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THE PHILADELPHIA PAPERS A Publication of the Foreign Policy Research Institute GREAT WAR AT SEA: REMEMBERING THE BATTLE OF JUTLAND by John H. Maurer May 2016 13 FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE THE PHILADELPHIA PAPERS, NO. 13 GREAT WAR AT SEA: REMEMBERING THE BATTLE OF JUTLAND BY JOHN H. MAURER MAY 2016 www.fpri.org 1 THE PHILADELPHIA PAPERS ABOUT THE FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Founded in 1955 by Ambassador Robert Strausz-Hupé, FPRI is a non-partisan, non-profit organization devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. In the tradition of Strausz-Hupé, FPRI embraces history and geography to illuminate foreign policy challenges facing the United States. In 1990, FPRI established the Wachman Center, and subsequently the Butcher History Institute, to foster civic and international literacy in the community and in the classroom. ABOUT THE AUTHOR John H. Maurer is a Senior Fellow of the Foreign Policy Research Institute. He also serves as the Alfred Thayer Mahan Professor of Sea Power and Grand Strategy at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone, and do not represent the settled policy of the Naval War College, the Department of the Navy, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Foreign Policy Research Institute 1528 Walnut Street, Suite 610 • Philadelphia, PA 19102-3684 Tel. 215-732-3774 • Fax 215-732-4401 FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 2 Executive Summary This essay draws on Maurer’s talk at our history institute for teachers on America’s Entry into World War I, hosted and cosponsored by the First Division Museum at Cantigny in Wheaton, IL, April 9-10, 2016. -
Medaillen Als Propagandamedium Des Ersten Weltkrieges
Markus Meinold Geprägte Erinnerung kunsttexte.de 1/2009 - 1 Markus Meinold Geprägte Erinnerung – Medaillen als Propagandamedium des Ersten Weltkrieges „Wie eine Sammellinse die Strahlungsenergie der distische Inhalte ihren Einzug auf den Medaillen. Krie- Sonne in einem Brennpunkt vereinigt, können Medail- ge sind mediale Großereignisse. Zu Kriegs- und Kri- len Zeitgeschichte und Zeitgeist in konzentrierter senzeiten steigert sich die Mediennutzung.7 Im Ersten Form künstlerisch widerspiegeln.“1 – so definiert Wer- Weltkrieg wurden zum Zwecke der Propaganda erst- ner Knopp die Medaille als Medium. malig von den beteiligten Nationen alle zur Verfügung Ein typisches Charakteristikum der Medaillen, denen stehenden Kommunikationsmittel benutzt.8 Plakate, im Gegensatz zu Münzen die Eigenschaft des Zah- die für Kriegsanleihen warben, Fotografien, die den lungsmittels fehlt, ist ihre Funktion eines metallenen vermeintlichen Frontalltag zeigten und nicht zuletzt Erinnerungsstückes.2 Zu den wesentlichen Eigen- der Film sind die geläufigeren Transporteure patrioti- schaften des Mediums zählt seine Dauerhaftigkeit, die scher Botschaften. Weniger bekannt ist der Stellen- vor allem dem Material geschuldet ist. Die Medaille wert der Medaille, welche gleichwohl „in ihrer Popula- fungiert im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes als Schau- rität nur noch von der Bildpostkarte als einer Art trivia- stück gleich einem „Denkmal für die Hand“3. Insbe- lem Kontrapost übertroffen“9 wurde. Als Kunst- und sondere die Wiederbelebung der Medaille zur Zeit des Sammelobjekt sind Medaillen nach wie vor sehr ge- Jugendstils steigerte ihren künstlerischen Eigenwert. fragt, als historische Quelle hingegen blieben sie von Anstatt die Stücke in Schränken oder Schubladen zu den Geschichtswissenschaften bisher noch wenig be- verbergen, präsentierte man sie für jedermann sicht- rücksichtigt. bar in Vitrinen und Schaukästen.4 Darüber hinaus konnten mit einer Öse versehene Medaillen am Re- 1. -
The Armoured Commerce Raider 1914-1942. the Mirage of An
Michael H. Clemmesen 14.8.2010 The Armoured Commerce Raider 19141942. The mirage of an indirect path to victory for the weaker navy? “As the primary objective in naval war is the enemy transport capacity and his sea lines of communication, there will also be operational possibilities against a superior opponent without an initial defeat of his battle fleet …”1 Panzerschiff DEUTSCHLAND. (commons.wikimedia.org) Operation “Weserübung”, the German strategic coup against Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940 has been seen as inspired by the writings of Wolfgang Wegener during and after World War I, as he recommended the expansion of his navy’s narrow base of operation by gaining access to North Sea bases in the Nordic States. The idea of a bright officer from the service periphery inspiring strategic doctrine by bypassing the correct formal channels is, however, fundamentally naïve. It ignores the automatic negative reaction of senior officers and colleagues in any military bureaucracy to somebody that is seen acting in a disloyal and self‐ promoting way. In a peace‐time military critical widely circulated writings of a young or midcareer officer are most likely to be disregarded as signs of arrogance, immaturity or lack of access to the “full picture” (including the political realities in the capital). Later in the critic’s life they might be ignored as driven by career frustrations. In war‐time implicit criticism of the service leadership is intolerable and dangerous. A service leadership may encourage and reward internal elite debate to keep it flexible and identify talent, however neither Tirpitz’ war‐time Kaiserliche Marine nor Raeder´s peace‐time Reichmarine can be considered particularly tolerant of challenges to the dogmas of the service’s leaders. -
Jutland: Acrimony to Resolution Holger Herwig
Naval War College Review Volume 69 Article 12 Number 4 Autumn 2016 Jutland: Acrimony to Resolution Holger Herwig Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Herwig, Holger (2016) "Jutland: Acrimony to Resolution," Naval War College Review: Vol. 69 : No. 4 , Article 12. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol69/iss4/12 This Additional Writing is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Herwig: Jutland: Acrimony to Resolution REVIEW ESSAYS JUTLAND: ACRIMONY TO RESOLUTION Holger Herwig Jutland: The Naval Staff Appreciation, ed. William Schleihauf. Barnsley, U.K.: Seaforth Publishing, 2016. 316 pages. $34.95. The Jutland Scandal: The Truth about the First World War’s Greatest Sea Battle, by J. E. T. Harper and Sir Reginald Bacon. Barnsley, U.K.: Frontline Books, 2016. 252 pages. $24.99. Jutland: The Unfinished Battle, by Nicholas Jellicoe. Barnsley, U.K.: Seaforth Publishing, 2016. 402 pages. $35.95. Shortly after 2 PM (GMT) on 31 May 1916 the Danish tramp steamer N. J. Fjord blew off steam and came to a halt in the North Sea just west of the Skagerrak, the maritime strait between Denmark and Norway. To the northwest, its captain spied the British light cruiser HMS Galatea; to the southeast, the German light cruiser SMS Elbing. Thus was established the first contact in what the British would call the battle of Jutland, and the Germans die Schlacht vor dem Skagerrak: 151 ships of 1,700 guns and 60,000 sailors under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, and 100 ships of 900 guns and 45,000 sailors under the command of Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer. -
SMS Cöln Wreck - Scapa Flow
SMS Cöln Wreck - Scapa Flow Nationality: German Launched: 5 October 1916 Commissioned: 17 January 1918 Builder: Blohm and Voss, Hamburg Construction number: 247 Type: Light Cruiser Subtype/class: Cöln Class Displacement (standard): 5620 tonnes Displacement (full load): 7486 tonnes Length overall: 115m* Beam: 12m Draught: 6.01 – 6.43m. Complement: 559 Material: Steel Cause of loss: Scuttled Date lost: 21 June 1919; 13.50 hrs Casualties (in scuttling): 0 Propulsion: 8 coal and 6 oil marine type boilers, two sets geared steam turbines, two propellers Fuel: 1100 tonnes coal maximum, 1050 tonnes oil maximum Range: 6000 nautical miles at 12 knots Power: 48708 shp** maximum Speed: 29.3 knots maximum Armour: ranges from 20mm – 60mm (position dependent) control tower 100mm (on the sides) Armament: 8 x 15 cm guns, 3 x 8.8 cm anti-aircraft guns (reduced to 2 in 1918), 4 x 60cm deck mounted torpedo tubes, 200 mines *measurements taken from the ships plans ** shp – shaft horse power NB Two of the 15 cm guns were mounted on the forecastle of the Cöln but were on the upper deck of the Dresden. History of the Vessel The second SMS Cöln was a light cruiser of the former Imperial Navy. Köln is the German name for the town of Cologne, situated on the banks of the River Rhine. The German spelling for Cologne has varied over many years. In 1900 a move was made to standardise the spelling and the then Prussian Minister for Interior Affairs, issued an edict that the correct spelling for Cologne was Cöln. However, on the 1st February 1919, the mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, reversed this decision making the official spelling Köln once more. -
Centenary of the First World War the Battle of Jutland
CENTENARY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR THE BATTLE OF JUTLAND The National Commemoration of the Centenary of the Battle of Jutland 31 May 2016 St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney The Commonwealth War Graves Commission’s Lyness Royal Naval Cemetery, Hoy Jutland Bank THE NATIONAL COMMEMORATION OF THE CENTENARY OF THE BATTLE OF JUTLAND 31 May 2016 St. Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney The Commonwealth War Graves Commission’s Lyness Royal Naval Cemetery, Hoy Jutland Bank Front cover Ships of the Grand Fleet at anchor, Scapa Flow, 1916 © IWM SP1680 2 1 The clash between the British and German fleets in 1916 is described as the Battle of Jutland, but, in truth, the battle was fought over a huge area of the North Sea. It involved more ships than any previous naval battle. It also came at an awkward time in the development of power-driven warships. Their speed was much greater, but communication by radio was still in its infancy and radar had not been invented, while funnel smoke made communications by flags or light much more difficult. The potential for things to go wrong – always very great in sea battles – was greater than ever. There was, understandably, public disappointment with the result, but there is no doubt that it was fought with the highest courage and determination under the most difficult and challenging conditions. Whatever the judgement on the outcome, this commemoration of the centenary of the Battle is focused on the endurance and gallantry of all those who took part, on both sides, and particularly, on those who lost their lives. -
The Log of Lt Cdr E C Roden
THE LOG OF LIEUTENANT COMMANDER E C RODEN RNR HMS Caronia 3 August 1914 - 15 May 1915 Edited by E J Scaplehorn Published by kind permission of Victoria and Fred Silvester © Liverpool Nautical Research Society 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Liverpool Nautical Research Society wishes to thank Victoria and Fred Silvester for allowing us to publish Lieutenant Commander Roden’s Log, and for their encouragement and support in enabling this important memoir of the Great War at sea to reach a wider audience. We are particularly indebted to Fred Silvester for producing the first typed transcript, which made subsequent editing far less difficult than it would otherwise have been. We would also like to thank the Liverpool RNR Officers’ Club (‘Sea Urchins’) and especially Lieutenant Commander John Glover RD RNR for highlighting the existence of the Log, and for help with editing. The biographical introduction below is largely derived from a ‘Sea Urchins’ publication commemorating their centenary. We are fortunate that the transcribed deck log of HMS Caronia is available online at http://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-08-HMS_Caronia.htm. This has been invaluable in setting Lieutenant Commander Roden’s private log within its historical context. The appearance of Lieutenant Commander Roden’s initials throughout the deck log confers an immediacy which enhances both documents. We acknowledge with gratitude the contribution of Naval-History.Net in developing this article. 1 EDITOR’S NOTE The original log, in the possession of Victoria Silvester, is handwritten in a foolscap-sized notebook with board covers. It was passed down to Victoria from her mother, Mary Lloyd-Davies, daughter of Lt Cdr Roden. -
Feuer Aus Den Kesseln
FEUER AUS DEN KESSELN Ein Theaterabend zur Revolution 1918 nach Ernst Toller von Michael Uhl 1 Mit: Simon Ahlborn, Philipp Buder, Sven Heiß, Ben Knop, Julius Ohlemann, Jördis Wölk Konzept & Regie Michael Uhl Bühne und Kostüme Thomas Rump Bühnenmusik Kriton Klingler Dramaturgie Lea Redlich Regieassistenz Tomke Mindner Soufflage Petra Hillers Inspizienz Björn de Groot Inhalt Was bisher geschah Deutsche Revolution S.3 Geschichte Wilhelmshavens S.5 Rolle der Kaiserlichen Marine Der Tirpitz-Plan. Wegmarken der Flottenrüstung S.6 Gefecht auf der Doggerbank S.10 Skagerrakschlacht S.12 Die Flotte schäft im Hafen ein. Matrosenalltag S.14 1917/18 Max Reichpietsch und Albin Köbis S.18 Die Meuterei. Kurzer Überblick S.19 Novemberrevolution. Eine Chronologie S.23 2 Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849 Freiheit, Gleichheit, Brüderlichkeit - das sind die Parolen der Französischen Revolution, die der Deutschen Revolution im Jahre 1848 voraus gingen. In ganz Europa wurde nach Liberalismus gestrebt. Unter dem Synonym "Märzrevolution" wurde im Deutschen Bund politische Freiheit, Gleichberechtigung und die Vereinigung Deutschlands angestrebt. Der Aufstand erzwang die Durchführung von Wahlen, eine neue Nationalversammlung sowie die Aufhebung von Pressezensur und Bauernfreiheit. Dennoch scheiterte die Revolution. Die Ursachen: Wirtschaftskrise und veralte politische Verhältnisse Die Ursachen der Deutschen Revolution waren sowohl wirtschaftlich als auch politisch. Eine schwere Missernte im Jahr 1846 sorgte für Hungersnöte und Hungerrevolten. Massenarmut regierte. Die Kaufkraft sank. Niedergang der Textilindustrie und eine Krise im Handwerk waren die Folgen. Auch der durch die Industrialisierung entstandene Arbeiterklasse ging es schlecht: Sie lebte unter dem Existenzminimum in Elendsvierteln und war dauerhaft von Arbeitslosigkeit bedroht. Vereinzelte Versuche des Aufstandes gab es bereits vor der Deutschen Revolution 1848/1849. -
''Brandenburg'' Class Battleships
''Brandenburg'' class battleships PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 08 Dec 2011 02:51:24 UTC Contents Articles Brandenburg class battleship 1 SMS Brandenburg 7 SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm 12 SMS Weissenburg 18 SMS Wörth 23 References Article Sources and Contributors 27 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 28 Article Licenses License 29 Brandenburg class battleship 1 Brandenburg class battleship SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm Class overview Operators: Kaiserliche Marine Ottoman Navy Succeeded by: Kaiser Friedrich III-class battleship Built: 1890—94 In commission: 1893—1938 Completed: 4 Lost: 1 Scrapped: 3 General characteristics Type: Battleship Displacement: 10013 t (9855 long tons; 11037 short tons) Length: 379.58 ft (115.70 m) Beam: 64 ft (20 m) Draught: 26 ft (7.9 m) Propulsion: 2 shafts triple expansion 10000 ihp (7500 kW) Speed: 17 knots (31 km/h) Range: 4500 nautical miles (8300 km) at 10 knots (20 km/h) Complement: 568 Armament: 2 × 2 - 28 cm (11 in) K L/40 guns 2 × 28 cm (11 in) BL / 35 caliber guns 8 × 10.5 cm (4.1 in) QF guns 8 × 8.8 cm (3.5 in) QF guns 3 × 45 cm (18 in) torpedo tubes Armor: Belt 12–16 inches turrets 9 inches (230 mm) deck 3 inches (76 mm) Brandenburg class battleship 2 The four Brandenburg-class pre-dreadnought battleships were Germany's first ocean-going battleships. They were also the first German warship, of any type, to be fitted with wireless communications. The class comprised Brandenburg, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm, Weißenburg, and Wörth. -
Holger H. Herwig Address: Centre for Military and Strategic Studies University of Calgary 2500 Universi
CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Holger H. Herwig Address: Centre for Military and Strategic Studies University of Calgary 2500 University Drive N.W. Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4 CANADA Telephone: (403) 220-4038 Fax: (403) 282-0594 E-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION B.A. University of British Columbia, Canada. 1965. First Class Honours: History. M.A. State University of New York at Stony Brook. 1967. Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook. 1970. EMPLOYMENT HISTORY 1971-72 Visiting Assistant Professor, Indiana University. 1972-89 Vanderbilt University. Assistant Professor 1972, Associate Professor 1977, Professor 1983. 1989ff. Professor, University of Calgary. 1991-1996 Head, Department of History, University of Calgary. 2001 ff. Canada Research Chair in Military and Strategic Studies, University. EXTERNAL TEACHING 1985-86 Visiting Professor of Strategy, Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. Herwig. C.V. Page 2 1998 Andrea and Charles Bronfman Distinguished Visiting Professor of Judaic Studies, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. PUBLICATIONS Books: The German Naval Officer Corps: A Social and Political History 1890-1918. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. Politics of Frustration: The United States in German Strategic Planning, 1888-1941. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Co., 1976. Das Elitekorps des Kaisers. Die Marineoffiziere im Wilhelminischen Deutschland. Hamburg: Hans Christians, 1977. Alemania y el bloqueo internacional de Venezuela 1902/03. Caracas: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, 1977. Also in English translation, Caracas. "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918. London, Boston, Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1980. Biographical Dictionary of World War I . Westport and London: Greenwood Press, 1982. With Neil M. Heyman. Germany's Vision of Empire in Venezuela 1871-1914. -
12-14 Layout
Teil 4 Franz Eue und Alfons Feuerle Zu den Phasen intensiver Medaillenproduktion in Deutschland gehört die Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges zwischen 1914 und 1918. Eindrucksvoll illustrieren dies über eintausend Objekte aus dem kurzen Zeitraum im Besitz des Münzkabinetts der Staatlichen Mu- seen zu Berlin. Die damals entstandenen Medaillen und Münzen sind unmittelbare Zeitzeugnisse für die erste große deutsche und europäische Katastrophe des 20. Jahrhunderts. Ziel dieser Serie ist Robert Ball Nachfolger (Aufschriften BALL oder des Prokuristen der Firma Hu- es, Medailleure vorzustellen, die während des Ersten Weltkrieges in go GRÜNTHAL), für Oertel (OERTEL) Deutschland Medaillen schufen. in Berlin und für die Prägeanstalt Ludwig Dieser vierte Teil behandelt Franz Eue und Alfons Feuerle. Christian Lauer in Nürnberg. Die Firmen boten die Medaillen meist in mehreren Ausführungen mit unterschiedlichen Bernhard Weisser geber Grünthal den Künstler so nannte. Durchmessern, in verschiedenen Metallen Möglicherweise hieß er aber Friedrich und und auch Feingehaltsstufen an. Die Berli- Franz Eue ist identisch mit dem Graveur Friedrich ner Firma Ball offerierte auch Medaillen geb. 5.12.1888 (?), Todesdatum unbekannt Wilhelm Eue, der am 5. Dezember 1888 mit angearbeiteter Öse und Halskette so- Signatur: F. EUE, FR. EUE, Fr. EUE in Rathenow geboren wurde und am 6. wie mit einer Broschenfassung [Zetzmann Die genauen Lebensdaten zu dem Graveur April 1912 in Straßburg, wo er zu dieser 2002, 23, vgl. hier Abb. 3]. L. Forrer wies Franz Eue, der in Rathenow geboren wur- Zeit lebte, getraut wurde [Standesamtsre- nach einer Aufzählung von 19 Medaillen de [Gaettens 1927, 55], sind unbekannt. gister 1912, Nr. 275]. Fritz als verkürzter und dem Verweis auf ‚many others‘ darauf In der Literatur wird der mit ‚Fr.‘ oder ‚F.‘ Rufname wäre demnach akzeptabel, Franz hin, dass von Eue geschaffene Medaillen signierende Künstler meist als Franz [Ball nicht. -
The SMS Ostfriesland: a Warship at the Crossroads of Military Technology
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2018 The SMS Ostfriesland: A Warship at the Crossroads of Military Technology Wesley R. Hale University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Hale, Wesley R., "The SMS Ostfriesland: A Warship at the Crossroads of Military Technology" (2018). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1223. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1223 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SMS OSTFRIESLAND: A WARSHIP AT THE CROSSROADS OF MILITARY TECHNOLOGY BY WESLEY R. HALE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2018 MASTER OF ARTS THESIS OF WESLEY R. HALE APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Rod Mather Michael Honhart Jessica Frazier Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2018 ABSTRACT In the 21st century, the applicability of aeronautics in civilian and military life is common place. The use of planes allows loved ones to visit each other across countries and continents, reducing what was once an almost insurmountable distance to a few hours of discomfort. Military strategists accept as a matter of course that the nation that controls the skies will often control the field below. The 21st century features human control of the skies as a fact of life.