DOCSLIB.ORG

Ield Methods for Rodent Studies in Asia and the Indo-Pacific

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ield Methods for Rodent Studies in Asia and the Indo-Pacific ield methods for rodent studies in Asia and the Indo-Pacifi c Ken P. Aplin, Peter R. Brown, Jens Jacob, Charles J. Krebs & Grant R. Singleton Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra, Austalia e Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used, this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES is peer-reviewed series contains results of original research supported by ACIAR, or deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research objectives. e series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Aplin, K.P., Brown, P.R., Jacob, J., Krebs, C.J. and Singleton, G.R. Field methods for rodent studies in Asia and the Indo-Pacific. ACIAR Monograph No. , p. ISBN 1 86320 393 1 (print) ISBN 1 86320 394 X (electronic) Technical editing, design and production by Clarus Design, Canberra Printed by BPA Print Group, Melbourne Contents Acknowledgments . Randomisation and interspersion . Randomisation . Chapter : Why study rodent populations? . .9 Interspersion . Introduction . Summary . Rodents as pest species . Further reading . Rodents as benefi cial species . Ecologically based rodent management . Chapter : Capture and handling of rodents . Phase : problem defi nition . Introduction . Phase : ecological and historical studies . Capture methods . Phase : designing and testing management options . Major types of trap . Purpose and scope of this book . Checking and cleaning traps . Further reading . Comparing trap and bait effi cacy . Habitat surveys . Chapter : Design of fi eld studies . Trapping eff ort and frequency . Introduction . Handling a captive rodent . General principles of experimental design . Methods of euthanasia . Identifi cation of hypotheses and key factors . Asphyxiation . Size of experimental units . Cervical dislocation . Duration of an experiment . Safety issues . Inclusion of controls . Diseases transmitted to humans by rats and mice . Replication . Further reading . C C Chapter : Rodent taxonomy and identification . Chapter : Reproduction and growth in rodents . Introduction . Introduction . Basic taxonomic concepts . Basic reproductive anatomy . e meaning of scientific and common names . Male reproductive tract . Units of classification . Female reproductive tract . Morphological and genetic approaches to Pregnancy and embryonic development . distinguishing species . Trimester . Collecting voucher specimens . Trimester . Wet specimens . Trimester . Dry specimens . Growth and maturation after birth . Major groups of Asian rodents . Attainment of sexual maturity . Identifying murid rodents . Lifespan and menopause . Determining the age and sex of a rodent . Assessing reproductive activity from external Taking measurements . characteristics . Diagnostic characteristics . Assessing reproductive activity from internal Further reading . characteristics . Key reproductive parameters . Chapter : Population studies . Commencement and cessation of the breeding season . Introduction . Percentage of adult females in breeding condition . Relative estimates of abundance . Percentage of adult females that produce multiple Trap success . litters within one season . Tracking tiles . Average litter size . Census cards . Pre-weaning mortality rate . Burrow counts . Recording reproductive data . Visual surveys . Further reading . Calibrating relative estimates of abundance . Estimates of population size . Equipment . Marking techniques . Calculating population size from capture–mark–release data . Further reading . C C Chapter : Studies of movement . Chapter : Assessing crop damage and yield losses . Introduction . Introduction . Some basic concepts . Methods for estimating damage . Techniques for studying movement . Timing of damage . Capture–mark–release trapping . Spatial distribution of damage . Spool-and-line methods . Estimating damage at sowing/transplanting . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BANDICOTA INDICA, the BANDICOOT RAT 3.1 The
    CHAPTER THREE BANDICOTA INDICA, THE BANDICOOT RAT 3.1 The Living Animal 3.1.1 Zoology Rats and mice (family Muridae) are the most common and well-known rodents, not only of the fi elds, cultivated areas, gardens, and storage places but especially so of the houses. Though there are many genera and species, their general appearance is pretty the same. Rats are on average twice as large as mice (see Chapter 31). The bandicoot is the largest rat on the Indian subcontinent, with a body and head length of 30–40 cm and an equally long tail; this is twice as large as the black rat or common house rat (see section 3.1.2 below). This large size immediately distinguishes the bandicoot from other rats. Bandicoots have a robust form, a rounded head, large rounded or oval ears, and a short, broad muzzle. Their long and naked scaly tail is typical of practically all rats and mice. Bandicoots erect their piles of long hairs and grunt when excited. Bandicoots are found practically on the whole of the subcontinent from the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, including Sri Lanka, but they are not found in the deserts and the semi-arid zones of north-west India. Here, they are replaced by a related species, the short-tailed bandicoot (see section 3.1.2 below). The bandicoot is essentially parasitic on man, living in or about human dwellings. They cause a lot of damage to grounds and fl oorings because of their burrowing habits; they also dig tunnels through bricks and masonry.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Biology of the Genus Rattus: Profile of an Archetypal Rodent Pest
    Bromadiolone resistance does not respond to absence of anticoagulants in experimental populations of Norway rats. Heiberg, A.C.; Leirs, H.; Siegismund, Hans Redlef Published in: <em>Rats, Mice and People: Rodent Biology and Management</em> Publication date: 2003 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Heiberg, A. C., Leirs, H., & Siegismund, H. R. (2003). Bromadiolone resistance does not respond to absence of anticoagulants in experimental populations of Norway rats. In G. R. Singleton, L. A. Hinds, C. J. Krebs, & D. M. Spratt (Eds.), Rats, Mice and People: Rodent Biology and Management (Vol. 96, pp. 461-464). Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 SYMPOSIUM 7: MANAGEMENT—URBAN RODENTS AND RODENTICIDE RESISTANCE This file forms part of ACIAR Monograph 96, Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. The other parts of Monograph 96 can be downloaded from <www.aciar.gov.au>. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 2003 Grant R. Singleton, Lyn A. Hinds, Charles J. Krebs and Dave M. Spratt, 2003. Rats, mice and people: rodent biology and management. ACIAR Monograph No. 96, 564p. ISBN 1 86320 357 5 [electronic version] ISSN 1447-090X [electronic version] Technical editing and production by Clarus Design, Canberra 431 Ecological perspectives on the management of commensal rodents David P. Cowan, Roger J. Quy* and Mark S. Lambert Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UNITED KINGDOM *Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract. The need to control Norway rats in the United Kingdom has led to heavy reliance on rodenticides, particu- larly because alternative methods do not reduce rat numbers as quickly or as efficiently.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography of Mammals in SE Asia: Estimates of Rates of Colonization, Extinction and Speciation
    Biological Journal oflhe Linnean Sociely (1986), 28, 127-165. With 8 figures Biogeography of mammals in SE Asia: estimates of rates of colonization, extinction and speciation LAWRENCE R. HEANEY Museum of <oology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A. Accepted for publication I4 February 1986 Four categories of islands in SE Asia may be identified on the basis of their histories of landbridge connections. Those islands on the shallow, continental Sunda Shelf were joined to the Asian mainland by a broad landbridge during the late Pleistocene; other islands were connected to the Sunda Shelf by a middle Pleistocene landbridge; some were parts of larger oceanic islands; and others remained as isolated oceanic islands. The limits of late Pleistocene islands, defined by the 120 ni bathymetric line, are highly concordant with the limits of faunal regions. Faunal variation among non-volant mammals is high between faunal regions and low within the faunal regions; endcmism of faunal regions characteristically exceeds 70%. Small and geologically young oceanic islands are depauperate; larger and older islands are more species-rich. The number of endemic species is correlated with island area; however, continental shelf islands less than 125000 km2 do not have endemic species, whereas isolated oceanic islands as small as 47 km2 often have endemic species. Geologirally old oceanic islands have many endemic species, whereas young oceanic islands have few endemic species. Colonization across sea channels that were 5-25 km wide during the Pleistocene has been low, with a rate of about 1-2/500000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Mammals of Indonesia
    CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation i ii CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation By Ibnu Maryanto Maharadatunkamsi Anang Setiawan Achmadi Sigit Wiantoro Eko Sulistyadi Masaaki Yoneda Agustinus Suyanto Jito Sugardjito RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES (LIPI) iii © 2019 RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY, INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES (LIPI) Cataloging in Publication Data. CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF INDONESIA: Scientific, English, Indonesia Name and Distribution Area Table in Indonesia Including CITES, IUCN and Indonesian Category for Conservation/ Ibnu Maryanto, Maharadatunkamsi, Anang Setiawan Achmadi, Sigit Wiantoro, Eko Sulistyadi, Masaaki Yoneda, Agustinus Suyanto, & Jito Sugardjito. ix+ 66 pp; 21 x 29,7 cm ISBN: 978-979-579-108-9 1. Checklist of mammals 2. Indonesia Cover Desain : Eko Harsono Photo : I. Maryanto Third Edition : December 2019 Published by: RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY, INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES (LIPI). Jl Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16911 Telp: 021-87907604/87907636; Fax: 021-87907612 Email: [email protected] . iv PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION This book is a third edition of checklist of the Mammals of Indonesia. The new edition provides remarkable information in several ways compare to the first and second editions, the remarks column contain the abbreviation of the specific island distributions, synonym and specific location. Thus, in this edition we are also corrected the distribution of some species including some new additional species in accordance with the discovery of new species in Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Calaby References
    Abbott, I.J. (1974). Natural history of Curtis Island, Bass Strait. 5. Birds, with some notes on mammal trapping. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 107: 171–74. General; Rodents; Abbott, I. (1978). Seabird islands No. 56 Michaelmas Island, King George Sound, Western Australia. Corella 2: 26–27. (Records rabbit and Rattus fuscipes). General; Rodents; Lagomorphs; Abbott, I. (1981). Seabird Islands No. 106 Mondrain Island, Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 5: 60–61. (Records bush-rat and rock-wallaby). General; Rodents; Abbott, I. and Watson, J.R. (1978). The soils, flora, vegetation and vertebrate fauna of Chatham Island, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 60: 65–70. (Only mammal is Rattus fuscipes). General; Rodents; Adams, D.B. (1980). Motivational systems of agonistic behaviour in muroid rodents: a comparative review and neural model. Aggressive Behavior 6: 295–346. Rodents; Ahern, L.D., Brown, P.R., Robertson, P. and Seebeck, J.H. (1985). Application of a taxon priority system to some Victorian vertebrate fauna. Fisheries and Wildlife Service, Victoria, Arthur Rylah Institute of Environmental Research Technical Report No. 32: 1–48. General; Marsupials; Bats; Rodents; Whales; Land Carnivores; Aitken, P. (1968). Observations on Notomys fuscus (Wood Jones) (Muridae-Pseudomyinae) with notes on a new synonym. South Australian Naturalist 43: 37–45. Rodents; Aitken, P.F. (1969). The mammals of the Flinders Ranges. Pp. 255–356 in Corbett, D.W.P. (ed.) The natural history of the Flinders Ranges. Libraries Board of South Australia : Adelaide. (Gives descriptions and notes on the echidna, marsupials, murids, and bats recorded for the Flinders Ranges; also deals with the introduced mammals, including the dingo).
    [Show full text]
  • Norntates PUBLISHED by the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST at 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y
    AMERICAN MUSEUM Norntates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 3052, 19 pp., 9 figures, 1 table December 14, 1992 Sucking Lice (Insecta, Anoplura) from Indigenous Sulawesi Rodents: a New Species of Polyplax from a Montane Shrew Rat, and New Information About Polyplax wallacei and P. eropepli LANCE A. DURDEN' AND GUY G. MUSSER2 ABSTRACT Polyplax melasmothrixi, a new species of po- from Eropeplus canus from tropical upper mon- lyplacid sucking louse, is described from Melas- tane rain forest also in Central Sulawesi. Host and mothrix naso, a small-bodied shrew rat known habitat associations for these three species ofsuck- only from tropical upper montane rain forest in ing lice are discussed. Polyplax melasmothrixi and Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The male ofPolyplax P. eropepli are both known only from montane wallacei is described from specimens collected from habitats in Central Sulawesi and both appear to Bunomys chrysocomus trapped in tropical lowland be host specific (to M. naso and E. canus, respec- evergreen rain forest in Central Sulawesi. A further tively). Contrastingly, P. wallacei parasitizes two specimen ofPolyplax eropepli, a taxon previously species ofBunomys in lowland forests and is known known only from the type series, is documented from North and Central Sulawesi. INTRODUCTION Melasmothrix naso, Bunomys chrysoco- Musser and Holden, 1991). The shrew rat, mus, and Eropeplus canus are three murine M. naso, and the large-bodied E. canus have rodents found only in forests on the Indo- been recorded only from montane rainforest nesian island of Sulawesi (Musser, 1987; formations in the mountainous central part I Assistant Professor and Assistant Curator, Institute of Arthropodology and Parasitology, Georgia Southern Uni- versity, Landrum Box 8056, Statesboro, Georgia 30460.
    [Show full text]
  • Retrotransposons
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 11284–11289, September 1998 Evolution Determining and dating recent rodent speciation events by using L1 (LINE-1) retrotransposons OLIVIER VERNEAU*†,FRANC¸OIS CATZEFLIS‡, AND ANTHONY V. FURANO*§ *Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0830; and ‡Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Case Courrier 064, Universite´Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France Communicated by Herbert Tabor, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, July 24, 1998 (received for review May 22, 1998) ABSTRACT Phylogenies based on the inheritance of This difference stems from the distinct biological properties shared derived characters will be ambiguous when the shared of these elements. L1 elements are prolific, self-replicating characters are not the result of common ancestry. Such mammalian retrotransposons that rapidly generate distinct characters are called homoplasies. Phylogenetic analysis also novel subfamilies consisting mostly of defective (pseudo) can be problematic if the characters have not changed suffi- copies (see legend to Fig. 1). The defective subfamily members ciently, as might be the case for rapid or recent speciations. are retained in the genome and diverge from each other with The latter are of particular interest because evolutionary time at the pseudogene (neutral) rate. The rapid generation of processes may be more accessible the more recent the specia- novel L1 characters keeps pace with speciation, and the tion. The repeated DNA subfamilies generated by the mam- sequence divergence of the various defective subfamily mem- malian L1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon are apparently ho- bers theoretically permits the dating of the speciations (4).
    [Show full text]
  • Mammals of Jordan
    © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Mammals of Jordan Z. AMR, M. ABU BAKER & L. RIFAI Abstract: A total of 78 species of mammals belonging to seven orders (Insectivora, Chiroptera, Carni- vora, Hyracoidea, Artiodactyla, Lagomorpha and Rodentia) have been recorded from Jordan. Bats and rodents represent the highest diversity of recorded species. Notes on systematics and ecology for the re- corded species were given. Key words: Mammals, Jordan, ecology, systematics, zoogeography, arid environment. Introduction In this account we list the surviving mammals of Jordan, including some reintro- The mammalian diversity of Jordan is duced species. remarkable considering its location at the meeting point of three different faunal ele- Table 1: Summary to the mammalian taxa occurring ments; the African, Oriental and Palaearc- in Jordan tic. This diversity is a combination of these Order No. of Families No. of Species elements in addition to the occurrence of Insectivora 2 5 few endemic forms. Jordan's location result- Chiroptera 8 24 ed in a huge faunal diversity compared to Carnivora 5 16 the surrounding countries. It shelters a huge Hyracoidea >1 1 assembly of mammals of different zoogeo- Artiodactyla 2 5 graphical affinities. Most remarkably, Jordan Lagomorpha 1 1 represents biogeographic boundaries for the Rodentia 7 26 extreme distribution limit of several African Total 26 78 (e.g. Procavia capensis and Rousettus aegypti- acus) and Palaearctic mammals (e. g. Eri- Order Insectivora naceus concolor, Sciurus anomalus, Apodemus Order Insectivora contains the most mystacinus, Lutra lutra and Meles meles). primitive placental mammals. A pointed snout and a small brain case characterises Our knowledge on the diversity and members of this order.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemism and Diversity of Small Mammals Along Two Neighboring Bornean Mountains
    Endemism and diversity of small mammals along two neighboring Bornean mountains Miguel Camacho-Sanchez1,2,*, Melissa T.R. Hawkins3,4,5,*, Fred Tuh Yit Yu6, Jesus E. Maldonado3 and Jennifer A. Leonard1 1 Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain 2 CiBIO—Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal 3 Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA 5 Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA 6 Sabah Parks, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Mountains offer replicated units with large biotic and abiotic gradients in a reduced spatial scale. This transforms them into well-suited scenarios to evaluate biogeographic theories. Mountain biogeography is a hot topic of research and many theories have been proposed to describe the changes in biodiversity with elevation. Geometric constraints, which predict the highest diversity to occur in mid-elevations, have been a focal part of this discussion. Despite this, there is no general theory to explain these patterns, probably because of the interaction among different predictors with the local effects of historical factors. We characterize the diversity of small non-volant mammals across the elevational gradient on Mount (Mt.) Kinabalu (4,095 m) and Mt. Tambuyukon (2,579 m), two neighboring mountains in Borneo, Malaysia. We documented a decrease in species richness with elevation which deviates from expectations of the geometric constraints and suggests that spatial Submitted 14 February 2018 Accepted 9 September 2019 factors (e.g., larger diversity in larger areas) are important.
    [Show full text]
  • Mouse Models of Human Disease an Evolutionary Perspective Robert L
    170 commentary Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health [2016] pp. 170–176 doi:10.1093/emph/eow014 Mouse models of human disease An evolutionary perspective Robert L. Perlman* Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 5058, Chicago, IL 60637, USA *E-mail: [email protected] Received 31 December 2015; revised version accepted 12 April 2016 ABSTRACT The use of mice as model organisms to study human biology is predicated on the genetic and physio- logical similarities between the species. Nonetheless, mice and humans have evolved in and become adapted to different environments and so, despite their phylogenetic relatedness, they have become very different organisms. Mice often respond to experimental interventions in ways that differ strikingly from humans. Mice are invaluable for studying biological processes that have been conserved during the evolution of the rodent and primate lineages and for investigating the developmental mechanisms by which the conserved mammalian genome gives rise to a variety of different species. Mice are less reliable as models of human disease, however, because the networks linking genes to disease are likely to differ between the two species. The use of mice in biomedical research needs to take account of the evolved differences as well as the similarities between mice and humans. KEYWORDS: allometry; cancer; gene networks; life history; model organisms transgenic, knockout, and knockin mice, have If you have cancer and you are a mouse, we can provided added impetus and powerful tools for take good care of you. Judah Folkman [1] mouse research, and have led to a dramatic increase in the use of mice as model organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaternary Murid Rodents of Timor Part I: New Material of Coryphomys Buehleri Schaub, 1937, and Description of a Second Species of the Genus
    QUATERNARY MURID RODENTS OF TIMOR PART I: NEW MATERIAL OF CORYPHOMYS BUEHLERI SCHAUB, 1937, AND DESCRIPTION OF A SECOND SPECIES OF THE GENUS K. P. APLIN Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO Division of Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra and Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History ([email protected]) K. M. HELGEN Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington and Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History ([email protected]) BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 341, 80 pp., 21 figures, 4 tables Issued July 21, 2010 Copyright E American Museum of Natural History 2010 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract.......................................................... 3 Introduction . ...................................................... 3 The environmental context ........................................... 5 Materialsandmethods.............................................. 7 Systematics....................................................... 11 Coryphomys Schaub, 1937 ........................................... 11 Coryphomys buehleri Schaub, 1937 . ................................... 12 Extended description of Coryphomys buehleri............................ 12 Coryphomys musseri, sp.nov.......................................... 25 Description.................................................... 26 Coryphomys, sp.indet.............................................. 34 Discussion . ....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment of South African Mammals
    University of Pretoria etd – Keith, M (2005) Conservation assessment of South African mammals by Mark Keith Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Zoology) In the Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria January 2005 University of Pretoria etd – Keith, M (2005) Conservation assessment of South African mammals Tables of Contents Content Page Abstract i Acknowledgements iii Disclaimer iv CHAPTER 1: General Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2: Regional IUCN Red List assessments for South African terrestrial and marine mammals: An overview 24 CHAPTER 3: Incorporating measures of anthropogenic threat in regional conservation assessments: A case study based on South African mammals 51 CHAPTER 4: Conservation priority-setting at a regional scale: a case study based on South African terrestrial mammals 85 CHAPTER 5: Taxonomic and phylogenetic distinctiveness in regional conservation assessments: A case study based on extant South African Chiroptera and Carnivora 115 CHAPTER 6: The Orange List: a safety net for biodiversity in South Africa 141 CHAPTER 7: Revisiting Green Data Species Lists 151 CHAPTER 8: Conclusion and a synopsis of the conservation assessment of South African 158 mammals APPENDIX 1: Regional IUCN Red List assessments for South African terrestrial and marine 170 mammals: An overview APPENDIX 2: Incorporating measures of anthropogenic threat in regional conservation assessments: A case study based on South African mammals 183 APPENDIX 3: The Orange List: a safety net for biodiversity in South Africa 192 i University of Pretoria etd – Keith, M (2005) Conservation assessment of South African mammals Abstract Conservation assessment of South African mammals Student: Mark Keith Supervisors: Prof.
    [Show full text]