Review Venoms of Heteropteran Insects: A Treasure Trove of Diverse Pharmacological Toolkits Andrew A. Walker 1,*, Christiane Weirauch 2, Bryan G. Fry 3 and Glenn F. King 1 Received: 21 December 2015; Accepted: 26 January 2016; Published: 12 February 2016 Academic Editor: Jan Tytgat 1 Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
[email protected] (G.F.K.) 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
[email protected] (C.W.) 3 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
[email protected] (B.G.F.) * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-3346-2011 Abstract: The piercing-sucking mouthparts of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have allowed diversification from a plant-feeding ancestor into a wide range of trophic strategies that include predation and blood-feeding. Crucial to the success of each of these strategies is the injection of venom. Here we review the current state of knowledge with regard to heteropteran venoms. Predaceous species produce venoms that induce rapid paralysis and liquefaction. These venoms are powerfully insecticidal, and may cause paralysis or death when injected into vertebrates. Disulfide- rich peptides, bioactive phospholipids, small molecules such as N,N-dimethylaniline and 1,2,5- trithiepane, and toxic enzymes such as phospholipase A2, have been reported in predatory venoms. However, the detailed composition and molecular targets of predatory venoms are largely unknown. In contrast, recent research into blood-feeding heteropterans has revealed the structure and function of many protein and non-protein components that facilitate acquisition of blood meals.