ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO  'HFHPEHU ‹$XWKRU V &&%<1&1'$WWULEXWLRQ/LFHQVH

Performance Evaluation of Tuntang Watershed based on Quantity and Quality of Water

Ugro Hari Murtiono* and Paimin Research Institute for Forestry Technology on Watershed Management (BPTKP DAS Solo) -O-HQG$

Abstract.7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKHVWXG\ZDVWRHYDOXDWHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI7XQWDQJ&DWFKPHQW EDVHGRQZDWHUTXDQWLW\DQGTXDOLW\DUHDUDQJLQJIURPLWVXSVWUHDPWRGRZQVWUHDP7KHPHWKRG XVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHZDWHUTXDQWLW\ZDVE\FDUU\LQJRXWJURXQGVWXG\RQZDWHUGLVFKDUJH LQWKHGU\VHDVRQ -XQH LQWKHUHVHDUFKVLWHZKLOHWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\ZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\ FRQGXFWLQJDODERUDWRU\DQDO\VLVRQWKHVDPSOHVREWDLQHGIURPWKHVLWHVLQERWKWKHUDLQ\DQG GU\VHDVRQ -DQXDU\DQG-XQH 7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHTXDQWLW\RIZDWHUGLVFKDUJH LQ 7XQWDQJ 5LYHU ZDV FDWHJRUL]HG ´JRRGµ DOWKRXJK LW ZDV XWLOL]HG IRU PDQ\ XVHV VXFK DV LUULJDWLRQ K\GURSRZHU DQG GULQNLQJ ZDWHU 0RVW RI ZDWHU GLVFKDUJHV ZHUH PDLQO\ VXSSOLHG IURPWKHXSVWUHDPRI5DZD3HQLQJ/DNH7KHZDWHUTXDOLW\GHWHUPLQHGIURPWKHSDUDPHWHUVRI WRWDOGLVVROYHGVROLGVFRQGXFWLYLW\S+SKRVSKDWHDQGQLWUDWHFRXOGEHFODVVLÀHGDV´JRRGµ PHDQZKLOHWKHWXUELGLW\DQGGLVVROYHGR[\JHQZHUHFODVVLÀHGDV´SRRUµ

Keywords:ZDWHUTXDQWLW\ZDWHUTXDOLW\VSHFLÀFPLQLPXPGLVFKDUJH

Abstrak. 7XMXDQ SHQHOLWLDQ XQWXN PHQJHYDOXDVL SHUIRUPD '$6 7XQWDQJ GLXNXU GDUL kuantitas GDQNXDOLWDVDLUVXQJDLEDLNGLEDJLDQKXOXPDXSXQKLOLU0HWRGH\DQJGLJXQDNDQ XQWXNPHQJHWDKXLNXDQWLWDVDLUGHQJDQSHQJXNXUDQDOLUDQDLUVXQJDLSDGDPXVLPNHPDUDX -XQL SDGDORNDVL\DQJGLSLOLKVHGDQJNDQNXDOLWDVDLUGLODNXNDQGHQJDQFDUDSHQJDPELODQ FRQWRKDLUSDGDVXQJDLVXQJDL\DQJPDVXNNHGDQDXUDZDSHQLQJSDGDZDNWXPXVLPKXMDQ GDQ NHPDUDX -DQXDUL GDQ -XQL   NHPXGLDQ GLDQDOLVD GL ODERUDWRULXP +DVLO SHQHOLWLDQ GLLQGLNDVLNDQEDKZDNXDQWLWDVGHELWDLUGLVXQJDL7XQWDQJEHUDGDSDGDNDWHJRUL¶EDLNµZDODXSXQ DLU\DQJNHOXDUGDULGDQDXUDZDSHQLQJWHODKGLPDQIDDWNDQXQWXNEHUEDJDLNHSHQWLQJDQVHSHUWL LULJDVLKLGURHOHFWULNGDQDLUPLQXP6HEDJLDQEHVDUGHELWDLUWHUXWDPDGLVXSSRUWGDULKXOX '$65DZD3HQLQJ3DUDPHWHUNXDOLWDVDLUVHSHUWLWRWDOSDGDWDQWHUODUXW 7'6 GD\DKDQWDU OLVWULN '+/ S+SKRVSKDWGDQQLWUDWGLNDWDJRULNDQ´EDLNµVHEDOLNQ\DNHNHUXKDQGDQRNVLJHQ WHUODUXW '2 GLNODVVLÀNDVLNDQ´MHOHNµ

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1. Introduction

:DWHU LV D EDVLF UHTXLUHPHQW IRU WKH fact, especially in urban areas and development survival of living beings, including human, centers around them (Pawitan, 2002). Regions animal, and vegetation. However, the water are allegedly susceptible to water resources are resource availability is increasingly limited , Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, and within time and space. In , the Maluku. The performance of catchment can be diversity of water resources availability is evaluated from its quality (Duan, et al., 2016; high based on the area. Java, for instance, McMillan, 2016; Kageyama, et al., 2016; is monsoon UHJLRQ ZLWK REYLRXV GL൵HUHQFH Supangat and Paimin, 2007), quantity (Pal, et between rainy and dry season, the region al., 2016; Wang, et al., 2016), and continuity/ adjacent to the equator has indistinct sustainability (Brotosusilo, et al., 2016). GL൵HUHQFHV, and while in Nusa Tenggara is The discharge of a watershed in the dry VHPLDULG UHJLRQV with low rainfall. Although VHDVRQ FDQ EH DQ LQGLFDWRU RI WKH TXDQWLW\ Indonesia has abundant water resources, yet the and continuity level of a watershed’s water scarcity of water and water resources become a VXSSO\ 0HDQZKLOH WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQ

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the rainy and dry season can be an indicator forms, sediment, stationeries and computer RIZDWHUTXDOLW\RIDZDWHUVKHGRUDFDWFKPHQW VRIWZDUHDQGÀHOGVWXG\HTXLSPHQWV area. In fact, watershed is a crucial reserve b. Location and water supply for many usages such as irrigation, agricultural, industrial, and Research was carried out in Tuntang household consumption. Additionally, watershed, , which was divided watershed captures rainwater to control into three sub-watersheds, namely, Tuntang GDPDJLQJ ÁRRGV GURXJKW VRLO HURVLRQ DQG Hulu sub-watershed, Tuntang Tengah sub- VHGLPHQWDWLRQ$UWLÀFLDOVXUIDFHZDWHUVWRUDJH watershed, Tuntang Hilir sub-watershed such as dams and natural storage such as lakes (Figure 1). Lake Rawa Pening is a part of the downstream of Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed. will be able to provide a continuous water With total area of 2,300 hectares, Lake Rawa supply in the dry season. One of the lakes in Pening which is located in the upstream of the watershed is Lake Rawa Pening in Tuntang Tuntang sub-watershed, Regency, watershed. This lake is absolutely a natural is vital with its central function as the water means for further various uses of watershed. source for household and industrial (local Rawa Pening Lake is located in the upstream government-owned water companies), irrigation of Tuntang watershed and has a primary role. IRU  KD RI SDGG\ÀHOGV ÀVKHU\ ZLWK This study aimed to evaluate the performance production of 1,535.9 ton/year, tourism, RI 7XQWDQJ ZDWHUVKHG EDVHG RQ WKH TXDQWLW\ livestock, peat mining, and hydropower in DQGTXDOLW\RIZDWHUDQGSRWHQWLDOLPSOLFDWLRQ Jelok and Timo which generate 222.504 million to Rawa Pening Lake sustainability. Kwh (%DSSHGD Provensi Jawa Tengah, 2005). Catchment area of Tuntang Hulu is 2. Research Method affected by the volcanic characteristics of a. Materials and Tools Mount Merbabu (East and Southeast), Mount Telomoyo (South), and Mount Ungaran Materials and tools used in this study were (West). The west part of Tuntang Tengah sub- basic maps (topography, soil, geology, and watershed is affected by Volcano Ungaran while land-cover/use), Rupa Bumi Indonesia (RBI) the east part is affected by mixed limestone maps, Current meter, suspended load sampler sedimentary rocks. In addition, Tuntang Hilir USDH 48, sample bottles, measurement blank VXEZDWHUVKHGLVDVXVFHSWLEOHPXGÁDWDUHD

Figure 1. Distribution of Points Discharge Measurement at Tuntang Watershed

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO  'HFHPEHU ,661(,661 3HUIRUPDQFH(YDOXDWLRQRI7XQWDQJ:DWHUVKHG 0XUWLRQRDQG3DLPLQ 178 c. Measurement of Water Discharge depth of 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8 for the discharge of >100 cm water depth The produce of discharge rate and Quantitative measurement of water . FURVVVHFWLRQDUHDZDVWKHGLVFKDUJHRIWKHVHFWLRQ discharge in Tuntang watershed was carried . out in the dry season, while sampling for Total discharge of all sections was the observed ZDWHU TXDOLW\ TXDOLWDWLYHO\  ZDV GRQH LQ WKH water discharge. The value of water discharge 3/sec rainy and dry season. Measurements were (m ) was converted into a unit of VSHFL¿F water 3/s/ 2 performed in several points as illustrated discharge (m km ). LQ )LJXUH  LQ -XQH  7KH TXDOLWDWLYH 2EVHUYDWLRQ RQ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ ZDV discharge measurement in Tuntang Hulu sub- FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH ULYHUVLQÁRZV RI /DNH ZDWHUVKHG ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ HDFK LQÁRZ WR Rawa Pening, Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed, Lake Rawa Pening including 9 (nine) rivers: and measurement point in the downstream (1) Kedungwringin River, (2) Ringis River, (Buyaran River), Tuntang Hilir sub-watershed. (3) Sraten River, (4) Parat River, (5) Legi River, 6DPSOHZDVREWDLQHGIRUZDWHUTXDOLW\DQDO\VLV  *DOHK5LYHU  7RURQJ5LYHU  3DQMDQJ was withdrawn in the rainy season (January River, and (9) Rengas River. In addition, in 2011) and the dry season (June 2011). Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed, measurement was conducted at the downstream of Lake Rawa d. Data Analysis Pening namely, Tuntang Main River (Tuntang The value of water discharge is stated 1), Sanjoyo River, Watu River, and Bercak LQ VSHFLÀF GLVFKDUJH XQLW P3/sec/km2) River. In Tuntang Tengah sub-watershed, by dividing the water discharge with its measurement was carried out in Tuntang Main catchment area (km2  %DVHG RQ .RUL   River (Tuntang 2 and Tuntang 3) and Glapan 3 2 Dam (West and East outlet). In Tuntang Hilir VSHFLÀF GLVFKDUJH P /sec/km  LV FODVVLÀHG sub-watershed, measurement was carried out as: 1). <0.015 = poor; 2). 0.015 – 0.21 = good; in Tuntang 4 (adjacent to Grobogan district and 3). >0.21 = very good. From the measurement Demak district) and Buyaran River. of the GLVFKDUJH WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH hydrological Discharge measurement involved the condition of an area could be determined based on measurement of discharge rate and the cross- WKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQ section area. The cross-section area is divided :DWHU TXDOLW\ LV WKH quality of water that into six sections. Discharge rate or velocity was meets the standards for a particular purpose. Terms measured by current meter on each section (in DUH GH¿QHG DV a variety of quality standards in the middle of the section) and the dimension accordance to the intended purpose. Directorate (depth and width) of each section was General of Land Rehabilitation DQG 6RFLDO measured to obtain the discharge cross-section Forestry, Ministry of Forestry, 2009, published area. In examining the discharge velocity, the category and value for the assessment on current meter was planted in a depth of 0.6 from the indicators of pollutant content level including the surface of the water for the discharge of < the physical, chemical, and biological pollutant as cm water depth; in a depth of 0.2 and 0.8 for presented in Table 1. These indicators were used as the discharge of  cm water depth; and in a the analytical basis.

Table 1.&ODVVL¿FDWLRQRI:DWHU4XDOLW\3DUDPHWHUV No Parameter of Water Quality Value Category A. Physical  < 1000 Good 1. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/lt)  1001 – 2000 Moderate  >2000 Poor  < 5 Good 2. Turbidity (NTU)  5 - 25 Moderate  >25 Poor B. Chemical  < 500 Good Electrical Conductivity 1.  500 – 2000 Moderate (mhos/cm)  >2000 Poor

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO  'HFHPEHU 179 3HUIRUPDQFH(YDOXDWLRQRI7XQWDQJ:DWHUVKHG 0XUWLRQRDQG3DLPLQ

No Parameter of Water Quality Value Category  ² Good 2. Acidity (pH)  ²RU² Moderate  <5.5 or >8.5 Poor  < 1 Good 3. Phosphate (mg/lt)  1 - 5 Moderate  >5 Poor  < 10 Good

4. Nitrate (NO3)  11 - 20 Moderate  >20 Poor C. Biology  > Good 1. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lt)   Moderate  < 3 Poor 6RXUFHDirectorate General of Land Rehabilitation DQG6RFLDO)RUHVWU\, Ministry of Forestry 2009)

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are the solids fertilizer, and other materials. It also functions content in a given volume of water as the result of DVQXWULHQWVIRUDTXDWLFSODQWVDQGLWFDQOHDG inorganic compound in the form of suspension or to eutrophication processes. The characteristics solution. Dissolved solids are total amount of of phosphorus can be distinguished from other dissolved materials. Turbidity is expressed major chemical elements of the biosphere’s in a unit of turbidity, also referred to 1 mg/ constituent elements because it is not contained

lt SiO2. Turbidity is measured by a method of in the atmosphere. In the earth’s crust, the Nephelometric and is expressed in a unit of amount of phosphorus is relatively small and Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) (Sawyer easily precipitated. Phosphorus is also an and McCarty, 1978). essential element for higher plants and algae as Electrical conductivity is the measure of well as for the marine productivity level.

water’s ability to accommodate the transport Nitrate (NO3) is a form of nitrogen of an electric charge whose value is based contained in the water derived from soluble on the amount of salt dissolved in water, the fertilizers and animal waste that serves as a type of dissolved ions, and water temperature. QXWULHQW RU IHUWLOL]HU IRU DTXDWLF SODQWV +LJK Conductivity can be used as an instant indicator level of nitrate in the water will increase to determine the levels of ions in the water. The WKH JURZWK DQG DFWLYLW\ RI DTXDWLF SODQWV LQ higher is the value, the higher is the ion levels of FRQVHTXHQFH WKHUH ZLOO EH WKH GHSOHWLRQ RI the water. oxygen in the water, which may cause death to The acidity or alkalinity level of water DTXDWLFDQLPDOV,WLVFDOOHGWKHHXWURSKLFDWLRQ discharge was measured by pH which is a scale Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of oxygen with similar proportion to the concentration of in the water derived from the oxygen in the air and hydrogen ions contained in the water. The pH the photosynthesis of aquatic plants. The Earth’s scale is valued from 0 to 14 (pH of 7: neutral, atmosphere contains approximately 210 ml/lt pH <7: acid, and pH >7: alkaline). The pH value of oxygen. Levels of dissolved oxygen in natural of 6.5–8.2 is optimum conditions for living beings, waters are varied depending on the temperature and on the contrary, too acidic or too alkaline pH level altitude. In addition, the smaller is the atmospheric will be dangerous for them. The acidity level of pressure, the lower is the level of dissolved oxygen. water environment LV D൵HFWHG E\ VHYHUDO factors, An increase of the temperature of 10C will enhance among others, the photosynthesis and biological approximately 10% oxygen consumption (Brown, processes and various types of cations and anions. 1987). Decomposition of organic materials and The increased pH LV LQÀXHQFHG by free mineral oxidation of inorganic materials can reduce the acid and carbonic acid, while an increased pH is level of dissolved oxygen to zero (anaerobic). D൵HFWHGE\WKHDPRXQWRI carbonates, hydroxides Dissolved oxygen is essential for the aquatic animals and bicarbonates. and plants. The oxygen content in water is less than Phosphate is the phosphorus element in the in air, the R[\JHQFRQWHQWRIÀRZLQJZDWHU is higher water which can be utilized by plants (Dugan, than the pooled water, and the depletion of 1972). Phosphate is derived from the residue oxygen may causeWKHDTXDWLFplants or animals of laundry detergent, animal waste, dissolved WRWKULYHGL൶FXOW\

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3. Result and Discussion 6UDWHQ FDWFKPHQW DUHD  P3/sec/km2) 3 a. Water Quantity DQG .HGXQJULQJLQ 5LYHU  P /sec/ km2). Water is temporary stored in the lake as Result of observations on water discharge water surplus in the surcharge storage before 3 (m /sec) in Tuntang watershed in the dry being released outside the dam. Total water VHDVRQ ZDV FRQYHUWHG LQWR D XQLW RI VSHFLÀF discharge of 8.0309 m3/sec, in the downstream discharge (m3/sec/km2) as presented in Table furthermore was utilized for hydropower, 2. %DVHG RQ WKH FODVVLÀFDWLRQ RI VSHFLÀF drinking water and irrigation. Although it PLQLPXPGLVFKDUJHWKHLQÁRZRI/DNH5DZD KDVEHHQXVHGDORQJLWVÁRZWKHGLVFKDUJHRI 3HQLQJ LQ WKH GU\ VHDVRQ ZDV FODVVLÀHG DV Tuntang River (observation of Tuntang River ´JRRGµDQG´YHU\JRRGµ .RUL H[FHSWIRU 1) was still in the category of “good” with a 5HQJDV 5LYHU 7KH KLJKHVW VSHFLÀF PLQLPXP VSHFLÀFPLQLPXPGLVFKDUJHRIPVHF discharge was derived from, respectively, km2.

Table 2.'LVFKDUJH0HDVXUHPHQW LQ7XQWDQJ :DWHUVKHG -XQH Points of Discharge (m3/ Area 6SHFLÀFGLVFKDUJH Vulnerability No Measurement sec) (km2) (m3/sec/km2) level I. Tuntang Hulu Sub-watershed A. Lake Rawa Pening Catchment Area 1. Kedungwringin River 1.8384 9.18  Very good 2. Ringis River 0.1110 3.47 0.0320 Good 3. Sraten River 1.5240 2.35  Very good 4. Parat River 0.0711 37.44  Good 5. Legi River  9.32 0.0284 Good  Galeh River 1.5450  0.0252 Good 7. Torong River 1.3248  0.0493 Good 8. Panjang River 0.2730 48.93  Poor 9. Rengas River  17.51  Good

B. Sanjoyo River 2.524 51.277 0.049 Good C. Tuntang River 1 5.348   Good D. Watu River 0.009 12.947 0.001 Poor E. Bercak River  135.31 0.003 Poor II. Tuntang Tengah Sub-watershed A. Tuntang River 2 7.122 34.088 0.209 Good Glapan Dam: 1.000 91.488 0.011 Poor B. a. East outlet 3.034  0.077 Poor b. West outlet C. Tuntang River 3   0.011 Poor III. Tuntang Hilir Sub-watershed A. Tuntang River 4  173.78 0,038 Good B. Buyaran River 5.281 130.13 0,041 Good

7KH LQÁRZV LQWR 7XQWDQJ +XOX VXE observation result of Tuntang River 2. Sanjaya watershed consisted of Tuntang River (5.348 River which could be categorized as “good” m3/sec), Sanjaya River (2.524 m3/sec), Watu had relatively high water supply to Tuntang River (0.009 m3VHF DQG%HUFDN5LYHU P3/ Hulu sub-watershed. VHF  'HVSLWH RI WKH ´SRRUµ VSHFLÀF PLQLPXP $GHTXDWH ZDWHU GLVFKDUJH LV XWLOL]HG discharge of Watu River and Bercak River, mainly for irrigation through Glapan Dam the overall discharge of Tuntang River could adjacent to Tuntang River. Regarding with this be considered as “good” as demonstrated in utilization, the discharge in the downstream

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO  'HFHPEHU 181 3HUIRUPDQFH(YDOXDWLRQRI7XQWDQJ:DWHUVKHG 0XUWLRQRDQG3DLPLQ

as demonstrated in the observation result of b. Water Quality Kali Tuntang 3, becomes very small and in 7KHSDUDPHWHUVRIZDWHUTXDOLW\REVHUYHG “poor” condition. Nevertheless, the discharge in this study included 7 (seven) parameters of: of Tuntang River into Tuntang Hilir sub- 1). Turbidity, 2). Total Dissolved Solids TDS); watershed could be categorized as “good”, as 3). Conductivity (Electrical conductivity); 4). shown in the observation result of Tuntang $FLGLW\ S+  3KRVSKDWH 1LWUDWH (NO3); River 4 and Buyaran River. It indicated the and 7). Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Results on water supply from the streams of Tuntang ZDWHUTXDOLW\H[DPLQDWLRQLQWKHUDLQ\DQGGU\ River was relatively high. In accordance to the season in each observation point are presented analysis of water discharge in the dry season, in Table 3. Generally, the condition of waster the potential of Tuntang River supplied by TXDOLW\ RI 7XQWDQJ ZDWHUVKHG ZDV ´JRRGµ Rawa Pening Lake to the downstream was except for the parameters of turbidity and fairly stable. dissolved oxygen (DO).

Table 3.$QDO\VLVRQ:DWHU4XDOLW\LQWKH5DLQ\DQG'U\6HDVRQLQ7XQWDQJ&DWFKPHQW$UHD Parameter/ Parat Sraten Legi Panjang Buyaran No Season Galeh River Unit River River River River River Turbidity 54 324 207   30 1. Rainy (mg/lt) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) 29 3 12 15  24 Dry (P) (G) (M) (M) (P) (M) TDS 88    59  2. Rainy (mg/.lt) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 105 115 83 137 115 135 Dry (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) DHL 147 112 93 107 98 210 3. Rainy (mhos/cm) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 222 225 175 290 241 288 Dry (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 7.0 7.0  7.1  7.2 Rainy pH (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 4. (-) Dry 7.1 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.7 7.5 (G) (G) (G) (G) (M) (G) 1.24 0.84 0.71 1.38 0.75  Rainy Phosphate (M) (G) (G) (M) (G) (G) 5. (mg/lt) Dry 0.125   0.100 0.154 0.18 (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) 2.89 0.99 0.40 1.97 0.83 0.24 Rainy Nitrate (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)  (mg/lt) Dry 0.005  0.13 0.80 0.10 0.11 (G) (G) (G) (G) (G) (G)  3.7  4.0 13.8 3.8 Rainy DO (M) (M) (M) (M) (G) (M) 7. (mg/lt) Dry 1.4 1.0 4.0 5.8 5.2 2.2 (P) (P) (M) (M) (M) (P) 'HVFULSWLRQ* *RRG0 0RGHUDWH3 3RRU

%DVHG RQ REVHUYDWLRQ RI ZDWHU TXDOLW\ was obtained by Sraten River of 3 NTU (good), in Tuntang River as presented in Table 3 Legi River of 12 NTU (moderate), and Panjang indicated that the value of water turbidity River of 15 NTU (moderate), and the highest along the Tuntang River in the rainy season was obtained by Buyaran River of 30 NTU was categorized as “poor”. The lowest value (poor). Turbidity depicted optical properties was obtained by Buyaran River of 30 NTU and of water determined based on the amount of WKH KLJKHVW ZDV 3DQMDQJ 5LYHU RI  178 lights which was absorbed and transmitted by Meanwhile in the dry season, the lowest value the elements of water. Turbidity was caused

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO  'HFHPEHU ,661(,661 3HUIRUPDQFH(YDOXDWLRQRI7XQWDQJ:DWHUVKHG 0XUWLRQRDQG3DLPLQ 182 by organic and inorganic matters that were most TDS of Tuntang River had electrical suspended and dissolved such as mud and silt, FRQGXFWLYLW\YDOXHDERYH—PKRVFP as well as inorganic and organic matters such Based on the result, the value of electrical as plankton and other microorganisms (APHA, conductivity in the rainy season ranged  'DYLVDQG&RUQZHOO  EHWZHHQ  — PKRVFP DQG DOO ULYHUV On the contrary to the principle, it is FRXOG EH LGHQWLÀHG DV µJRRGµ PHDQZKLOH expected that the high turbidity value in the in the dry season the value ranged between rainy season was due to soil erosion resulted 175–288 — PKRVFP and all rivers could be IURP VXIÀFLHQW FDWFKPHQW DUHD 0DWHULDOV RI FODVVLÀHGDVJRRG7KHYDOXHRIS+LQWKHUDLQ\ erosion from the catchment area of Lake Rawa VHDVRQ UDQJHG EHWZHHQ ² DQG DOO ULYHUV Pening consisted of soil particles, in addition to FRXOGEHFODVVLÀHGDVJRRG,QWKHGU\VHDVRQ organic matters due to its extensive Andosol the value ranged between 7.1–7.7 (good), characteristic. Although some of the material H[FHSWIRU*DOHK5LYHUZKLFKZDVFODVVLÀHGDV deposited in the inundation area, yet the turbidity “moderate”. N accordance to those results, the level at the downstream (Buyaran River) was value of P in the rainy season ranged between FODVVLÀHGDV´SRRUµdespite its low nominal value. ² DQG DOO ULYHU FRXOG EH LGHQWLÀHG DV According to Lloyd (1985) in Hefni Effendi, 2003, “good”, except for Parat River and Panjang the increased value of turbidity at the clear and 5LYHUZKLFKZHUHFODVVLÀHGDV´PRGHUDWHµ,Q shallow waters of 25 NTU could reduce % addition, in the dry season, the value ranged of primary productivity. The increased turbidity of EHWZHHQ ² DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH 5 NTU in the lake and rivers could reduce primary FODVVLÀHGDV´JRRGµ%DVHGRQWKRVHUHVXOWWKH productivity, respectively by 75% and %. value of NO3 in the dry season ranged between Meanwhile, in the dry season the water turbidity ² DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH LGHQWLÀHG DV values decreased, except in Parat River and Galeh good, except for Parat River and Panjang River 5LYHUZKLFKZHUHFODVVLÀHGDV´SRRUµ,WZDV FRXOGEHFODVVLÀHGDVPRGHUDWH$GGLWLRQDOO\ possible that this condition was caused by in the dry season the values ranged between stream bank HURVLRQVLQFHWKHÀRZ of the river was ²DQGDOOULYHUVFRXOGEHLGHQWLÀHGDV sourced mainly from the fountains. good. $QRWKHUORZZDWHUTXDOLW\LQGLFDWRUZDV Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Based on the analysis, 4. Conclusions WKHYDOXHRI'2LQWKHUDLQ\VHDVRQZDV²  DQG FODVVLÀHG DV ´PRGHUDWHµ H[FHSW LQ In the upstream of Tuntang sub-watershed, Galeh River which was considered as “good”. WKHLQÁRZVLQWR5DZD3HQLQJ/DNHLQWKHGU\ While in the dry season, the value of dissolved VHDVRQFRXOGEHFODVVLÀHGDV´JRRGµDQG´YHU\ oxygen was “poor” for Parat River and Sraten JRRGµH[FHSWIRUWKHLQÁRZIURP.DOL5HQJDV River, as well as Tuntang Hilir River (Buyaran ZKLFK ZDV FODVVLÀHG DV ´SRRUµ (YHQ WKRXJK River). The condition in the rainy season was WKHRXWÁRZVRI/DNH5DZD3HQLQJKDYHEHHQ better compared to the condition in the dry utilized for a variety of uses, yet the water season. In the rainy season, the discharge discharge of Tuntang Hulu sub-watershed velocity is greater than in the dry season, thus FRXOGEHFODVVLÀHGDV´JRRGµVLQFHLWLVVXSSOLHG the content of dissolved oxygen is greater too. from Kali Tuntang (5.348 m3/sec) in addition :DWHUTXDOLW\DVVHVVHGIURPWKHYDOXHRI to from Kali Sanjaya (2.524 m3/sec), Kali Watu total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, (0.009 m3VHF DQG.DOL%HUFDN P3/sec). pH, phosphate (P), and nitrate (NO3) showed The potential of Tuntang River in the dry ´JRRGµTXDOLW\,QDFFRUGDQFHWRWKHDQDO\VLV season provided by Rawa Pening Lake to the 7'6 LQ WKH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ UDQJHG EHWZHHQ  GRZQVWUHDPZDVVXIÀFLHQWO\VWDELOHGHVSLWHWKH  PJOW DQG DOO ULYHUV FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG discharge of Tuntang River had been widely as “good”, while in the dry season ranged XWLOL]HGWKURXJKRXWLWVÁRZ between 83–135 mg/lt, therefore all river could ,Q JHQHUDO WKH ZDWHU TXDOLW\ RI 7XQWDQJ EHLGHQWLÀHGDV´JRRGµ7KHYDOXHRIHOHFWULFDO ZDWHUVKHG ZDV FODVVLÀHG DV ´JRRGµ H[FHSW conductivity in Tuntang Catchment Area was for the parameters of turbidity and dissolved —PKRVFPLQZKLFKWKHORZHVWYDOXH R[\JHQ,QDGGLWLRQWKHZDWHUTXDOLW\DVVHVVHG was obtained from Legi River of 175 mg/lt and from Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical the highest was obtained from Watu River of Conductivity, pH, Phosphate (P), and Nitrate  — mhos/cm. Based on those distribution, (NO3 LQGLFDWHGLWV´JRRGµTXDOLW\

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO  'HFHPEHU 183 3HUIRUPDQFH(YDOXDWLRQRI7XQWDQJ:DWHUVKHG 0XUWLRQRDQG3DLPLQ

The value of water discharge turbidity and Kali Galeh which were in “poor” state. It along the Tuntang River in the rainy season was possible due to the occurrence of stream FRXOG EH FODVVLÀHG DV ´SRRUµ 7KH YDOXH bank erosion the discharge was merely derived indicated the erosion rate of the catchment from the water resources. It can be potentially area was relatively high. In the dry season, the contribute to the degradation of Rawa Pening turbidity level declined except in Kali Parat Lake. 5. References $PHULFDQ3XEOLF+HDOWK$VVRFLDWLRQ $3+$ 6WDQGDUG0HWKRGVIRUWKH([DPLQDWLRQRI:DWHU DQG:DVWHZDWHU 4th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Provensi Jawa Tengah (Bappeda Jateng). 2005.Rencana Strategis Pemerintah Provensi Jawa Tengah. Bappeda Provinsi Jawa Tengah. %URWRVXVLOR$8WDUL'6DWULD$$6XVWDLQDELOLW\RI:DWHU5HVRXUFHVLQWKH8SVWUHDP Watershed-Based Community Engagement and Multistakeholder Cooperation, in: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, p. 012018. %URZQ$/)UHVKZDWHU(FRORJ\+HLQHPDQQ(GXYDWLRQDO%RRNV/RQGRQS Davis, M.L. and Cornwell, D.A., 1991. ,QWURGXFWLRQWR(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJSecond edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Ministry of Forestry, 2009. 3HGRPDQ0RQLWRULQJGDQ(YDOXDVL'DHUDK$OLUDQ6XQJDL. 'XDQ:+H%1RYHU'

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