Operation and Management of Indian National Grid: Key Issues and Challenges

U K Verma General Manager ERLDC-POSOCO Contents n Typical Numbers for Indian Power System n Long Term Challenges n Medium Term to Real Time Challenges n Human Resource n System Operation: Key Competencies and Expectations

3/23/2012 POSOCO 2 Indian Power System : Amongst the Largest in the World National Grid (UK) PJM (USA) 68GW SO - UPS (Russia) 165GW Capita: 65m 146 GW Capita: 51m Capita: 144m MidWest ISO (USA) 159GW SGCC (China) Capita: 40m 900GW Capita: 1000m

RTE (France) 93GW Capita: 65m Tepco (Japan) 64GW Capita: 45m Red Electrica (Spain) 93GW Capita: 47m KPX (South Korea) 70GW ONS (Brazil) Capita: 49m 100GW Capita: 170m Terna (Italy) PGCIL (India) 57GW Eskom 182GW Capita: 60m (South Africa) Capita: 1200m 43.5GW Capita: 49m

Source: VLPGO, 2010 Indian Power System (upto 132/110 kV level)

System Components NEW Grid SR Grid Total Nodes 3823 1113 4936 Generating Plants 376 228 604 Machines 1090 511 1601 Branches 7616 2094 9710 Transformers 1582 524 2106 Bus reactors 137 20 157 Line reactors 319 43 362

Voltage Level (in kV) Central Sector State Sector JV/Pvt Total

765 4849 410 -- 5259

400 73107 32038 6403 111548

220 10638 126548 427 137613

+- 500 Kv HVDC lines 5948 1504 1980 9432

Line lengths in Ckt. Km.

st POSOCO As on 31 October 2011 4 Some Typical Numbers … n All India Installed Capacity :~ 187 GW n Peak Demand met :~ 110 GW n Generation outage :~ 17000 MW n Energy : ~ 2500 MU/day n Hydro generation :~ 335 MU/day n 400kV & above Trans. Line :~ 750 nos n Short Term Open Access :~ 160 MU/day

q Power Exchange volume : ~ 40 MU/day

q Bilateral volume : ~ 120 MU/day

POSOCO Average figures 5 Generation Technology n Till 1950 largest unit size was 30 MW Growth of thermal unit size n Units of 200/210/500 MW form the backbone of the thermal 1000 capacity in the country (nearly 900 60 %) 800 700 n 1st 50 MW unit in Obra 600 500 n 1st 100 MW unit in Obra 400 300 n 1st 200 MW unit in Obra Megawatts 200 100 n 1st 500 MW unit in Trombay 0

19601970s 1984 2008 2010-11 Till 1950

1977 onwards Year www.cea.nic.in: Report of the committee to recommend next higher size of coal fired thermal power stations (2003) Spatial Distribution Of Load

High load density Resource rich areas

Source:Powerline (Siemens Ad), Oct-2006

23-Mar-12 POWERGRID - NRLDC 7 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 7 All India Demand Met

8 All India Hydro Generation

3/23/2012 POSOCO 9 Peculiarities of Regional Grids in India

Deficit Region REGIONAL Snow fed – run-of –the –river hydro GRIDS Highly weather sensitive load Adverse weather conditions: Fog & Dust CHICKEN-NECK Storm

NORTHERN Very low load REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION High hydro potential EASTERN REGION Evacuation problems WESTERN REGION Low load High coal reserves SOUTHERN Pit head base load plants REGION

Industrial load and agricultural load

High load (40% agricultural load) Monsoon dependent hydro The PowerGrid

Regional Grid

Regional Grid Regional Grid National Grid

Regional Grid Regional Grid

State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 11 POWER INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING SC PX

SO Customers TO UC Central ERC State ERC Regulated Regulated Demand Management ISGSs/ State Transmission Central & Distribution Micro-Grids MPPs Transmission (Interstate open Retail Access) Providers Distribution

Regional Grid Management Power Generation Grid ISGSs Reliability Merit Despatch SC - Scheduling Decentralised Coordinator(SLDCs/Traders PX - Power Exchange SO - Indep. System Operator TO - Transmission Owner UC-Utility Cos ISGSs/GENCOs 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 12 LEGISLATION,REGULATION AND GOVERNANCE

RLDC

CTU ISGS REGULATOR RPC NLDC

SLDC’s REGULATOR

STAKEHOLDERS

MERCHANT GEN.

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 13 HIERARCHY OF GRID MANAGEMENT

National Level

Regional Level

State Utilities Level

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 14 Overview - Indian Power System

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 15 All-India Generation Capacity: ( as on 31.1.12)

Total 187GW Oil Gas 1199.75, 17742.85, 1% 14%

Renewable Nuclear 20162 4780 10.7% 2.5% Coal 104816 85% Hydro 38848 21% Thermal 123759 Hydro 38848 Thermal 123759 Nuclear 4780 66% Renewable 20162

3/23/2012 Source:www.powermin.nic.inERLDC: POSOCO 16 Sector wise Breakup

Private Sector, 46111 MW State Sector, 25% 83605MW , 44%

Central Sector, 57832 MW 31%

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 17 Area : 1010,000 SQ KMS Installed Capacity Population : 330 Million Peak Demand : 37GW REGIONAL (in GW) :873 MU / Day GRIDS North 55.46 Area : 255,090 SQ KMS Population : 40 Million Peak Demand : 1.7GW East 24.07 : 22 MU / Day NORTHERN South 45.68 REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION West 61.66 EASTERN REGION

WESTERN Area : 433680 SQ KMS North- 2.33 REGION Population : 240 Million Area : 951470 SQ KMS Peak Demand : 14.6 GW East Population : 244 Million :290 MU / Day Peak Demand : 37.3 GW :830 MU / Day TOTAL 187.10 SOUTHERN REGION Area : 636280 SQ KMS Population : 232 Million Peak Demand : 30.9 GW :670 MU / Day By 2027: Installed Capacity: 685 GW Peak Demand : 520 GW Growth Rate: 8-9% per annum

Total 3,287,263 sq. km area Ins. Capacity As on 31st Oct 2009, More than 1 Billion people www.cea.nic.in 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 18 Why Integration? Obvious Benefits of Integrated Operation n Security n Reliability and quality of supply q Suppression of frequency and voltage fluctuations n Sharing of resources q Reduction in investment and conservation q Economies of scale – Funding, Staggered Capacity q Utilisation of diversities q Environmental dispatch & new plant siting q Coordination of maintenance schedules n Risk sharing n Merit order operation n Economical exchange of electric power

3/23/2012 NRLDC, New Delhi 19 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 19 Peculiarities of Indian Power System

•Skewed resource distribution •Long-haulage of power •Resource Inadequacy •Weather extremes •Diversity

20 3/23/2012 POWERGRID 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 20 INDIA August 2006 3,287,263 sq. km area North synchronized With Central Grid More than 1 Billion people (2001 census)

Installed Capacity of March 2003 187 GW (Dec’11) West synchronized NEW Grid With East & Northeast

South October 1991 Grid East and Northeast synchronized Central Grid

North East One Nation One Grid West Northeast Merging of Markets South Five Regional Grids Five Frequencies

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 21 The ‘Electrical’ Regions

NORTHERN ‘N-E-W’ Grid REGION

NORTH- 1 EASTERN REGION

EASTERN REGION

WESTERNRE GION

SOUTH Grid

SOUTHERN2 REGION

23-Mar-12 POWERGRID - NRLDC 22 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 22 Frequency Profile: 1988-2011

3/23/2012 POSOCO 23 680 720 760 800 82.5 0 84 0 880 920 960

J&K Diversity

HP PUNJAB

• Time HARIANA BHUTAN NER N NEPAL DELHI SKM NG ASSAMNE RAJASTHAN UP BIHAR ME • Generation MNP E B’ MYANMAR DESH-TRPMIZ Resources MP JKND GUJARAT W WB CTGR L • Load Centers MAHARASHTRA ORISSA DIU DAMAN • Long Haulage of Power S GOA AP PONDICHERY KARNATAKA • Weather A&N TAMIL • Seasons LAKSHADWEEP NADU

SRI

LANKA 23-Mar-12 24 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 24 Energy Resource Map

• Hydro potential in NER and upper part of NR

• Coal reserves mainly in ER

• For optimal utilisation of resources – strong National Grid North

NorthEast

West East

Total : 23190 MW ( 20.3.12 South

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 26 Inter-regional Transfer Capacity of 37,000 MW by 2012 Revised 27950 MW NORTHERN REGION 4,900 MW 11,700 MW NORTH- EASTERN REGION

5,850 MW WESTERN 2,650 MW REGION EASTERN REGION

1,200 MW 3,700 MW

SOUTHERN REGION

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 27 765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM URI WAGOORA DULHASTI THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’ KISHENPUR RAVI SATLUJ

JULLANDHAR

MOGA TEHRI CHICKEN NECK BALLABGARH A'PUR (DELHI RING) MEERUT BHUTAN HISSAR DIHANG DAMWE HYDRO TALA RANGANADI BEARILLY TEESTA M'BAD LUCKNOW KATHAL- BHIWADI G'PUR BONGAIGAON GURI NR AGRA JAIPUR ALLAHABAD M'PUR MARIANI /UNNAO VARANASI PURNEA SHIROHI MISA MALANPUR SILIGURI/BIRPARA 2500MW SINGRAULI BARH BADARPUR 5 00 M W KAHALGAON TIPAIMUKH ZERDA B'SHARIF DEHGAM VINDHYA- NAGDA SATNA CHAL MAITHON NER NORTH BINA JAMSHEDPUR LIMBDI GANDHAR/ SIPAT KARANPURA BANGLA SEONI AMRELI KAWAS DESH CHEGAON ROURKELA JETPUR KORBA VAPI BHANDARA RAIPUR ER PIPAVAV TARAPUR AKOLA HIRMA BOISAR WARDA PADGHEAMRAVATI CHANDRAPUR TALCHER 1 00 0M W JEYPORE HYDRO POWER FROM THE PARLI DHABOL WR LONIKAND NORTH-EAST & CHEAP PIT KOYNA KARAD RAMAGUNDAM HEAD THERMAL POWER GAZUWAKA KOLHAPUR FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE SR 2000MW VIJAYAWADA RING AND EXITS TO POWER PONDA NARENDRA STARVED REGIONS SIRSI 2000MW KAIGA KRISHNAPATNAM

CHITTOOR BANGALORE MYSORE HOSUR SOUTH CHENNAI SINGARPET LEGEND KOZHIKODE PUGALUR LAKSHADWEEP CUDDALORE EXISTING/ X P L A N NATIONAL X I P L A N GRID COCHIN SALEM IX P L A N

KARAIKUDI 765 KV LINES KAYAMKULAM KAYATHAR 400 KV LINES TRIVANDRUM H V D C B /B KUDANKULAM HVDC BIPOLE 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 28 765 KV ring under construction

NR NER 1 8 7 2 6 3 5 4 ER WR 1. Agra 2. Gwalior 3. Bina 4. Seoni SR 5. Sipat 6. North Karanpura 7. Balia 8. Fatehpur

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 29 Vision beyond 2012

One Nation One Grid NORTHERN REGION

NORTH- EASTERN REGION

EASTERN REGION

WESTERNRE GION New AC Interconnections After 2012

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 30 Pushing Technological Frontiers

±800 kV HVDC 1200kV UHVAC

765kV AC ±500 kV HVDC

400 kV

Grid Disturbances

1977 1990 2000 2011 2012/13

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 31 Transmission technology

Issues: •Reactive Compensation in EHV/UHV •Importance of lines of all voltage levels •Short Circuit Levels Inter Regional Exchange

IR EXCHANGE

60000

50000 52374 > 56747

---- 46027 42932 48782 40000 38211 34816

30000 30763 ENERGY (InMUs) 22783 20000

11539 12615 10000 8586 7740 5888 3637 2995 1015 1416 1756 1779 0

YEAR----> 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2010-11 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2011-12 1999-2000 Upto Jan'12

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 33 ER-NR Inter Regional Exchange

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 34 ER-WR Inter Regional Exchange

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 35 ER-SR Inter Regional Exchange

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 36 ER-NER Inter Regional Exchange

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 37 ER inter-region echange

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 38 NR Inter Regional Exchange

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 39 WR Inter Regional Exchange

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 40 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 41 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 42 Eastern Region at a Glance

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 43 Eastern Region

Sikkim

BIHAR

DVC WEST JHARKHAND BENGAL

ORISSA

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 44 Eastern Region(Location of Coal fields & Gen Capacity

Mix ) Sikkim

BIHAR

21% 79% DVC W.BENGAL Thermal Hydro JHARKHAND

ORISSA

Gen Capacity :22000MW Imp From Bhutan : 1400 MW(approx) CPPs : 3968 MW

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 45 Eastern Region(Locatiobn of Major Power plants) Sikkim Bhutan

Uttar Pradesh Assam BIHAR

DVC WEST JHARKHAND BENGAL

Chattisgarh

ORISSA Central Thermal State Thermal Central Hydro State Hydro

Andhra Pradesh 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 46 GROWTH OF INSTALLED CAPACITY IN E.REGION

28 26.248

26 25.353

24 23.403

22 20.693

20 19.893 GW 18 16.523 16.020 16

10 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 47 Eastern Region(Inter Regional Links and capacities) Sikkim Bhutan

Gorakhpur Bongaigaon 1260 MW Salakati Assam Uttar Pradesh Balia 7930 MW Sahupuri Alhbad/Sarnath BIHAR Rihand

DVC WEST Sipat JHARKHAND BENGAL

Raigarh Chattisgarh 4390 MW Korba/Raigarh

ORISSA

400 kV 3650 MW 220 kV 132 kV Kolar HVDC Terminal U Silleru Andhra Pradesh 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 48 Gazuwaka (Source: MOP website) SAARC Grid Nepal

Over 16 links of 132/33/11 KV Radial links with Nepal Net import by Nepal

Bhutan

India- Bhutan synchronous links 400 kV Tala-Binaguri D/C 400 kV Tala-Malbase-Binaguri 220 kV Chukha-Birpara D/C 220 kV Chukha-Malbase-Birpara 132 kV Kurichu-Gelegphug-Bongaigaon

Future Connections with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Strategies n Fair distribution of social, economic and other costs n Direct and avoided costs of interconnections be specified clearly n Transparency n Inclusion of all affected parties in the early stages of project implementation n Establishment of clear needs and protocols for information and data sharing n Establish clear legal and administrative authorities

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 50 n Work with and thorough international and regional institutions n Accommodate so far as possible with existing transmission corridors n Continue planning and assessment even if Grid interconnection project is completed n Capacity building and increased operators interactions n Thorough estimate of the significant environmental costs and benefits

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 51 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 52 A fairly good Fuel Mix

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 53 SAARC Interconnection with Bangladesh

n 400kV Bahrampur(India) – Bheramara (BanglaDesh) B/B HVDC q Establishment of 400 kV S/S at Baharampur q Use of the existing 400kV Farakka – Jeerat Line q Draft PPA in place

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 54 International Connections n Bhutan q Tala HEP (1020 MW) – 400 kV q Chukha HEP (336 MW) – 220 kV q Kurichu HEP (60 MW) – 132 kV q Net import by India n Nepal q Over 16 links of 132/33/11 KV q Net export to Nepal (about 10% of Nepal’s demand) n Future q Interconnection with B Desh/ Sri Lanka q SAARC Grid

55 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 55 SYNCHRONOUS INTERCONNECTION WITH BHUTAN 3200 CIRCUIT KILOMETERS TALA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

DELHI TALA HEP 1020 MW (6x170 MW) BARELI (BHUTAN) LUCKNOW BINAGURI

PURNEA UNNAO

2 x 139 + 2 x 144 kms. of 400 kV lines in Bhutan NORTHERN GRID EASTERN GRID

3/23/2012 SnapshotERLDC: POSOCO from National Power System Desk56 Time Scale Involved in Security Analysis

Source: IEEE tutorial 2006 Delhi, Mohd. Shahidehpour Challenges and Key Issues: A Summary n High Load Growth, High Uncertainty n Integration of IPPs Long Term n Fuel Security n Integration of Renewable Generation n Transfer Capability Assessment n Visualization and Situational Awareness Medium Term to Real Time n Protective System Mis-operation n Power System in Extremes n Need for Reliability Standards

POSOCO 58 High Load Growth and Uncertainty

POSOCO 59 Need for Alternate Demand Projections and mid-term adequacy statement

• Economic Viability of Pumped Storage Plants • Load Factor likely to reduce due to scarcity, renewable integration

3/23/2012 POSOCO 66

Hourly Unconstrained Market Clearing Prices on IEX during 2010-11

Price Pumped storage…….drivers in India n Nearly Rs. 2/kWh differential in peak and off peak prices of power n Increased standard of living would lead to a load curve with pronounced humps. n Higher level of pithead based coal generation……..lower off peak prices n Narrowing of frequency band would further increase the differential between peak and off peak prices in the market. n Absorbing large quantities of intermittent generation…..a major challenge……….pumped storage a beautiful complement

Pumped storage gradually becoming an attractive option despite 70-80% efficiency of the whole system n Purulia Pumped Storage Operation

70 Unforeseen Change in ER-WR Inter Regional Exchange

3/23/2012 POSOCO 71 Average No. of Line Outages due to High Voltage During Winter Months

POSOCO 72 Lined opened During Winter 2010-2011 Nights to Control Over Voltages (NR)

POSOCO 73 Effect of line loading on MVAr losses

Look at the encircled values Look at the encircled values Heavy MVAR is Flowing into the line for about 4 to 5 minutes. MVAr flow on 400 kV Dadri-Malerkotla line vis-a-vis line current in Ampere (S/C, 297 km, Twin Moose, 63 MVAr line reactor at Malerkotla end) 2000 Thermal limit : 2221 Ampere 1800 ACSR Twin Moose, 65 degree conductor design temperature 1600 Age >10 years, 15 degree Ambient temperature

1400

1200

1000

MVAR 800 Net MVAR @ 400 kV If the line is loaded upto its thermal limit Net MVAR @ 360 kV 600 the MVAr flow on the line would be 1400 MVAR

400

200

-200 50 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 Ampere Muzaffarpur Purnea 240km Gorakhpur 260 km Malda 167km Jaipur Bassi 246 km 40 km Lucknow Farakka 48 km 95 km 39 km 175 km Kahalgaon Unnao 218 km 172 km Merta 275 km 306 km Agra Greater than Maithon Greater than 4000 km RAPP 2000 km 130 km 153km

199 km Gwalior Jamshedpur 174 km Kankroli 233 km Rourkela 240 km 215 km Zerda 135 km 228 km 331 km 276 km Raigarh Bina 30 km 40 km 332 km 260 km Raipur Soja 215 km 180km Nagda Satna Dehgam Bhatapara Vindhyanchal Korba POSOCO 77 Effect of line loading on MVAr absorption n Effect of (n-1) contingency on losses 400 kV Bina-Gwalior Tripping of 400 kV Agra- tripping incident Gwalior D/C carrying 1100 (carrying 1050 MW) on MW on 01/07/2010 28/11/2009 Change in MW 544 186 losses Change in MVAr 4368 1689 losses n Meeting the additional reactive power requirement??? q Generator – within its capability curve q Non Dynamic Support Ø Switchable reactors and capacitors Ø Tap changing- manual intervention Load vs voltage in Delhi

Increase in Demand above 4000 MW

4500 225

4000 220

3500 215

3000 210 VOLTAGE DEMAND 2500 205

Delhi Demand 2000 200 Drop in Voltage Patparganj_vol BTPS_Vol 1500 195

DATE 7/6/09 4:40 PM 7/6/09 8:20 AM 7/7/09 1:00 AM 7/7/09 9:20 AM 7/6/09 12:00 AM Integration of IPPs

POSOCO 80 Connectivity of IPPs n Capacity granted ISTS connectivity : ~ 49000 MW n Injection of infirm power into the grid n Benefits of Connectivity q Infirm Injection q Reliability n Connectivity granted with System Protection Scheme (SPS)

Food For Thought n Can SPS be made part of the planning criteria? n Provision of Connectivity Charges?

3/23/2012 POSOCO 81 Evacuation Arrangement for Karcham Wangtoo COD 2x 250 = 500 MW Commissioned 3 × 100 = 300 MW #3 & #4 test Generation = 330 MW synchronized Baspa Generation = 600 MW 18 km Commissioned = 6 × 250 = 1500 MW Karcham Wangtoo Generation = 1650 MW 17 km Was expected by 15th June Nathpa Jhakri 2011 214 km Revised to Quad Moose September 144 km 180 km 2011 Triple Snowbird Triple Snowbird Nalagarh Yet to be Abdullapur commissioned

94 km 200 km 167 km Triple Snowbird Triple Snowbird 149 km Twin Moose Patiala Kaithal Bawana Sonepat

3/23/2012 POSOCO 82 Teesta Evacuation system

Commissioned = 4 × 170 = 510 MW Teesta V

Tala(Bhutan) Expected to be Commissioned = 6 × 200 = 1200 MW Commissioned = 6 × 170 = 1020 MW Teesta III

Purnea Bongaigaon

3/23/2012 POSOCO 83 Oscillations for 10 secs/ delayed SPS operation Oscillations for 10 secs/ delayed SPS operation Oscillations for 10 secs/ delayed SPS operation Control Area: Governance n Large number of Transaction q Types of PPAs – mostly unstructured (no standards exist) q Tariff issues – Part CERC/part SERC n Scheduling and Settlements q Depends on Control Area jurisdiction q Major transactions: Interstate q Metering : proper identification of locations, compatibility issues

3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 87 Fuel Security

POSOCO 88 Generation Uncertainty and Fuel Security n Backing down/ outage of fossil based stations q Talcher Stage II in July 2011 Ø Issues with pollution control board Ø Limit on HVDC Talcher-Kolar transfer capability q Ramagundam in October 2011 Ø Industrial unrest q Korba NTPC in October 2011 Ø Ash Disposal Problem n Silt Problem/ flushing in hydro stations

Need for two shifting of coal fired units

3/23/2012 POSOCO 89

Integration of Renewable Generation

POSOCO 93 Unevenly Distributed Renewable Resources SOLAR ENERGY MAP OF INDIA WIND ENERGY MAP OF INDIA Potential of Renewable Energy in India (MW)

Source Potential Installed Capacity

Wind 45000 14157

Biomass 17000 997

Small Hydro (< 25 MW) 15000 3042

Co-generation- Bagasse 5000 1667

Waste 2700 72

Solar > 100,000 38

Source : MNRE

95 Fluctuations in Wind Generation

For Tamil Nadu Aug 2010

DATE

TIME Fluctuations in Wind Generation

For Gujarat Aug 2010

DATE

TIME 3/23/2012 POSOCO 98 Renewable Integration n Key Challenges q High Capital Cost q Intermittency of Generation q Forecasting techniques q Separate control desk for renewables q Having ancillary services in place n Standards for renewable integration q Fault Ride Through Capability q High Frequency Tripping n High Capacity Corridors for Renewable evacuation q Evacuation through HVDC q National Transmission Highway from TN to Rajasthan

3/23/2012 POSOCO 99 Assessment of Transfer Capability Total Transfer Capability: TTC

Thermal Limit Power Flow Voltage Limit

Stability Limit

Total Transfer Capability

Time Total Transfer Capability is the minimum of the Thermal Limit, Voltage Limit and the Stability Limit

101 Intra-day STOA Day-ahead STOA Collective (PX) STOA First Come First Served STOA Advance Short Term Open Access (STOA) TTC ATC

Medium Term Open Access (MTOA) Long Term Access (LTA)

Reliability Margin (RM) RM

Available Transfer Capability is Total Transfer Capability less Reliability Margin

102 Transfer Capability assessment

Trans. Planning Credible Plan + Anticipated criteria contingencies approv. Network topology + S/D Capacity additions

LGBR Anticipated Total Transfer Simulation Substation Load Capability Last Analysis less Year Anticipated Reports Ex bus Brainstorming Reliability Thermal Generation Margin Weather Forecast equals

Last Available Anticipated Ex bus Transfer Year Hydro generation Operating Operator pattern limits experience Capability

Planning Criteria is strictly followed during simulations 4

NORTHERN REGION 2 NORTH- EASTERN REGION

WESTERN 8 16 REGION EASTERN REGION

SOUTHERN REGION Possible scenarios for Western Regional Grid

Sl.NO. NR ER SR Work out from this case Remarks

1 Export Export Export Simultaneous export capability of WR High probability

2 Import Export Export Import capability from NR Low probability (Load crash in NR)

3 Import Import Export Export capability to SR Low probability

4 Import Import Import Simultaneous Import Low/medium capability of WR probability 5 Export Import Import Export capability to NR High probability ( Poor monsoon in NR)

6 Export Export Import Import capability from SR Low probability

7 Export Import Export Import capability from ER High probability

8 Import Export Import Export capability to ER Low probability

Based on above eight scenarios, TTCs on different corridors could be worked out NR: 1. Central UP-Western UP MAJOR 2. UP-Haryana/Punjab WR: ER: FLOWGATES 3. Koradi- 6. Biharshariff- 2 Bhusawal (W) Muzzafarpur Chandrapur- Farakka-Malda 1 Padghe 7. Farka-Kahalgaon 6 Chandrapur-Parli 8. Jamshedpur- 4 7 Rourkela 5 4. Bina-Gwalior Kolaghat-Baripada 5. Soja-Zerda 8 9. Talcher-Rourkela 3 9 SR: 10. Vijaywada-Nellore Gutty-Neelamangala Guttty-Hoody 10 Cudappah-Tallapally Talcher-Kolar 11 11 Hossur-Salem Somanhalli-Salem

POSOCO 106 SOURCE:MMC Report by CERC POSOCO 107 Price of Transmission discovered due to Congestion (IEX)

POSOCO 108 Visualization and Situational Awareness Data Flow Between Control Centers

3/23/2012 POSOCO 110 Visualization of Power System n Optimal and effective operation of a large power system requires q Proactive approach q Problem identification q Analysis of a huge amount of information by the system operators q Fast operator response n Effective visualization methods q Key to empowering the system operator q Strong motivating factor for quick operator response q Increased productivity

3/23/2012 POSOCO 111 Need for Improved Visualization n Ever increasing system complexity n Large quantum of data (MW,MVAR,KV, etc.) n High data volume from EMS applications n Monitoring parameters of interest for neighboring control areas n Early detection of anomalous conditions n Security margins n Market monitoring n Intelligent systems

3/23/2012 POSOCO 112 SCADA v/s PMUs

3/23/2012 POSOCO 113 Experience of PMUs : X – Ray vs. Color Doppler

Handling huge amount of PMU data pumped to the Control Center @ 40 ms !! Protective System Mis-Operation Protective system mis-operations…………..(1)

S Date Time Incident no 1 6-Jul-2005 0123 Fault on 400 kV Agra-Muradnagar line remained uncleared for 63 minutes leading to widespread tripping of line and units at Dadri complex.

2 6-Jan-2007 1610 Fault on 400 kV Kahalgaon-Biharshariff Ckt 2 fed for nearly 3 minutes/19 sec leading to generation loss at Farakka and Kahalgaon

3 12-Oct- 1252 Inadvertent enable of overcurrent protection on 2007 400 kV Bamnauli-Ballabgarh D/C line led to its tripping under contingency conditions. System separation and blackout followed. Protective system mis-operations…………….(2)

S Date Time Incident no 4 22-Sep- 0156 Fault on 400 kV Dadri-Panipat ckt 1 fed for 2 2008 minutes/56 sec leading to 1424 MW generation loss and 1459 MW load loss. Incorrect latching time of VT supply fail logic at Dadri end the basic reason.

5 2-Jan-2010 0302 Inadvertent enable of overcurrent feature of relay at Khedar end of 400 kV Khedar-Moga line led to its tripping when the network was already depleted on account of fog related trippings.

6 18-Nov- 1738 Inadvertent wiring of overcurrent element for 2010 tripping instead of alarm on 220 kV Trombay- Salsette Ckt 2 led to its tripping and blackout in R-Infra Mumbai system Power System in Extremes UNPRECEDENTED SNOWFALL AND BLIZZARD

12 meters of snowfall in Feb 2005, 220 kV Highest snowfall in last 30 years. Kishenpur-Pampore Previous highest of 4.5 meters was recorded in February 1967.

PIR PANJAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

400 kV Kishenpur-Wagoora was commissioned on 31st Oct-2006 IMPACT OF SILT ON GRID OPERATION

SILT DEPOSITS

SPITI RIVER UNFORESEEN LOAD CRASH 8 HOUR TEST OF NERVES ‘Killer Smog’

15 SMOG AFFECTED GRID-DAYS IN NORTHERN REGION 12 11 10

Grid Days 5

2 2 2

0 1995-00 2000-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

Power System Reliability Technical Issues

Source: 2007 Survey of Reliability Issues, NERC

POSOCO 126 Business Issues

Source: 2007 Survey of Reliability Issues, NERC

POSOCO 127 Reliability Standards n Need for Reliability Standards

q Large Footprint

q Meshed Network

q Increasing Number of Players

q International Interconnections

q Renewable Interconnection

q Ancillary Services Market n Regulatory Initiatives

q 14 Regulations notified by the Central Commission in the last decade

q Reliability aspects covered only in IEGC

POSOCO 128 NERC Reliability Standards n 175 Reliability standards over 14 areas

Resource Demand and Balance, Modeling Data and Analysis, BAL………..12 MOD..21 Communications, COM….2 Nuclear, NUC………………..1

Critical Infrastructure Protection, Personnel Performance, Training CIP……..17 and Qualifications, PER…………..7 Emergency Preparedness and Protection and Control, PRC……..29 Operations, EOP………….16 Facilities Design, Connections and Transmission Operations, TOP…12 Maintenance, FAC…………..13 Interchange Scheduling and Co- Transmission Planning, TPL…..12 ordination, INT……………….10 Interconnection Reliability Voltage and Reactive, VAR……..5 Operations & Coordination, IRO….18 List of Regulations

1. Regulation of Power Supply, 2010 2. Sharing of Inter State Transmission Charges and Losses Regulations, 2010 3. Power system Development Fund Regulations, 2010. 4. Indian Electricity Grid Code Regulations, 2010. 5. Terms and Conditions for recognition and issuance of Renewable Energy Certificate for Renewable Energy Generation Regulations, 2010. 6. Power Market Regulations, 2010. 7. Terms and Conditions of Tariff, Regulations for 2009-14. 8. Terms and Conditions for Tariff determination from Renewable Energy Sources, 2009. 9. Fees and charges of Regional Load Despatch Centre and other related matters Regulations, 2009. 10. Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open Access in inter-State Transmission and related matters Regulations, 2009. 11. Unscheduled Interchange charges and related matters Regulations, 2009. 12. Short-Term Open Access in Inter-state Transmission Regulations, 2008. 13. Measures to relieve congestion in real time operation Regulations, 2009. 14. Open Access in Inter-state Transmission Regulations, 2004.

3/23/2012 POSOCO 130 Reliability Dashboard

Fuel Supply Logistics Unit Tripping

Fuel Shortage Inputs Multiple Element Reliability Outages Assessment

Natural Calamities

Near Misses

Protection Misoperation

3/23/2012 POSOCO 131 Human Resource Age Profile of LDC Personnel

Source: Pradhan Committee Report

3/23/2012 POSOCO 133 Experience of LDC personnel in Generation

Past Experience of LDC personnel in Transmission and Distribution

3/23/2012 POSOCO 134 Employee Profile at POSOCO

3/23/2012 POSOCO 135 System Operator competencies

n Ability to direct other personnel n Contribute to a positive environment n Ability to perform under high stress n Aptitude for logical problem solving, strong reasoning n Aptitude for mechanical, electrical and mathematical analysis n Decision making skills A typical day of a System Operator is similar to an Air Traffic Controller “Numerous shifts, recalcitrant pilots who don’t follow speed controls… Keeping a hawk's eye on the monitor as planes inch towards the airport… Firing instructions at 100 words/minute to pilots Courtesy: Asking emergency services to stand by for a distressed flight Times They have to be cool, clinical, detached. of India The stress often results in ulcers, hypertension and heart problems.” 24th April 2008 Model of Human Performance in Control Centers

“Detailed symptom-based procedures (“If this is observed, do that...”) have only limited applicability in system operation because of the complexity of power systems and the impossibility of anticipating every event.” Source: CIGRE WG 39.03 Report Expectations n Focus on reliability of the physical system n Designing markets that complement reliability n Appreciation of System Operation as an important function q Allocation of resources q Automation q Capacity building n Grid security comes before Economics q No economic theory, no legislation, no regulation can repeal the Laws of Physics Capacity Building n Human Capacity q Attracting & retaining talent q Training and re-training Ø Operator Certification q Domain knowledge Ø Other related areas q Analytical abilities q Mentoring q Knowledge Management n Logistics q SCADA / EMS q IT – Automation Challenges ahead

n Adequacy issues n Fuel security n Integrating renewable generation n AC interconnection with Southern Region n SAARC grid n Visualization and Situational Awareness n Induction of new technologies……WAMS, Smart Grids n Attracting and retaining talent n Knowledge Management n New responsibilities q Administering new transmission Pricing and loss allocation method q Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) q Renewable Regulatory Fund q Power System development Fund References n Roy Billinton and Ronald N Allan, ‘Reliability Assessment of Large Electric Power Systems’, Kluwer Academic Publishers n Dr. Mohammad Shahidehpour, ‘Electricity Restructuring and the role of security in power systems operation and planning’, IEEE tutorial, April 2006, New Delhi n P Kundur, ‘Power System Stability and Control’, Mc Graw Hill Inc. n System Operation and Control: Volume L’, CEGB n ‘Manual on Transmission Planning Criteria’, June 1994, CEA n Sally Hunt, ‘Making Competition Work in Electricity’, John Wiley and Sons, Appendix E----Building New generators, When, Where and How n Ministry of Power (GoI), Report of the Committee on Manpower, Certification and Incentives for System Operation and Ring fencing Load Despatch Centres, August 2008 n S K Soonee and S C Saxena, ‘Frequency Response Characteristics of an Interconnected Power System’, February 2007 n S. R. Narasimhan, Hemlata Vyas, P.C.Pankaj and Umesh Chandra, ‘Empowering India through integrated grid operation - A case study

3/23/2012 POSOCO 141 n V.K.Agrawal, P.K.Agarwal and Rajesh Kumar, ‘Experience of commissioning of PMUs Pilot Project in the Northern Region of India ‘ n S.K.Soonee, Vineeta Agrawal and Suruchi Jain, ‘Reactive Power and System Frequency Relationship: A Case Study’, February 2009 n V.K.Agrawal*, R.K. Porwal, Rajesh Kumar and Vivek Pandey, ‘Mock Blackstart Drills – An Excellent Learning Experience for Power System Operators’, December 2010 n V.K.Agrawal, P.R.Raghuram, C.S.Tomar, Oomen Chandy and P.Ranga Rao, ‘Operational Experience of System Protection Scheme of Talcher-Kolar HVDC Link’ n V.K.Agrawal, P.R.Raghuram and S.P. Kumar, ‘Load Angle Measurement using SCADA - A unique tool for Grid Operation’, n V.K.Agrawal, U.K.Verma, A.Gartia and Rakesh, ‘A Tool for Real Time Demand Estimation – Under SR ULDC EMS Functions’ n ‘Enquiry Committee Reports on Grid Disturbance’, NRPC http://www.nrpc.gov.in/reports/enquiry.html n ‘Partial Grid Disturbance in Mumbai System, MERC Report http://www.mercindia.org.in/pdf/Order%2058%2042/FinalReportSubmitted.pdf

3/23/2012 POSOCO 142 Thank You

POSOCO 143 Situation at 01:23:31 hrs. of 6th Jul 2005 DADRI THERMAL RISHIKESH MORADABAD ~ 3377 MW DADRI GAS LUCKNOW DADRI NTPC ~

BUS A

MURADNAGAR UNNAO

BUS B

BALLABGARH PANKI

KANPUR

AGRA (UP) ALLHBD

AGRA(PG) MAINPURI(PG)

3377 MW SINGRAULI RIHAND Situation at 01:23:31 hrs. of 6th Jul 2005 DADRI THERMAL RISHIKESH MORADABAD ~ t = 0 3377 MW DADRI GAS LUCKNOW DADRI NTPC ~

BUS A

MURADNAGAR UNNAO

BUS B

BALLABGARH PANKI

KANPUR

AGRA (UP) ALLHBD

AGRA(PG) MAINPURI(PG)

3377 MW SINGRAULI RIHAND Situation after 01:23:31 hrs. of 6th Jul 2005 DADRI THERMAL RISHIKESH MORADABAD ~ t = 51 ms 3377 MW DADRI GAS LUCKNOW DADRI NTPC ~

BUS A

MURADNAGAR UNNAO

BUS B

BALLABGARH PANKI

KANPUR

AGRA (UP) ALLHBD

AGRA(PG) MAINPURI(PG)

3377 MW SINGRAULI RIHAND Situation after 01:23:31 hrs. of 6th Jul 2005 DADRI THERMAL RISHIKESH MORADABAD t = 7 sec ~ 450 MW 3377 MW DADRI GAS LUCKNOW DADRI NTPC ~ Load out

BUS A