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Relationship Between Nationalism and Human Rights: a Macedonian Case Study University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2004 Relationship between nationalism and human rights: A Macedonian case study Allison M. Fromm The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Fromm, Allison M., "Relationship between nationalism and human rights: A Macedonian case study" (2004). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5227. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5227 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature: Date: (jj____________ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONALISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A MACEDONIAN CASE STUDY by Allison M. Fromm B.A. Georgetown University, Washington D.C., 1998 presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The University of Montana May 2004 erson Dean, Graduate School Date UMI Number: EP40691 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation pyblisMng UMI EP40691 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest' P roQ uest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 . Fromm, Allison M. M.A., May 2004 History The Relationship Between Nationalism and Human Rights: A Macedonian Case Study Director: Paul G. Lauren A broad survey of the history of Macedonia, from the era of the Ottoman domination of the region to the more recent history of the modem Republic of Macedonia, demonstrates the tension between the forces of nationalism and the protection of human rights. While nationalism tends to focus on the particular traits that differentiate groups of people, those interested in protecting human rights emphasize the universal nature of those rights. At the same time and particularly in the Balkans, determining one’s national identity involves an element of subjectivity. Those who promote human rights, however, focus on the objective definition of those rights. Although the concepts of human rights and nationalism have evolved considerably throughout the long time span of Macedonian history, the forces of particular nationalism have consistently served as a major obstacle to the promotion of universal human rights. CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii List of Maps ........................................................................................................................... v Introduction: Human Rights, Nationalism, and Alexander the Great .................................. 1 1. Historical Background and “Ancient Ethnic Hatreds,” 14th to 19th Centuries ............... 12 Ottoman Administration of the Balkans: Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries ...............14 Decline of the Ottoman Empire: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ......................24 Ottoman Reform Movement, or The Tanzimat. The Nineteenth Century ................... 27 Influence of the Great Powers ........................................................................................ 30 Serbian, Greek, and Bulgarian Independence ................................................................35 Balkan Nationalism .........................................................................................................46 Macedonian Nationalism ................................................................................................52 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................61 Notes to Chapter 1 ..........................................................................................................64 2. Historical Background and “Ethnic Hatreds” Revisited, 1900 - 1980 ..........................70 The Ilinden Revolt ..........................................................................................................71 The Young Turk Revolt ................................................................................................. 74 The First and Second Balkan Wars ................................................................................ 78 World War 1.................................................................................................................... 85 Interwar Period ................................................................................................................93 World W arn ...................................................................................................................99 The Cold War Era .........................................................................................................113 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 122 Notes to Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................124 3. Achieving Independence, 1980- 1995 ........................................................................ 131 The Break-Up of Yugoslavia ........................................................................................133 Macedonian Independence ............................................................................................142 External Problems Resulting from Macedonian Independence .................................. 149 Internal Problems Resulting from Macedonian Independence .... ..............................158 Solutions for Macedonian Independence ..................................................................... 168 Solutions for the Problems in the Former Yugoslavia .................................................177 Conclusion ........................ 181 Notes to Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................ 183 4. Nationalist Challenges to Independence, 1995-2002 ..................................................191 Almost a Multi-Ethnic Success Story ......................................................................... 193 War in Kosovo Begins .................................................................................................203 War in Kosovo Ends ....................................................................................................211 Immediate Impact on Macedonia....................................................................., ...........217 Longer Term Impact: Almost a Civil War ..................................................................224 A Particular Kind of Solution ......................................................................................233 A More Universal Kind of Solution ............................................................................240 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 243 Notes to Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................... 245 Conclusion: Human Rights, Nationalism, and the World ...............................................254 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................261 iv MAPS Map Page 1. The Treaty of San Stefano, 1878 ................................................................................... 42 2. The Berlin Treaty, 1878 ................................................................................................. 44 3. Ottoman Macedonia ........................................................................................................53 4. Yugoslavia, 1945-1991 .................................................................................................109 5. Republic of Macedonia .................................................................................................145 v Introduction Human Rights, Nationalism, and Alexander the Great In 1910 a girl named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was bom to Catholic parents living in the town of Skopje on the Balkan Peninsula. In the course of her life Agnes became a nun, adopted the name Teresa and eventually moved to Calcutta, India
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