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The Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Lead and Cadmium Pollution and Coliform Abundance of Waters and Surface Sediment in Demak

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The Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Lead and Cadmium Pollution and Coliform Abundance of Waters and Surface Sediment in Demak Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2018.04.01 Accepted: 2018.05.15 Volume 19, Issue 4, July 2018, pages 43–54 Published: 2018.07.01 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/89715 The Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal Lead and Cadmium Pollution and Coliform Abundance of Waters and Surface Sediment in Demak Agus Tjahjono1*, Djoko Suwarno2 1 Engineering Department, Semarang Merchant Marine Polytechnic (Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang), Singosari 2 a Semarang, 50242, Central Java, Indonesia 2 Civil Engineering Department, Unika Soegijapranata Chatolic University, Pawiyatan Luhur IV/1 Bendan Dhuwur, Semarang, 50234, Central Java, Indonesia * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Various activities such as farming, industry, household waste, fish pond, and fishery can possibly affect the estua- rine and coastal ecosystem. Demak waters, located to the east of Tanjung Emas Semarang, become an influential element of fishery industry that mostly produces anchovies and shrimps. This research was aimed at (1) analyzing the spatial distribution of heavy metal Pb and Cd in the surface water and sediment; and (2) investigating the abun- dance of coliform in Demak waters. Moreover, in this research, water pollution index was also analyzed and com- pared to other polluted water areas. It was found that the Pb content ranged from 0.6037 to 0.6647 mg·1–1 whereas the Cd content ranged from 0.064 to 0.1707 mg·1–1. Both lead and cadmium contents had surpassed the water quality standard. The Pb content in sediment ranged from 0.563 to 0.6823 mg·kg-1 whereas the Cd content reached 0.0047 to 0.0577 mg·kg-1. It showed that this sediment was not polluted by Pb and Cd. The analysis of water pol- lution index revealed that the pollution level found in Morosari, Rejo, Tuntang, and Lohbener estuary was low. On the other hand, Wedung and Serang estuary were heavily polluted. Compared to some previous studies, most of Pb and Cd contents in Demak waters were greater. However, lead and cadmium content in sediment was lower. Keywords: Demak waters, spatial distribution of Pb and Cd in surface water and sediment, the abundance of Coliform, water pollution index INTRODUCTION ecological pressure was also found in this area [Hastuti et al., 2013]. Demak Regency, located in Central Java, geo- On the basis of the previous studies carried graphically, lies in the coordinates of 6o43’26” out in Moro Demak waters, it was revealed that South and 110o27’58”–110o48’47” East. This re- the Cd content in the surface water reached 0.116 gion extends over 89,743 ha. It borders with Je- mg/l whereas the Cd content in the sediment was para regency and the Java Sea to the north, Kudus 1.372 mg/l. It means that it had surpassed the wa- and Grobogan regencies to the east, Grobogan ter quality standard. When the concentration of and Semarang regencies to the south and Sema- heavy metal Pb in the water and sediment increas- rang to the west. Demak consists of 14 subdis- es, the accumulation of heavy metal Pb in Anadara tricts. A few rivers flow through Demak, includ- granosa will be elevated as well [Sitorus, 2004]. ing Tuntang, Buyaran, and the biggest river in It leads to a bioaccumulation in the blood clam Demak, Serang [https://idwikipedia.org]. Anadara granosa clam [Wulandari et al., 2009]. Demak waters are located to the east of Port The coliform bacteria constitute the in- of Tanjung Emas Semarang. It became an in- dicator of patogenic bacteria existence. The fluential element of fishery industry, as it pro- more coliform we found within the water, duces 308.556 tons of anchovies and 139.296 the worse the water quality would be. The tons of shrimps [BPS, 2013]. However, high coliform bacteria include various bar shaped 43 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 19(4), 2018 bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, non-spore- Data collection methods forming bacteria, and lactose-fermenting bac- teria which produce gas and acid when being The materials of this research included the incubated at 37°C in less than 48 hours [Widy- sample of sea water and sediments which con- aningsih et al., 2016]. The existence of these tained Pb, Cd, and Coliform taken from Demak waters. In this research, primary and secondary bacteria is due to pollutants produced by hu- research data were applied. The primary data in- man activities around the river. cluded the data which were taken directly when Heavy metals are generally defined as the the research took place including seawater, pH, metals with relatively high densities, atomic DO, TDS, water turbidity, water depth, salinity, weights, or atomic numbers. Heavy metals dif- current, and the water transparency. fer from other metals due to the effect they pro- The determination of heavy metal concentra- duce when being bound to the living organism. tion (Pb and Cd) in the seawater. The heavy metal Pb is commonly used in the Firstly, 500 mililiters of sea water was put into industry producing batteries and cables. How- teflon separatory funnel. The pH scale was then ever, the use of water-related contamination, the set at pH 4 by adding liquid HCl. APDC (Amo- metal was added as an additive to the engine fuel nium Pirolidin Ditio Carbamat) and NaDDC to increase the octane value. The heavy metal (Natrium Dietil Ditio Carbamat) were also added Cd is used as a mixture in the chemical industry before it was shaken for one minute. Afterwards, [Palar, 2012; Ridhowati, 2013]. 25 ml of MIBK (Metil Iso Butil Keton) was also This research was aimed at analyzing the added and the solution was shaken again for 30 spatial distribution of Pb and Cd in the surface seconds. The aqueous phase was then separated. water and sediment, as well as the abundance Subsequently, 10 ml of distilled and deionized of Coliform in Demak waters. This research water was poured into the upper phase. It was also analyzed the water pollution index and shaken and the aqueous phase was then separated. compared the results to the previous studies on After that, 1 ml of HNO3 was added, shaken, and water pollution. left standing for about an hour. Then, 19 ml of distilled and deionized water was added, shaken, and aqueous phase was collected to be analyzed MATERIALS AND METHODS by using furnace AAS (Atomic Absorption Spec- troscopy) with argon gas and Pb and Cd lamps [Sitorus, 2004; APHA, 2012]. Research object The sample of sediment was dried at 105°C The research was held in May 2017 when the for 24 hours. Then 10–20 grams of the dried sedi- high tide occured at Demak waters, Central Java, ment was put into a centrifuge tube (polyethyl- Indonesia. The purposeful sampling was done at ene), 500 ml of distilled and deionized water was six stations including station 1, Morosari estuary added and shaken. It was afterwards centrifuged (6°92’60” South, 110°46’07” East), Rejo estu- for 30 minutes in 2000 RPM. The aqueous phase ary (6°85’20” South, 110°51’40” East), Tuntang was then discarded. It was dried at 105°C (oven- estuary (6°83’24” South, 110°51’76” East), Loh- dry weight) for 24 hours. 1 gram of sediment was bener estuary (6°77.09’ South, 110°56’85” East), put into a sealed teflon beaker. Subsequently, 5 ml Wedung estuary (6°74.54’ South, 110°53’24” of aqua regia and 6 ml of HF (Hygrogen Fluoride) East), and Serang estuary (6°71’99” South, were added. It was then heated at 130 °C until it 110°54’37” East). was dried up. Next, 9 ml of distilled and deion- In each station, the sampling was done ized water was added. It was then analyzed by three times. The Morosari estuary was taken using furnace AAS with argon gas and Pb and Cd as the sampling location because firstly, it was lamps based on the types of the metal which were mangrove area which is the fishery habitat and being analyzed [Sitorus, 2004; APHA, 2012]. secondly, absorption of heavy metal possibly The coliform bacteria determination used occurs in this area. Other estuaries were also MPN (Most Probable Number) method [SNI- used as the sampling locations since they were 01–2332–1991; Ijong, 2015]. The method was close to the fishermen settlement and fish as follows: farming. • Presumtive test of coliform 44 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 19(4), 2018 The first step of the presumtive test was to salinity, and turbidity. In this analysis, the Spear- prepare trisalt solution with 10–1 to 10–3 dilution man’s rank-order correlation was applied. This and to shake until it was homogenous, and to pre- correlation analysis would show the correlation pare nine tubes of LTB (Lauryl Tryptose Broth) between two variables. The analysis employed which contained Durham tube for one sample. SPSS software for Windows, version 22. Then, 1 ml of sample water was added into tube The status of water pollution was determined 10–1 and shaken until it was homogenous by using by using the water pollution index based on Min- vortex. Next, 1 ml of the solution was taken from istry of Environment Decree No. 115 year 2003 tube 10–1 and put into tube 10–2, and the process about the guidelines for water quality assessment. was continued until tube 10–3. [Nemerow & Sumitomo, 1970]. By using a sterile pipette, 1 ml of solution of each dilution was moved into each of the three 2 2 i i (2) LTB tubes. The process was continued until the C C ( ⁄ ij) + ( ⁄ ij) sixth sample.
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