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TROFICKÁ NIKA ARANEOFÁGNÍCH PAVOUKŮ Bakalářská Práce Ondřej Michálek

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TROFICKÁ NIKA ARANEOFÁGNÍCH PAVOUKŮ Bakalářská Práce Ondřej Michálek MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE TROFICKÁ NIKA ARANEOFÁGNÍCH PAVOUKŮ Bakalářská práce Ondřej Michálek Vedoucí práce: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Brno 2013 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Ondřej Michálek Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Trofická nika araneofágních pavouků Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Vedoucí práce: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2012/2013 Počet stran: 44 Klíčová slova: Araneae; potravní nika; araneofágie; Drassodes lapidosus; Gnaphosidae Bibliographic Entry Author Ondřej Michálek Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Trophic niche of araneophagous spiders Degree programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Supervisor: prof. Mgr. Stanislav Pekár, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2012/2013 Number of Pages: 44 Keywords: Araneae; trophic niche; araneophagy; Drassodes lapidosus; Gnaphosidae Abstrakt V teoretické části této bakalářské práce byla vypracována rešerše zabývající se predátory pavouků z řad obratlovců a bezobratlých. Byli popsáni jak euryfágní predátoři běžně zahrnující pavouky ve své potravě, tak i stenofágní predátoři výlučně se specializující na lov pavouků. Největší důraz byl kladen na araneofágní pavouky, u kterých byly podrobněji popsány jednotlivé adaptace pro tento způsob specializace. V praktické části práce byly uskutečněny experimenty se skálovkami Drassodes lapidosus z čeledi Gnaphosidae, u kterých byl v literatuře dříve popsán případ napadení jiného pavouka spojený se specifickou strategií útoku. Skálovky byly nasbírány v terénu a přeneseny do laboratoře, kde byla pozorována cirkadiánní aktivita a proveden experiment preference mezi různými typy kořisti a sledování jejich predačního chování. Byla potvrzena noční aktivita skálovek typická pro čeleď Gnaphosidae. Při nabídnutí různých typů kořisti nebyla pozorována preference pavouků nad jinými typy kořisti. Kořist byla většinou přemožena uchvácením do chelicer a přidržováním ostatními končetinami. Skálovky Drassodes lapidosus jsou tedy spíše všestranným euryfágním predátorem. Abstract In theoretical part of the thesis the literature overview of the vertebrate and invertebrate predators of spiders was made. The euryphagous predators that frequently include spiders in their diets were described as well as stenophagous predators that specialize in hunting spiders. The main emphasis was on araneophagous spiders in which adaptations for this kind of specialization are described in detail. Practical part of the thesis includes experiments performed with Drassodes lapidosus of the family Gnaphosidae that was previously described as a predator of other spider. Individuals of D. lapidosus were collected in the field. In laboratory I studied their circadian activity, prey preference and predatory behaviour. I found that D. lapidosus is a nocturnal predator which is typical for the family Gnaphosisdae. Preference of spiders over other prey types was not observed. The prey was usually subdued by biting and holding in chelicerae and other legs. I conclude that Drassodes lapidosus is a versatile euryphagous predator. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěl předně poděkovat prof. Mgr. Stanislavu Pekárovi, Ph.D. za jeho odborné vedení a rady při psaní této bakalářské práce. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat celému kolektivu arachnologů na Ústavu botaniky a zoologie za společné strávené chvíle, jak arachnologické, tak i civilní. A v neposlední řadě děkuji svým rodičům a všem svým přátelům za jejich podporu po celou dobu mého studia. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 14. května 2013 ……………………………… Podpis OBSAH TEORETICKÁ ČÁST 1. Šířka potravní niky ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Predátoři pavouků ...................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Euryfágní predátoři pavouků ............................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Araneofágie u obratlovců .................................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Araneofágie u bezobratlých ................................................................................................................. 13 2.4. Parazitoidi pavouků ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.5. Araneofágie u pavouků ........................................................................................................................ 17 2.5.1. Kognitivní adaptace ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.5.2. Morfologické adaptace .................................................................................................................... 21 2.5.3. Behaviorální adaptace .................................................................................................................... 22 2.5.4. Fyziologické adaptace ..................................................................................................................... 25 2.5.5. Jedové adaptace .............................................................................................................................. 26 PRAKTICKÁ ČÁST 1. Cíle práce ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 2. Materiál a metodika .................................................................................................................................... 27 3. Výsledky ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1. Aktivita ................................................................................................................................................ 30 3.2. Potenciál v lovu různých typů kořisti .................................................................................................. 31 3.3. Vliv velikosti kořisti ............................................................................................................................ 32 3.4. Predační chování ................................................................................................................................. 33 4. Diskuze ......................................................................................................................................................... 35 5. Závěr ............................................................................................................................................................ 38 6. Literatura ..................................................................................................................................................... 39 9 TEORETICKÁ ČÁST 1. Šířka potravní niky Ekologická nika je termín určující pozici druhu v ekosystému, popisující jak rozptyl podmínek a zdrojů nutných k přežití druhu, tak i jeho ekologickou roli v ekosystému. Ekologická nika zahrnuje všechny interakce mezi druhem a biotickými a abiotickými faktory prostředí a je tudíž základním ekologickým pojmem (Polechová and Storch, 2008). V minulosti bylo různými autory definováno několik konceptů ekologické niky. První formulování ekologické niky provedl Joseph Grinnell (1917), který ji definoval jako prostor v přírodě, který může druh obývat a je determinován jeho abiotickými nároky, potravními preferencemi, mikrohabitatovými charakteristikami, denní a sezónní aktivitou a vyhýbáním se predátorům. S dalším konceptem přišel v roce 1927 Charles Elton (2001), kterého zajímaly především funkční role druhu v ekosystému. V tomto konceptu má každý druh v ekosystému určitou roli, přičemž tyto role mohou být zastupovány v jiných místech různými druhy. Tato funkční nika poukazuje zejména na pozici druhu v potravních sítích a trofických řetězcích. George Evelyn Hutchinson (1957) postuloval niku jako „hyperprostor“ v multidimenzionálním ekologickém prostoru, který je determinovaný požadavky druhu na přežití a reprodukci. Každá dimenze v prostoru niky představuje environmentální proměnnou potenciálně nebo aktuálně důležitou pro setrvání druhu. Tyto proměnné jsou abiotické i biotické a mohou představovat jednak jednoduše změřitelné fyzikální faktory jako jsou teplota, intenzita světla nebo vlhkost, ale také sofistikovanější faktory jako jsou textura půdy, komplexita vegetace či další charakteristiky. V tomto konceptu je nika dynamickým prostorem, jelikož přítomnost jednoho druhu omezuje přítomnost jiného díky interspecifické kompetici a tím upravuje pozici niky druhu v multidimenzionálním prostoru. Tento koncept tudíž kombinuje ekologické požadavky druhu s jeho funkční rolí v lokální komunitě. Jednou z důležitých popisných charakteristik je šířka niky, která je definovaná jako vzdálenost podél některé z os (dimenzí) v prostoru niky (Smith, 1982). Šířka trofické 10 niky, mnohdy hodnocena pomocí diverzity potravy, je nejčastěji měřená a studovaná komponenta prostoru
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