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Hanoi Et Haiphong Au Contact De La Colonisation D AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ Le champ disciplinaire "Sociologie " École doctorale 355 : Espaces, Cultures, Sociétés HHANOIANOI ET HAIPHONG AU CONTACT DE LA COLONISATION Structuration et restructuration de la société urbaine en Indochine française (1887-1945) : le cas de Hanoi et de Haiphong Thèse de doctorat Nouveau Régime présentée par OKADA Tomokazu Sous la direction de Monsieur le Professur émérite Trinh Van Thao Session : Décembre 2012 AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ Le champ disciplinaire "Sociologie " École doctorale 355 : Espaces, Cultures, Sociétés HHANOIANOI ET HAIPHONG AU CONTACT DE LA COLONISATION Structuration et restructuration de la société urbaine en Indochine française (1887-1945) : le cas de Hanoi et de Haiphong Thèse de doctorat Nouveau Régime présentée par OKADA Tomokazu Directeur de la thèse : Trinh Van Thao (professeur émérite, AMU) Jury : Myriam de Loenzien (chargée de recherche, HDR, IRD-CEPED) Philippe Papin (directeur d’études, EPHE–Sorbonne) Chantal Zheng (professeur, AMU) Session : Décembre 2012 1 Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Professeur Trinh Van Thao, mon directeur de thèse. Sa patience m’a permis de mener à la fin d’une entreprise de longue haleine. Depuis six années, tout au cours du niveau Master 2 et doctorant, même après mon retour au Japon, il n’a cessé de diriger sincèrement, théoriqument et empiriquement mes études. Je me fais gloire de mon sort sous la direction de lui. Merci également à mon ami, Frédéric Roustan, jeune spécialiste de l’histoire de l’Indochine, pour son aide de correction très attentive du manuscrit. De nombreuses personnes en France comme au Japon m’ont donné la possibilité d’effectuer mes recherches dans de bonnes conditions. Enfin, je voudrais exprimer ma reconnaissance à ma famille, en particulier à ma femme, Yuko, qui m’a toujours soutenu de près. 2 Avertissement L’orthograhe des noms de lieux vietnamiens obéit à celui de la langue originale du vietnamien. Il en est de même des noms de rues, de villages et de personnes vietnamiens. Toutefois, quant aux noms fréquents, auxquels l’orthographe du français est utilisé au lieu de vietnamien, par exemple comme Hanoi 【Hà N ội】, Haiphong 【Hải Phòng 】, Saigon 【Sài Gòn 】, Cholon 【Ch ợ Lớn】, Namdinh 【Nam Định 】, Viêtnam 【Vi ệt Nam 】 ; boulevard Dong Khanh 【Đồng Khánh 】. Or, des noms inconnus sur la langue originale du vietnamien obéit à l’orthographe telle que écrite, souvent en français, dans les archives concernées, et ils sont mis en italique, par exemple comme Kuyen Luong 【nom de commune dans la province de Hà Đông 】, Quan Khe 【dans le province de Hải D ươ ng 】, Phuc Co , Phuc Lam , Hoa Ma et Thinh Yen 【nom de villages à Hanoi 】, Yên Thai【nom de ruelle à Hanoi 】, Pham Van Ba 【nom d’un fonctionnaire vietnamien 】, etc…. Par ailleurs, dans cette recherche, le terme « indigène » signifie généralement et inévitablement « Vietnamien ou Annamite », ou « Laotien » et « Cambodgien » sans note, malgré qu’il soit une expression impropre. Par ailleurs, le journal et la revue sont mis en italique entre parenthèses de comme "Le Travail ", "Rassemblement ", "L’Effort ". 3 Abréviations - AAA-A---FOMFFOOMMFOM : Agence FOM - AANNVVANV-ANV ---HHHH : Archives Nationales du Viêtnam n ˚1 de Hanoi - CAOM : Centre des Archives nationales d’Outre-Mer - DDAAEEDAE : Direction des Affaires Économiques - DGIP : Direction Générale de l’Instruction Publique - GGGGIIGGI : Gouvernement Général de l’Indochine - GGGGIIGGI-GGI ---AFAAFFAF : Gouvernement Général de l’Indochine- Ancien fonds - Guernut : Commission de Guernut - HHBBMMHBM : Habitations à Bon Marché - HHLLMMHLM : Habitation à Loyer Modéré - IDEO : Imeprimerie d’Extrême-Orient - III-I---NFNNFFNF : Indochine-Nouveau Fonds - FMH : Fonds de la Mairie de Hanoi - PPCCIIPCI : Parti Comnuniste Indochinois - PPCCSSPCS : Professions et Catégories Socioprofessionnelles - RRNNRN : Révolution Nationale - RRSSTTRST : Résidence Supérieure au Tonkin - RRSSTTRST-RST ---NFNNFFNF : Résidence Supérieure au Tonkin- Nouveau Fonds 4 Résumé de la Thèse Titre : " Hanoi et Haiphong au contact de la colonisation. Structuration et restructuration de la société urbaine en Indochine française (1887-1945) : le cas de Hanoi et de Haiphong " OKADA Tomokazu Cette thèse tente d’étudier la structure sociale des villes coloniales en Indochine française. Il s’agit d’une étude sur l’histoire de l’influence de la colonisation sur la société et les habitants urbains au Viêtnam, en prenant principalement le cas de Hanoi et Haiphong dans la première moitié du XX e siècle. Aprés avoir bien examiné la méthode, la politique et l’organisation de la colonisation de l’Indochine, nous mettons d’abord les questions comme suit : comment les villes de Hanoi et Haiphong ont-elles été construites ? ; À quels problèmes ont-elles fait face dans les processus de sa formation et son développement ? Ensuite, nous avons jeté un regard sur les habitants à la ville coloniale de Hanoi en remarquant la répartition géographique et démographique des professions et catégories socioprofessionnelles (PCS), notamment des petits commerçants-artisans. Les cadres indochinois auraient peut-être mieux exploités surtout en ce qui concerne le salaire et niveau de vie à la veille de l'indépendance. De cela, on pourra relever certaines caractéristiques de la structure sociale et de la stratification sociale de la ville coloniale de Hanoi. À ce propos, nous analysons le mouvement social dans le contexte mondial de la crise économique après 1930 et l’application du réglementation général du travail en Indochine de 1936, en mettant en scène une grève des ouvriers déclenchée à Hanoi en 1937, qui a permis d’exécuter la politique sociale au même niveau que la métropole. En conclusion, cette grève "légale" a eu pour résultat une création de « nouveaux réseaux sociaux indigènes » en regroupant les patrons et les ouvriers par même profession au Nord-Viêtnam. MotsMots----clésclésclésclés : colonisation, Indochine française, Hanoi, Haiphong, ville coloniale, urbanisme colonial, société coloniale, PCS, grève ouvrier, mouvement social 5 Abstract Title : " Hanoi and Haiphong in contact with the Colonization. Structuring and Restructuring of the Urban Society in French Indochina (1887-1945) : The case of Hanoi and Haiphong ". OKADA Tomokazu This Thesis examines the social structure of colonial cities in French Indochina, which means that it aimes to reveal link between the colonial system and the colonial society. But we’re talking about a study of history of the influence of colonization on society and urban inhabitants in Vietnam. Therefor it will take the case of Hanoi and Haiphong during the first half of the twentieth century. After examining method, policy and organization of the Indochinese colonization, we ask some questions as follows : how Hanoi was built ; what problem this city was faced with in the process of its formation and development. This subject will be treated from a comparative perspective with one of the most principal city in Vietnam : Haiphong. Then, we are intersted in the inhabitants of colonial city Hanoi pointing out the geographic distribution of "professions et catégories socioprofessionnelles" (PCS : professions and social-occupational categories). The best part of this research is characterized by demography of new PCS, especially of small marchants and craftmen. From such approach, we extract some caracteristics of social structure and social stratification of colonial city Hanoi. In this connection, we analyze, moreover, social movement in the worldwide contexte of economic crisis after 1930 and application of labour law of Indochina in 1936, directing labour strike broke out at Hanoi in 1937, only which allowed exercise the social policy at the same level as metropolitain France. In conclusion, this "legal" strike had the effect of creating « a new indigenous social network » grouping management and workers into same professions in North-Vietnam. KeyKeyKeywordsKey words : colonization, french Indochina, Hanoi, Haiphong, colonial city, colonial urbanism, colonial society, labour strike, social movement 6 Table des matières Remerciements .... .................................................................................................................2 Avertissement ....... ................................................................................................................3 AbréviationsAbréviations..........................................................................................................................4 Résumé de la thèsethèse...............................................................................................................5 Abstract (Résumé de la thèse en anglais)............................................................................6 Table des mamatièrestièrestières................................................................................................................7 Introduction .................................................................................................................10 Première partie : L’impact de la colonicolonisationsation sur la société indochinoise ........................19 Chapitre ⅠⅠⅠ. Encadrement géographique, culturel et géopolitiquegéopolitique de l’Indochinel’Indochine...........20 1. Un État indochinois imaginaire ?.................................................................................20 2. Figures imaginaires de l’Indochine par les Gouverneurs généraux...........................22 3. Les communautés vietnamiennes en Indochine………………………..………….........24
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