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Host Status of Wheat and Corn for Chilo Suppressalis Host Status of Wheat and Corn for Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Author(s): Maolin Hou, Lixia Hao, Yongqiang Han, and Xiaolan Liao Source: Environmental Entomology, 39(6):1929-1935. Published By: Entomological Society of America DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN10081 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/EN10081 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. BEHAVIOR Host Status of Wheat and Corn for Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) 1,2 1,3 1 3 MAOLIN HOU, LIXIA HAO, YONGQIANG HAN, AND XIAOLAN LIAO Environ. Entomol. 39(6): 1929Ð1935 (2010); DOI: 10.1603/EN10081 ABSTRACT Host plant speciÞcity depends on recognition of the host and the ability to discriminate it from nonhost plants. Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an important insect pest of rice, is considered to be polyphagous, although few papers have ever reported infestation of C. suppressalis on most of the recorded hosts. The present investigation was designed to test whether two important gramineous crops, wheat and corn, are host plants of C. suppressalis based on the host-plant Þnding process in cage and Y-tube olfactometer tests, oviposition and egg hatching, and larval feeding and survival. In the cage tests, gravid C. suppressalis females did not differentiate rice plants from wheat or corn plants when only visual cues were involved, but were more attracted to rice plants when only olfactory cues or both vision and olfaction were present. The Y-tube olfactometer tests further conÞrmed that the females did not prefer wheat or corn plants, and revealed that they responded equally to clean air and odors from wheat or corn plants. Under no-choice and choice condition alike, the females laid eggs on a lower proportion of wheat and corn plants and egg number and hatching rate were signiÞcantly reduced on wheat and/or corn plants than on rice plants. Larval feeding was not observed in wheat and lower in corn than in rice plants, and no pupae or surviving larvae were collected from wheat and corn plants. The results suggest that wheat and corn are not host plants of C. suppressalis. These Þndings are discussed in context of host-Þnding process in C. suppressalis and management of resistance to transgenic Bt rice. KEY WORDS Asiatic rice borer, host range, host orientation, olfaction, Lepidoptera Host range of insect pests is of importance in planning life cycle. Thus, to be a host plant of an insect, the crop production and designing integrated pest man- insect should be able to oviposit in the plant under agement tactics. Phytophagous insect species are Þeld conditions, and the plant should sustain subse- mostly associated with a single or a few host plant quent development of these eggs into larvae, pupae, species (Chapman 1988, Mitter and Farrel 1991). Host and adults (Cowley et al. 1992). speciÞcity involves adaptation of an insect to the food The Asiatic rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) source, and is mainly dependent on the recognition of (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is the most abundant stem the host plant and the ability to discriminate it from borer of rice Oryza sativa L. in temperate Asia and also nonhost plants (Van Loon 1996, Hora and Roessingh occurs throughout the tropical rice-growing areas of 1999). Among phytophagous Lepidoptera, correct Asia (Pathak and Khan 1994). The rice borer has one choice of host plants by adult females is critical be- to Þve generations throughout the temperate Asia, and cause the newly hatched larvae are relatively immo- overwinters as mature larva in rice stubble. Newly bile and are not likely to locate an acceptable food hatched larvae feed on the epidermis in the inner side source in the case of oviposition on nonhost plants of leaf sheaths and bore into rice stalks as Þrst instars. (Renwick and Chew 1994). However, because of the Rice plants damaged by the borer show symptoms of different feeding habits between adults and larvae, the dead leaf sheath at tillering stage, dead heart at boot- adult female is unable to assess the nutritional quality ing stage, and white head at heading stage. C. suppres- directly and has to rely heavily on her sensory mo- salis is considered to be polyphagous; 41 species of dalities (visual or olfactory) to recognize host plants. plants in six families, primarily wild and cultivated Although some scientists deÞne host plants as plants Poaceae, were recorded to be its host plants (Khan et used as a food resource (Bernays and Chapman 1994), al. 1991), including corn, wheat, sugarcane, sorghum, we use the term to indicate a plant species that can and millet. However, Cuong and Cohen (2002) found support the development of an insect throughout its only one review paper (Neupane 1990) reporting C. suppressalis as a pest of any of these cultivated crops. 1 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect The present investigation was designed to test Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural whether two important gramineous crops, wheat and Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. corn, are host plants of C. suppressalis based on: (1) 3 Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China. plant preference of adult females using olfactory and 0046-225X/10/1929Ð1935$04.00/0 ᭧ 2010 Entomological Society of America 1930 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 39, no. 6 Table 1. Plants tested in the cage experiments Plant ScientiÞc name Family Variety Leaf shape Rice Oryza sativa L. Gramineae Shanyou 63 Blade Corn Zea mays L. Gramineae Jiyuan 1 Blade Wheat Triticum aestivum L. Gramineae Zhongzhi 1 Blade Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum Lam. Gramineae Zhuoyue Blade Leek Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengle Liliaceae Xinludiwang Blade Cucumber Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Zhongnong 8 Ovate Cotton Gossypium herbaceum L. Malvaceae Cheng 14 Ovate visual cues in cage and Y-tube olfactometer tests, (2) seven plant species was arranged symmetrically in a oviposition and egg hatching, and (3) larval feeding circle (diameter 85 cm) in a cylindrical cage (diam- and survival. eter 100 cm, height 80 cm) made from iron wire and nylon mesh. The plants were Ϸ38 cm apart from each neighboring plant. All plants were covered with fully Materials and Methods transparent plastic bags that were sealed at the open- Insects. Overwintering larvae of C. suppressalis ing to prevent any volatile compounds escaping. Ten were collected from water-oat, Zizania latifolia females held for 10 min in a plastic cup were released (Turcz), plants and reared in the insectary with an at the center of the cylindrical cage. The insects left artiÞcial diet developed by us at 28 Ϯ 2ЊC and L14:D10. the cup within 5 min in all observations. Numbers of The main components of the artiÞcial diet include individuals found on each plant was recorded 30 min soybean powder, yeast, sugar, fresh water-oat, agar, after all the moths climbed out of the cup. The tests vitamin, and water. Before being used in the experi- were performed after 19:00 (moths become most ac- ments, the insects were reared for more than Þve tive around dusk with activity slowly waning through- generations. After pupation, insects were separated out the night) and repeated six times. Between rep- according to sex and placed separately according to etitions, the plants were rotated to balance any effects pupating date and sex. After the day of emergence, from unforeseen asymmetries. The tests were per- females (Ͼ10) were paired with males in a mating formed at ambient temperature (22Ð26ЊC) and rela- cage for 24 h and supplied with 10% honey solution. tive humidity (50Ð75%) in laboratory illuminated with When used in the experiments, the females were 2Ð3 d two ßuorescent lamps at the ceiling. old. Experiment 2. Olfactory Cues (Olfactory Test). Cage Tests for Adult Female’s Preference. As shown This experiment was identical to the Þrst, except that in Table 1, seven plant species were used in the cage the plants were covered with bags made from plant tests. Rice, wheat, and corn are recorded to be host cultivation fabric that was opaque and nonairproof, plants, other plant species are nonhost plants (Khan et thus preventing visual perception from outside and al. 1991). The four gramineous plants species (i.e., rice, allowing plant odors to pass through easily. wheat, corn, and ryegrass) are of the same plant ar- Experiment 3. Visual and Olfactory Cues (Vision- chitecture and leaf shape; one liliaceous species, that and Olfaction-Based Test). This experiment was also is, leek, is not recorded to be host plant of C. suppres- identical to the Þrst, except that the plants were not salis but has the same general leaf shape as the gra- covered with any kind of bag. mineous plants; and cucumber and cotton that are of Y-tube Olfactometer Tests for Adult Female’s Pref- different leaf shape and are known to be nonhost erence. The above experiments showed that C. sup- plants of C.
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