Sayedin Fazlun SinaIn SuhailaRoyalenvironmental particular, the to Dasooqi andKhalid, thededicated AwarenessSociety, Baarma, Civilisationdevelopment I Prof.like Hassan, scienceLondon toassistance HarfiyaPaulGroup thank (FSTC) Martin ofBerkman, nor(published (MHAG),AbdelDrEarth its ofMawilin Palmer, history, Professor 14HaleemSciences Dr July a 8Izziddin, SalimconsultingAugust Sir I2009 hadand Crispin toDr.on May2002). - 2008).Gari,FSTC,Al-Samarrai, Lutfallah, IslamicAnimal Qasim, CareAesthetics,Knowledge (publishedAbbasid Gardens versus Gardens 15 NaturalFebruary and in Nature Baghdad Disasters 2006). (published and from Samarra Arabic 25 January Sources (published 2007). (published 7 November 21 (published the - End SirMackintosh-Smith,Nizamoglu,Gari, ofTickell, 15Lutfallah,13th April CenturyCrispin, Cem, 2008 Ecology Cats Tim,).Environment in inThe Islamic Muslim Secret and Culture Heritage: Gardens the (publishedMuslim (published ATreatises of History Sana'a Heritage 30 16 ofon April (publishedAprilthe Environmental 2008).Hima 2007). Conservation 16 March Pollution 2006). System up to 8.2PDF. (Libyan - Links SeeShateh, Desert) alsorelated Hadi related to Ali, Istanbul articlesInterior onconference Architecture Nature (published, andAgriculture of Desert declaration 28 Climate: October and Town Case2002). (published & Study See City the of8 AugustGadames . full article 2009). city in 8.3 - General IstanbulEarthHistoricTheM7YP:Muslim draftIstanbul Mates references Muslim 7 IstanbulDeclaration YearMuslim DialogueDeclaration ActionSeven Declaration Seven and on PlanYearCenter furtherClimate Year of onPlanthe of PlanClimate theresources M7YAPChange: to toMuslimProtect Protect Change on A 7ClimatetheMuslim Year the Natural Natural Action 7-Year-ActionChange Environment PlanEnvironment on ClimatePlan (draft) Change Manchester,Studies,1999, - Al-Hassani,Agwan,Abdel paperback. 1997. Haleem, FSTC, A.R. Salim, (editor), 2006. Harfiyah Chief Islam (editor),Editor, and the1001 Islam Environment Inventions and the Environment:. MuslimNew Delhi: Heritage. London:InstituteNew inDelhi: Our ofTa-Ha Objective World Publishers, . London:.Human-EarthRevisioningReligionPublications,vol. Stewardship (to - 3). accessFazlul,Denny,Busool, andCassell, this Khalid, Ecology:Frederick 1995,AssadRelations article a divisionpaperback. JoanneN., followM., Animal ofIslam O'Brien, the Orion Rights following and Publishing, Islam Ecology: and. Accessedpath: Ecologyand A Ecology1992.Enter Bestowed in9.09.2008 site/WorldIslam. (World Trust(The on Religionsreligions/Islam). GuidanceInvitingthe website Balancedand of oftheEcology Al the HudaSirah Forum Series). Series, on Religion ).Religions,Cambridge,Apaperback. PDF Bestowed - Foltz,Fazlul,version Harvard Richard,Richard Mass.:TrustKhalid Divinity Harvardet C.,"Ecology al. MathewsonIslam, Islam School, University and and Religion: Ecology: 2003Denny, the Press, Environment(click Frederick,BibliographyEcology 2003. here for and. Baharuddin, London:the .Islam", Center Ta-Ha entry for Azizan, the fromPublishers, Study IslamEncyclopaedia of And World1999, Ecology: of. ,Environment44,Universitye, edited CT:- Issue IzziHope,Gottlieb, Macmillan by Dien,2. Press,J.R. Marjorie, and Roger Mawil,Engel 2006,ReferenceDevelopment S. Young, &""Islamic hardcover.Islam(editor),J.G. USA, Engel. James,and Environmental The the2005, London: Oxford" Environment:Islam 4 pp. HandbookandBelhaven, Ethics, Ecology Theory Law 1990,of ",Religionand andCross pp. Society", Practice 189-198. Currentsand Ecology in Ethics, Summer. Oxford: of .Woodbridg 1994, Oxford vol. StephenEnvironment(Cambridge1997,1.andWithin (1997):- ValuesOzalp,Nasr,Kula,Izzi hardcover. C.Dien, 47–58. E.,Seyyed Rockefeller University Mehmet,is "Islam Mawil,a Religious Hossein, and ThePerspectivePress and environmental EnvironmentalIssue, John "Islam), (retrieved 2001, C. of and Elder, vol.Islam 17.08.2009).theconservation", 28,Dimensions eds. onEnvironmental no1, Life, Boston: pp. Ecology, 1-9.of EnvironmentalBeacon Islam Crisis," Environment. Cambridge: Press, in Spirit conservation 1992,", and Journaland Lutterworth pp Human Nature: 85–107. of Beliefs Role 18, WhyPress, no. the 8.4Muslim-Christian 5/2.(Thomsonslamvol. - References &Wellman,WebsiteSetia,The Science LondonGale), Adi, of David "The theRelationsDecember Islamic Islamic InnerJoseph, Network Dimension 2007,Foundation Sustainable for theof forGoing Environment Diplomacy: Ecology Green: and Ecology,Articulating (UK). Environmental Religion an Islamic Sciences and Ethics Deep-Ecology", (UK). in I Civilization[3.].;Behice[2.][1.] Macmillan,Gettingthe SeeOttoman Özden,theEsinMarquisbelow 2004. feel PatronageAtil, the of de "Art Süleymaniyesection Tournefort and (1326-1924) Architecture", on animal ,Quarter Relation care. in d'un History voyage of the du Ottoman Levant,Muslim Amsterdam,State,. New SocietyArchitecture York: 1718; and Palgrave R. under Saoud, Yasserofo-British"Chamber.n"Viabilityeast".IranianA'zami[4.]Bahadori,,vol.Muqarnas2002,DiscourseMuqarnas:Yazd,Badgir "vol.(PDF) Commerce, On10 3 pp.Renewable the (1985):(1993): "Architecture",inMahgoub,(retrieved wind oftraditional 607-644; cityof An wind Early catchers" ofAnnualIndustriespp. windcatchers towers 14.08.2009);Energy92-117.169-180; ModernGülru Iranian Scientific on and in and IslamicNecipoğlu,5 achieving Islamic(5-8) architectureidem,"windrowers, Mines], (2003);American[Ira Art(August "The Architecture", and summer"Challenging Süleymaniye Architecture (2381994:see comfortMehdi(2), 879–892; Februarythe N.Complex , in Past: ed.Bahadori the A. E. 1978:hotSinan Ihsanoglu,in arid Istanbul: , pp. and"Passive regions 144–154); the Istanbul: An Competitive Coolingof Interpretation", the M. IRCICA, middle N.Systems in N°.Thirteenth[6.]1-2,",Environmental,Architecture,1-2TheoriesFunction(Singapore:Faithscholarship.the[5.](viewed;ClimaticWindcatcherArchitecture edited[Wikipedia BuiltTheSee (1987):41988, and(November by academic14.08.2009). Lutfallah Environment:Designinand the Century",82-91. MargaretSüha Ottoman132-139; ],Concept Seein 1988); PrinciplesBuilt Design:the inÖzkan JamelGari,2002), basisEnvironment:theUnited Gianni BentleyBuildingMeteMedia TheArab"ArabicJournal Akbar,(Lausanne:of ofEnvironmentpp. Arab Design Turan,thisCaseScudo, Pte Courtyard475-488;Sevcenko Complexes", Treatises"Elements orientationof EmiratesLtd., Architectureof the"Vernacularin " theComportements, the 1988); Islamicand published House(Cambridge,Muslim Architectureon of isHistory EnvironmentalSühatheprovided Environmentaland Architecture City inTraditional BehaviorÖzkan,(The a Mass.: revisedof 1996);in White Islamicreference "Foi, and Pollutionin AgaBuilt DesignAptullahversion IslamicHorse cultureSocietiesEnvironmental Khan Environment", works ResearchupPress, on Kuran,Cultures Programet to architecture", availablethe Cambridge), "Form EndCentreResponse", forin of Islamicandin theCrisisthe in vol. in in 8, .[10.][9.],ournal[8.]AbhandlungRegime[7.](30treatisesinformation:al-baqa',EcologyCenturyMuslimHeritage.com vol.Stuttgart:Leiden:Lutfallah L.FriedrunQuotedApril See1 Gari for(1977): for 2008). inofE. kitabL. the Gari, Franz (2008), Muslim theIslamicthatfromJ. GariuberR. History Brill, p.yaqika Pilgrims Hau,Thisit L.(2008), Steiner123.diecontains. op.Heritage:medicine1992,Gari article"SummaryAnsteckungof mincit. toArabic (2008), op. Verlag,p. talawwuthMecca is 5; cit.,thatTreatises one andScience op. of for1987, hit von of Razi'sH. cit.the upon theal-hawa' FahndrichQusta on pp.Seecontents best EpistletheEnvironmental 22-24. also Ibn studies environment Luqa(editor),G.onof theBosChronic published book; (editor), Pollution protection. Coryza and so Qusta Khalidup far at to inWethe Ibnthe 'Azab,English Bloomrely Luqa'sEnd upon Madatofon of Medical13th thethe Roses",J [13.](TwoSociety,Ţibbiyahvol.RisālatāninJournal[12.]for,l[11.]ClickAbu forvol. the the 13the SahlEditedL.See2 Treatiseshere PDFpp.(1978). Gari forHistory2006. onfīal-Masihi's 5-55; the al-Jughrāfiya byfile (2008),his HistoryZuhair on of lifereprinted thisArabicMedical andop. Book al-Babaarticle.of cit.work Arabical-Science in Geography).ofL. Ghadathe Gariin Science, MinHundred edited Karmi,Mu'allafāt Kuwait: the A text MediaevalIbn Kuwait of Sīn Abūā University at-TibbiyyaSahl Compendium al-Masīhī and Kuwait Fīof TahqīqArabic Geographical Medicine:Amr al-Wabā', Journa [18.]Sa‛d[17.]69-72.[16.].(Berkeley:bookRidwan's[15.][14.]here1006 IbnTranslatedSeeL.al-Bishri. Gari, Jumay‛, TreatiseFSTC, University op. Mekka: into cit.Tab"Three "On andEnglish of‛ Ummal-Iskandariyyathe. California M.Times Prevention W. al-Quraby DolsGreaterM. Press, W. andUniversity, ofDols(Nature than BodilyA.1984). andS. Venus": Gamal,of Ills A.1997.Read Alexanderia), S.in Egypt"Gamal,Ibn quotationsMedieval Ridhwan's Medieval edited Islamic from Observation(Aleppo, byMuraizenthe Islamic Medicine introduction 1984). Medicine: ,of Ibid,'Asiri Supernova to pp. and theIbn FrenchissuedVidean,[19.],ibbiyahRisālatānDamascus,Ālam op.vol. The cit.Ya‛qūb 8,al-Makhtūtāt recently by no. book fīAntoine-Isaac 2,al-JughrāfiyaIts al-Isra'īlī,The pp. Location has(i.e., Eastern428-457; wabeen Damascus al-NawādirMizāj and translatedSilvestre al-TKey: reprinted DimashqVariance Kit 1983,ā de binto al-Ifādahin Sacyw-wadhfrom Baghdad Latin (publishedEgypt), by‛ wa-'l-Iihā Edward1987). waedited‛ tibtafāwutihāin See ā Pococke 1810).rby of alsoLutfallah ‛ Abdallatīf Several K.min (published Hafuz MiGariṣ Arabical-Baghdādīr Zand(Temperamentin in‛ editions1800)and John and were &of into Ivy [22.](Cairo:al-Faraj̄AbuhalsoPrevention[21.]27,[20.]George al-'Arabi 33, S.K.L.Edited Atlas 179,GariAllenibn Hamarneh, of al-Quffby (2008),183.Press, &Health S. Unwin, K. (630-685 1974).op.Hamarneh, 1965.cit.; S.and H./1233-1286 K. IbnK. Hamarneh Hafuz al-Quff Zand M.)al-Karaki's (ed.), and Ibn J.. Amman:&al-QuffBook I. Videan, On al-Karaki's University Preventive The Eastern Book ofAl-Ṭabi Medicine Jordan, Keȳb ,wa-al-jarra 1989.ibid,.and London: thepp. Seē [26.]…aboutestGouvernemens,[25.].:philosopher,an[24.],(2ndDictionaryslam[23.]12-13;ThroughEncyclopedia vol. Paris, accountcurieusement ConstantinForJeaned.),9, his pp. pp. the LouisSyria journeys. vol.deof176, 600-604.of lifehistorian, Scientific Thévenot his3,of andBillaine, 180-192, and Politiques,pp.I Françoistraveltraité SeeEgypt, 897-898;writings orientalist,Biography des (1633-1667)1665.inJ. 216-217. 1787,deein Langues,Estats Thévenot, theofChassebœuf, and Ibn Years and A.Z.sujetsal-Nafis, was Voyage &politician. 1783,Iskandar,coustumes aau French comte seeRelation Grand en1784, He Egypte M."Ibn de traveller destraveledSeigneur,Meyerhofand Volneyal-Nafīs",d'un Habitanset1785 envoyage in to (1757-1820) Syrieandthe des Egypt de East, J.Moeurs,fait. ceReadSchacht, andau whogrand Levant wasSyriaonline Religions, wrote "Ibn Empire,a Travelsop.and Frenchdansits extensivelyal-Nafīs" cit., Englishpublished Forces, laquelle pp. in il [29.],;[28.][27.](1884).tousaDogsIslamIslamic EncyclopediaKhaled[Wikipedia], civilisation lesSeeGustaveQuoted inand See Culture animaux".theAbou FSTC, animals especiallyIslamic des also Le Elof Arabes BonFadl,AnimalReligionby Tradition Ibn (1841-1931) AnimalsLivre Kathir,Care and 4, and ChapitreNature,(published inAl-Bidaya IslamicNature was Newa II, TraditionFrench 15wasub-section York: February'l-nihaya social Continuum and : "Douceur2006)Muslimpsychologistsee the andInternational, CulturesArabic des CemNizamoglu andOrientaux text sociologist, online2004. à ,l'égard hereCats author. inde of L [32.],354-355).Ottomanyitaht-ı[31.]Remarkingandexception.clarifiesfor[30.]Publications,Natural Project animals legalSpace ReadTheAnotherRichard Keywords:zemin the Environment coordinator Archives,archival contexts, In the thatinsense 2006;hisD.scholar,Eminönü:Islamic full little Foltz,article, source version in Istanbul, Paperback he attentionLatif law:which James shows birhe of Coşar;ofa dünyaendeavoured theit comparativeA. the L. ishasthat MKT.NZD,2007. FirmanWescoat, a documenteditor 'right' başkentibeenthe 'right Kasım(decree) andgiven approach"to conductedN° M7YP: showofis 196/25.Demirci.thirst'to'Islamic'. relatedanimals' the draft in a doctrinal IslamicSeeminuteİstanbul: toMuslimEnvironment access these also researchlaw bases SevenİlberEminönüdecisions to constitutes water13(6), Ortaylıforand Year ,on . Oxford:the Belediyesi, in Planning 1995,"Theis: differentPlanand'right Primean Oneworld'right others,pp.important toof D: ProtectMinistry's637-654.thirst', cultural2008, ofSociety thirst' andpp.thePa IslamIstanbulAl-ZahrawiAl-QurafyIntegrate and conference environment Environment Sustainability Sinan Al-Shatiby ecology Islam and

15 / 15