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Developing Countries: Problems and Needs

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Developing Countries: Problems and Needs AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR AID USE ONLY WASHINGTON, 0. C. 2062S BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET A. PRIMARY 1. SUBJECT CLASSI- Ag icU1turp FICATION U. SECONDARY I ]nnptt- sind PPAt'A 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Rodents affecting food supplies in developing countries: problems and needs 3. AUTHORS) Sanchez, F.F. 4. DOCUMENT DATE 5. NUMBER OF PAGES I6. ARC NUMBER 1975I 7 ARC 7.REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Denver, Colorado 80225 8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponeoring Organizaton, Publisher&# Availabillty) (In FAO plant protection bulletin, v.23, p. 96-102) 9. ABSTRACT A brief discussion of rodent damage to food crops in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, South Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Near East. To boost the production of needed food, the world now Is looking to technology- Intensive agriculture. Ironically, though, these progressive agricultural practices are accompanied by an increase in the complexity and intensity of pest problems. To solve these problems and to reap the full benefits of modern agriculture, pest management systems thus must be refined even further. 10. CONTROL NUMBER 11. PRICE OF DOCUMENT PN-AAB-678 12. DESCRIPTORS .I PROJECT NUMBER Developing countries 14. CONTRACT NUMBER Food supply PASA RA(ID)1-67 Res. Rodents Is. TYPE OF DOCUMENT AID $90-1 (4"741 96 FAO PLANT PROTECTION BULLETIN Rodents Affecting Food Supplies in Developing Countries: Problems and Needs" Fernando F. Sanchez, /Rodent Research Center, College, Laguna, Philippines' Throughout much of the developing world, in the tropics, although serious rodents are major pests contributing losses to rodents to low occur in the temperate countries as well. agricultural production. While it is extremely In the rice growing regions of the world, difficult to obtain adequate quantitative data, particularly in tropical Asia, several species of serious rodent damage to major crops in most rodents cause chronic losses from sowing of the developing countries has been reported, until harvest and, subsequently, in storage Estimates from various sources are available from farm to warehouse (1, 2, 4, 8, giving national loss figures, but they are 13, 14, 17). largely Other major crops subject to rodent depreda­ "guesstimates", i.e. unsound, generalized pro- tions are maize, wheat, coconut, sugar cane, jections from localized data. It is certain, how- oil palm, cocoa, and root crops (1,2, 3, 4, ever, that rodents exert a serious limitation 9, 12, 14, 15, 16). Severe food shortages have oc­ on the world food supply as well as causing curred in the past in large localized areas chronic losses to the export crops upon which in several Asian countries due to serious rat these countries depend for foreign exchange. population eruptions. In most of the region, Because of a general lack of reliable data this farmers are virtually helpless to control presentation aims to provide an overview rodent of depredations - not because of indifference, the ways rodents are problems contributing but because of lack of technology, knoxvldge, to low agricultural productivity in the develop- and capital. While farmers do employ various ing world. Characteristically, many of the most methods of rodent control, they lartely severely affected areas are within are the tropic ineffective and indicate a poor understanding zone. Favorable environmental conditions may of particular pest situations on the part of all have much to do with the dense rodent popuia- concerned. tions and severe damage problems occurring Pest species I Acknowledgments: The author has bencfitted from extensive discussions with many Research Center siaff, particularlymembers of the Rodent Michael W. Fall and Species of the genus Russell R. Reidinger, Jr. of the Rallus are among the assigned to the Center. The views expressed,usAw/Psrw Team princip resent the author's however, rep- al crop pests o widespread persona! opinions in an area which rc- in the tropical and subtropical importance mains hi:hly controversial. Acknowledgement areas of the world. to the FAO Plant Protection Service, especially 11.R.is riTo due Severti s for providing the Shuyler subspecies of Rat/us raltus, scaions on the Near Eust, Olher losses vegicus, R. argentiventer, ]. nir ant problems due' to R. e.xulans and several prob!ents, and for furtherrodents, infornmauion and Olher vertebrate and a~sistance. similar species of Bandicoiaare often identified Research2Support of the author's work under the Rodent important pest species in these areas (3,4,8). as Center programnie has Philippine and United States Governments.been recceived from the Gnsernment Philippine R. rat/us and R. funds werc provided by the National Eco- nlorregicus are worldwide in nomic distribution. R. argendirenler's distribution Industry,and Development Authority, the Biureau of Plant and the University of the Philippines at Los extends Baflos. United from Thailand through the Jndo- by the States Government sunport was provided Agency for International Development and the China region, Bureau of Spor, Fisheries and Wildlife under Malaysia, Indonesia and the the project Philippines. R. exulans' range includes Burma, titledtild Theh Control onrlof7.tcrtof Vertebrate P,.sts,11ss____1S__R_____ UsDtIt'ASARACD) Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines FAO PLANT PROTECTION BULLETIN 97 and the Pacific Ocean islands. Bandicota spp. adequate distribution records nor adequate are widely distributed in Asia. The genus' descriptions of taxonomic relationships are range includes Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Burma, available in many of the. areas o' concern. Thailand, China (including Taiwan province), Table I attempts to show the major rodent Indo-China, Malaysia and Indonesia. These pests limiting agricultural production in various observations must be qualified because neither regions of the developing world. In tile suc- TABLE |. - MAJOR RODENT PESTS LIMITING AGRICULTURAL PROOUCTION IN DEVEAOPING COUNIR[ES Crops damaged Region Species G crop:, Rice Maize Wheat Coco' Sugar fOil Root nut cane palm crops Southeast Asia Rattus argentiventei X X x X x R. rattus x x x x x x R. exulans x x x x R. tlomanicus x x x R. losea x R. muelleri X Bandcota spp. x Xx Hystrix brachyura x Calloscurs spp. x x Sundasclurus hippurus x Mis spp. x Pacific Islands R. exulans x x x x R. raitus X X x R. norvegicus x South Asia Bandicota bengalensis x x x x x B. indica x Nesokia indica X Mldlardia melada x Tatera indlica x R. rattis x x ilis spp. x Funambulus pennantl x Latin America R. norvegicus x R. ratts x x x Sigmodon Idspidus x x x Holochllus sculreus X x Myocaster coypus x Ridpidomys coesi x Peromyscus spp. x Africa Thryononys swinderian s x x x Praomys natialensis x x R. raittis x x Arricanthis spp. x x x x x Alstomyt sp. X x Dasylnys. incomirs x Rhabdonys pumilio x Hystrlx spp. X Xerits erythropus X Cricetoinys gamnbianus X X FulisciurU$ spp. X Jleliosciurusspp. x 98 FAO PLANT PROTECFoN BULLETIN ceeding, discussion, an overview of rodents as arc responsible for damage to rice but q'. ar­ pests in agriculture by region is given. gentiventer apparently predominates. Although no estimates of damage arc avail­ able, rodents are marked as particularly serious Damage to crops pests of rice and sugar cane in Bu'rma. SOUTHEAST ASIA PACIFIC ISLANDS Rodents cause serious chronic losses in the Among the Pacilic Ocean Islands coconuts region's agriculture, while serious rat outbreaks constitute a major crop and one that is heavily have occurred sporadically over wide areas of damaged bk, rats (11, 16). Losses from these the Philippines (13), Indonesia, Malaysia and pests in Tahiti and the Fiji Islands (15) are at Thailand. The Philippines, in the early 1950s, times quite heavy, sometimes approaching experienced the disastrous rat. outbreaks on 50 percent. Similarly heavy losses to coconuts the island of Mindanao which triggered food have been reported in New Hebrides, the shortages in the area. Repeated outbreaks Tokelaus (18), Gilbert and Ellice Islands (9). have occurred before and since then, em- Some studies suggest that coconut trees in some phasizing the continuing importance of rodents areas compensate for a portion of the damage in the well-being of the country's agriculture, by additional nut production (15). Rice is the most impoirtant crop affected in the Damage to cocoa by rats is serious in the Philippines but maize, coconut, sugar cane, Solomon Islands, Samoa, and New Hebrides. and root crops are also seriously damaged. Rats (p-incipally the Norway rat) are said Rodents cause considerable damage to Ma- to limit sugar production in Fii. Sugar c;:'e laysia's major economic crops, the most seri- is mostly grown along the coastal areas here ously affected being rice, oil paln, and cocoa. the rat problem is not acute. Four rat species are important in rice fields in Rats are also serious pests of some of the peninsular Malaysia (3, 17) and three rodent subsistence crops of the Pacific Islands. Yams, species are serious p-sts in oil palm and cocoa sweet potatoes and cassava may receive sub­ plantations. stantial damage. Indonesian agriculture, like that in much of the southeast Asian region, is beset with serious SOUTH ASIA rodent problems (4, 10). Rat outbreaks have been recorded on Java during the years of In the vast and densely populated south 1915, 1938, 1953-54, 1963-64, and 1972-73. Asian region (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Serious rat damage has, likewise, occurred in Bangladesh), rodents are a major cause of food Celebes and Sumatra at various times. The losses (2, 12, 14). Estimates of from I to more major crops that are affected by rodent depreda- than 12 million tons' loss have been given for tions in Indonesia are rice, oil palm and. sugar India's yearly food grain production. Indian cane. Some damage also occurs on maize sugar cane and coconut production are also and coconut.
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