Operation and Management of Indian National Grid: Key Issues and Challenges U K Verma General Manager ERLDC-POSOCO Contents n Typical Numbers for Indian Power System n Long Term Challenges n Medium Term to Real Time Challenges n Human Resource n System Operation: Key Competencies and Expectations 3/23/2012 POSOCO 2 Indian Power System : Amongst the Largest in the World National Grid (UK) PJM (USA) 68GW SO - UPS (Russia) 165GW Capita: 65m 146 GW Capita: 51m Capita: 144m MidWest ISO (USA) 159GW SGCC (China) Capita: 40m 900GW Capita: 1000m RTE (France) 93GW Capita: 65m Tepco (Japan) 64GW Capita: 45m Red Electrica (Spain) 93GW Capita: 47m KPX (South Korea) 70GW ONS (Brazil) Capita: 49m 100GW Capita: 170m Terna (Italy) PGCIL (India) 57GW Eskom 182GW Capita: 60m (South Africa) Capita: 1200m 43.5GW Capita: 49m Source: VLPGO, 2010 Indian Power System (upto 132/110 kV level) System Components NEW Grid SR Grid Total Nodes 3823 1113 4936 Generating Plants 376 228 604 Machines 1090 511 1601 Branches 7616 2094 9710 Transformers 1582 524 2106 Bus reactors 137 20 157 Line reactors 319 43 362 Voltage Level (in kV) Central Sector State Sector JV/Pvt Total 765 4849 410 -- 5259 400 73107 32038 6403 111548 220 10638 126548 427 137613 +- 500 Kv HVDC lines 5948 1504 1980 9432 Line lengths in Ckt. Km. st POSOCO As on 31 October 2011 4 Some Typical Numbers … n All India Installed Capacity :~ 187 GW n Peak Demand met :~ 110 GW n Generation outage :~ 17000 MW n Energy : ~ 2500 MU/day n Hydro generation :~ 335 MU/day n 400kV & above Trans. Line :~ 750 nos n Short Term Open Access :~ 160 MU/day q Power Exchange volume : ~ 40 MU/day q Bilateral volume : ~ 120 MU/day POSOCO Average figures 5 Generation Technology n Till 1950 largest unit size was 30 MW Growth of thermal unit size n Units of 200/210/500 MW form the backbone of the thermal 1000 capacity in the country (nearly 900 60 %) 800 700 n 1st 50 MW unit in Obra 600 500 n 1st 100 MW unit in Obra 400 300 n 1st 200 MW unit in Obra Megawatts 200 100 n 1st 500 MW unit in Trombay 0 19601970s 1984 2008 2010-11 Till 1950 1977 onwards Year www.cea.nic.in: Report of the committee to recommend next higher size of coal fired thermal power stations (2003) Spatial Distribution Of Load High load density Resource rich areas Source:Powerline (Siemens Ad), Oct-2006 23-Mar-12 POWERGRID - NRLDC 7 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 7 All India Demand Met 8 All India Hydro Generation 3/23/2012 POSOCO 9 Peculiarities of Regional Grids in India Deficit Region REGIONAL Snow fed – run-of –the –river hydro GRIDS Highly weather sensitive load Adverse weather conditions: Fog & Dust CHICKEN-NECK Storm NORTHERN Very low load REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION High hydro potential EASTERN REGION Evacuation problems WESTERN REGION Low load High coal reserves SOUTHERN Pit head base load plants REGION Industrial load and agricultural load High load (40% agricultural load) Monsoon dependent hydro The PowerGrid Regional Grid Regional Grid Regional Grid National Grid Regional Grid Regional Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid State Grid 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 11 POWER INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING SC PX SO Customers TO UC Central ERC State ERC Regulated Regulated Demand Management ISGSs/ State Transmission Central & Distribution Micro-Grids MPPs Transmission (Interstate open Retail Access) Providers Distribution Regional Grid Management Power Generation Grid ISGSs Reliability Merit Despatch SC - Scheduling Decentralised Coordinator(SLDCs/Traders PX - Power Exchange SO - Indep. System Operator TO - Transmission Owner UC-Utility Cos ISGSs/GENCOs 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 12 LEGISLATION,REGULATION AND GOVERNANCE RLDC CTU ISGS REGULATOR RPC NLDC SLDC’s REGULATOR STAKEHOLDERS MERCHANT GEN. 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 13 HIERARCHY OF GRID MANAGEMENT National Level Regional Level State Utilities Level 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 14 Overview - Indian Power System 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 15 All-India Generation Capacity: ( as on 31.1.12) Total 187GW Oil Gas 1199.75, 17742.85, 1% 14% Renewable Nuclear 20162 4780 10.7% 2.5% Coal 104816 85% Hydro 38848 21% Thermal 123759 Hydro 38848 Thermal 123759 Nuclear 4780 66% Renewable 20162 3/23/2012 Source:www.powermin.nic.inERLDC: POSOCO 16 Sector wise Breakup Private Sector, 46111 MW State Sector, 25% 83605MW , 44% Central Sector, 57832 MW 31% 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 17 Area : 1010,000 SQ KMS Installed Capacity Population : 330 Million Peak Demand : 37GW REGIONAL (in GW) :873 MU / Day GRIDS North 55.46 Area : 255,090 SQ KMS Population : 40 Million Peak Demand : 1.7GW East 24.07 : 22 MU / Day NORTHERN South 45.68 REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION West 61.66 EASTERN REGION WESTERN Area : 433680 SQ KMS North- 2.33 REGION Population : 240 Million Area : 951470 SQ KMS Peak Demand : 14.6 GW East Population : 244 Million :290 MU / Day Peak Demand : 37.3 GW :830 MU / Day TOTAL 187.10 SOUTHERN REGION Area : 636280 SQ KMS Population : 232 Million Peak Demand : 30.9 GW :670 MU / Day By 2027: Installed Capacity: 685 GW Peak Demand : 520 GW Growth Rate: 8-9% per annum Total 3,287,263 sq. km area Ins. Capacity As on 31st Oct 2009, More than 1 Billion people www.cea.nic.in 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 18 Why Integration? Obvious Benefits of Integrated Operation n Security n Reliability and quality of supply q Suppression of frequency and voltage fluctuations n Sharing of resources q Reduction in investment and conservation q Economies of scale – Funding, Staggered Capacity q Utilisation of diversities q Environmental dispatch & new plant siting q Coordination of maintenance schedules n Risk sharing n Merit order operation n Economical exchange of electric power 3/23/2012 NRLDC, New Delhi 19 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 19 Peculiarities of Indian Power System •Skewed resource distribution •Long-haulage of power •Resource Inadequacy •Weather extremes •Diversity 20 3/23/2012 POWERGRID 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 20 INDIA August 2006 3,287,263 sq. km area North synchronized With Central Grid More than 1 Billion people (2001 census) Installed Capacity of March 2003 187 GW (Dec’11) West synchronized NEW Grid With East & Northeast South October 1991 Grid East and Northeast synchronized Central Grid North East One Nation One Grid West Northeast Merging of Markets South Five Regional Grids Five Frequencies 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 21 The ‘Electrical’ Regions NORTHERN ‘N-E-W’ Grid REGION NORTH- 1 EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION WESTERNRE GION SOUTH Grid SOUTHERN2 REGION 23-Mar-12 POWERGRID - NRLDC 22 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 22 Frequency Profile: 1988-2011 3/23/2012 POSOCO 23 680 720 760 800 82.5 0 84 0 880 920 960 J&K Diversity HP PUNJAB • Time HARIANA BHUTAN NER N NEPAL DELHI SKM NG ASSAMNE RAJASTHAN UP BIHAR ME • Generation MNP E B’ MYANMAR DESH-TRPMIZ Resources MP JKND GUJARAT W WB CTGR L • Load Centers MAHARASHTRA ORISSA DIU DAMAN • Long Haulage of Power S GOA AP PONDICHERY KARNATAKA • Weather A&N TAMIL • Seasons LAKSHADWEEP NADU SRI LANKA 23-Mar-12 24 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 24 Energy Resource Map • Hydro potential in NER and upper part of NR • Coal reserves mainly in ER • For optimal utilisation of resources – strong National Grid North NorthEast West East Total : 23190 MW ( 20.3.12 South 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 26 Inter-regional Transfer Capacity of 37,000 MW by 2012 Revised 27950 MW NORTHERN REGION 4,900 MW 11,700 MW NORTH- EASTERN REGION 5,850 MW WESTERN 2,650 MW REGION EASTERN REGION 1,200 MW 3,700 MW SOUTHERN REGION 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 27 765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM URI WAGOORA DULHASTI THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’ KISHENPUR RAVI SATLUJ JULLANDHAR MOGA TEHRI CHICKEN NECK BALLABGARH A'PUR (DELHI RING) MEERUT BHUTAN H IS S A R D IH A N G DAMWE HYDRO TALA RANGANADI B E A R IL LY TEESTA M'BAD LUCKNOW KATHAL- BHIWADI G 'P U R BONGAIGAON GURI NR AGRA JA IP U R ALLAHABAD M'PUR MARIANI /UNNAO VARANASI PURNEA SHIROHI MISA MALANPUR SILIGURI/BIRPARA 2500MW S IN G R A U LI BARH BADARPUR 5 00 M W KAHALGAON T IP A IM U K H ZERDA B 'S H A R IF DEHGAM VINDHYA- NAGDA SATNA CHAL MAITHON NER NORTH BINA JAMSHEDPUR L IM B D I GANDHAR/ SIPAT KARANPURA BANGLA SEONI AMRELI KAWAS DESH CHEGAON ROURKELA JETPUR KORBA VAPI BHANDARA R A IP U R ER PIPAVAV TARAPUR AKOLA H IR M A BOISAR WARDA PADGHEAMRAVATI CHANDRAPUR TALCHER 1 00 0M W JEYPORE HYDRO POWER FROM THE PARLI DHABOL WR LONIKAND NORTH-EAST & CHEAP PIT KOYNA KARAD RAMAGUNDAM HEAD THERMAL POWER GAZUWAKA KOLHAPUR FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE SR 2000MW V IJA Y A W A D A RING AND EXITS TO POWER PONDA NARENDRA STARVED REGIONS S IR S I 2000MW K A IG A KRISHNAPATNAM C H ITT O O R BANGALORE MYSORE HOSUR SOUTH CHENNAI SINGARPET LEGEND KOZHIKODE PUGALUR LAKSHADWEEP CUDDALORE E X IS T IN G / X P L A N NATIONAL X I P L A N G R ID COCHIN SALEM IX P L A N KARAIKUDI 765 KV LINES KAYAMKULAM KAYATHAR 400 KV LINES TR IV A N D R U M H V D C B /B KUDANKULAM HVDC BIPOLE 3/23/2012 ERLDC: POSOCO 28 765 KV ring under construction NR NER 1 8 7 2 6 3 5 4 ER WR 1. Agra 2. Gwalior 3.