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Fast and reliable MOSFET switching for outstanding performance and efficiency 600 V CoolMOS™ P7 family and 2EDN EiceDRIVER™

Rugged, cool, and fast, the 2-channel low-side 5A EiceDRIVER™ is the crucial link between a control IC and a powerful MOSFET. Infineon’s 2EDN EiceDRIVER™ enables high system level efficiencies, excellent power density, and consistent system robustness. In addition, it offers the possibility either to be used as two separate switching channels or to be tied together in parallel to double the driver current capability.

The new 600 V CoolMOS™ P7 is Infineon’s best-balanced high voltage MOSFET solution, offering a perfect combination of high performance, excellent ease of use, competitive price, and outstanding portfolio granularity. It brings efficiency gains of up to 1.5% in various topologies, and up to 4.2°C thermal benefits compared to the competition.

Key benefits of 600 V CoolMOS™ P7 family Key benefits of 2EDN EiceDRIVER™ › Suitable for hard and soft switching (PFC and LLC) › Numerous deployment options due to two 5 A channels › Ease-of-use and fast design-in through low ringing tendency › High power-efficiency › Simplified thermal management due to low switching › Cooler driver IC operation that enables longer lifetime and conduction losses › Instant MOSFET protection under abnormal operation › Higher manufacturing quality due to > 2 kV ESD protection › Increased power density and BOM savings › Increased power density solutions enabled by using › Suitable for a wide variety of applications products with smaller footprint › Short time-to-market › Suitable for a wide variety of applications › Fast and reliable MOSFET turn-off, independent and power ranges of control IC

For further information please visit our website: www.infineon.com/p7 www.infineon.com/2edn

7 Alysium_230x297mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 297.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:03:13 Susumu_72x297mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(72.00 x 297.00 mm);07. Sep 2017 09:55:47

Anniversary The service is The next Generation of Industrial & Automotive Industrial Interface Connectors and Assemblies. M8, M12 (also customized) what counts USB (USB3.1, including Type-C), RJ45 Consolidation everywhere you look, and no end in sight. All sectors Internal connectors (Board to Board, etc.) High Speed Interface Connectors + Assemblies of the electronics industry are affected by it. One might have been af- (MicroCoax, Impedance Matched FFCs, etc.) fected sooner, the others somewhat later. One of the first industries to be overwhelmed by a wave of consolidation was the semiconductor equipment industry. Mergers & acquisitions have also long been a fea- Machine Vision Assemblies ture of the semiconductor industry, although the value of the acqui-

Editorial sitions has shot up over the last two years. In distribution, too, many From stock in different lengths (USB3, Rj45) with A+ Design features familiar names have disappeared from the market, consumed in most Ultra-High Precision Extended lengths (e.g. USB3 up to 8M passive) cases by competitors. High Mix, low Volume support, including USB3, RJ45, 1394, CameraLink and others. Consolidation is always the master plan in effect when a market is sat- Thin Film Chip urated. In such a case, acquisitions are deemed to be suitable for increasing revenue substantially, even if the market is seeing minimal or Resistor Networks Heinz Arnold, even no growth. Listed companies in particular are under pressure from Down to 1ppm/K in relative TCR Editor-in-Chief investors – so it’s no wonder that acquisitions have become an option. Markt&Technik Of course, there may also be other reasons for acquisitions – for instance, a company may wish to expand its own range of products or technologies without having to take the arduous route of developing them internally, which can certainly be a useful approach in such a dynamic market. However, many examples in the industry have shown that acquisitions are anything but simple, even when investing plenty of time and effort. So mergers are not a general-purpose solution.

Of course, every company needs to consider how it can operate successfully in a saturated market, and that’s certainly no easy task. Distri- bution, for instance, is fighting not only against ever declining margins from its suppliers but also growing demands from its customers for extensive additional value-added services. It’s becoming increasingly common to hear from distributors that they have reached the limits that Board to Board Connectors they can be pushed to.

Unique x/y/z floating functions. It’s remarkable that even in such a highly-developed industry, one fun- Unshielded/shielded design. damental rule is barely considered: without profit, no investment. And Footprint compatible, Customized. that holds true for distribution too. Most suppliers will be fully aware – with the exceptions confirming the rule – that this distribution channel is absolutely essential. In-house online platforms won’t replace it. And customers at least have a basic understanding of economics 101. Or OEM Industrial Assemblies should services simply be abandoned because they are no longer viable Following Spec requirements from customer side. for the distributor? Who really wants such a scenario? FFC/FPC Connectors Customized raw cable and/or mould/die-cast housing. OEM label, packaging, etc. Yours truly 0.5mm//1.0 mm Pitch. Horizontal//vertical. Unique Design (Autolock). ZIF/LIF (T-LATCH), Layout compatible. www.susumu.de Customized. FFCs

0.5mm pitch. Tin, Au plating. ZinkNano Coating (unique Whisker reduction material). Customized Impedance Matched FFCs (Next Gen 6GHz). R&D/Production for “Next Gen Applications” Airbag FFCs.

R&D/Production for EV and Autonomous Driving Applications related Assemblies + Interfaces. SusumuDeutschland GmbH FrankfurterStraße63-69 65760 Eschborn Telefon:+49(0)6196/9698407 Fax: +49(0) 6196/9698879 Alysium-Tech GmbH, Andernacher Strasse 31b, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany, [email protected] www.alysium.com E-Mail: [email protected] www.rutronik.comwww.rutronik.com Powered by 3

Editorial 3

Current|News Honored by ’Elektronik’ trade magazine.: Eight first places 6 „Deutschland Test“ study: Number one for engineers 6 Employer Branding: Rutronik cooperates with Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences 8 Innovation to Hockenheimring: Rutronik with a treat for 22 children with heart disorders 10 Content Rutronik as a guest in Taiwan: Opening of new Nanya headquarters 11

rutroniker 2017

Exklusive|Interview

with Thomas Rudel, CEO of Rutronik: The opportunities of tomorrow and the broadband penetration of yesterday 12

Top-Focus|Automotive Rutronik Automotive Business Unit – an overview: Six core segments 14 Rutronik Automotive Business: Fuse protection for up to 48 V electrical systems in vehicles 16 Highly integrated motor controller for various types of motor 19 Automotive high-voltage contractors for electric drives 22 Squip drivers for pyrotechnic separators in the electrical system 24 Connectors for electric vehicles: Making use of abundant opportunities 26 Protection mechanisms in vehicles are not yet widely used: Cyber security in automative applications 28 AURIXTM 2nd generation: Security and safety for the car of the future 32

Focus Power Converter: Advanced synchronous reverse blocking: New circuit topologies for highly efficient power converters 35 Connectors and cables: PCB plug connectors: Small, smaller, smallest 38 Precision Measurement Technology: Shunts: Current measurements using a resistor 40 LEDs: Lighting of plants with artificial light: Horticulture lighting 42 Passive Components: Polymer tantalum capacitors: An interesting alternative to conventional tantalum capacitors? 44 Clocks: Crystal ond oscillators for industrial Ethernet: Setting the pace for industrial real-time systems 46 Data Security: Programming systems: Greater security for contract manufacturing 50

4 Powered by www.rutronik.comwww.rutronik.com Lumberg_112x297mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(112.00 x 297.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 15:26:57 1606 Rutroniker Anzeige_EN 24.05.2016 14:47 Seite 1

Main Topic |Smart Solutions Gesture control: Contactless switching 52 Bluetooth® 5: Ready for the IoT 54 The eyes and ears of the IoT: The life story of sensors in the „Internet of Things“: 56 Those who purchase at the cheap: How the European General Data Protection Regulation affects product design 59 Gas sensors: Creating a better atmosphere 62

Special|Embedded Solutions The Intel® Compute Card – a small format PC: One for all 65 Full custom solutions: Tailor-made displays 68 TFT displays: Customized for industrial use 70 Save more in less time: 3D NAND, 3D XPoint Connector diversity – What is behind the new flash generation? 72 [discovering] Berlin Start-up Thullex: Fits like a glove 75

Research Printed circuit board connectors with Nanocomposite-based: Mechanical sensors insulation displacement technology, for pressure and strain measurements 78 pitch 1.27 mm Impedance spectroscopy: Circular connectors according to IEC, ”All industry needs to do is approach us“ 81 IP40/IP68, up to 14 poles, 360°-shielding Electrochemical double layer capacitors: RAST connectors, pitch 2.5/5.0 mm Revolutionizing energy storage 84

e-compact|Product Service Product support for purchasing and development 86 Micromodul™

Logistics C-parts management: Optimization throug tailored logistics systems 92 Direct from small quantities storage facility: Reliability of supply for small batches and sampling 94 Circular connectors

Management & Career HR training – Dual Study: Training today for the world of tomorrow 96

Flag, Index of Advertisers 98

www.lumberg.com www.rutronik.com Powered by 5 Infineon_230x297mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 297.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:34:57

Current News

Honored by ‘Elektronik’ trade magazine Eight first places n outstanding result for • Displays: Rutronik gained third place in ARutronik: The distributor from Delivery service volume the following categories: Ispringen gained first place in eight • Electromechanics: • Displays: categories of the ‘Distributor of the Product availability volume Delivery service samples Year’ awards presented by ‘Elek- • Embedded: • Optoelectronics: tronik’ trade magazine. The com- Product availability volume Technical competence / support pany was also placed second in • Optoelectronics: seven categories and third in two. Product availability volume Readers’ selection “We are very proud of the • Optoelectronics: unites the sector awards. The results of the readers’ Delivery service volume >leaders choice show that our customers • Passive components: and suppliers thoroughly appre- Product portfolio The 2017 readers’ choice sur- ciate our product range and our • Passive components: vey was the eleventh of its kind to services,” explains Thomas Rudel, Delivery service volume be conducted by the ‘Elektronik’ Rutronik CEO, during the award trade magazine. The readers were ceremony on 14 September in Rutronik gained second place in asked to evaluate the distributors KUTCHiiN in Munich. He regards the following categories: in six product categories: the awards as being a confirmation • Displays: Active components, of the company’s business model, Technical competence / support Passive components, Fast and reliable MOSFET switching for namely to score points not only • Displays: Overall impression Electromechanics, with a large range of articles, but 17 awards • Electromechanics: Optoelectronics (inclusive LEDs), also with comprehensive consul- >for Rutronik Technical competence / support Displays, outstanding performance and efficiency tancy and service provision. • Embedded: Embedded systems. Rutronik was able to achieve The company took great pleasure Product portfolio There were five criteria in each 600 V CoolMOS™ P7 family and 2EDN EiceDRIVER™ a significantly better result com- in accepting a total of 17 awards. • Embedded: case: pared with the previous year: Delivery service volume Overall impression, In 2016, the distributor gained Rutronik gained first place in • Embedded: Delivery service, Rugged, cool, and fast, the 2-channel low-side 5A EiceDRIVER™ is the crucial link between a control IC and a powerful MOSFET. four first places, followed by the following categories: Technical competence / support Technical competence / support, Infineon’s 2EDN EiceDRIVER™ enables high system level efficiencies, excellent power density, and consistent system robustness. five second places and six third • Displays: • Passive components: Product portfolio, places. Product availability volume Product availability volume Product availability. ■ In addition, it offers the possibility either to be used as two separate switching channels or to be tied together in parallel to double the driver current capability.

The new 600 V CoolMOS™ P7 is Infineon’s best-balanced high voltage MOSFET solution, offering a perfect combination of high ‘Deutschland Test’ study performance, excellent ease of use, competitive price, and outstanding portfolio granularity. It brings efficiency gains of up to 1.5% Number one for engineers in various topologies, and up to 4.2°C thermal benefits compared to the competition. utronik is the most attractive innovative capacity of an enter- Thomas Rudel, Rutronik CEO. “It Basis Key benefits of 600 V CoolMOS™ P7 family Key benefits of 2EDN EiceDRIVER™ Remployer for engineers in the prise. In the “Deutschland Test” shows us that we are right to have > for survey › Suitable for hard and soft switching (PFC and LLC) › Numerous deployment options due to two 5 A channels “wholesale” category, according study „Top career opportunities reacted to change with innovation Ease-of-use and fast design-in through low ringing tendency High power-efficiency to “Deutschland Test”. With 100 for engineers“ by “Focus Money”, and flexibility. Our working time The study was conducted on the › › out of 100 possible points, the 4,200 companies in 31 industries model also follows this philosophy, basis of a three-stage process. In › Simplified thermal management due to low switching › Cooler driver IC operation that enables longer lifetime distributor sets the standard. En- were examined. A total of offering our employees extensive addition to a questionnaire that was and conduction losses › Instant MOSFET protection under abnormal operation gineers are highly in demand as 412 companies received awards. flexibility in the interest of a sent to the companies, social lis- › Higher manufacturing quality due to > 2 kV ESD protection › Increased power density and BOM savings well-qualified professionals on the Rutronik was named the industry healthy work-life balance. As far as tening analyses from social media Increased power density solutions enabled by using Suitable for a wide variety of applications German job market in many indus- leader in the “wholesale” category, the work itself is concerned, engi- sources were reflected in the eval- › › tries, so they make appropriate achiving a score of 100 out of 100. neers at Rutronik always have their uation. These criteria were then products with smaller footprint › Short time-to-market demands of their potential em- ear to the ground about the latest weighted and combined to deter- › Suitable for a wide variety of applications › Fast and reliable MOSFET turn-off, independent ployers. Rutronik setting developments in these times where mine the total score for the com- and power ranges of control IC In addition to salary, matters the standard the pace of technological change is pany. ■ of personal welfare are also play- > unrelenting. They already know to- ing an increasingly important “We are very proud of being day which innovations our custo- role, including the working time recognized for top career oppor- mers will introduce to the market For further information please visit our website: model, work-life balance and the tunities for engineers,” said in the coming years.” www.infineon.com/p7 www.infineon.com/2edn

6 Powered by www.rutronik.com Alysium_230x297mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 297.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:03:13

The next Generation of Industrial & Automotive Industrial Interface Connectors and Assemblies. M8, M12 (also customized) USB (USB3.1, including Type-C), RJ45 Internal connectors (Board to Board, etc.) High Speed Interface Connectors + Assemblies (MicroCoax, Impedance Matched FFCs, etc.)

Machine Vision Assemblies

From stock in different lengths (USB3, Rj45) with A+ Design features Extended lengths (e.g. USB3 up to 8M passive) High Mix, low Volume support, including USB3, RJ45, 1394, CameraLink and others.

Board to Board Connectors

Unique x/y/z floating functions. Unshielded/shielded design. Footprint compatible, Customized.

OEM Industrial Assemblies

Following Spec requirements from customer side. FFC/FPC Connectors Customized raw cable and/or mould/die-cast housing. OEM label, packaging, etc. 0.5mm//1.0 mm Pitch. Horizontal//vertical. Unique Design (Autolock). ZIF/LIF (T-LATCH), Layout compatible. Customized. FFCs

0.5mm pitch. Tin, Au plating. ZinkNano Coating (unique Whisker reduction material). Customized Impedance Matched FFCs (Next Gen 6GHz). R&D/Production for “Next Gen Applications” Airbag FFCs.

R&D/Production for EV and Autonomous Driving Applications related Assemblies + Interfaces.

Alysium-Tech GmbH, Andernacher Strasse 31b, 90411 Nuremberg, Germany, [email protected] www.alysium.com Current News

Employee Branding Rutronik cooperates with Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences utronik is developing a new Thomas Rudel, Rutronik CEO, further education (around 39 per- fair strategy for Rutronik that is Remployer branding strategy highlighted the significance of the cent), company pension schemes tailored to the results gathered in jointly with students at the Karls- partnership between the university (around 22 percent) and sport and the survey. The design of this stra- ruhe University of Applied Sci- and company. “As a regional em- health services (around 11 percent). tegy based on the results of the ences. In doing so, the electronic ployer, we place particular value Among the non-monetary moti- project is currently underway. For components distributor aims to be- in cooperating with academic in- vators, a diverse range of duties its part, the Karlsruhe University come more attractive to students stitutions”, he says. “We support (around 43 percent), the opportu- of Applied Sciences is satisfied and career starters. This strategy new scientific talent and in doing nity to take responsibility (around with the progress of the project so is based on the results of a project so, encourage the development of 13 percent) and challenging tasks far. performed as part of the “service young specialists urgently needed (around 11 percent) were major “The project presented surpris- marketing” lecture with 15 students on the employment market. The factors. es for all concerned. There was in two groups. They are pursuing a findings from this partnership also When selecting an employer, considerable willingness among degree in economic engineering help us to define the future orien- the ability to identify with the students from different faculties in the economics faculty of the tation of how we brand ourselves product or service of the company to participate in a survey on em- Karlsruhe University of Applied as an employer.” also played a large role, with ployer attractiveness. The results Sciences and are in their seventh around 90 percent of those sur- – meaning what is relevant from a and eighth semesters. Further education, veyed assigning “very great” young person’s perspective for an In the first step, the students health, (around 50 percent) or “great” employer to appeal to them – were conducted a survey and analyzed > pension schemes (around 40 percent) importance to different to what experienced which factors played a critical role are key factors this factor. human resource managers expect- in the choice of employer. The same holds true regarding ed. I am very satisfied with the The students also collaborated The survey conducted among the public perception of the com- commitment of the students and with Rutronik personnel to de- 278 participants studying electri- pany, with around 53 percent of the benefits they have been able velop a concept showing how the cal engineering, information tech- those surveyed finding image “im- to generate with their semester company should present itself at nology and economic engineering portant”, 37 percent even finding project for the company,” says a vocational training, university and revealed that students and career it “very important”. The aim of the pleased Karin Bacher, lecturer and job fairs in the future. starters placed particular value on project was to develop a new trade project manager. ■

Identification with the company‘s product/service

Image of the company

Additional company benefits

Important daily work-related factors

8 Powered by www.rutronik.com Molex_230x297_DE+EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 297.00 mm);14. Sep 2017 16:06:35

ML-XT™ Sealed Connection System The rugged ML-XT™ connection system with market-leading high-performance seal technology is a cost-competitive solution oﬀering superior reliability for critical vehicle-wiring applications in harsh environments.

Features

> Covalently interlocked one-piece plug > Latched rear covers lock-in rear HCR seals housing and interfacial seal formed by without exceeding the perimeter of the 2-shot LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubber) housings moulding technology > Plug and receptacle housings are supplied > Drop in replacement for defacto-standard pre-assembled with internal HCR rear seals industry connectors and covers

> Rear seals made from HCR (High Consis- > Plug housing features integral locking latch tency Rubber) with ﬁnger grip

one company > a world of innovation | www.molex.com www.rutronik.com Powered by 9 Current News

Invitation to Hockenheimring Rutronik with a treat for 22 children with heart disorders day at the racetrack. It’s a day that is something quite special to us as well”, says Thomas Rudel, CEO of Rutronik.

Rutronik supports Bundesverband >Herzkranke Kinder e.V.

The electronic components distributor has been offering this day at the racetrack since 2012, and to this end collaborates with Bundes- verband Herzkranke Kinder e.V., a charity for children with heart conditions. Rutronik also supports the charity financially, with the Ispringen-based enterprise donat- Source: Rutronik ing 12,000 euros from the “Distri- bution. Art Car.” project. utronik saw to it that 22 chil- Racecars fascinate not only Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, This is a racecar whose body Rdren with congenital heart de- grown-ups but also children too, Thuringia, Hesse and Baden- was designed by artists. This year, fects enjoyed an unforgettable day. so when 22 children with congen- Württemberg had the chance to everyone had the opportunity to The distributor invited the children ital heart defects and their families spend the entire day at the race- submit a portrait photo for a five- and companions to a day at the were invited by Rutronik to the track, get a behind-the-scenes look euro donation. The portrait photos Hockenheimring – including the race on the Hockenheimring, in the pit stop and sit in the race- and 22 logos of known businesses opportunity to see the inside of the their enthusiasm was understand- car of HCB-Rutronik Racing. from the electronics industry were HCB-Rutronik Racing racecar for able. Over sausages and drinks, “It‘s always lovely to see how combined to form a mosaic adorn- themselves. the children from North Rhine- the children enjoy this exciting ing the “Distribution. Art Car”. ■

Advertisement Panjit_230x99mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 99.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 16:03:42

Your Components. Our Profession.

• TVS/ESD ARRAYS • TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSORS • SMALL SIGNAL PRODUCTS • ZENER DIODES • SCHOTTKY BARRIER RECTIFIERS • RECTIFIERS • MOSFETS

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Rutronik as a guest in New Taipei, Taiwan VISHAYINTERTECHNOLOGY,INC. Opening of new Nanya headquarters

S12 SUPER 12 2017 FEATURED PRODUCTS

SQJQ480E TrenchFET® Gen IV MOSFET

T59 Series vPolyTanTM Polymer Capacitors

From left: Jean-Louis Freart (Managing Director, Nanya Technology Europe), Andreas Mangler (Head of Strategic VCNL4035X01 Marketing, Rutronik) and Rex Chen (Managing Director, Nanya Technology Europe) Source: Rutronik Optical Sensor

ew headquarters for Rutronik’s franchise The total capacity of the production plant is WSLF2512 6WPower Metal Strip® Resistor Npartner, the Nanya Technology Corporation: 68,000 wafers per month. Modernization will The company officially opened its new headquar- enable the production of an entire product line VTVS5V0ASMF to ters with an adjacent factory in the Taishan dis- with DDR4 and LPDDR4x for use in smart car, VTVS63GSMF trict of New Taipei on August 1. Andreas Mang- smart home, smart office and Industry 4.0 appli- 400 WTransient Voltage ler, Head of Strategic Marketing, represented cations. Suppressor Diodes Rutronik at this festive inauguration. Andreas Mangler was among the roughly 200 IHLE-5A Series With the construction of its new production invited guests at the exclusive inauguration High Current Inductors with plant, this Taiwanese manufacturer of DRAM ceremony. The guests also included Taiwan’s E-Field Shield memory solutions has switched its production to then-Prime Minister Lin Chuan, Minister of Edu- SiC462 20 nm technology, allowing them to produce up cation Wen-Chung Pan and the Mayor of Taipei Synchronous microBUCK® to 38,000 wafers each month. Ko Wen-je. The event provided an excellent op- Regulator portunity to meet with Nanya’s top management and with decision makers at the highest echelons MKP1847H of government. AC Filtering Film Capacitor 10 Ato30AFRED Pt® Superb partnership Ultrafast Rectifiers in SMPD > Package “I had the opportunity to hold some very interesting and informative discussions at the in- IHXL Series Very High Current Inductors auguration event,” explained Mangler. The invitation to this exclusive, prominently attended SiRA20DP celebration was a great honor, the Head of Stra- TrenchFET® Gen IV MOSFET tegic Marketing went on to say. During the celebration, Mangler accepted an DCRF award in recognition of the partnership between Direct Water-Cooled Power Wirewound Resistor Rutronik and Nanya. “We aim to support our strong partner Nanya in achieving further growth on the market and are confident that we will www.vishay.com Isabell Weinlein, Nanya Product Manager at Rutronik, achieve this with our global distribution net- is pleased with the award for good cooperation work.” ■ www.rutronik.com Powered by 11 Exclusive|Interview

Interview with Thomas Rudel, CEO of Rutronik The opportunities of tomorrow and the broadband penetration of yesterday

The distribution sector is in transition. The growing importance of value added services accompanied by rising pressure on margins is one of the topics that all major distributors must address. At the same time, the technological and digital transition presents companies with the challenge of continuously repositioning themselves to face altered conditions. Thomas Rudel, CEO of Rutronik, talks about the future of distribution, the development of autonomous driving, and the importance of start-ups for distributors.

RUTRONIKER: Mr. Rudel, the last few years content. Despite the huge outcry, the have seen major shifts in the distribution model ultimately became established. Is the market. How do you see the future of dis- distribution sector faced with a similar tribution? decision with regard to the value added services? EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW Thomas Rudel: Companies need to become We need to think about this in the long term. more flexible: Distribution is becoming in- The service workload has quadrupled in re- creasingly complex due to the growth of JIT decent years. Whether we can continue to pro- livery, different currency zones, and the grow- vide these services to the customer free of ing importance of services and documentation charge depends on the development of mar- requirements. At the same time, distributors gins. After all, the consulting service must be will play an important role in the future be- financed from the margin. An example: Ten cause they act as an extension to suppliers. years ago, we sold a microcontroller for ten Contacts, the sales network, and portfolio al- euros. Today, the same controller costs a low distributors to reach customers that a sup- mere 30 cent. An order that used to be worth plier could not serve on its own. In addition, over 100,000 euros has now become an products require increasing levels of advice be- order for 3,000 euros. Under these market fore they can become a solution. At present, conditions, it is very difficult to continue around 70 percent of our product range com- offering comprehensive consulting services prises what are called design-in articles, for free of charge. which Rutronik engineers provide expert support to customers during the planning phase. What role does the Rutronik24.com All distributors provide these consulting ser- e-commerce platform play? vices free of charge. However, the margin is also The platform is becoming increasingly im- shrinking. This means that we offer this added portant. It allows us to reach new customers. Thomas Rudel, CEO of Rutronik value to customers without earning so much Particularly for start-ups, the new small quan- as a cent – and run the risk of incurring losses. tities storage facility is an ideal point of con- „Distributors will play tact: They can order smaller quantities to an important role in the future The situation is similar to that of the news- set up their application. This is an important because they act as an extension paper publishers a few years ago. For years, theme for the future. Therefore, we want readers were able to read articles free of to expand the capacities at Rutronik24.com to suppliers. charge on the newspapers’ websites. Then even further in view of the international “ the publishers introduced paywalls for their market. 12 Powered by www.rutronik.com still considered a technology of the future; nowadays, there is talk of doing away with it immediately. Who knows what the situation will be in five years?

To what extent would a shift in the vehicle fleet away from diesel and towards the electric car affect Rutronik as a distributor? Electronics will become increasingly important in the automobile. If you see the enormous quantity of electronic components crammed into modern cars, it is safe to assume that their importance will increase still further in the future.

Self-driving cars are considered to be the future of private passenger transport. What significance does this issue have for Rutronik? A very major one! With our Automotive Busi- ness Unit (ABU), we have a highly specialized team with integrated external consultants. Consequently, we are very well positioned and can draw on a vast amount of expertise. Autonomous driving works not because the vehicle is so intelligent, but as a result of the „Electronics“ Chefredakteur Gerhard Stelzer in conversation with Thomas Rudel, CEO of Rutronik countless applications installed in the car that at the awards ceremony for the „Distributor of the Year“ Source: WEKA it also makes use of.

You mention start-ups: As a result of the market leaders such as Intel, whose processors What is the situation regarding data secu- Internet of Things and the associated tech- will play an important role in the automotive rity during autonomous driving, for ex- nological change, new ideas and companies sector in the future. ample, in view of the interaction with IoT are emerging, although they have less applications such as traffic guidance sys- experience in the technical and logistical On the subject of automotive, Rutronik gen- tems? fields. How can Rutronik support start-ups? erates a large part of its revenue in this In fact, data security plays a major role: How We can support start-ups in many ways – over area. As a result of the diesel issue, the fo- can I secure the transfer of data from, to, and and above our small quantities storage facil- cus of public debate is shifting to the elec- in the car? We have already seen that cars ity: By making the expertise of our en- tric car as an alternative to the internal can be hacked. Naturally, our ABU is also gineers available during the development of their combustion engine. How do you rate the dedicated to these issues. On the other hand, products on the one hand. On the other hand, prospects of electromobility? the continuous connection from the car to the we can use our networks to put them in touch We all wish for clean, sustainable technologies cloud and vice versa requires enormously high with the engineering offices that are most – in all areas. When it comes to the debate data transfer speeds. We have yet to see the suited to their project. In addition, we can sup- about diesel and electromobility, two impor- necessary infrastructure to support this. Ger- port the start-ups through to completion our- tant aspects are being overlooked: Firstly, we many is lagging behind in this area. Despite selves and introduce them to partners that can are a very long way from having the necessary the much heralded digital offensives of previ- then manufacture their products. In other charging infrastructure in place for electric ous Federal Governments, little to nothing has words, we provide everything from a single vehicles. Apart from that, there are not nearly been done. People in rural areas still have to source and are always interested in innovative enough batteries being produced to allow for make do with DSL data rates below one Mbit projects – without loosing sight of the impor- the widespread use of electric vehicles – even per second. When it comes to 4G data plans, tant “traditional” market. Tesla’s enormous factory in the USA only meets Germany is far behind in terms of the price/ the company’s requirements. On the other performance ratio: Unlimited data flat rates In view of the comprehensive consulting ser- hand, the harmful influence of diesel vehicles are already available in Denmark or Poland for vices, how does Rutronik handle the balanc- on the climate and health is overstated when around 15 euros – customers paying the same ing act between specialist and broadliner? one compares the diesel fleet in Germany with price in Germany receive a paltry six gigabytes. We have a strong focus on the categories of other means and modes of transport. Emissions Taking these figures into consideration, I be- Semiconductors, Passive Components, Electro- from aircraft, container ships, or diesel locomo- lieve it is highly unlikely that we will see fully mechanical Components, Wireless Technolo- tives are disproportionately greater than those networked autonomous driving any time soon. gies, Display, Storage, Boards and Systems. We of diesel passenger cars. I don’t wish to play Notwithstanding this, our status as a global work very closely with the leading suppliers down the diesel problem, but the debate should distributor means that the entire world mar- in the industry and define new markets that be conducted with less emotion and more ob- ket is open to us. Rutronik has set a course for we tackle together. We have been joined by jectivity. Five years ago, diesel technology was the future. ■ www.rutronik.com Powered by 13 Top-Focus|Automotive

Source: Fotolia

Rutronik Automotive Business Unit – an overview Six core segments

The Automotive Business Unit Body Electronics Drive Train (ABU) from Rutronik supports & Convenience Engine-related auxiliary selected clientele at application Throughout a car body drives, e.g. the electric water pump, the oil pump or level with components from there are many smaller control units (ECUs) which actuators for the transmis- twelve well-established leading communicate with higher-lever ECUs via a sion, must be suitable for use in high tempera- industry suppliers who are some vehicle bus such as CAN or LIN. They process tures. Furthermore, the reduced installation sensor signals and control actuators. Many of space has led to a process of miniaturization. of the best on an international the applied sensors rely on the Hall effect. The integrated controllers for electric drives scale. from TDK Micronas and Infineon’s Embedded Rutronik offers motor vehicle capable Hall Power® ICs are best suited for these condi- switches from DIODES, Infineon, and TDK tions. The overall performance of the Micronas. Power semiconductors such as ABU is split into five fields of MOSFETs are used on the actuator side. Elements in this application field are: DIODES, Infineon, STMicroelectronics, and • Engine control unit application. In addition, there is Toshiba supply attractive products. The RL78/ • Fuel/Water pump the new ‘Consulting’ segment. F1x series from Renesas provides the market • e-Turbocharger with highly accepted 16-bit microcontrollers • Transmission control for car body and comfort electronics. • Engine cooling fan

Inside the vehicle, programmable mood light is becoming increasingly popular as an aes- thetic feature, but is additionally also being Chassis & Safety Author: Uwe Rahn, used for signaling. RGB-LEDs from OSRAM are Director Automotive Business Unit, Many electronically con- very suitable for equipping electronics for in- Rutronik trolled functions in the terior ambient lighting. chassis are safety relevant and must meet an Auto- Elements in this application field are: motive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) to ISO • Electric window lifters 26262. Infineon and STMicroelectronics sup- • Headlamps and lights port these developments through a range of • Seat heating microcontrollers from the SPC5 and AURIX™ • HVAC control series. The safety concept can be augmented • Interior lighting with companion chips from, e.g., Bosch, • A/V entertainment Infineon or STMicroelectronics. • Automotive Ethernet

14 Powered by www.rutronik.com Top-Focus|Automotive

Ceramic chip capacitors from AVX with Flexi- eMobility Focus on one industry safe™ ensure safety through robustness at Focusing on one industry and pooling various component level. Components produced with skills develop a profound understanding of the silicon carbide technology challenges facing the automotive industry. By Elements in this application field are: (SiC) as offered by ROHM understanding the applications, ABU experts • Electronic power steering and STMicroelectronics are recognize the exact solutions and products • Traction control (ESP) particularly suitable for charging circuits and – and this saves time. • Anti-lock braking system traction inverters with high voltages and clock • Tire pressure monitoring frequencies. Battery management systems en- Neutral overview • Airbag sure a correctly charged energy storage system The consultancy approach is supplier neutral. through cell management. The product range Whenever possible, several product alterna- from Renesas/Intersil offers appropriate bal- tives are offered for the same function. This ancing ICs. Rubycon supplies electrolyte and provides a swift, relatively neutral, and com- film capacitors and JAE the relevant plug con- prehensive overview. For customers, this Connected Car nectors. means, for example, less meetings and more productive working time. Connection of the vehicle Elements in this application field are: to the Internet enables re- • On-board charger More support mote diagnosis and acti- • Battery management On the one hand, the focus is placed on key vation of additional functions and perfor- • HV traction inverter customers. On the other hand, the ABU can mance characteristics through upgrades and • HVAC compressor always access the infrastructure of Rutronik’s software updates. sales organization and the manpower of the FAEs and product managers. The necessary data safety in the control units Consulting is ensured by hardware security modules to Rutronik’s ABU is a per- Additional capacities EVITA requirements in the 32-bit microcon- manent member in the Resources for development and production trollers from Infineon AURIX™, Renesas network of Tier1 and Tier2 are often limited. If capacity bottlenecks RH850, and STMicroelectronics SPC5. Safety automotive suppliers run arise, the ABU can use its network to offer according to the specifications of the Trusted by PGUB Management Consultants GmbH. additional support, e.g. engineer service pro- Computing Group is provided by Infineon’s Further members are represented in various viders for hardware and software develop- OPTIGA™ trusted platform modules. organizations such as VDA and ZVEI. The ABU ment or contract manufacturers for large therefore has a detailed and informed insight scale production. Elements in this application field are: into current market conditions and a well- • Dedicated Short Range Communication grounded overview of trends and highlights. First-hand information (DSRC) The ABU organizes regular excursions to com- • Navigation (GNSS) The advantages: ponent suppliers in USA, Asia, and Europe. • Mobile Internet (WiFi) Speeches and guided tours of production • Secure Over The Air updates (SOTA) Expertise through contact facilities give the participants insights into • Driver assistance systems The ABU works in close contact with key sup- the latest developments. This unique know- • Cellular connectivity pliers and therefore has extensive knowledge ledge is used to make accurate and substan- of the latest components and knows the right tiated decisions on technology and innovation experts. strategies. ■

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Rutronik Automotive Business Unit Fuse protection for up to 48 V electrical systems in vehicles

Due to the acceleration in the electrification of cars, the 12 V electrical system is reaching its limits, since an increasing number of mechanical functions are being performed electrically. A 48 V sub-electrical system powers high performance consumers. New concepts are therefore required for fuse protection. Bosch Semiconductors is busy working on the development of an IC for protecting 12 V / 48 V electrical systems. Interested first-time users can order engineering samples from Rutronik.

Another solution, which is technically more Additional effects Author: Ralf Hickl, complex but wise, for preventing arcs is their Product Sales Manager with higher on-board voltage levels early detection through measuring and eval- Automotive Business Unit, uating current and voltage diagrams with the Co-Autor: Uwe Rahn, 48 V does not simply mean four times 12 V, aid of intelligent sensors. Director Automotive Business Unit, but entry into the world of hybrid vehicles and a huge stride towards electromobility and au- both from Rutronik Arcs and their dangers tonomous driving. Clearance and creepage distances are key for 48 V electrical systems. Clearance is the shortest distance in air be- Besides voltages above 20 V, there is another tween two electric conductors. Hazardous condition for the permanent burning of arcs. arcs can be expected in the event of short Depending on the current and voltage, a circuit, cable breakage or switching under minimum output of approximately 100 W is load when operating above roughly 20 V. Arcs needed to ensure an arc burns steadily. become very hot and thus pose an immense Electric circuits in 48 V electrical systems are risk of fire. To manage this risk effectively, therefore exposed to a high risk of arcs, as this special relays and contact systems, character- is where consumers with high power require- ized by high impact and temperature stability, ments are found, e.g. the electric turbochar- are applied. ger, electrically powered steering or dynamic

Opening Connectors or Screw Connections

Mech. Switching Cable Damaged Fuse Contact Break Insolation, DC/DC-Converter Meltdown Short Circuit

e- Steering

48V 12V 12V 48V Battery 48V Consumer Starter Battery Battery Consumer

Possible reasons for the formation of arcs Source: Bosch

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Top-Focus|Automotive

Medical Videorecorder UR-4MD

It’s never been so easy to capture Medical Imaging The current measurement comes with the iFuse without external sensors such as shunt resistors Source: Bosch

Full 1080p video recording stability control. Suitable protective concepts a defective ground connection. Since the arc are thus indispensable. Basically, there are path is in series with the load, the additional Extreme ease of use two types of arcs: drop in voltage at the arc reduces the load Designed for Medical applications current. This is the reason why conventional The simplest type, an arc parallel to the load, safety fuses do not detect series arcs. The Advanced Fail-safe features occurs due to a short circuit of the current- breaking capacity of the fuse is not exceeded. carrying conductor to ground, e.g. due to faulty insulation. Provided the fault current In a conventional electrical system, the safe- path is sufficiently low resistive, the short ty fuse is the typical protective device that circuit or arc current is very high and is added prevents the risk of a cable fire caused by to the load current. This trips the safety overheating, overcurrents or short circuit. In fuse, disconnects the electric circuit, and ex- the future, it will logically be replaced with tinguishes the arc. Needless to say, the fuse an electronic solution to ensure every type of must be able to effectively extinguish the arc arc is detected and extinguished reliably and inside it. efficiently.

The second type, the arc in series to the con- Electronic fuses offer sumers, is much harder to detect. It occurs more options when the ‘live’ circuit is interrupted. Exam- ples of this are the opening of relay contacts or connecting and disconnecting connectors Besides protecting against arcs, electronic while the current is flowing. Arcs can also fuses consisting of semiconductor switches occur due to broken wires, loose contacts or offer further benefits. In contrast to safety

Protective functions • Protective function for overcurrent, stand-alone without µC intervention • Full protective function up to 3.5 V power supply • Overcurrent detection and turn-off in less than 10 µs • Reverse polarity detection and protection • Overcurrent detection and turn-off in active and sleep mode TEAC EUROPE GmbH. • Individual overtemperature detection of the internal gate drivers Bahnstr. 12, 65205 Wiesbaden-Erbenheim, Germany • Supports arc detection without impairing the protective function Tel.: +49-(0)611-7158-0 Fax: +49-(0)611-7158-393 Email: [email protected] http://www.teac.eu www.rutronik.com Powered by Top-Focus|Automotive fuses, electronic fuses can be reset and thus need for a circuit breaker, a protective device voltage monitoring, for the microcontroller. reused. Once triggered, the electronic fuse can that would additionally be required in a con- Added to this are the gate drivers for the N- be diagnosed and reset via the vehicle bus cept featuring a safety fuse. Channel MOSFETs used as switches. Brilliant: without the use of tools. The current is measured without the need for The next aspect has to do with safety. An elec- external sensors like shunt resistors. The fuse characteristic of a fuse channel is, to tronic fuse with a bus connection can also a large degree, freely designable for an elec- dump load in a targeted and controlled man- The basic function ‘overcurrent shutdown’ tronic fuse. For instance, pure overcurrent ner. The electrical system management can also occurs autonomously, without the micro- breaking capacities can be defined for very thus assume an active role in the distribution controller being involved. The SPI interface high currents, while the I²t characteristic may of electrical energy, e.g. focusing the avail- of the microcontroller is used to configure be used as the breaking limit for medium and able power on a safety-relevant circuit. the module, to control the outputs and the small currents. The fuse characteristic can watchdog, and to read back the status and thus be adapted flexibly to the current-carry- Fuse replacement diagnosis data. ing capacity of the connected wire and the with the iFuse from Bosch dynamic behavior of the load. In contrast, Voltage generation when using safety fuses, it is necessary to stock hardware variants with varying load Our partner Bosch is currently working on the capacity and tripping characteristics (delayed development of a highly integrated ASIC, The iFuse comprises a buck converter for action). known as iFuse, for 12 V, 24 V, and 48 V appli- direct connection to the electrical system and cations. Along with a microcontroller and N- downstream linear regulators for the internal An electronic fuse combines the safety and Channel Power MOSFETs, the iFuse can be used power supply and the external supply of the switching function, which is an additional to design a semiconductor fuse with four chan- the microcontroller. The gate voltages for advantage. A safety fuse can only switch off, nels. To do so, the iFuse integrates various the switching transistors are generated via while a bus-controlled electronic fuse can functions of a system basis companion chip, an internal boost converter. Both switching switch both off and on. This may remove the such as power supply, watchdog, and supply regulators have internal FETs, meaning only a few external components are necessary.

The iFuse can be protected against reverse polarity with an external MOSFET. The iFuse operates above a 3.5 V power supply – per- Features manently, even straight after switching on • Four independent fuse channels and is thus also subject to cold cranking. • Basic chip system for electronic fuses for 12 V, 24 V, 48 V • Voltage range up to 70 V Arc detection • Soft turn-on for large capacitive loads • Bidirectional current measurement without external shunt resistors • Intelligent measuring range selection for the highest measuring accuracy at every In combination with an intelligent load with current level bus connection, the iFuse enables arc detec- • Power supply for microcontroller and power MOSFETs tion. To do so, the microcontroller via the • Specified for a voltage range down to 3.5 V iFuse and the intelligent load determine the • Watchdog for monitoring the microcontroller supply voltage and current and compare • Internal temperature sensor these two values through the microcontroller • Supply voltage monitoring in the control unit of the iFuse. If the current • SPI interface to the higher-level microcontroller determined by the load is less than the current • Individual status signals for all four channels measured by the iFuse, it indicates an arc par- • Compact package, TQFP64epad allel to the load. If the supply voltage determined by the load is less than the supply voltage measured by the iFuse, an arc in series to the load could be the reason.

Another method to determine an arc is applied by the spectral analysis of the supply The benefits at a glance voltage or the load current. This task could • One basic solution for smart fuses suitable for all LV electrical systems be assumed by the microcontroller with DSP • Less space required due to high integration capability in the control unit of the iFuse. The • Robust power supply with Automotive Grade iFuse provides the required measuring signals • Current saving modes for energy efficiency which are mapped up to high frequencies. This • Easy-to-use system diagnosis is usually quite sufficient in conjunction with • Fast and accurate current measurement without external components overcurrent monitoring for loads without • Option for bidirectional disconnection as with safety fuses built-in ‘intelligence’ or loads that cannot communicate. ■

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Rutronik Automotive Business Unit Highly integrated motor controller for various types of motor

Besides the electrification of auxiliary units, such as pumps and fans, brush-type and brushless DC drives as well as low-power stepper motors are becoming increasingly popular in automotive applications. A highly integrated IC from Micronas controls them all.

ore and more auxiliary and servo drive systems in motor vehicles are DC motors – the frugal being entirely decoupled from the Mdrive motor and operated with a separate Brush-type DC motors are easy to control and electric motor for reasons of efficiency and supply a torque that is proportional to the to reduce CO2 emissions. Furthermore, an in- armature current if the stator field is con- creasing number of safety and comfort func- stant. In other words: The armature current tions are being fitted with an electric drive. can be used to easily deduce the load torque. Author: Ralf Hickl, Product Sales Manager, Various types of motor offer advantages Simultaneously, the speed is approximately Automotive Business Unit, depending on their respective use. Here is an proportional to the armature voltage. Due to Rutronik overview: these simple principles, DC motors are easy to control and regulate. A transistor controlled by PWM as the power output stage is sufficient for unidirectional operation, while a half-bridge is suitable for right/left rotation. Drives for adjusting seats and mirrors, for the windscreen wash system pump, and for simi-

Integrated flexibility: The HVC4223F fits to various types of motor Source: Micronas

www.rutronik.com Powered by 19 Top-Focus|Automotive

Properties and components of the HVC4223F at a glance • ARM® Cortex®-M3 core with on-chip two-wire debug • 12-bit multi-channel ADC interface • Programmable gain amplifier (PGA) • 2 kByte RAM • 16-bit free-running counter with three capture/compare • 32 kByte flash memory modules • NVRAM • Two 16-bit timers • Two on-chip oscillators (no external crystal needed) • Synchronous serial peripheral interface (SPI) • 5.4 V to 18 V operation (dual-mode power supply) • Enhanced PWMs (EPWMs) drive the half-bridge FETs with • 40 V load-dump resistance non-overlapping edge/center-aligned signals • Integrated N-Channel MOSFET half-bridges with charge pump • Power supply for external devices, e.g. Hall switches for sensor- • LIN 2.x compliant controlled commutation • Digital and window watchdog timers with different, • Voltage, current, and temperature supervision independent clocks • PQFN40 package (6 × 6 mm2) • Comparators with integrated virtual star point and reference • Up to 150 °C junction temperature currents

cillation, it is known as block commutation. BLDC motors are classed as synchronous Appli- machines: The motor's speed is based on the frequency of the phase currents and the num- cations Advantages ber of poles. Today, a field-oriented control • Mirror adjustment systems • Less space required (FOC) is generally used to determine and con- • Self-leveling headlamp systems • Wide temperature range enables trol the torque with dynamic load changes. • Adaptive headlamp actuators direct installation of the This is a mathematical model which the user • Exhaust flaps electronics in a motor can apply to access a calculated armature • Lens caps for cameras • Connection of various types current and stator flow, similar to the DC mo- • Automotive grille adjustment of motor possible due to software tor. The mathematical model requires infor- • Seat temperature control variants mation about the position of the rotor, the phase currents, and a bit of computation • Fans and pumps capacity. The hardware output stage of the • HVAC flap control inverter with six switching transistors for a • Retractable interior BLDC motor with three phases requires more expenditure than the half-bridge for the DC motor. lar applications with comparatively short therefore ideal for use in pumps, fans, and duty cycles can be achieved with reduced other drives typically operating at higher As a result, implementation of the hardware and switching and computation complexity. Con- duty cycles. A rotational field is generated in determination of the control variables are more tact of the armature windings via commuta- the stator windings of BLDC motors which, complex than with a comparable DC motor. tor and (carbon) brushes is however subject in conjunction with permanent magnets on In the long term, the advantages of the BLDC to wear and tends to create conductive fine the rotor, results in a torque. Control is motor, e.g. minimum wear and thus longer life- dust. Anyone who has ever held an older DC rather more complex than with standard time, less weight or smaller motor dimensions motor from a vacuum cleaner in their hands DC motors, since the controller must gener- with greater efficiency, will prevail in the mar- will know what is meant. Moreover, mecha- ate several (usually three) alternating volt- ket and eventually force the traditional DC nical commutation also generates electro- ages whose frequency and voltage can be motor into niche applications. magnetic disturbances, which have to be adjusted and always need to be correctly in addressed with appropriate measures. phase. Stepper motors – the load detectors

BLDC engines – the long-running Sinus-oidal phase currents are desired to ensure the BLDC motor rotates quietly and Stepper motors are synchronous machines smoothly. This is achieved, e.g., through pulse with at least two phases that are controlled BLDC motors have high endurance qualities width modulated phase voltages with sine- by PWM via half-bridges. The number of and accomplish commutation electro-me- wave oscillation. This is also referred to as poles is high, meaning each rotor revolution chanically, i.e. there are no brushes or com- sinusoidal commutation. If, on the other hand, can be divided into a discrete number of mutator to wear out and replace. They are the motor is controlled with square-wave os- steps. The rotor angle and the position of the

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load can be determined through step-by-step with sensor feedback or sensorless control, as rotation with the aid of a reference point. well as various configurations for controlling Possible fields of application within a vehicle stepper motors. are, e.g., self-leveling headlamp systems, adaptive headlamp actuators, and various Due to an additional pin, the integrated LIN flap control units. Two half-bridges are ne- transceiver also supports auto-addressing, cessary for the bipolar control of a two-phase also known as Micronas easyLin®. The abil- stepper motor. ity to automatically identify various homo- geneous applications with the aid of the Micronas HVC4223F enables the simple creation of LIN embedded motor control clusters. These LIN clusters comprise numerous iden- Micronas’ HVC4223F is a single chip solution tical LIN nodes which are all connected to for all the above mentioned motors with low the same LIN bus and only differ due to power output, i.e. total fly-back currents of their LIN addresses. In conclusion, the 1 A. In a small QFN package (6 mm x 6 mm), HVC4223F enables the step-by-step migra- In a realm of its own due to high integration. this highly integrated module contains a tion of traditional DC motors to state-of- Luckily, the HVC4223F is well networked via LIN! 32-bit CPU core (ARM® Cortex®-M3), a mi- the-art BLDC motors. In many areas of ap- Source: Micronas crocontroller with a 32 kbyte flash memory, plication, this increased flexibility and high 2 kbyte SRAM, low dropout voltage regulator performance leads to smart actuators that to connect the device directly to a 12 V bat- reduce CO2 emissions while enhancing com- tery, LIN-2.x transceiver, watchdog timers, fort. Conclusion and the output transistors to connect the device directly to all the previously described The integrated output transistors are con- Anyone looking for a universal motor control- motors. Thanks to the high level of integra- nected to three half-bridges or two 6-pulse ler for low drive capacities up to 25 W should tion, minimum space is required by the elec- bridges. This, along with a corresponding take a look at the HVC4223F. The standard tronics and the device is therefore also suit- PWM timer, results in enormous flexibility CPU core and the flexible peripherals ensure able for direct installation in a motor. which enables the connection and operation it is a smart single chip solution for drive con- of various types of motor. The HVC4223F can trol systems in a motor vehicle. The motor The computation capacity of the CPU core thus be operated in the following motor con- electronics enables bus connection for smart supports complex motor control algorithms figurations: Independent operation of two or actuators, which are activated with the just such as the field-oriented control of BLDC three DC motors, operation of a BLDC or nedded power only if drive power is required. motors with space vector modulation (SVC), PMSM motor or operation with a bipolar step- This can reduce CO2 emissions and add com- block commutation (six-step modulation) per motor. fort functions. ■

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Rutronik Automotive Business Unit Automotive high-voltage contactors for electric drives

Contactors ensure efficiency and safety by disconnecting the HV battery and inverter when the vehicle is switched off. When switching on, the charging current must be limited in the filter capacitors, and the main contactors must be designed for bidirectional current flow. With electromechanical switching contacts, this is not a problem, with MOSFETs a few things have to be considered.

he DC link capacitors are powered In terms of energy efficiency, the electrical when switching on the DC link of fre- connection between the HV battery and the Author: Ralf Hickl, Product Sales Manager, quency converters. This results in a inverter should be kept as short and as low startingT current surge that needs limiting. resistive as possible. While for reasons of Automotive Business Unit, This article describes a concept that utilizes safety, the battery and the traction inverter Co-Autor: Uwe Rahn, Director Automotive Business Unit, high-voltage switches. are electrically isolated by contactors when the vehicle is switched off. Therefore, pre- both from Rutronik Depending on the make and concept, a rated cautionary measures have to be taken when voltage of up to 1 kV is currently being dis- switching on the contactors to limit the cussed for the DC link of the traction inverter charging current in the initially discharged in an electric or hybrid vehicle. In their appli- filter capacitor. cation notes and reference designs, the suppliers of engine inverter IGBTs or MOSFETs To guarantee regenerative braking is possible specify low-inductance filter capacities that with regenerative operation of the traction must be connected parallel to the half-bridges inverter, the main contactors must be de- of the power output stage. For instance, signed for bidirectional current flow. In this Infineon, in its reference design for traction respect, it is important that the current can inverters “Hybrid Kit for HybridPack™1 power be switched on and off in both directions. module”, recommends a filter capacitor rated at 300 µF / 450 V. When charged to its rated With electromechanical switching contacts voltage, it stores roughly 30 Ws of energy. the principle is fully implemented, but addi- Suppliers of power film capacitors that meet tional expenditure is required when using such requirements are, e.g., AVX, Rubycon, MOSFETs as semiconductor switches. The and WIMA. reason for this is that, parallel to the drain source path, a parasitic body diode can be found on the chip of these components. The current flow via this diode cannot be switched off. In this case, two MOSFETs need to be con- Pre-charge Contactor nected back-to-back in series to disconnect Pre-charge Resistance the bidirectional current flow. While just one is sufficient for IGBTs without an integrated fast recovery diode (FRD).

Main Contacor 1 Pre-charging technology Filter of capacitors in DC links HV-Battery Inverter Capacity M The suppliers of industrial frequency conver- Main Contacor 2 ters have long been familiar with this topic and have developed various methods for Fig. 1: Pre-charging of the DC link capacity with a resistor Source: ROHM charging DC link capacitors. One of them is

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Fig. 2: Gate driver BM6104 from ROHM, typical circuit diagram with protection against desaturation of the IGBTs in the event of overload Source: ROHM

pre-charging via a charging resistor (Fig. 1). Pre-charging of the DC link To ensure recuperation does not occur via the An initial step sees the main relay 2 being with semiconductor switches charging resistor, the semiconductor charging connected to the minus path free of load. contactors of a MOSFET must be additionally In a second step, the DC link capacities are equipped with a power diode in the current charged via the pre-charging contactor. The ROHM offers the RGSxxTS65HDR series, the path. system is limited to a certain current by the second generation of Field Stop Trench IGBTs pre-charging resistor. And the pre-charging with built-in FRD for up to 650 V. Further Insulated automotive gate drivers contactor remains closed until the capacitor models up to 1200 V are already available as from ROHM for MOSFETs and IGBTs is almost fully charged and the voltage is samples. above a certain percentage of the rated voltage. The main contactor 1 is subsequently The properties of the RGSxxTS65DHR are: High-side n-Channel MOSFET or NPN IGBT activated. As a result, the main contactor 1 • Qualified to AEC-Q101 switches require a gate control voltage only has to transmit a starting current surge • Low collector-emitter saturation voltage above the positive voltage to be switched. with far less energy than would be the case VCE(sat)(type) of 1.65 V Insulated gate drivers with an integrated without pre-charging. • Short-circuit proof for at least 8 µs charging pump or with boost converters de- • Low switching losses liver corresponding voltages and the driving This pre-charging process can take a few • Reduced gate loading powers for charging and discharging the gate hundred milliseconds and assumes that the • TO-247N package source capacity. Furthermore, protective func- load is highly resistive and the inverter is off. tions are implemented with a respective signal If this is not the case, the capacitor cannot be To ensure recuperation does not occur via the output on the low-voltage side. Quite compre-charged fully as the load together with charging resistor, a power diode must – in mon are, e.g., protective measures against: the pre-charging resistor represents a voltage addition to the IGBTs with built-in FRD – be divider and thus only a fractional amount of connected back-to-back in series with the • Overcurrent and/or desaturation the rated voltage drops off via the capacitor. FRD. • Miller effect • Excess temperature Several monitoring and limiting measures are SiC MOSFETs from ROHM recommended for reasons of safety: Further advantages are short signal throughput times and soft turn-off. An example of • Limiting the pre-charging time. This prevents After acquiring SiCrystal, a German silicon such a complex insulated gate driver is overheating of the pre-charging resistor, carbide (SiC) wafer manufacturer, ROHM has ROHM’s BM6104 model. This single channel especially in the event of inverter faults that been one of only a few suppliers worldwide gate driver for MOSFETs and IGBTs offers an lead to a load current in the DC link. to offer this basic material since 2010. insulation strength of 2500 Vrms, a short MOSFET Dice made of SiC are characterized throughput time of 150 ns at a minimum • Temperature monitoring of the pre-charg- by their: pulse duration of 90 ns, and is qualified to ing resistor with switch-off in the event of • Temperature stability standard AEC-Q100. excess temperature. This protects the resis- • Dielectric strength tor in case of unsuccessful repeated charg- • High switching frequencies Conclusion ing efforts. • Lowest switching losses

• Monitoring of the DC link voltage while pre- ROHM supplies SiC-MOSFETs for 650 V, When pre-charging the DC link capacitors of charging with connection of the main relay 1200 V, and 1700 V and is presently develop- an inverter with DC link via a resistor, at least only after reaching a threshold. The starting ing the third component generation. Seve- the pre-charging contactor could be designed current surge is thus limited, the main relay ral second generation 1200 V models are as a wear-free semiconductor version. ROHM’s protected, and activation of the upstream currently being qualified for use in motor IGBTs, MOSFETs, and gate drivers offer the protected devices prevented. vehicles. ideal solution for this. ■

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Rutronik Automotive Business Unit Squib drivers for pyrotechnic separators in the electrical system

Until now, pyrotechnic actuators have mainly been used as gas generators in airbags. But with the advent of ever more powerful circuits, they are now also being considered as electronically actuated emergency separators in the electrical systems of vehicles.

Author: Ralf Hickl, Product Sales Manager, Automotive Business Unit, Rutronik

typical application is protection against fire caused by electric wire short circuiting in the event of a Acar accident. Another application is protection against electric shock caused by Could be fatal: A short circuit with serious consequences short-circuiting to the vehicle body when Source: Fotolia rescuing accident victims. This applies, in particular, to circuits with the highest capacity in electrical systems. In high voltage circuits, it is the charging circuit to the yed. Pyrotechnic separators are there-fore Panasonic_230x74mm_EN+DE.pdf;S: 3;Format:(230.00 x 74.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 15:54:35 battery, the circuit from the battery to the single-use products. Advantages compared Panasonic_230x74mm_EN+DE.pdf;S: 3;Format:(230.00 x 74.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 15:54:35 traction inverter; and with hybrid vehicles, to contactors and relays the circuit to the starter generator. Typical deployment times of pyrotechnic separators When in an electrically conductive state, ULTIMATE EXPERTS ON THERMAL MANAGEMENT Pyrotechnic separator there is no vulnerable contact point with ULTIMATE EXPERTS ON THERMAL MANAGEMENT operation ohmic contact resistance or other problems, There is a certain period of time between the such as corrosion, associated with a mechan- If deployed by an appropriate cause, the con- request and actual separation by the switch. ical contact. Furthermore, auxiliary energy is Soft-PGS trol device generates an ignition by starting a This period is made up of the processing time not needed to keep the circuit closed. defined current. The power dissipation of an in the control electronics, the time needed to Soft-PGS is designed as TIM (Thermal Interface Material) for IGBT modules energized filament in a squib ultimately gen- heat up the squib, the time for the propellant Advantage compared to safety fuses erates the energy to activate the explosion of to ignite, and the time it takes the resulting a small propellant. The explosive power of the shock wave to propagate. The latency period propellant is the decisive performance cha- of the system, comprising the squib driver Preventive deployment is possible, e.g. when racteristic here, as it separates a conductor at and the pyrotechnic actuator, is in the ms the control electronics anticipates that a a predetermined breaking point when deplo- range. hazardous short circuit could occur as a result > High workability, practicability and thermo stability > Soft-PGS line-up and IGBT manufacturer cross list > Increases the lifetime and reliability of the IGBT module industrial.panasonic.com/ww/soft-pgs-cross 24 Powered by www.rutronik.com eu.industrial.panasonic.com Top-Focus|Automotive

of an accident, or subsequent deployment to which, e.g. a microcontroller can routinely a microcontroller and certain discrete com- protect the rescue team against short-cir- request the functional state of the compo- ponents, it enables a compact design with just cuiting to the vehicle body. Extensive decou- nent. When in correct working order, it is two ICs. pling of the cable cross-section and the de- ensured that ignition takes place when re- ployment point leads to low power loss at the quested. Otherwise, there is a prompt for Type L9678P, breaking point which enables a high current repair work. The self-diagnosis usually in- system basis chip plus squib driver carrying capacity of the electric connection. cludes testing of the internal functional units, • Developed to ISO 26262 In terms of safety fuses, the principle cause various short circuit tests of the outputs, • Boost converter for ignition energy storage of deployment is overcurrent, while the de- and basic resistance measurement of the • Four-channel squib driver for four firing ployment point and the delay is determined squib. loops by the design. Different situation with elec- • Self-diagnosis tronic pyrotechnic separators: In this case, the As a further safety measure, the ignition ener- • Watchdog, temperature sensor, LDOs, ISO cause of deployment and the deployment gy is not taken directly from the supply bat- 9141 transceiver point can be determined flexibly through the tery but charged into a local energy storage • SPI connection to the higher-level micro- programmable control device. This also means system (capacitor) via a boost converter or controller it is also possible to have several causes of charging pump. With the reserve energy from • Up to 95 °C ambient temperature range deployment: For example, overcurrent, excess this storage system, the ignition electronics • LQFP64 package temperature, and/or acceleration or an arbi- can operate for a short period of time even trary cause, e.g. vehicle shutdown through when the connection to the vehicle battery Bosch external remote intervention. has already been interrupted. In vehicles with several batteries, the local energy storage sys- Characteristics of the squib drivers tem of the ignition electronics can be supplied The CG98x are multi-channel squib drivers. as pyrotechnic separators redundantly. The voltage for the ignition energy storage system must be generated externally. Due to their origin as airbag control modules, In the electrical system, pyrotechnic separators conventional squib drivers come with four or CG98x series provide a protective function and, if necessary, more ignition channels. Control of the airbags • Four or eight channel squib driver place the system in a safe state. Measures are for the driver and passenger as well as two • Ignition current of 1.2 A for up to 3 ms or implemented in the squib drivers to prevent side air bags is thus fully covered. Below we 1.75 A for 1 ms faulty deployments. In this case, ignition can briefly present two examples. • 5 V and 3.3 V system voltage compatible only take place when various events and con- • SPI connection to the higher-level ditions occur within a short time window STMicroelectronics microcontroller during which the squib driver is armed. • DISABLE signals for activation: POR This type of sequence can include: The L9678P offers more than a simple multi- DIS_ALP • Arming by opening the deployment window channel squib driver. Two 5 V and 3.3 V linear DIS_AHP via a serial interface regulators, a transceiver for communication DIS_S • Activation of the output transistors via sev- to ISO 9141, two output transistors which can • Self-diagnosis: eral pin inputs be connected to the high-side or low-side for High side and low side power stage test • Deployment command via a serial interface general outputs, a temperature sensor, a Monitoring of the ignition current watchdog timer, and a comparator for under- Short circuit and leakage current detection Measures have also been implemented in voltage detection complement the system Squib resistance measurement the squib drivers for self-diagnosis with basis chip for ignition electronics. Along with • LQFP44 package ■

Panasonic_230x74mm_EN+DE.pdf;S: 3;Format:(230.00 x 74.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 15:54:35 Panasonic_230x74mm_EN+DE.pdf;S: 3;Format:(230.00 x 74.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 15:54:35 Advertisement

ULTIMATE EXPERTS ON THERMAL MANAGEMENT

Soft-PGS

Soft-PGS is designed as TIM (Thermal Interface Material) for IGBT modules

> High workability, practicability and thermo stability > Soft-PGS line-up and IGBT manufacturer cross list > Increases the lifetime and reliability of the IGBT module industrial.panasonic.com/ww/soft-pgs-cross

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Connectors for electric vehicles Making use of abundant opportunities When it comes to connectors for electric vehicles, developers are in the happy position of being able to choose from a wide range of application-specific solutions. But this means they are also spoilt for choice.

Author: Albert Culetto, Technical Support Connectors and Cables, Rutronik

The PowerLok series from Amphenol is designed for 750 A and 1000 V and equipped with HVIL protection Source: Amphenol he key drivers of innovation for connectors are currently public transport operators and the agricultural industry.T All the leading manufacturers are working on solutions that satisfy the specific demands of many applications in the best possible fashion. Particularly safety and functional requirements differ greatly depend- Full electric vehicles demand an array of con- trical safety features. These include finger ing on the place and type of application. nectors, as all the modules require them. In- safety and timely shutdown before a hazard- Sometimes it is all about the need for small dividual lithium-ion modules are interconnec- ous situation can arise, for example by means space and low weight, while at other times ted as a battery storage system; various drive of a high voltage interlock loop (HVIL). the aim is to achieve the highest level of per- systems, converters, additional modules as formance and a high capacity of resistance. well as charging and monitoring units have to The ideal balance The result: The portfolios of modified con- be combined and connected appropriately. In between safety and costs nectors that provide an excellent value for addition to existing automotive requirements money continue to grow. The market situa- such as contact position assurance (CPA), ter- tion is further complicated by the fact that minal position assurance (TPA), and second- However, safety functions call for more or relevant standards are still not in place yet. ary locking mechanisms, there are also elec- better materials – and this means costs, both for the materials and development activities. To find the ideal balance in this respect, questions have to be answered, like: How much electricity really needs to be conducted? Which locking mechanism is necessary? Is it necessary to work on a module when servicing is required? To which degree can mixing up several modules be excluded?

The answers to these questions determine whether a connector costing less than ten or more than a hundred euros needs to be considered in the calculation. The difference is particularly drastic when the price of the actual electronics involved is just a few euros. This argument is also a reason why the purchase In full electric vehicles, all the modules require a connector. Source: Amphenol prices of electric cars, due to the enormous

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Top-Focus|Automotive

technical and electrical requirements, are not yet at the same level KW02 Series as for petrol and diesel cars (except the battery pack). Cost optimization is therefore one of the key factors behind the versatility of CHAdeMO Protocol Compliant connector products expanding and becoming virtually limitless. V2H System Connector

The right solution for everyone

Amphenol offers a particularly interesting product range for User Friendly electric vehicles: The majority of connectors are based on the RADSOK™ technology, which guarantees contact coverage of up Mechanism to 65 % of the contact surface. Several variants are available for One action many other features, meaning there is an ideal solution for every ▹▸ Easy usage application. For example, the EMC shielding incorporates just the individual contact or just/additionally the entire connector. When connected, the level of IP protection is in accordance with IP6K9K. Shape And, if required, interlock, secondary locking mechanism, keying, RReduceeduce load on user and color variations can be delivered. The number of poles also ▹▸ Shape of good operability adapts to the application: The PowerLok™ series comes with one to four poles in metal or plastic versions as well as in various codings and colors. Contact diameters from 2.8 mm to 14 mm enable currents of up to 650 A which can occur in a distribution High Reliability box, in the motor control unit, and directly at the drives. Using the MSD series (Manual Service Disconnect), the distribution box can Material be secured electrically up to 630 A. Latch part The Imperium™ High Voltage/High Current (HVHC) connector sys- ▹▸ High rreeliabilityliability stainless tem from Molex® withstands a greater number of extreme shocks RResinesin part and cable and vibrations than any other available product. The connectors are currently available in diameters of 8.00 mm and 11.00 mm. ▹▸ High weather resistance-ﬂame A variety of new configurations are in development and will de- retardant material monstrate how Imperium connectors can be repackaged to meet customer demands and needs. Operation Self-holding solenoid Charge connectors without a common standard ▹▸ Maintain lock status while loss of power The most common theme for electric cars is the typical charge connector. Although: typical is a bit of a loose term here. Europe, the USA, and Asia continue to use varying connector and bus systems. Europe relies predominantly on the Type 2 connector (IEC 62196-2 and IEC 62196-3), and even the best-known electric car – Tesla – prefers this connector for charging. The Type 2 connector is also known as Mennekes, after the first manufacturer to launch this type of connector in collaboration with RWE and Daimler. Rutronik offers the perfect solution for this sector with the HVCO series from Amphenol.

In Asia, home to the most electric cars in the world, CHAdeMO is the favored standard. This connector is already designed for bidirectional charging. Corresponding models are offered by the KW01 and KW02 series from JAE, the latter version is compatible with V2H (Vehicle to Home). This enables users to not only charge a car but also to use the battery in the electric car as an energy storage system to supply power back into a household. Both series are available as complete cable assembly versions.

No matter where the development of electric cars goes in the future – it will not be slowed down by the connection technologies. In fact, thanks to a whole range of solutions at competitive prices they have already been catapulted to the forefront. ■ JAE.com www.rutronik.com VisitPoweredour bywebsite 27 Top-Focus|Automotive

Protection mechanisms in vehicles are not yet widely used Cyber security in automotive applications

The importance of vehicle cyber security is growing due to the increasingly dominant role of the Internet and remote applications as well as the trend towards fully autonomous vehicles. Although cyber security is well known as a part of daily routines in the traditional IT sector, it is not yet widespread practice in the automotive industry. At first glance, this appears to be a minor problem as there is an array of solutions from other sectors that could possibly be used for vehicle safety. However, the automotive-specific environment makes this further use somewhat difficult.

Today, customers expect the unlimited avail- sures. The various communication units – Author: Martin Motz, ability and networking of smartphones and from OEM backend system to the vehicle and Product Manager CPU, other personal mobile devices in automobiles, within the individual control units (ECUs – Rutronik as well as the application of cutting-edge sat- Electronic Control Units) – demand secure ellite navigation systems with a high demand authentication and protection against data on the quality of the display and the density manipulation. To guarantee this, encryption of information – in short, complete network- key-based cryptographic methods are used ing. A constant data connection with an ex- for communication. ternal infrastructure or external devices will also be needed in the future. An encryption process is basically a cryptographic method that uses an encryption key Vehicles will thus become a target for cyber to convert plain text into cipher text which attacks and other manipulation. The focus is can then be translated back into plain text therefore certainly on guaranteeing confiden- using a cipher key. The non-disclosure and tiality, integrity, and authenticity – which will protection of these encryption keys are – be- ultimately require additional protective mea- sides other factors – a fundamental requirement for the security architecture. Because if the availability and confidentiality of the keys are breached, overall security is compromised. The impacts on the automotive industry might be disastrous – and potentially fatal to its finances and extremely damaging to its repu- tation. If attackers know the relevant keys, they can influence the communication. In other words, the vehicles would need to be taken to a secure environment (workshop or even factory), which is stressful and costly in terms of both time and money. Against this background, the non-disclosure and protection of the archived keys are essential for cyber security and fully functional security (pursuant to ISO 262262) in cars.

Trust anchors

Hardware-based trust anchors can be used to protect archived encryption keys. In this case, Networked automobiles demand a high level of cyber security Source: Infineon measures must be taken to ensure only the

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cial security controllers like OPTIGA TPMs (Trusted Platform Modules). The TPM guarantees secure authentication. To achieve this, it stores utilized certificates and relevant keys long-term in a protected environment.

Various functions are implemented in the hardware-based trust anchors to protect security-critical processes and, for example, the transfer of keys. In this respect, the functional complexity (the code) is, in comparison to the controllers being protected, relatively small. The reduced complexity enables comprehensive testing of the hardware and software, which is not financially feasible for an entire system.

The use of microcontroller (HSM), TPM or Hardware-based trust anchors and their range of applications in cars Source: Infineon SIM-based solutions as trust anchors in cars is determined by the respective application. Implementation via HSM (integrated in the authorized entity has sole access to the en- Based on these facts, SHE (Security Hardware microcontroller) is basically aimed at in-ve- cryption service of the trust anchor. The trust Extension) modules and HSMs (Hardware hicle communication, which demands a high anchors represent a secure, isolated environ- Security Modules) were developed and inte- level of computing performance and a robust ment in which the keys and certificates are grated into microcontrollers. The Infineon real-time behavior. Conversely, special TPM saved and processed. AURIX™ microcontrollers have, for instance, controllers secure the external communica- an integrated HSM, with second generation tion, which poses a higher risk for cyber se- A number of hacker attacks have clearly de- HSMs (TC3xx) additionally supporting asym- curity. Furthermore, they can be used as the monstrated that implementation of these metric cryptography (key pair consisting of a main storage for security-critical keys and trust anchors in software (as part of the mi- private and public key). Particularly efficient certificates. They also offer protection from crocontroller operating system) is inadequate. protection, especially for security-critical ar- so-called side-channel attacks. These analyze, Implementation of dedicated hardware offers eas, such as outward vehicle communication e.g., the runtime of the algorithm, the electric more effective and better protection. or the infotainment sector, is offered by spe- power being consumed by the processor during the calculations or the electromagnetic emanation to divulge information about the keys.

The following principles apply to data security in automobiles: • The integrity of electronic keys is a major factor for the data security of an electronic system. • It is impossible to achieve a sufficient level of data security with manipulated or easy- to-manipulate electronic keys. • Cloned electronic keys do not leave any traces. • Secure handling of electronic keys must be guaranteed throughout a product’s entire life cycle. • Trust anchors enable key administration and application in an insecure environment (e.g. during vehicle operation).

Efficient protection through standards

In the meantime, carmakers classify data in The HSM (Hardware Security Modules) in AURIX™microcontrollers are used as trust anchors terms of their security relevance. The respec- and isolate security functions from the other functional units of the microcontroller Source: Infineon tive classification also impacts the required

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ity standards under robust operating conditions, offering greater reliability and above average life expectancy.

Data security solutions from the world of chipcard technology are already in widespread use. In terms of their application in vehicles, an extended temperature range and common qualification standards also need to be considered – an example of security controllers in this respect is SIMs. The automotive industry therefore relies on robust, sol- derable SIM technologies to meet requirements in terms of vibrations, extended temperature range, and the automotive standard AECQ-100.

Product portfolio for security-relevant vehicle applications Source: Infineon Full life protection

The encryption keys used in cars must, depend- measures or the justified protection for the rity. After initial negative experience using ing on the key management and techniques, corresponding keys. The lifespan of electronic in-house developed proprietary algorithms, be protected throughout the vehicle’s entire keys is relevant as well. Electronic keys with standardized encryption techniques, includ- life cycle, from production and use through to a higher demanded lifespan offer greater pro- ing AES, RSA, and ECC, have become the norm disposal. Production is a particularly critical tection than electronic keys that can only be in the automotive industry. phase within this process. As this is the point used for a limited period (session keys). The where keys must be transferred in plain text. actual reuse of established, widespread algo- Although the re-application of existing and If this process is not protected adequately, rithms and procedures for security mecha- proven security technologies is desirable, cars attackers can gain access to a large number nisms and implementation reduces the level have other specific requirements that need to of keys. Further, key injection may be per- of specific effort related to vehicle data secu- be addressed: Cars need to meet higher qual- formed at several locations and by subcon- tractors, which puts greater pressure on security processes and resources.

An efficient solution is the application of a personalized security controller. Personalized in this case means the security controller has an individual personal key allocated to the chip which was stored by the semiconductor manufacturer during a certified manufacturing process. Seeing as these security controllers are protected from hardware attacks, they can be supplied without any special logistic requirements. Since they can only be manipulated using the personalized key. A personalized security TPM controller additionally facilitates the personalization process of the control devices, as the protected private key in the controller can be used to transfer further keys via secure communication.

The safety of a product depends on the quality of the security processes and should play an integral part in the product development and production phases. For instance, the development and production process of the OPTIGA TPMs is certified to Common Criteria. TPM security controllers cover a standardized spectrum of security functions. Protection already begins The current version of the Common Criteria in the production process as the security controllers have an individual personal key allocated to the chip. In particular, TPM controllers as the main memory for security-critical keys and certificates enable was issued in 1999 as the international stan- the secure transfer of new keys. Source: Infineon dard ISO/IEC 15408 and specifies the criteria for evaluating and certifying the reliability,

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quality, and trustworthiness of IT products. update process with programming then com- Furthermore, the TPMs are produced and per- mences and the data packages are sent in sonalized using manufacturing processes that small blocks to the ECUs. Within the ECUs, the are also fully audited and certified. This strict data blocks are decrypted, decompressed, and monitoring of security processes by indepen- a new code is written in the flash memory of dent or state-approved certification bodies is the target control unit via the secure flash the foundation for the high level of security bootloader. The secure flash bootloader is a quality provided by Infineon’s TPMs. key element for the SOTA process within the control unit. The main security functions are, Another critical factor is the long life expec- for instance, executed by the HSM in the tancy of vehicles of up to 20 years or more. A AURIX™ microcontroller: Secure booting, au- further demand is that the implemented cryp- thentication, decryption and encryption, key to algorithms are also secure throughout the management, and integrity check. Authenti- vehicle's entire service life. To enable this, the cation for flash access prevents unauthorized security architecture should facilitate simple read and write access to the flash memory. crypto functionality switchover, possibly Flash access is only enabled by the HSM after support both old and new algorithms in par- successful authentication of the central gate- allel, and offer sufficient hardware resources way and after sending a respective program- (buses, memory, etc.) for new, longer keys. This ming command. After successful verification so-called “crypto agility” is supported, e.g., by of the update, this is reported to the update the TPM 2.0 standard. server. At the end of the update mode, the vehicle is rebooted or started with all the Example of SOTA application ECUs.

Conclusion Costly recall actions to eliminate software problems in vehicle control units have forced carmakers to increasingly consider the oppor- State-of-the-art semiconductor solutions tunities that would arise from performing enable vehicle security systems with high Microcontrollers with HSM and TPM security software updates over the air (SOTA). Besides functional security and cyber security that controllers offer, for example, hardware-based the saved callback costs, the mobile connec- protect the vehicle as well as car and road security mechanisms for the various functions tion to the vehicle and the option to download users. Optimized for specific applications, 32- of a SOTA application within the vehicle Source: Infineon new software via this communication inter- bit microcontrollers with integrated hardware face enable new functions and applications. security modules (HSM), SIM controllers, and Dedicated security solutions provide hard- special TPM security controllers, as well as lization of proven crypto algorithms, e.g. AES ware-based security mechanisms for various corresponding software packages are avail- and ECC, as well as adherence to standards, functions in a SOTA application within the able. This way it is possible to adapt the re- e.g. SHE, EVITA, and TPM, minimize the risk vehicle. spective security mechanisms to the security and the integration effort for OEMs, their sup- requirements of a particular application. Uti- pliers, and sub-suppliers. ■ In addition to end-to-end communication between OEM server and target control unit, the vehicle architecture for SOTA can be implemented via three control units (ECU blocks) where different security solutions assume the respective security functions: Telematics con- Bibliography trol unit, central gateway, and target control Schneider, R., Kohn, A., Klimke, M., and Dannebaum, U., „Cyber Security in the Auto- unit. The authentication and encryption ser- motive Domain – An Overview“, SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1652, 2017, doi: vices are activated in the telematics unit 10.4271/2017-01-1652. using the wireless connection and the trans- Arthur, W., Challener, D. and Goldmann, K. “A Practical Guide to TPM 2.0: Using the mitted data (from the OEM) are then received Trusted Platform Module in the New Age of Security”, Apress, 1st Ed., 2015. and decrypted using a secure protocol. The implementation of a dedicated TPM security BSI TR-02102-1 „Kryptographische Verfahren: Empfehlungen und Schlüssellängen“, controller is recommended for this critical Version: 2017-01: https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/BSI/Publikatio- authentication function to protect the secu- nen/TechnischeRichtlinien/TR02102/BSI-TR-02102.pdf rity-critical keys and certificates. Escherich, R., Ledendecker, I., Schmal, C., Kuhls, B., “SHE -Secure Hardware Exten- sion – Functional Specification”, Version 1.1, Hersteller Initiative Software (HIS) AK Subsequently, the software update is stored Security, 2009 in the vehicle’s main memory. After OEM authentication and verification (in the central Weyl, B.; Wolf, M.; Zweers, F.; Gendrullis, T.; “Secure On-Board Architecture Specifi- gateway), the respective data packages are cation”, EVITA Deliverable D3.2, Aug. 2011. unpacked for the control units. The actual

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Source: Infineon

AURIX™ 2nd Generation Security and safety for the car of the future

Safety belt, ABS, ESP – these were, for a long time, the keywords that characterized the technologies that made driving safer. Connectivity and driverless technology have, however, led to the ‘motor car’ – as a coherent unit – becoming an integral part of the IoT (Internet of Things) – and the scope of safety has also widened considerably. Corresponding solutions are already available.

the standard defining certain qualitative and requirements of the automotive industry can quantitative targets for each level. also guarantee the safety/security of other Author: David Werthwein, Product Sales Manager components in the system. Microcontroller, Rutronik The term ‘security’ in contrast refers, for example, to the level of protection from exter- Safe and secure nal threats. In the automotive sector, this automotive microcontrollers nglish, unlike German, makes a dis- applies first and foremost to systems and tinction between ‘safety’ and ‘security’ data, in other words cyber security. Appro- – and this appears to be quite accurate priate provisions need to be taken to gua- AURIXTM is Infineon’s family of microcontrol- inE the world of motor vehicles. Since ‘safety’ rantee program code, dynamic data, and lers serving exactly the needs of car users in refers to ‘operational safety’ in terms of the intellectual property cannot be copied or terms of security and safety performance. system and the driver. A system is considered manipulated illegally. The legal basis for this These requirements are stipulated in the stan- ‘safe’ if the physical integrity of the user and is provided by the European General Data dard ISO 26262. The key components of the other people is guaranteed. Protection Regulation (GDPR), which will microcontroller, i.e. CPU, integrated memory, enter into force on May 25, 2018 [also see and peripheral interfaces, support the highest Consequently, malfunctioning that represents article at page 59]. ASIL class (ASIL Level D) as defined in ISO a danger to humans and the environment 26262. The actual risk levels are identified by must be excluded (functional safety). In the A key role in electronic systems is played by a risk assessment. The result is assigned to one automotive sector, this is governed by the the microcontroller. In addition to controlling of the four ASIL classes. standard ISO 26262. In terms of the risk, a and coordinating, it is also responsible for system is assigned to a specific safety class monitoring. In the best case scenario, a mi- Due to the implemented hardware security (ASIL, Automotive Safety Integrity Level), with crocontroller that meets the safety/security module (HSM) and the lockstep cores, the

32 Powered by www.rutronik.com Top-Focus|Automotive

AURIXTM provides an ‘all-in-one chip’ solution. Since the microcontroller, and all the functions it offers, is connected to the chip- integrated HSM, which provides a safe and secure computing platform. The HSM has its own flash and RAM memory for storing security applications, as well as an AES accelerator (Advanced Encryption Standard) and a true random number generator. It can therefore encrypt data fully and guarantee secure communication and ECU authentication. The microcontroller can also be booted in a safe and secure manner with the aid of the HSM to prevent attacks from viruses and Trojan horses. The HSM is separated from the rest of the TriCore™ architecture by a firewall, thereby creating a trusted execution environment.

The second generation

In the meantime, the second AURIXTM generation (TC3xx) is waiting in the wings and will gradually replace the first one. The range offers up to six independent TriCore embedded cores each with a full clock frequency of 300 MHz. Its processor performance of up to 4,000 Source: Infineon DMIPS is more than twice that of the previous generation (up to 1,600 DMIPS). The high scalability of the individual derivatives, which mance of 2,700 DMIPS – three times more ware security module (HSM) is now imple- differ with regard to flash memory (up to 16 than the previous generation (up to 900 mented in all TC3xx derivatives. Additionally, MB), integrated RAM (up to 6.9 MB), package DMIPS). The latest AURIXTM generation there- the functions have been further expanded and type, and interface features, ensures the right fore sets benchmarks in terms of the proces- improved: New asymmetric cryptography ac- chip is available for every application. sing performance integrated in a chip that, celerators help to meet ‘high’ EVITA require- e.g., can be used to ensure functional safety ments (e-safety Vehicle Intrusion proTected In the largest module (TC39x), four of the six to ISO 26262. Applications classified as ASIL- Application) and support, e.g., secure on- processor cores feature an additional lockstep D, the highest safety class, are thus possible. board communication and authentication and core. It offers an overall processor perfor- In contrast to the first generation, the hard- help to prevent hardware manipulation.

Yageo_230x99_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 99.00 mm);07. Sep 2017 10:53:23 Advertisement TDK-Micronas_112x297mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(112.00 x 297.00 mm);07. Sep 2017 09:59:11

Top-Focus|Automotive

eMMC interface Designed for your ambitions and A/B swap eFlash Bank support SOTA

The interfaces have also changed quite a bit. For example, the new AURIXTM generation (TC3xx) features an eMMC interface for external flash interfacing. As a result, the local data storage also supports SOTA (software-over-the-air) architectures. Alternatively, A/B swap can be used in eFlash banks. Software updates can then be downloaded to the vehicle control unit via a wireless Internet connection. The car owner no longer relies on a workshop for firmware updates but can perform this task from the comfort of his own garage via WLAN, thus helping to avoid possible expensive recall actions.

Greater functions thanks to the radar component

An additional new feature is a radar component. Its process system with up to two dedicated signal processing units (SPU) running at 300 MHz enables computation of next-generation radar algorithms technology and thus the use of all radar applications – from blind spot detection system to the latest front and corner radar systems. RF (Radio for angular and position detection Frequency) radar chips can be seamlessly connected to the unit via dedicated radar interfaces based on the LVDS IEEE1596-3 protocol. of linear movements Fully autonomous lane change and automatic distance control can thus be integrated as basic features in new driver assistance systems. Further communication interfaces of the second AURIXTM ◆ Precise and unique “Virtual Offset” feature generation include a Gigabit-Ethernet interface, CAN-FD channels compliant to ISO 11898-1, and LIN channels. ◆ Superior ESD and EMC performance The largest version of the new family, the TC39xx with 16 MB of ◆ Safe and well-protected embedded flash and optionally in a BGA-292 or BGA-516 package, ◆ Flexible and robust form factor is already available as an engineering sample; evaluation kits can also be acquired. Full qualification of the product family is planned by Infineon in the first quarter of 2019.

Networked development HAL 37xy single-die Experts expect the products and technologies for fully automated driving to be ready for large scale manufacture by the middle of the next decade. Through its combination of safety, security, and multi- core architecture, the second AURIXTM generation (TC3xx) lays the foundations for numerous industrial and automotive applications. HAR 37xy But companies that want to lead the way in this field need more than dual-die just safe and secure products. To guarantee complete data security and functional safety throughout the entire application, businesses face complex challenges that usually go well beyond their traditional expertise. The level of software development required, for instance, is too much to ask of many development teams. New methods of collaboration allow the pooling of know-how and facilitate develop- HAC 37xy ment significantly. The idea of the ecosystem that has been rooted with integrated capacitors in the software sector for many years is also becoming a common feature in electronics development. Rutronik, for example, works closely with a network of development service providers, system ven- dors, and equipping companies. The partner of choice in this sector is the system vendor HITEX, an expert for AURIXTM designs as well as More than a sensor family – functional safety and data security for embedded electronics solutions. Rutronik is therefore able to offer its customers the best support a system solution! along the entire value-added chain and help to reduce development cycles drastically. ■

TDK-Micronas GmbH · Hans-Bunte-Strasse 19 · 79108 Freiburg Powered by www.rutronik.com Tel. +49-761-517-0 · [email protected] · www.micronas.com 34 Focus|Power Converter

Advanced synchronous reverse blocking New circuit topologies for highly efficient power converters Energy efficiency is key to developing cost-effective power electronic systems with a high energy density. The rule of thumb is: If you reduce power loss, costs also drop, since there is less cooling load and more compact passive components can be applied, provided operation is possible with a greater switching frequency. Developers can utilize certain techniques to reduce the switching losses of power converters significantly and thereby also cut costs.

Author: Dr. Ralf Hauschild, Principal Engineer, European LSI Design and Engineering Centre, Toshiba Electronics Europe GmbH Co-Author: Wolfgang Sayer, Linemanager Rutronik

n integral part of every photovol- A cost-effective system therefore demands an The switching losses that occur in addition to taic system is the inverter. Its job is innovative circuit design that achieves the the ohmic losses are determined by two loss to convert direct voltage into alter- maximum possible degree of efficiency while mechanisms: On the one hand, by the reverse natingA voltage. The switching losses of the using silicon-based components. recovery charge (Q ) stored in the free- rr power transistors influence its efficiency wheeling diode which causes a current peak greatly. Optimizing the degree of efficiency: in the activated low-side switching transistor Example of a half-bridge turning on. And on the other hand, by the The ideal degree of efficiency is achieved charge current peak which flows when re- through the right circuit topology and the charging the output capacitance (COSS) of the correct choice of components. To boost effi- The example of a half-bridge is used to illus- blocking high-side switching transistor. ciency, inverters are making increased use of trate how the degree of efficiency of an in- transistors made of materials with wide band verter is optimized by significantly reducing Synchronous Reverse Blocking (SRB) adds a gaps, for example GaN or SiC. The problem: switching losses. It involves examining com- second switching transistor Q2 in series to These technologies are much more expensive mutation of the current flow from the free- block the reverse current in the free-wheel- than those that use silicon-based compo- wheeling diode of the blocking high-side ing diode of switching transistor Q1. Activa- nents. switching transistor to the low-side switching tion of Q2 is synchronous with Q1. The reverse transistor (Fig. 1). current is passed through a parallel silicon

Coss denotes the internal Coss parasitic output capacitance of the superjunction MOS transistor Fig. 1: Commutation of the current Current peak caused by diode and the loss mechanisms reverse recovery charge Qrr when switching a half-bridge and charging of MOS output Source: Toshiba capacitance Coss

www.rutronik.com Powered by 35 Fokus|Power Converter

Fig. 2: Components of the A-SRB circuit topology Source: Toshiba

carbide (SiC) Schottky diode. This diode has During turn-on, this voltage dependency Fig. 2 illustrates techniques for reducing the a high breakdown voltage and an extremely causes the main portion of the loss-inducing switching losses of a half-bridge. The actual low reverse recovery charge. This reduces the charging current to flow for low DSV of Q1. switching transistor (Q1) is a high-voltage effect of rrQ on switching losses significant- However, a low voltage across Q1 means a super junction DTMOS IV with a maximum ly. The polarity of the free-wheeling diode of high voltage across the low-side transistor of reverse voltage of, for example, 650 V. Q2 ensures high voltages cannot be genera- the half-bridge turning on. This leads to high The Q2 auxiliary transistor connected in ted through this transistor. A model with low turn-on losses in the transistor due to the series to Q1 is a low-voltage super junction dielectric strength (60 V) is therefore suffi- charging current peak. UMOS VIII with a reverse voltage of 60 V. The cient. applied free-wheeling diode is a SiC Schott- If COSS of Q1 is pre-charged to 40 V, for ex- ky diode with an extremely low reverse re- With Advanced SRB (A-SRB), the losses ample, before turn-on of the low-side swit- covery charge. caused by recharging the output capacitance ching transistor of the half-bridge, most of of Q1 are reduced drastically by pre-charging the charging current does not flow through This special circuit topology is activated by a Q1 to a lower voltage. The output capacitance this transistor turning on and thus cannot dedicated IC T1HZ1F driver. This IC uses a COSS depends strongly on the drain source contribute to turn-on losses. Pre-charging is PWM input signal to generate all the neces- voltage VDS. When increasing the VDS from performed by an additional voltage source, sary control signals for the transistor gates 0 V to roughly 40 V, the capacitance is re- which is generated by a charge pump in the and the charge pulse to pre-charge the output duced, for example, by a factor of about 100. IC gate driver. capacitance of Q1.

Fig. 3: Techniques for reducing the switching losses of a half-bridge Source: Toshiba

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The A-SRB technology developed by Toshiba Fig. 4: significantly reduces switching losses. It is Using A-SRB to improve the degree of efficiency suitable for an array of applications, such as Source: Toshiba photovoltaic inverters, DC/DC converters, power factor correction (PFC), and drive controls. Fig. 3 displays techniques for reducing the switching losses of a half-bridge. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the A-SRB technology, SPICE simulations of an inverter bridge (H4 topology) were performed with and without A-SRB. input power of roughly 300 W, Toshiba offers Fig. 4 displays the efficiency improvements for the T1JM4 module solution. various output powers and switching fre- The module integrates a com- quencies achieved for bipolar modulation plete half-bridge, including the with the aid of A-SRB. A Toshiba DTMOS IV gate driver with A-SRB functions, with low RDS(on) (100 A, 600 V) was used as the switching transistors, and the SiC Schott- lated losses. Intelligent power loss manage- the switching transistor. The efficiency gain is ky diodes. Discrete gate driver kits in com- ment based on proven silicon technology most evident for high switching frequencies bination with the switching elements are enables cost-effective systems with increased as A-SRB reduces the switching losses. The available for photovoltaic inverters with a power density and energy efficiency. maximum efficiency gain in this example is higher input power of up to roughly 5 kW. about 6%. The A-SRB technology from Toshiba ensures Conclusion significant efficiency gains. Besides photovol- The main part of the system, the inverter taic inverters, it is also suitable for various bridge with A-SRB functions, can, depending other applications in the power electronics on the rated power, be implemented in various Optimizing the costs of power electronic sys- sector, e.g. for DC/DC converters, reactive ways. For a module inverter with maximum tems involves effectively addressing the re- power compensation, and motor drives. ■ Toshiba_230x148 rutronik_ad_with_earthline.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 148.00 mm);12. Sep 2017 14:28:59

Advertisement Fokus|Connection Technology

PCB plug connectors Small, smaller, smallest Space is at a premium on the boards of most end devices, and so plug connectors need to be shrunk ever further. Manufacturers are already offering relevant products – and many miniaturized solutions even feature added bonuses.

espite 2.54 mm or 5.08 mm being Author: Harun Ilhan, the ideal (pitch) dimensions for plug Product Sales Manager connectors for the longest time, even Dsmaller pitches of as low as 0.5 mm are in Connectors & Cables, Rutronik demand today. They aim not only to conserve space on the board, but also generally enable greater contact density overall. The potential for pitches of 0.4 mm and 0.2 mm to be established in Europe is limited. The Far East is the more relevant target market, where such dimensions are applied to smartphones and other entertainment electronics.

However, modern plug connectors need not only to be smaller, but also provide greater stability, performance and convenient con- Not afraid of the water: Plug connectors with IP68 protection nection mechanisms. For instance, the active Source: Amphenol Industrial latch mechanism provides a secure mechanical connection in applications where there are strong tensile forces or vibrations. Unlike lever. It is also possible to use the lever on the other systems, active latch housings with plug connector as a “backup” in which case standard headers in a single series always fit the locking mechanism of the connector together, thereby guaranteeing 100% modu- largely handles the position assurance. larity and exchangeability within a plug connector system. The housing consists of a high- For harsh environments temperature plastic and can withstand operating temperatures of up to 125 °C. Keystone_230x99mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 99.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:42:37 The SSL 1.2 series from Amphenol Industrial Reliable connections with IP68 protection when plugged, for in- ™ stance, is ideal for use in wet and dirty environments. The pre-assembled solutions Reliable signal communication under any provide considerable savings potential on the operating conditions – including vibration – is board and in use. The DuraClikTM series from Molex is specially designed for particularly essential with engine control INTERCONNECT COmPONENTS & haRdwaRE automotive applications devices in automobiles, especially for safety- Thanks to LV214 certification, the DuraClik™ Source: Molex critical components such as the airbag and series with a pitch of 2.00 mm and the Mini- ABS/ASR. Models with TPA (Terminal Position tek Microspace™ series from Amphenol ICC Assurance) are supplied with a locking mech- with pitches of 1.27/1.50 mm are suitable for anism that prevents the contacts from acci- automotive and other applications such as dentally becoming disconnected. When non-automotive transportation and indus- plugged in a certain position, the position trial production machinery (factory automa- assurance mechanism, which is implemented tion) that require high resistance to vibration. in the form of a lever, can secure the lever on The form-fit and heat-resistant design of the Battery Clips, Contacts & Holders Fuse Clips & Holders Terminals and Test Points Spacers & Standoffs Plugs & Jacks Multi-Purpose Hardware the plug connector itself or a counterpart DuraClik™ family enable high space reduc- connector so that neither can be separated tions and reliable contacts in high-vibration It’s what’s on the InsIde that counts ® from the other. However, it is not absolutely applications. The Minitek Microspace™ plug necessary for the plug connector to be con- connectors have primary and secondary con- ELECTRONICS CORP. nected to the counterpart connector using the tact retention, poka-yoke polarization as well European Headquarters: www.keyelco.com • 33 (1) 46 36 82 49 • 33 (1) 46 36 81 57

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Rutroniker 1-3v ad_6-2017r1altB.indd 1 6/29/17 10:36 AM Fokus|Connection Technology

The patented STRIPT™ plug connectors from can hold multiple wires of 20–32 AWG. Dou- AVX – originally known as “naked” – are ble connection points with tension relief en- among the cheapest solutions in this seg- sure stable operation even under extreme ment. They require neither the space nor the temperature, impact and vibration conditions. assembly costs required for plastic insulation. Even so, Insulation Displacement Connector In order to respond to such needs among (IDC) technology enables gas-tight, castable others, manufacturers in this price-driven connections with secure contacts that can market rely both on low-cost connector tech- also withstand vibration. They are also avail- nologies and on high volumes through greater able with poke-home WTB technology. The versatility. Distribution partners also provide individual UL-certified contacts provide the some relief on the market. Both manufac- The DuraClikTM series from Molex same performance as complete plug connec- turers and customers benefit from their ad- is specially designed for automotive applications tor solutions. vice, value-added services and logistical Source: Molex handling. Because they are also capable of serving smaller customers than the manufacturers themselves, they are also capable of as a “visual mismatch prevention system” that catering to other market segments for the eliminates the risk of improper connections. components. It also benefits from a compact construction and a PCB footprint that is half the size of Optimizing costs during production comparable plug connectors on the market.

Less Is more Adam Tech makes it possible to optimize component costs even while production processes are underway. This manufacturer is able to When it comes to accounting for cost, the replace designed-in plug connectors while product designer’s motto is “less is more”! For ensuring compatibility – all the while main- Flat, compact and low-cost – the miniature Griplet® instance, they are increasingly leaving away IDC plug connectors from Amphenol ICC taining maximum quality at competitive the plastic coating for the housing. Contact Source: Amphenol ICC prices. In accordance with patent rights, a protection is already becoming increasingly variety of customized reproductions are unnecessary, in part because the boards are possible – alternatively, plug connectors can installed so as to be inaccessible or are The miniature Griplet® IDC plug connectors be created with pin compatibility. This enables encapsulated by casting. Additionally, the from Amphenol ICC are a low-cost solution any flaws in the reproduction design to be plastic does not perform any locking or reten- for wired connections. Due to its flat, compact eliminated. Because these solutions are also tion function. Also, the omission of unneces- design with a height of 3.7 mm and a surface in-creasingly in demand for automotive ap- sary plastic is consistent with environmen- of 4.0 mm x 6.1 mm, it is ideal for limited- plications, Adam Tech is currently undergoing tally-consciously thinking. space applications in harsh environments. It TS16949 certification. ■

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European Headquarters: www.keyelco.com • 33 (1) 46 36 82 49 • 33 (1) 46 36 81 57

Rutroniker 1-3v ad_6-2017r1altB.indd 1 6/29/17 10:36 AM KOA_72x297_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(72.00 x 297.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:44:41

Fokus|Precision Measurement Technology

Shunts Metal Plate Power Shunts Current 244A (AEC-Q200(AEC-Q200)) measurements using a resistor Today, practically every control and monitoring circuit uses shunt-based current measurements as the easy and cost effective alternative to sensor solutions. To achieve measuring results with the demanded accuracy, it is useful to understand how shunts work. Since the method is classed as a precision measuring technology it should not be regarded as a trivial task. Features • PSJ2: 244A(0.2mΩ) to 54A(2mΩ) • PSL2: 163A(0.3mΩ) and 126A(0.5mΩ) periencing a real boom, especially due to the • Sizes: 3920 (PSJ2) and 2512 (PSL2) Author: Bert Weiss, increasing number of condition measurements • Ultra-low resistance, suitable for large Technical Support Resistors, in cars, e.g. engine and battery management, Rutronik current detection airbag control unit, ABS, and further safety, locking, and infotainment systems. Current • Excellent long-term stability and pulse sense resistors are also becoming ever more withstanding performance shunt has a low resistive value and popular in industrial applications, medical • Robust copper terminations can be used to measure the current technology and for regenerative energies and – it is therefore also referred to as smart metering. • AEC-Q200 qualiﬁed aA current sense resistor. It is always employed when the measured current exceeds Various technologies Applications the range of the measuring device. The shunt are on offer is then connected in parallel to the mea- • High current automotive applications suring device. The total current flows through (ECU, EPS, motor control, EV/HEV) the shunt and generates a voltage drop that Shunts are available as metal layer technology • DC / DC converter is measured. Using Ohm’s law and the known and full metal versions. Layer resistors are con- • Inverter power supplies resistance, this can then be used to calculate siderably less expensive but have a poorer the current (I = V/R). To keep power loss – comparative temperature coefficient. There is • Frequency converters and thus heat development – to a minimum, also a further, design-related disadvantage: • Intelligent power modules shunts must have a very low resistive value With metal layer resistors, a paste is applied in the milliohm range, some are even below to a ceramic substrate and adjusted to the that. desired value using laser trimming. This re- KOA Shunt Information: sults in an inhomogeneous structure that is The advantage of this measuring method is trimmed to the rated value as a meandering that faults can be detected and eliminated shape. Along with the already existing para- quickly. These shunts are therefore particular- sitic inductances, this causes a series induc- ly interesting for safety-relevant applications tance, thus invalidating Ohm’s law, in its where faults need to be detected. Further- purest form, and falsifying the result of the more, they deliver precise measuring results current measurement. The voltage drop at the and thus enable, e.g., the efficient control of shunt then takes place according to the for- drives or the monitoring of battery manage- mula U = I x R – L (di/dt). Metal layer resistors ment systems. At the same time, shunt resis- are therefore only worth considering if inductors are excellent value for money. tance is unimportant. Europe GmbH Kaddenbusch 6 Shunts are basically suitable for any type of Full-metal shunt resistors consist of a homo- D-25578 Dägeling/Itzehoe measuring application – be it with a direct or geneous resistive element so that no addition- Phone +49(0)4821/8989-0 alternating current. Shunts are currently ex- al inductance develops and a consistent and [email protected] http://www.koaeurope.de 40 Powered by www.rutronik.com Fokus|Precision Measurement Technology

correct measuring result is achieved. This is key Shunts are the simpler to high precision applications, for instance in and cheaper alternative to sensor solutions medical technology, or precision measuring Source: KOA devices. Furthermore, they are characterized by high measuring accuracy and resistance to thermal shock. They are available in various sizes – including ones that are much larger than for standard chip resistors – and TK- values way below 100 ppm/K. Full-metal resistors can be operated with an output of up to 7 W at maximum temperatures of 275 °C. Resistive values up to the low single-digit milliohm range can be selected.

The perfect resistive value can be determined cation. As shunt resistors are relatively expen- mined using the internal Kelvin connections, quite easily: The lowest measuring voltage sive compared to other resistor technologies, so that the resulting measuring errors can be that still achieves sufficiently accurate results they are already available in small batch sizes eliminated. is divided by the lowest current value of the and test samples. measuring range. 4-wire shunts are used in two scenarios: First- 4-wire shunts ly, when the line and contact resistance are There is a trend towards smaller sizes with relatively high and, in contrast to the mea- higher outputs; and customer-specific ver- sured resistance, not negligible. Secondly, sions in terms of connection geometry and The 4-wire version is one option. Here, the when the resistive value is smaller than 10 mR. shunt size are also increasingly sought after. current flows through two connections and Since the resistive values of the conductors are Whether they are the preferred choice to stan- the voltage is measured at the other two. The also in the milliohm range and must thus be dard models depends on the respective appli- voltage drop at the resistors can be deter- incorporated. ■

INTEL RELIABILITY Backed by over 30 years of memory expertise and global leadership in technology and processor manufacturing. Fokus|Leds

Lighting of plants with artificial light Horticulture lighting

The market for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been experiencing continuous growth for several years. The reasons for this include, for instance, the low costs of the LEDs, whose energy efficiency and capabilities, brightness, and color scheme can be adapted individually to the respective requirements. In addition, drivers enable a simple method, usually via plug&play, for targeted control Makes plants sprout: of the LEDs. the Oslon SSL family Source: Osram

oday, more than half of the world’s hang above the plants. Due to the low heat Author: Svenja Mahler, population lives in cities, and this development of LEDs, the distance between Product Sales Manager Opto (LED IR), trend looks set to continue. When it the light source and the plant can be kept to Rutronik comesT to providing people in so-called mega a minimum. And the racks can thus contain a cities with a sufficient amount of healthy greater number of levels. Moreover, LEDs also food, conventional methods of agriculture enable ‘inter-lighting’. In this case, the lights will soon reach their limits. A possible solu- are positioned in between the plants, which, tion is horticulture lighting. compared to ‘top lighting’, helps to reduce shading. This ensures that smaller plants are Horticulture lighting refers to the illumina- exposed to sufficient light, too. tion of plants with artificial light to achieve both faster and targeted growth; specifically Thanks to new LED technologies, it is possible aimed, for example, at bud development and to maximize plant exposure to the precise fruit ripening. Light stimulates photosynthesis wavelength that promotes photosynthesis and is thus decisive for plant growth. But the and optimum growth. Additionally, being able light must provide the correct spectral range. to influence the exposure period and bene- Different wavelengths are important for the fiting from a flexible arrangement of the LEDs growth, shape, development, and blossoming are strong arguments in favor of the use of of the plant. For instance, if red LEDs with a LED lighting for plant growth. In the sector of wavelength of 660 nm are used for tomatoes, horticulture lighting, the OSLON-SSL product it has a positive effect on the harvest, espe- range from OSRAM Opto Semiconductors cially on the number of fruit. Conversely, ex- offers an extensive portfolio of high-perfor- posing cucumbers to blue light with 455 nm mance LEDs with low thermal resistivity. The slows down growth, while a blue wavelength robust ceramic package is ideal for the con- of 470 nm results in a greater leaf area and ditions inside greenhouses. The OSLON-SSL- fresh and dry shoot biomass. Colors family is available in eight colors, ranging from 450 nm (deep blue) to 730 nm The time period during which the plants are (far red), which represent the most reliable exposed to light is also significant for horti- wavelengths in terms of plant growth. Ever- culture lighting. The ‘natural daytime’ can light Electronics also provides customers with thus be extended with the aid of artificial a wide range of products for the horticulture light and results in stronger growth and in- lighting sector and is therefore an ideal addi- creased bud development. tion to Rutronik’s portfolio.

Furthermore, there are a range of options for However, each LED has to be supplied with the Horticulture Lighting in practise arranging the lights to the plants. The stan- respective energy. Infineon Technologies is a Source: Osram dard method is ‘top lighting’ where the LEDs technology leader in the field of power man-

42 Powered by www.rutronik.com Fokus|Leds

Uni-color string topology < 100 W in flyback CC version Source: Osram

agement and offers an extensive selection of The CDM10V driver can be individually config- Infineon’s ILD6150 DC-DC LED driver, in con- analog and digital LED drivers, microcontrol- ured once, thus resulting in a plethora of junction with the XMC1300 microcontroller, lers, MOSFETs, and DimmingICs for horticulture versatile applications. Infineon delivers pre- complements this multi-string solution by lighting solutions. The portfolio of Infineon configured components, but configuration supporting, among other things, connectivity, Technologies addresses all the standard topol- can also be performed by each customer in- e.g. via DALI and DMX, as well as the inte- ogies for single string < 100 W, single string dividually. The main benefits of the CDM10V gration of sensory equipment. Furthermore, > 100 W, and multi-string applications. are the programming option, the reduced the XMC-1300 supports automatic exponen- space as a result of the 6-pin SOT package, tial dimming and linear intensity changes Controller and the dimming function (0-10 V). and ensures brightness and color transitions for monochrome LEDs appear natural to the human eye. Further, the Precice control of multicolor LEDS automatic brightness control enables flicker- free dimming, also for a dimming level of Infineon’s configurable XDPL8105 digital, below 0.1 %. single-stage flyback controller provides a If plants are exposed to light from multi-col- perfect solution for controlling the Oslon- ored LED strips, it requires precise control to From a financial perspective, the use of LEDs SSL-Color family, especially when control- ensure the light is provided at the correct offers various advantages compared to con- ling uni-color LEDs below 100 W. The figure wavelength. To achieve this goal, suppliers ventional lighting options. For a start, LEDs do on top of this page shows an example of the such as Infineon or Diodes supply an array of not burn out like traditional light bulbs but circuit diagram for the XDPL8105 in single- solutions. One example is the ICL5101 AC-DC simply experience minimum lumen deprecia- stage flyback CC topology. The XDPL8105 LED driver IC from Infineon in combination tion over time. While light bulbs are liable to is a digital AC/DC converter with flyback with the 700 V / 800 V CoolMOS™ P7. This fail on average after just one year, top grade function that enables isolated dimming from PFC+LLC solution offers, above all, advan- LEDs can now be operated for more than 0 to 10 V. Yet another advantage is intelli- tages due to very low THD (Total Harmonic 50,000 hours (depending on the type of ap- gent thermal management. Distortion) over a wide load range. plication). The increased lifetime additionally ensures high reliability. Further, energy can be saved through effective and efficient control. Horticulture lighting looks set to grow in the LED string driver coming years thanks to new LED technologies directly to low voltage and intelligent control units. Source: Osram Rutronik recognized this trend at an early stage and already offers a wide range of products that can be used for horticulture lighting. Heatsinks, connectors, cables, MOS- FETs, diodes, and microcontrollers are just a few examples from Rutronik’s extensive portfolio. ■

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Source: AVX

Polymer tantalum capacitors An interesting alternative to conventional tantalum capacitors?

Polymer tantalum capacitors have been constantly further enhanced and optimized in order to meet the requirements of ever smaller applications – and thus layouts, low inner resistances (ESR) as well as higher capacitances. Have they therefore become a genuine alternative to conventional tantalum capacitors?

Author: Jürgen Geier, Field Application Engineer Cermic Capacitors, Rutronik

he only difference between a polymer considerably greater rated voltage range of exclusively of solids without drying-out effect tantalum capacitor and a convention- up to 125 V and is thus interesting for appli- that could possibly have a negative impact on al tantalum capacitor is the cathode: cations with an operating voltage of up to their longevity. InsteadT of MnO (manganese dioxide), the 100 V. Due to the high volume efficiency, 2 first one uses a highly conductive polymer. much higher capacitance values (up to 1,500 As there is basically no longevity limit for µF) can be achieved with regard to the size polymer tantalums, it is possible to calculate In contrast to MnO2, this polymer layer does than is currently possible with a ceramic ca- an error rate for this technology: This is influ- not have an oxygen atom – and thus offers a pacitor. Piezo-electric effects and sensitivity enced by the following factors: decisive advantage: As it cannot release oxy- to breakage are also impossible with the • Basic error rate gen in a worst case scenario, the risk of igni- polymer types. • Voltage derating tion in the event of an overload is almost • Ambient temperature fully excluded. Longevity • Series circuit resistance Polymer tantalum capacitors therefore offer If these factors are known, the error rate can increased reliability and the relevant voltage Another advantage of polymer tantalum ca- be clearly determined. derating is typically just 20 %. Besides a sig- pacitors: Thanks to the design, their longevity nificantly lower inner resistance (ESR), this is virtually unlimited. Since, in contrast to In the meantime, some of the polymer tan- technology is additionally characterized by a aluminum electrolytic capacitors, they consist talum capacitors have even been qualified to

44 Powered by www.rutronik.com Fokus|Passive Components

The illustration above shows three standard 3 x standard 1 x polymer tantalum capacitors with an ESR of 75 mOhm tantalum capacitor tantalum capacitor each connected in parallel for reducing the overall ESR to 25 mOhm. In this example, just one polymer tantalum capacitor can already achieve the desired ESR. However, this only applies if the ESR is clearly the focus here.

Moreover, it must be determined whether the circuit requires a respective ripple current – which has a direct effect on the ESR – or whether a minimum capacitance is demanded for proper functioning of the application. In the example above, the ESR is in the fore- ground. Using polymer tantalum capacitor Part 3 x standard tantalum capacitor 1x polymer tantalum capacitor technology, this ESR can already be achieved Case 3 x C case (6,0 x 3,2 x 2,6 mm) 1 x b Case (3,5 x 2,8 x 1,9 mm) with a lower capacitance. ESR: 3 x 75 mOhm parallel a 25 mOhm 25 mOhm Capacity 3 x 100 µF a 300 µF 150 µF Provided that the operating voltage is 5 V, a Footprint 3 x 19,2 mm² = 57,6 mm² 9,8 mm² 6.3 V polymer type can be applied due to the Price indicator 100% 50% – 60% lower voltage derating after technical testing.

A polymer tantalum capacitor can replace three conventional tantalum capacitors – with a considerably smaller This means: By replacing the conventional ca- footprint Source: Rutronik pacitors with polymer tantalum capacitors, it is possible to reduce the equipment and overall costs as well as achieve the frequently deman- AEC-Q200, making sure they are also suit- Thanks to their very low ESR, polymer tanta- ded miniaturization. Therefore, polymer tech- able for automotive applications. lum capacitors provide the opportunity to nology provides developers with new possibi- achieve the desired value with just one com- lities to further enhance their applications. Reducing ponent. As a low voltage derating (usually To tap the full potential of this technology, the footprint and costs 20 %) needs to be observed, a smaller rated existing projects may require a re-design. Each voltage value is sufficient in most cases. case needs to be analyzed separately to esti- Depending on the required parameters, it is mate the respective potential for optimization. When using conventional capacitors, several thus possible to select the next smaller size Basically, the design rules of the individual capacitors are often connected in parallel and additionally reduce the number of com- suppliers should be heeded to enable reliable, with the aim of reducing the ESR. ponents. long-term application. ■

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InductIve components And modules FoR All ApplIcAtIons.

Power Inductors Transformers and EMI Components Point of Load Components for Chokes Converters Medical Applications

Source: Fotolia

Crystals and oscillators for industrial Ethernet Setting the pace for industrial real-time systems

Automation technology is increasingly based on Author: Jochen Neller, industrial Ethernet – and there is a good reason for this: Technical Support Inductors & Timing Devices, This technology combines real-time capability Rutronik with the robustness and safety of fieldbuses. Reliable crystals and oscillators with high signal accuracy are however required to ensure this technology also meets the strict real-time demands of the control and field level.

ccording to the findings of HMS In- dustrial Ethernet. The market share of indus- dustrial Networks, conventional field- trial Ethernet has already risen sharply from buses are used in 48 % of current- 38 % (2016) to 46 % (2017). Other analysts lyA implemented industrial networks, while have come up with different figures, but the industrial Ethernet now accounts for 46 % one thing they all agree on is the transition of the market (as of March 2017). But this to industrial Ethernet. volume of distribution is about to change drastically. HMS estimates an annual growth Due to its ability to combine real-time perfor- rate of 4 % for fieldbuses and 22 % for in- mance with the robustness and safety of

46 Powered by www.rutronik.com Fokus|Clocks

fieldbus solutions, this technology meets the during, and after implementation besides of- execute coordinated movements. Distributed current demands of industry automation. fering training courses and workshops. With clocks ensure a very precise network-wide Moreover, industrial Ethernet enables seam- over 4,400 members – including Rutronik – time base. less communication from the actuator or sen- the ETG is the world’s largest industrial Ether- sor at field level all the way up to systems at net user organization. These demands and functions go well beyond management and company level, as the IT the simple Ethernet standard. They can be systems of companies are already Ethernet Hard and soft real-time implemented in various feasible hardware based. solutions, e.g. with FPGAs, ASICs or fully integrated controllers. Crystals, oscillators or re- At present, many incompatible application While system communication at management liable real-time clocks with high signal qua- protocols exist, e.g. Ethernet/IP, EtherCAT, and company level is not particularly time lity are required for signal clocking. SERCOS, Profinet or Powerlink. According critical and defines only soft real-time re- to HMS, the market is still dominated by quirements, the control and field level in- Precise and reliable EtherNet/IP, Profinet, and EtherCAT. They creasingly demands hard real-time. A safe and crystals and oscillators are used by a large number of machine and fast exchange of data is necessary to ensure plant suppliers to enhance performance and a complex system in which all components the user friendliness of processes – especially interact efficiently. Besides excellent real- Epson offers crystals and oscillators that com- when reliability and system stability are time behavior, the networks should also guar- bine both soft and hard real-time require- key. antee minimum deviations and synchronized ments with short cycle times and low jitter. processes in the network nodes. The supplier’s wide range of high-quality Fast and flexible: frequency-defining components meets the EtherCAT Exact synchronization is particularly impor- demand and needs of current protocols. tant in applications with spatially distributed The components are suitable for an array of processes requiring simultaneous actions, e.g. applications, e.g. human machine interfaces The fastest technology by far is EtherCAT, applications in which multiple servo drives (HMI), programmable logic controllers (PLC) which additionally offers exceptional synchronization accuracy in the nanosecond range. Thanks to its short response times, it accelerates every application with step en- Epson_95x130mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(95.00 x 130.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:08:16 abling conditions. Since EtherCAT reduces the load on the CPU by roughly 30 % in com- Advertisement parison to other bus systems, given the same cycle time, it lays the foundations for more cost-effective performance and accuracy – and thus control and regulation concepts that cannot be achieved with conventional fieldbus systems. Protocol processing is thus purely hardware-based irrespective of software implementation run-times.

Data exchange is based on the master slave model; while in terms of topology, EtherCAT offers absolute flexibility: Line, tree, star topologies, and any combinations thereof are possible. With a nearly unlimited number of nodes. The well-known structures from the fieldbuses thus also become available for Ethernet when using EtherCAT. The protocol is suitable for use in time-critical motion control applications, for example in packaging machines, CNC machines, robotic systems, BEYOND and hydraulic controls. THE SURFACE Epsonisthe only manufacturer The EtherCAT Technology Group (ETG) proof electronic components with in- motes EtherCAT, a technology originally devel- house design and production of the oped by Beckhoff, and is responsible for its fullrange of quartz-based timing devices and semiconductors. This continued development worldwide. The group combination is the basis forexcep- has developed the Conformance Test Tool, tional and competitiveproducts. which is used to ensure the interoperability

and protocol conformity of EtherCAT devices. EPSON ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Furthermore, it supports ETG members before,

www.rutronik.com Fokus|Clocks

range up to +105 °C and can also be used in harsh environmental conditions. Further, it is characterized by a roughly 66 % tighter frequency tolerance (±50 ppm to ±15 ppm) and 50 % lower current consumption than comparable products.

The crystal oscillators of the SG-8101 series therefore significantly enhance the system properties with hard real-time, low current consumption, and fast development cycles. They are also ideal for lower volume production and are available in various package sizes from 7 mm x 5 mm to 2.5 mm x 2 mm. And as with all Epson oscillators: the smaller, the cheaper.

The new SG-8018 series is the cheapest Epson PLL series, which is specified as standard with a frequency tolerance of ±50 ppm for –40 °C Source: Epson to +105 °C and which already meets future requirements in terms of operating temperature. This series is also available with package or motion controllers (servo motors, FA cam- The 2.5 x 2.0 series SG-210STF, which is also sizes ranging from 7 mm x 5 mm to 2.5 mm era, sensors) and frequency inverters. available with the same characteristics in x 2 mm. 7 x 5 (SG7050) and 5 x 3.2 (SG5032), is re- MEMS oscillators are considered mechani- commendable for standard frequencies of Real-time clocks cally robust, which is particularly advanta- industry protocols that demand ±50 ppm at for maximum accuracy geous in rugged industrial applications. But temperatures between –40 °C and +85 °C. in terms of precision, phase jitters, and tem- The SG-210S*B series is suitable for a wider perature stability, crystal-based oscillators temperature range up to +105 °C or +125 °C. If greater precision is required, real time are still the best choice. clocks (RTC) are the answer. These separate The programmable crystal oscillators of the modules boast a simple design thanks to the In the very popular EtherCAT-ASICs ET1100/ SG-8018- and SG-8101 series are recommend- integrated crystal, a high level of reliability, ET1200 from Beckhoff, many protocol algo- able for non-standard frequencies, small batch and low current consumption and can be rithms are integrated in the hardware. They quantities, and short delivery times. They come used, e.g., as a back-up function. feature distributed clocks which enable ultra with an internal PLL circuit which generates precise synchronization (<<1 µs) of the Ether- the respective frequencies. The new SG-8101 To guarantee a very high level of accuracy, CAT slaves. series has a wider operating temperature which is becoming increasingly important for networked systems, Epson’s RX8900CE series comes with built-in digital temperature-compensated crystal oscillators. It can therefore compare the chronological sequence of various events. The RTCs offer frequency stability up to ±3.4 x 10–6 at temperatures ranging from –40 °C to +85 °C.

Evaluation Service

The supplier is responsible for adapting the crystal in both the oscillators and the real- time clocks. Extensive examination of the design is therefore not necessary, which reduces the time to market significantly. Epson additionally offers an evaluation service to adapt the crystal perfectly to the design – thus saving both time and money. Rutronik helps customers select the right pro- Only 2.5 mm x 2.0 mm large: ducts and is essen-tially the middleman be- the smallest member from Epsons SG-210 series Source: Epson tween the supplier and the customer. ■

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Synergy Software

Software API

Qualified Software Verified Software Synergy Software Package (SSP) Add-Ons (QSA) Add-Ons (VSA)

FileX® Stacks Stacks ™ GUIX Application Functional USBX™ Algorithms Algorithms ThThrereadX ® Framework Libraries NetX™ RTOS NetX Duo™ Functions Functions

HAL Drivers Specialties Specialties

BSP ...and more ...and more

Synergy Microcontrollers

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Ultra-Low High High High Power Efficiency Integration Performance

Core Frequency Core Frequency Core Frequency Core Frequency Up to 32 MHz To 100 MHz To 200 MHz To 300 MHz Cortex®-M0+ Cortex®-M4 Cortex®-M4 Cortex®-M4 Fokus|Data Security

Programming systems Greater security for contract manufacturing

Safe and secure contract afe and secure contract manufactur- metrical algorithms. Only the client has access manufacturing represents ing represents a real challenge for to the required private key. This effectively the client. Special programming sys- prevents the falsifying of the signature for a real challenge for the client. temsS help to keep control of in-house data specified hardware. Communication between Special programming systems and prevent illegal copies. the CM and the server is secured by hybrid encryption methods via TLS/SSL (Transport Layer help to keep control of in-house Contract manufacturers (CMs) are being in- Security, Secure Sockets Layer). The client is data and prevent illegal copies. creasingly used in mass production. These thus able to log all the events and actions and companies specialize in the contract manu- to output them in a clearly arranged manner facturing of products according to specific via the administration interface. criteria. However, this results in additional risks for clients, as they have to disclose, to a The signature is then sent back to the pro- Author: David Werthwein certain degree, confidential information to a gramming system and stored by it in the tar- Product Sales Manager third party. Since contract manufacturers are get device along with the firmware. The target Microcontroller, Rutronik given direct access to firmware, circuit dia- device uses a public key to check whether the grams, and further details required for pro- signature matches the UID – if this is not the duction. It is therefore particularly important case, the device outputs an error message and for clients to keep control of firmware appli- prevents further use. cation and production volumes to protect against or limit negative consequences, such Utilizing this method, the firmware or an ex- as overproduction and illegal copies. Newly ternal application which communicates with developed programming systems, such as the system can check whether the device is Flasher Secure from SEGGER, offer more se- part of the client’s legitimatized production. curity for mass production contract manufac- If one of the tests turns out to be negative, turing. the firmware immediately recognizes that the device is unauthorized and duly stops opera- How does this protection work? tion. Since the signature is different for each device, illegitimate devices can no longer be produced through simple copying. The system reads a unique ID (UID) from the device being programmed. This ID is then sent Advantages to a server which is monitored by the client. It of the system is then validated and checked whether the device can be programmed. After successful completion, a signature is generated for the device Quite often all the necessary products are from the ID using tested and certified asym- available from the same provider to implement a safe and secure programming system. Source: Segger In addition to Flasher Secure, SEGGER also offers the server software for the license management required for the system.

Clients and contract manufacturers alike profit from using this programming system. If they support this method, they can use it as a unique selling point and sales argument indicating unauthorized access to confidential data is not possible when using their services. The Rutronik team will gladly answer any questions you might have about safe and secure programming systems and the search for the ideal provider. ■

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Fokus|Data Security

Smart Driving

With your ideas and our solutions you decide where the road ends

ST offers a comprehensive set of solutions for all your automotive applications. Whether you are developing products to make driving safer – radar, machine vision, sensor fusion, precise positioning, vehicle dynamic control greener – drive train electrification (HEV/EV, 48V), transmission, LED, BLDC motor control or more connected – navigation, infotainment, telematics, secure & smart gateways,V2X our experience, deep application knowledge and automotive quality manufacturing enables us to deliver the optimized products and solutions you need.

Audio Ampliﬁers Audio Ampliﬁers satellite and terrestrial Tuners LED and Light driver ICs satellite and terrestrial Tuners LED and Light driver ICs Communication Transceivers ICs Telematics processorsCommunication Transceivers ICs Telematics processorsAutomotive MEMs, HD imaging ICs November 8-11, 2016 Automotive MEMs,Gyroscopes andHDAccelerometersimaging ICsVision and Radar processors Messe München Gyroscopes and AccelerometersAlternator and VoltageVisionregulatorsandProtectionsRadar processors Alternator and Voltage regulators Radar 24/77 GHz MMIC Protections Braking driver ICs 8Bit auto-grade MCU’s Join us! SiC Power MOSFETsRadar 24/77 GHz MMIC 2 8Bit auto-grade MCU’s Hall A5, Booth 207 SiC Power MOSFETsIGBTsBrakingEE PROMsdriverEngineICs and Transmission control ICs IGBTs EE2PROMs EngineDoorandmoduleTr32-bitansmissionauto-gradecontrolMCU’ICss Door module driver ICs Car Network (wired and wireless) ICs SiC-Diodes 32-bit auto-gradeSecure Elements MCU’s driver ICs Car Network (wired and wireless)IntelligentICs SiC-DiodesAirbag driver ICs Power-Management-ICs Secure Elements DC, BLDC stepper and Ignition drivers ICs IntelligentanalogAirbaandgSwitchesdriver ICs Power-Management-ICs digital Audio processors multiphase motor controllers analog and Switches DC, BLDC stepper and Ignition drivers ICs multi multiphaseconstellationmotorGNSScontrollers digital Audio processorsprecise positioning ICs multi constellation GNSS precise positioning ICs

For more information, visit http://smarter.st.com/smart-driving/ For more information, visit www.st.com www.rutronik.com/stmicroelectronics/ Main Topic|Smart Solutions

Gesture control Contactless switching The Wii video game console was the first to show how it is done. In the meantime, gesture controls have been appearing in an ever greater number of applications – when sufficient space is available. In this field, a new proximity and ambient light sensorfrom Vishay provides greater flexibility. Source: Vishay

specific area only to protect it against extra- More than just on and off – light switches neous light sources and prevent accidental Author: Stephan Menze, with gesture control Product Sales Manager deployment. Larger ranges can be achieved Analog & Sensors, Rutronik with smaller aperture angles. However, the applied lenses have a direct impact on the Due to its compact size (4 mm x 2.36 mm x component costs. 0.75 mm) and easy-to-position emitters, the sensor enables gesture controls in the Positioning of the emitter also ensures that smallest of spaces, e.g. in a mechanical light he digitally integrated proximity and the solution reflects the prevailing space con- switch (see graphic below). Using various, ambient light sensor VCNL4035X01 ditions in the application. An evaluation board previously specified gestures, users can thus from Vishay is designed specifically as and demonstration software support emitter not only turn the light on and off but also dim anT optical front end sensor for gesture con- selection, while Vishay also helps with the it or create color changes. Furthermore, the trol applications. It integrates a driver for up development of gesture algorithms. integrated ambient light sensor enables fur- to three external IREDs with measured value ther functions, e.g. a lamp that turns on and recording up to 16 bit that can be connected The solution detects a gesture by determining off automatically according to the ambient to an external IR emitter. As a result, devel- the relative position of an object, e.g. a hand, brightness. opers can choose from emitters of various to the sensor and the direction or sequence shapes and sizes and with varying aperture of its appearance/disappearance in the detec- Besides other smart home applications and angles. Adapting the aperture angle ex- tion range. The high level light sensitivity of mobile electronic devices, the VCNL4035X01 actly to the application is particularly impor- the sensor ensures objects are still detected is particularly suitable for use where sterility tant if the sensor is to be sensitive in one at a distance of 50 cm. and hygiene are top priority, for instance in the medical sector. Thanks to its automotive qualification, the sensor can also be employed for gesture control in motor vehicles.

Keeping systems in standby

The sensor features two modes: Self-timed mode and gesture mode. In self-timed mode, the system remains in standby mode and the sensor only starts the evaluation when an object undercuts a certain distance. To achieve this, an internal oscillator specifies the measuring rate of the sensor and only one of the three end stages operates. And the More than just on and off: respective stage can be freely programmed. Thanks to an integrated gesture control, the light switch can dim the light or create Once the measurements have been started, an color changes Source: Vishay interrupt function compares the measured

52 Powered by www.rutronik.com Main Topic|Smart Solutions

signal to the internally set thresholds and To ensure there are no interferences caused extraneous light and achieve a high range, triggers an interrupt if they are exceeded by signal noise and external, infrared light Rutronik offers versions with improved sun- or undercut. Proximity logic mode can be sources despite the high sensitivity and signal light filters. additionally activated. A hysteresis is then amplification of the VCNL4035X01, the sen- set so that the interrupt pin is reset automat- sor performs further measurements during The time-of-flight technology is the right ically once the lower threshold is undercut the same time period for each proximity mea- choice when it comes to solutions that should again. surement. In this case, the sensor’s own in- be even more light independent and precise. frared signal is not sent ensuring the inten- Here, it is not only the photons reflected by In gesture mode, a measurement is newly re- sity of the incident light is determined with- the object that are counted, the phase shift quested at the sensor by the user or the MCU. out it. Since certain sensor parameters can or the runtime is also determined. In contrast to self-timed mode, all three IR be set precisely, the sensor is extremely in- emitters are successively multiplexed by the sensitive to sunlight. Thanks to internal elim- Light-independent sensor and the measured values stored in the ination, the sensor can even prevent interfe- measurements respective tabs. The measured values are read rences that may lead to short ‘spikes’ and out as a total data stream by the server and thus individually changed proximity values, must be assigned by the MCU. The interrupt e.g. a 50 Hz lamp. This enables almost completely light-inde- pin can optimize the latency time between pendent measurements and absolute dis- two measurements by identifying the end of These features make the VCNL4035X01 an tance measurements. Moreover, this solution Source: Vishay sensor measurement. ideal and cost-effective solution for any ges- is almost fully independent of the object ture control. color; a fact that is particularly advanta- As with all optical solutions, the sensor must geous for black surfaces. Target applications be protected against contamination. This can Rutronik also offers sensors with integrated for this include gesture controls, especially be achieved with infrared transparent cover emitters for developers who do not want to in places exposed to a lot of sunlight or ex- glass. To avoid the glass reflecting the sent get involved with adjustments and would traneous light. Besides single-pixel sensors, infrared signal, the sensor supports an inter- rather have a complete solution. For appli- Rutronik offers a 3D solution with 320 x 240 nal calibration option. cations that need to be very insensitive to pixels. ■

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Bluetooth® 5 Ready for the IoT The Internet of Things (IoT) ‘thrives’ on the wireless connectivity between ‘things’ and their host systems. A significant role is played by Bluetooth technology: Today, 8.2 billion Bluetooth devices are already in use. And this figure is set to rise sharply with the launch of Bluetooth 5.

he Internet of Things (IoT) ‘thrives’ throughput, which can now also transfer on the wireless connectivity between high-end audio and videos in moderate res- Author: Daniel Barth, Senior Marketing Manager Wireless, ‘things’ and their host systems. A sig- olutions. This means not only that larger Tnificant role is played by Bluetooth techno- amounts of data can be sent in a shorter time, Rutronik logy: Today, 8.2 billion Bluetooth devices are but also a lower power consumption for the already in use. And this figure is set to rise transmission of a certain amount of data, sharply with the launch of Bluetooth 5. since the power consumption mainly depends on how long a radio link is used. The 2 Mbps Bluetooth 4.2 already boasts extended safe- is, however, a theoretical value: Due to the ty features and the basis for increased data protocol overhead, it is in practice rather at throughput. It is also just as energy efficient 1.4 Mbps. as its predecessors. And now Bluetooth 5 is about to be released with a data transfer Higher rate that is twice as fast in terms of per- broadcast capacity formance, plus it will carry eight times the amount of information (advertising/broad- casting capacity) and have four times the Another vital feature of Bluetooth 5 is the range. so-called ‘Advertising Extensions’. They allow continued advertising outside the specific In addition to the standard modulation rate channels. Applications based on broadcast of 1 Mbps, three other data rates were intro- capabilities, e.g. beacons and smart mesh, can duced in Bluetooth 5: 125 kbps, 500 kpbs, and benefit from the increased data throughput, 2 Mbps. The first two data rates bring higher as more information can be transported by ranges, the 2 Mbps results in higher data the higher broadcast capacity. The four feature pillars of Bluetooth 5 Source: Nordic

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First fully Bluetooth 5 compatible SoC The nRF52840 System-on-Chip (SoC) from Nordic Semiconductor is solutions. The nRF52840 supports a large voltage range from 1.7 V the first fully Bluetooth 5 compatible Bluetooth Low Energy Chip to 5.5 V and offers up to 48 GPIO in a 7 x 7 mm2 AQFN package. It and guarantees an increase in the data transfer rate, eight times the is also supported by the S140 SoftDevice, which is a Bluetooth 5 advertising capacity, and four times the range. It additionally sup- pre-qualified Bluetooth low energy protocol stack (Central / Pe- ports ANT, 802.15.4 (Thread), and 2.4 GHz applications with an ad- ripheral / Broadcaster / Observer). The chip is compatible with the vanced multi-protocol. Moreover, the SoC has a 64 MHz, 32-bit ARM existing products of the nRF52, nRF51, and nRF24 series. Cortex-M4F CPU, 1 MB flash memory and 256 kB RAM, an NFC Tag, USB 2.0 support, and a number of peripheral devices, including QSPI, Even though the nRF52840 chip will not be available until 2018, NFC-A, and an ARM CryptoCell 310 cryptographic co-processor, developers can already order the nRF52840 Preview Development which allows the generation of high performance Security-on-Chip Kit (PDK) and start developing today.

In a broadcast application, there is no expli- The BlueMod+S50 from Telit has a small, creased range. This is achieved through more cit connection between the participating family concept form factor of 10 x 17 mm2 elaborate signal encoding. It utilizes an un- devices, i.e. the broadcasted data can be re- which ensures predecessor modules, such as changed 1 Megasamples/s modulation, but ceived and read with any Bluetooth device BlueMod+SR (Dual Mode Module), BlueMod+ unlike today, two or eight samples will be used within range. Even though visible for anyone, S, and BlueMod+S42, can be replaced easily for the arrangement of an individual bit (cor- the broadcasted with Bluetooth 5 are not without additional changes to the hardware or responding to 125 kbps / 500 kbps), thus en- necessarily understood by every participant software. abling Forward Error Correction (FEC). because they can be encrypted before broad- casting. Like the ISP1507, the BlueMod+ S50 is also Bluetooth is also recommendable for applica- based on the nRF52832. Both modules there- tions where communicating devices are di- This also makes the youngest Bluetooth ver- fore offer additional features, e.g. integrated vided by multiple walls, e.g. in home automa- sion interesting for an array of applications, and safe NFC (Near Field Communication) cation and smart city deployments. such as people or goods tracking, indoor pability and low power consumption. Telit ad- navigation, and smart lighting, which can be ditionally delivers in-house developed profiles, With faster, more reliable, and more secure implemented more easily with a wider range e.g. the Terminal I/O profile, which is com- connections, Bluetooth 5 supports increased of functions. patible with the SPP profile for conventional data traffic and meets the safety and security Bluetooth. The ultra low power BlueMod+S50 requirements of the IoT. This is a key step Both extensions are already incorporated in module is designed for a large number of ap- for the Bluetooth Special Interest Group to the modules ISP1507 from Insight SIP and plications in the IoT sector – from home auto- enable house and building applications in BlueMod+S50 from Telit. The ISP1507 is based mation and healthcare to battery-operated accordance with an extensive, seamless IoT on the nRF52832 SoC from Nordic Semicon- applications with long product life-cycles. experience and to progress location-related ductor built around a Cortex M4F CPU with services. Since the potential is huge: More 64 kB RAM and 512 kB flash memory. Even Greater range than 371 million Bluetooth enabled beacons though it is very small in size (8 x 8 mm2), the are projected to be shipped by 2020 according module integrates two crystals (32 MHz + to ABI Research and provide users with the 32 KHz) and an antenna and can be built A further innovation in Bluetooth 5 is the information they could need right at this easily into various applications. modulation refinements, which ensure an in- moment. ■

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Source: Recom The eyes and ears of the IoT The life story of sensors in the “Internet of Things”

A large number of sensors is required to ensure everything runs ith the arrival of Industry 4.0, cyber- physical systems, the Internet of smoothly in the Internet of Things (IoT). They measure and record Things, and cloud computing have temperature, brightness, movement, and many other parameters and Wfound their way into modern factories. Oper- transfer data to smart control devices. But sensors also need power. ating as integrated communication networks, cyber-physical systems take decisions and Not much – but they cannot work without it. Making sure battery- act, while communicating in real-time with operated sensors keep running for many years without any other systems as well as with humans. One of the main reasons for the rapid technological maintenance is quite a difficult challenge. So how can the service life progress is the drop in price of sensors of all of batteries be extended significantly? And how can three times as types. Only ten years ago, sensor technology much current be extracted from a 4-20 mA loop? was the preserve of highly specialized applications, but today, sensors are a mass product. This development has made it possible to integrate more and more devices into networks where they combine, process, and exchange Author: Bianca Aichinger, ever larger volumes of data. However, all these Product Marketing Manager, RECOM Power GmbH sensors must be supplied with one thing: Elec- Co-author: Axel Stangl, tric current – be it through a central or local Product Sales Manager Power Supplies, Rutronik power supply or a battery.

The myth of the 3 V coin battery

Many IoT and Industry 4.0 applications run with 3 V coin batteries, which are not only

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Fig. 1: The R-78S boost switching regulator prolongs not only the service life of batteries in IoT applications but squeezes the last bit of power out of the cells Source: Recom

cheap but also very reliable. The disadvantage: These batteries need to be changed quite frequently. A fully charged CR2032 coin battery supplies approximately 3.2 V. After only a few operating hours, the voltage drops however to below 3 V. This might not be sufficient for certain wireless modules, such as WLAN, Bluetooth, and LoRaWAN, and transmission can become unreliable or the signaling range might suddenly be limited.

Using switching regulators to extend the service life of batteries

The R-78S boost switching regulator from RECOM (Fig. 1) has been specially developed for battery-powered IoT applications. The easy- to-install plug&play module provides a stable output of 3.3 V from input voltages of as little as 0.65 VDC to 3.15 VDC, squeezing the last bit of power from the battery cell. The R-78S thus enables users to run microprocessors, WLAN/Bluetooth modules, and IoT systems with a single 1.5 V battery or rechargeable cell, which has a much longer service life than a conventional coin battery.

Fig. 2 shows a typical application of the R-78S in a wireless module. The circuit is only activated for brief periods to send data. During these short times, the entire circuit consumes around 600 µW. When not sending data, the circuit is in sleep mode. During these times, the R-78S is powered by a buffer capacitor and consumes only 7 µA. If the capacitor charge drops below a certain limit, the circuit is briefly activated for recharging. This technology guarantees reliable, maintenance-free operation for periods of 10 years and more. As converters are affordable, the extra investment pays for itself in no time thanks to much lower battery and maintenance costs.

Solutions for hard-wired systems

The 4-20 mA loop has become the undisputed standard in process and control technology. Despite being on the market for over 70 years, this technology continues to play a key role. The system is ideal for harsh industrial environments as the current signal is immune to common industrial interference.

The system is based on relatively simple two-wire technology via which signals are transferred as impressed currents. In this case, a value of 4 mA represents 0 % and 20 mA 100 %. The system is therefore intrinsically safe, as a current flow of 4 mA is always demanded. It is possible to detect a broken wire or defective sensor immediate-

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Current interface for supplying sensors

However, this is subject to restrictions as the generated energy is sufficient for an analog sensor but not adequate to supply several or even intelligent sensors (with DSP and/or a display) – no problem though if a suitable power supply is available on site. If the components being supplied are however further away from the control station, the expenditure usually increases accordingly.

This is the reason why conventional switching regulator ICs are unsuitable for this task, as their high efficiency at full load drops so far at lower loads that they exceed the 4 mA threshold. Low quiescent current in sleep mode cannot compensate this, as it shuts off the main Fig. 2: output voltage altogether. And linear regula- By integrating a buffer capacitor into the circuit, the R-78S can be set to sleep mode, tors are not ideal either. Despite their perfect- saving valuable battery power Source: Recom ly decent quiescent current levels of around 0.5 mA, a poor degree of efficiency decreases ly since current no longer flows. Moreover, long ter side and decouple them appropriately on available power by a factor of around three cables do not pose a problem and the signal can the receiver side (Fig. 3). This en-ables the in- compared to switching regulators. be read at any number of points in the same tegration of further sensors without additional loop. Thanks to cutting-edge digital technology, loop cables having to be routed. This is one of In this respect, the newly developed switching the concept is also future proof. In modern the main reasons why HART tech-nology is regulator R420-1.8/PL from RECOM provides versions of the 4-20 mA loop, the data from now the most used data protocolin the process a clever solution. Thanks to its innovative to- several sensors are processed via DSP and sent industry. It has played a crucial role in making pology, it was possible to lower the idle cur- as a frequency modulated burst of pulses via a the 4-20 mA loop future proof. rent to around 0.5mA while still maintaining single, analog cable. This is achieved by two rated voltage at the output. For example: 24 HART modems (Highway Addressable Remote The current below the measuring range can VDC and <3.5 mA at the input provides 3.3 V Transducer) which superimpose digital data be utilized for energy generation (<4 mA) in and 10 mA at the output, which is capable of packages on the analog signal on the transmit- order to supply, e.g., sensors. supplying the sensor alongside the microcontroller and HART modem without affecting loop functionality or measuring accuracy. Another benefit of the new switching regulator is that it is programmable for any output voltage between 1.8 V and 5 V by simple wiring using a resistor.

Conclusion

The many sensors in the Internet of Things demand innovative power supply solutions. RECOM offers intelligent solutions, such as the boost switching regulator R-78S, which helps save battery power. In addition, it squeezes the last bit of energy out of the battery, so that applications can be run for more than a decade without problems and no need for maintenance. But venerable technologies such as the 4–20 mA loop are still extremely fit for the future thanks to digitization. Inno- Fig. 3: vative switching regulators like RECOM’s Using a DSP and HART modem, the signals of several sensors are bundled and digitally transferred via the R420, which can provide three times as much 4-20 mA loop. An innovative current booster is used to extract three times more current from the loop than the previously available linear regulator Source: Recom power at the output, help proven systems meet future challenges. ■

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Source: Fotolia

Those who purchase on the cheap could soon be footing a hefty bill How the European General Data Protection Regulation affects product design

The European General Data Alexa, has my neighbor won the lotte- According to the plans, the pilot project is due „ ry?” is a question one could ask one's to be rolled out nationwide as a “System for Protection Regulation (EU-GDPR) virtual personal assistant (VPA). Based Social Credibility” by 2020. China hopes to use has been in force since April on the volume of data recorded nowadays, it it to create better and more prudent citizens, 2016. Companies are currently could answer the question – probably without as every misstep in a digitally monitored so- difficulty – quite accurately. ciety will result in socially visible conse- all hands full with the quences. The approach to sensitive data points Implementation to do. The impact Fortunately, the technical possibilities are con- to a fundamentally different awareness among strained by laws that govern data protection, the population, which is probably attribut- on many business processes but these are far from universally applied. able to its contact with world literature and are enormous. associated secondary literature in the educa- Professor of Economics Zhang Zheng is cur- tion environment. The Chinese undoubtedly rently running a pilot project in the Chinese understood George Orwell’s book “1984”. Con- coastal city of Rongcheng, where citizens are versely, the Europeans grasped the meaning of Author: Bernd Hantsche, evaluated and classified in a “Creditworthi- the novel about the totalitarian “Big Brother” Marketing Director Embedded & Wireless, ness Office” based on their digital footprint figure and are now using draft legislation to Rutronik on the Internet. The classifications are then counteract the technical possibilities of main- used to decide things such as whether to ly American cloud technologies. grant a loan and which class of ticket to issue for trains. Parents use the system to obtain The European General Data Protection Regula- “credit information” about potential spouses tion (EU-GDPR) entered into force in April 2016 for their children. and applies to all European natural persons.

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Companies must abide by it and they are currently fully occupied with its implementation. The consequences for many corporate processes are so enormous in some cases that new roles are created and employees from IT, HR, and QA must attend numerous seminars on the topic and rewrite company guidelines. While these departments are fully preoccupied with the implementation of the EU-GDPR, many underestimate the consequences for the core departments. Above all, hardware and software developers, product managers, purchasers and portfolio managers should read and check the text of Article 32, “Security of Processing”, and Article 25, “Data Protection by Design and by Default”, very carefully. Penalties of up to Source: Fotolia 20 million euros or four percent of company turn-over warrant a critical evaluation of the relevant state-of-the-art technology. As to which is around one thousand times faster, internal product design before the law be- which data can also indirectly apply as per- sufficient? For which applications would ECC comes binding on May 25, 2018. sonal data, this is neither generally known or the hybrid SSL/TLS method be a satisfac- nor legally clarified. Likewise, the definition tory compromise from a legal perspective? The sections of text are likely to cause tech- “state of the art” for all components, proces- However, the security of data processing and nology nerds as well as professional electronic ses, and intended applications is differently of data protection “by design and default” engineers to break out in a sweat. For exam- interpreted in some cases. Does the sentence does not end with encryption issues. For in- ple, the encryption of personal data is a pre- automatically mean asymmetric encryption stance, data processing must be “permanent- scribed measure – taking into account the using RSA at all times? Or is an AES method, ly” guaranteed, which could argue in favor of using longer-lasting SLC memory cells. As an Raystar_112x148mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(112.00 x 148.00 mm);07. Sep 2017 09:26:53 alternative to SLC memory cards, however, a Advertisement RAID group comprising cheaper TLC memory elements could satisfy the regulations.

Redundant power supplies for doctors’ computers?

Furthermore, the availability of data systems must be ensured as of May 2018. Does this mean that every dentist's computer that could contain personal data must be equipped with a redundant power supply? What is the situation with un-interruptible power supplies with back-up batteries and how must the surge protection be designed? Is the required capability to swiftly restore the availability of and access to personal data in the event of a physical or technical incident not unduly described in the legal text given that everything is to feature built-in redundancy and extra high-quality construction? The more one dissects the two paragraphs mentioned and follows the forum discussions on the web, the more one's fears are aroused about failing to comply with all requirements and having to face a barrage of cease-and-desist letters initiated by market competitors.

Rutronik has established an inter-departmen- tal team of experts to meet customers’ significantly greater need for information as they implement these requirements. Experts from the product areas of Storage Technologies,

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Wireless Technologies, Embedded Boards, Em- ciple be hacked. Biometric sensors may be the tions. Consequently, this gradually results in bedded Systems, Security Modules, Micro- better choice here. Also with regard to select- a very long list of topics with an even longer Controllers, Displays, and Sensors have devel- ing displays, suppliers will focus on particu- list of security solutions, most of which must oped complete system concepts that meet the larly small viewing angles, such as those be implemented in a multi-layered and inte- EU-GDPR the best of their knowledge and that are long familiar from bank machines, grated manner. belief. Although we are unable to remove the for many applications. The question as to burden of legal liability from device manufac- whether undisclosed proprietary wireless pro- Rutronik will publish a comprehensive secu- turers, access to well-informed and “state-of- tocols using rolling-code methods are more rity catalog before the end of 2017. And start- the-art” advice on the security aspects of the secure than standardized wireless protocols ing from the first quarter of 2018, the team individual components is already half the with a large developer community is some- of experts will support the sales team during battle. thing that our wireless experts can answer. relevant customer meetings. Sales staff out- The embedded specialists will explain which side of Germany will be made aware of these How to respond technical mechanisms can expose captured issues and trained with the help of on-line to social engineering? malicious code during the boot process and courses. Naturally, every component customer will highlight all aspects and limits of what is can seek the opinions, concerns, and instruc- feasible. tions of Rutronik experts without obligation. The content of the Rutronik EU-GDPR initiative has been continuously expanded. As a Another point involves the swapping of the As we work to implement the EU-GDPR, first step, the expert team concentrated on perpetrator and victim roles. The fact that all please remember that it is about more than the core topics of data transfer, data storage, devices are supposed to deliver their data to just meeting legal requirements and avoiding and data processing. In the mean time, the the Internet is already sufficient cause for high penalties. These efforts serve another focus has been significantly expanded. Since discussions on security. Ensuring that the de- important purpose: Setting clear boundaries device manufacturers must now also cater to vices do not unintentionally become perpe- for Alexa and other similar devices! And the the ever-increasing trend of social engineer- trators and become misused themselves for last thing we want to introduce in Europe is ing, many concepts are abandoning the use Distributed-Denial-of-Service attacks (DDoS) a credit agency for investigating prospective of PIN codes and passwords that can in prin- by third parties calls for additional precau- brides and grooms! ■

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Gas sensors Creating a better atmosphere

In spite of the trend toward rom the bedroom to the bathroom, spent in rooms and that symptoms usually then to the office in a car, and spend- improve or disappear altogether when leaving outdoor activities we still spend ing the evening in a restaurant, movie the building. roughly 90% of our time indoors theaterF or fitness studio – the modern hu- where the air is contaminated man being spends the majority of the day in Smart devices enclosed rooms. The air in these areas is full for fresh air to a much higher extent than of substances emitted from carpets and fur- outdoors. Sensors designed to niture, paints, solvents, cleaning agents, and cosmetics – even from people themselves. An excessive concentration of VOCs can be measure air quality help to keep This problem has been exacerbated in recent prevented with relatively simple measures. air clean. years as a result of the trend to thoroughly The easiest method is to open windows. If insulate buildings in order to enhance their this is not possible, air conditioning systems, energy efficiency. fans or special air cleaners can provide the answer. In addition, the major sources of VOCs Author: Markus Balke, The majority of these substances belong to should, as far as possible, be eliminated. But Senior Marketing Manager the group of VOCs (volatile organic com- what are they? And when, how often, and for Analog & Sensors, Rutronik pounds). Above a certain concentration in the how long should a room be actively venti- air they can have a negative effect on the lated? well-being, health, and cognitive functions of people. The symptoms may include head- To be able to answer these questions, it is aches, dizziness, dry eyes, as well as eye, nose, necessary to know the concentration of all and throat irritation. A person’s ability to con- VOCs (total VOC, TVOC). This is particularly centrate is affected, learning, strategic think- interesting for smart home devices, such as ing and making decisions become difficult, smart air conditioning or ventilation systems, productivity drops. Scientists use the term which can be activated and controlled sick building syndrome (SBS) to describe some automatically and thus energy efficiently of these symptoms. It explains the discom- according to the air quality. Integration of forting effect that appears to be linked to time a TVOC measurement provides additional

Source: Sensirion

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benefits for other IoT devices, too: For ex- Typical VOC-sources Compound class Example compounds ample, if a baby monitor permanently dis- Cleaning agents Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Organochlorides Tetrachloroethylene plays the current TVOC value, excessive con- Solvents Aliphatic and aromatic Hydrocarbons Heptane, Decane, Toluene, Xylene centrations can be actively avoided and VOC sources localized. Cosmetics Terpenes, Ketones Eucalyptol, Limonene Consumer products Terpenes, aromatic Hydrocarbons Limonene, Alpha-Pinene, Toluene Carpets and flooring Esters, aliphatic and aromatic Hydrocarbons Butylacetate, Heptane Gas sensors Paints Alcohols, Aldehydes Isobutanol ‘smell’ a bad atmosphere Human occupants Acetone, Methanol, Ethanol

Typical VOCs and their sources (VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds) Special gas sensors measure the VOC concentration in the air. However, most of these sensors do not feature sufficient long-term stabil- and individual gases. The other sensor ele- ity, meaning their degree of sensitivity soon Sensors with greater staying power ments can be used to compensate inter- drops and their response time gradually in- ference gases. This allows suppliers of smart creases. Sensor supplier Sensirion has identi- Based on this knowledge, Sensirion has devel- home applications to enhance their appli- fied siloxanes as the cause for this degradation. oped a siloxane-resistant metal oxide gas ances with gas sensing and thus create new These chemical compounds of alternating sili- sensor with unprecedented long-term stabil- benefits for the end product. con atoms and oxygen atoms are used in cos- ity. To achieve this goal, the supplier com- metics, deodorants, soaps, and detergents, in bined its specific metal oxide technology with Breathing space silicon oils as well as in refrigerant agents for the multi-pixel platform. The platform integ- for growth – environmental sensing freeze drying. Siloxanes are harmless for hu- rates four gas sensing elements each with mans, but metal oxide sensors are damaged differing sensor materials into a very small when the compounds come into contact with 2.45 x 2.45 x 0.9 mm3 DFN package featuring Environmental sensing even goes one step the sensor element. Since siloxanes are com- an I2C interface and a fully calibrated air qual- further. In addition to VOC, further parame- mon in indoor air, the sensors applied here are ity output signal. The SGP sensor therefore ters are captured, first and foremost humidity, obviously at greater risk of damage. enables the measurement of both multi-gases temperature, and air pressure. As part of the

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Measurement of interior air quality TVOC concept The term total VOC (TVOC) describes the overall concentration of ding Germany, have published guidelines for the quality of indoor VOCs that is in the air at a certain time. A TVOC concept comprises air in respect of TVOC. According to these guidelines, a TVOC of practical, time and cost efficient methods to measure the pollu- 220 ppb (parts per billion) or less is considered uncritical, while a tion of indoor air. Public organizations in many countries, inclu- TVOC of 660 ppb or more is seen as very critical.

Level Hygienic Rating Recommendation Exposure Limit TVOC [ppb] 5 Unhealthy Situation not acceptable Use only if unavoidable / Intense ventilation necessary hours 2200 – 5500 4 Poor Major objections Intensified ventilation / Airing necessary + Search for sources < 1 month 660 – 2200 3 Moderate Some objections Intensified ventilation / Airing recommended + Search for sources < 12 months 220 – 660 2 Good No relevant objections Ventilation / Airing recommended no limit 65 – 220 1 Excellent No objections Target value no limit 0 – 65

TVOC guidelines issued by the German Federal Environmental Agency

smart home and the IoT, many of the devices suring mode all the time due to intelligent A different approach to environmental sensors are thus able to boost the comfort and well- algorithms, the BME680 still delivers very is taken by Sensirion: Besides temperature, being of people and improve the energy quick and up-to-the-minute values. It is humidity, and VOC, the key parameters for the efficiency of the devices. therefore also suitable for mobile devices, e.g. supplier include fine dust (PM2.5) and CO2. fitness trackers or smart watches. Addition- PM2.5 particles – tiny particles that are 2.5 µm Bosch Sensortec offers all of these things in a ally, the short response time when measuring or less in width – are some of the most hazard- single solution: The BME680 gas sensor is a the humidity and ambient temperature en- ous air pollutants. Due to their small size they combo sensor for VOC, ambient temperature, ables new applications for the BME680, such are able to travel deeply into the respiratory relative humidity, and air pressure in a small as personalized weather stations. A pressure tract, reaching the lungs. Exposure to fine par- 3 x 3 x 0.95 mm3 package. It therefore en- accuracy of ±0.12 Pa provides precise altitude ticles can affect lung function and cause med- ables indoor air quality measurement, the information to ±1 m, making it ideally suited ical conditions such as asthma and heart dis- measurement of volume and air flow, a warn- for applications like indoor navigation with ease. Along with VOC, CO2 is a decisive indica- ing regarding dryness or high temperatures, floor level tracking. tor for air quality. To measure these parameters, and energy-efficient home automation con- Sensirion offers not only the SGP gas sensor trol. Units known as HVAC systems (heating, The BME680 is equipped with both I2C and but also the SHTxx series, which takes humidi- ventilation, air conditioning) can thus be ac- SPI communication interfaces. Three power ty and temperature sensor technology to a new tuated in line with demands. modes and oversampling rates for pressure level. Currently under development are PM2.5 and temperature measurements that can be and CO2 sensors that will also set new stan- Even the sensor itself is energy efficient: configured separately help to easily adapt the dards in terms of the exact and reliable detec- Although not all the sensors operate in mea- BME680 to different applications. tion of these substances. ■

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FUJITSU Components 100 years of relay experience

1917 - Takamisawa developed its first telecom relay 1995 - Fujitsu and Takamisawa relays merged covering a complete line-up of Telecom, PCB, PLC and automotive relays More info: 64 2001 - FuPoweredjitsu byComponents was established www.fujitsu.www.rutronik.comcom/components Main Topic|Smart Solutions Special|Embedded Solutions

The Compute Card could soon eliminate the need to use multiple devices for different applications Source: Fotolia

The Intel® Compute Card – a small-format PC One for all New designs in the IT market are he ongoing miniaturization of chip de- which one needs to access computer tech- signs and the resulting ever-increasing nology and must therefore employ different considered to be revolutionary if concentration of more and more com- concepts. they enable new device concepts putingT performance in ever-shrinking spaces and applications that were have been associated with new device con- When traveling by air, people sit in airport cepts in the past that have heavily influenced lounges and work on presentations on a note- previously either impossible or the usability of computer systems. Whether book while writing messages using the mes- only possible to a limited extent one takes a tablet computer or smartphones saging services on a smartphone. When on as an example: These concepts first changed the board the aircraft itself, people are generally in this new form. consumer market before advancing into the cut off from communicating with the outside Fujitsu_230x74mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(230.00 x 74.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:27:58 industrial market in the next step, where they world and continue using a laptop to prepare also opened up new ways of applying com- for meetings etc. On arrival at the destination, puter technology. However, all of these concepts they must then connect the notebook to a Author: Mario Klug, involve completely new device classes that projector or monitor for the presentation. The Senior Marketing Manager FUJITSU Boards & Systems, enable innovative application scenarios. hotel room, on the other hand, is equipped Components Rutronik with a more or less interactive television that connects via the hotel's WLAN with a tablet, 100 years Looking at the approach to mobility in com- notebook, and smartphone to allow us to car- of relay puter technology thus far, we can find vari- ry out work-related as well as personal tasks. ous concepts that still coexist, but at best experience merely complement each other. When trav- One can therefore assume with a degree of eling on holidays, we tend to bring a tablet, certainty that most people always carry two which is complemented by a smartphone. In to three different devices with them when the work environment, notebooks, convert- they travel, and that these devices spend most ibles, or slimbooks are part of the standard of their time either switched off or running in 1917 - Takamisawa developed its first telecom relay repertoire. Closer examination of a business power-save mode given the low average uti- 1995 - Fujitsu and Takamisawa relays merged covering a complete line-up of trip quickly reveals different scenarios in lization across all devices. Telecom, PCB, PLC and automotive relays More info: 2001 - Fujitsu Components was established www.fujitsu.com/components www.rutronik.com Powered by 65 Special|Embedded Solutions

slot for the card so that you can also continue working here. On arrival at your destination, you simply insert the card for the meeting and presentation into the slot on the monitor and give your presentation. The television set in your hotel room also has a compatible slot so that you can continue working on the big monitor.

What is the major difference to the now more commonplace docking stations designed for smartphones? Very simple: flexibility in the choice of operating system and applications used. With Microsoft Continuum, Adapters extend the choice of software is limited by the pro- the Compute Card cessor platform and small number of smart- to provide connectivity for common peripherals phones available with Windows 10, while the Source: Intel docking concept by Samsung for the Galaxy S8 is tied to Android.

them to gain acceptance quickly. This is not Perfect performance, specific scaling Universal solution the case with the Intel Compute Card because for business and personal use the Card requires docking facilities. Assuming that the eco-system partners can make For the time being, the performance of smart- How much more practical would it be if just suitable devices available to coincide with the phones is unlikely to be sufficient for emula- one computer replaced all these devices? One launch of the card and that these circulate tions and VMs, which means in most cases that can do virtually everything that the other rapidly in the market, the following scenario that these concepts do not offer the required devices can also do? One that is also as small is conceivable: added value. The advantage consists solely of and handy as a credit card, therefore not on- only having to carry one device around. This ly saving space and weight, but also enabling Card instead of chaos – at least up to now – has not been satisfac- greater utilization. This is precisely where the torily achieved. Intel Compute Card comes in: It is a fully- functional computer with external dimen- Apart from a smartphone, the only thing you It's a different story with the Compute Card: sions of 95 x 55 x 5 mm – roughly the size of need to carry with you is the Intel Compute The scaling of the Celeron® N3450 all the way a credit card -, a power consumption of below Card. You complete your final preparations to the vPro™-enabled Core™ i5-7Y57 enables 10 W as well as a standardized interface that the day before your departure via the docking performance to be adjusted to the majority of offers a completely new approach to mobile station at your desk in the office. Ideally, you day-to-day applications. The interfaces pro- computing. It is clear that this concept is un- simply insert the card into the card slot in the vided via the docking connector enable the likely to catch on without a widely available monitor. At the end of the day, you simply device manufacturers to connect both USB eco-system. This is the very point where we remove the card from the slot, put it in your 3.0 host connections as well as Ethernet and need to consider the possibilities of this con- bag, and set off on your trip the next morning. up to two displays to the card, one of which cept. In the airport lounge, you insert the Compute can even be controlled at up to UHD resolu- Card into small monitors with compatible tion with 60 Hz. As with the Intel Bluetooth As mentioned at the outset, designs previous- slots that are provided at the seats or in the 4.2 and WiFi already integrated in the cards, ly classified as revolutionary were devices that restaurants and continue working until it's this means that the interfaces required for the functioned more or less out-of-the-box with- time to check in. On the aircraft itself, the card to be used for the intended purpose in out any notable eco-system, and this enabled entertainment system will ideally also have a every docking system are available.

Processor RAM Mass Storage Connectivity Intel Compute Card CD1IV128MK Intel Core™ i5-7Y57 Processors of the 4 GB 128 GB Intel Intel Wireless-AC 8265 7th generation with Intel vPro™ Technology DDR3 Memory SSD (2x2 802.11ac and Bluetooth® 4.2) Intel Compute Card CD1M3128MK Intel Core m3-7Y30 Processor 4 GB 128 GB Intel Intel Wireless-AC 8265 of the 7th generation DDR3 Memory SSD (2x2 802.11ac and Bluetooth 4.2) Intel Compute Card CD1P64GK Intel Pentium Processor N4200 4 GB 64-GB-eMMC Intel Wireless-AC 7265 DDR3 Memory (2x2 802.11ac and Bluetooth 4.2) Intel Compute Card CD1C64GK Intel Celeron Processor N3450 4 GB 64-GB-eMMC Intel Wireless-AC 7265 DDR3 Memory (2x2 802.11ac and Bluetooth 4.2)

The Intel® Compute Card is a complete computer with the external dimensions 95 x 55 x 5 mm – approximately the size of a credit card, a power requirement of less than 10 W, and a standardized interface that offers a completely new approach to the mobility of computers. The table shows the product specifications.

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Construction interactive and networked televisions as well with Compute Card as interactive refrigerators would be the ide- Source: Rutronik al candidates to use the Intel Compute Card.

Compute Card in the IoT

These appliances could also be upgraded to the latest processor technology and software after a few years. Likewise, the Compute Card from work could be connected to the domestic television set, which would allow you to continue working on a large screen at home. Naturally, you can already connect a tablet via HDMI to the television and use it as a monitor. But you are still restricted to the respective platform.

However, use of the Intel Compute Card is not one hand, and the cost of upgrading the in- If the development in the field of roll-up or confined to the applications described in the ternal board to new technology on the other. folding OLED screens continues to progress specified scenario. The continuation of this This is why the OPS concept was long expect- and if these types of concepts are brought to concept, which Intel has already confirmed ed to prevail. However it has proved to be too market maturity, there would also be no will include future processor generations, costly and complex to implement. Although obstacles to the mobile use of the Intel Com- means that the Compute Card is also avail- new approaches such as Mini OPS improve the pute Card in conjunction with these types of able for other applications that call for scal- solution in principle, they do nothing to display solutions. ability, flexibility in the choice of operating change the rather poor availability in the mar- system and programs used, as well as the ket. Ultimately, the availability in the near future possibility of easy upgrades to newer proces- of an eco-system that is as diverse as poss- sor technology. Assuming that the Intel Compute Card is ible will determine the success of this revolu- available in sufficient numbers at market tionary design. In this context, Rutronik is on One example is digital signage installations, launch, the situation for applications in which hand to advise device and system manufac- most of which are currently realized by means robustness is not an essential – in which case turers about developments – be it implemen- of connected external PC systems, OPS mo- external fanless box PCs or fanless Mini OPS tation in a new digital signage system or in dules in the monitors or boards integrated in modules are the better choice – should be the very latest high-end refrigerators. Our the system. Each of these concepts has its more positive. colleagues on the ground are only too happy advantages and disadvantages. Disadvan- to advise you of the possibilities that the use tages include the complex and interference- If we cast the net a little further to include of an Intel Compute Card in your application prone wiring of the external systems on the everyday domestic appliances in our homes, could provide. ■

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High Graphics Performance for Low Power Designs

Qseven® Rel. 2.1 compliant modul with the Intel® Atom™ E39xx Family, Intel® Celeron® N3350 and Intel® Pentium® N4200 (c.n. Apollo Lake) SoCs

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Full Custom Solutions Tailor-made displays No display is the same as the s the interface between humans and machines, the importance of the next. The ideal display medium display has risen sharply due to is available for each and every theA rapidand steady development of application and tailored precisely microelectronics. Today, every scrap of data recorded in our daily lives is and thoughtfully to the needs visualized: the display of personal of the customer. performances, requests in the consumer, medical, and POS sector, along with measurements, check and optimization values in the industrial Author: Vincenzo Santoro, and automotive sector, as well as simple Senior Marketing Manager status displays for smart homes or metering. Displays & Monitors, This has definitely extended the field of ap- Rutronik plication for displays considerably. Source: Displaytech

And each application requires a different dis- ability. While the availability of standard play. A thermostat display mounted on the modules in the TFT sector is limited to bet- wall of a room can be viewed from all angles, ween three and five years, a custom LCD can, while the head-up display inside a car can theo-retically, remain in production as long only be seen by the driver and not the pas- as the owner of the tooling tool wants to senger. Some displays have stronger back- manufacture the display. Projects lasting ground lighting, others have none at all and five, ten or fifteen years are thus not out of operate in a purely reflective mode. The list of the question. examples for the varying properties of individual displays could go on and on. Contrast and temperature application range Large strides have been made in the area of image presentation technologies in recent decades. A special role in this respect is attri- The passive LCD is, however, not usually top buted to passive displays, since they have of the list when planning the application’s always been a model of individualism due to visualization. This is basically down to the their simple control, reduced depth of instal- significance which society and marketing lation, and technological diversity. Custom- ascribe to a smartphone or tablet: The display ized passive LCD displays were, and still are, must light up and show values in vivid colors, a popular choice for numerous applications, while it must be possible to switch and zoom from pocket calculators and simple measuring in on different touch screen content. devices, such as gas and water meters, to smartwatches, temperature displays, home But a passive LCD also offers advantages and appliances, and industrial measuring instru- does not just consist of a simple 7-segment ments. In contrast to active TFT displays, the display, well established in pocket calculators tooling costs and MOQs for a full custom so- and which flourished in the yellow/green STN lution are much lower for passive LCD displays cell of the Nintendo Game Boy back in the and easier to implement for smaller projects 1990s. and companies. The tooling for a fully customized TFT may cost roughly US$ 200,000, The world of monochrome displays draws on which often exceeds the allocated budget. On a wide breadth and depth of technological the other hand, a passive display can be tooled capabilities. Vertical alignment technology, as a reflective display module for about US$ for instance, enables a super black back- 2,000 and, depending on its technology and ground and an impressive 1000 : 1 contrast complexity, as a passive display module for ratio, which offer crisp, clear images and between US$ 2,000 and US$ 5,000. space for individual design options. This technology is ideal for applications that demand Another argument in favor of a customer- wide temperature ranges and excellent clari- Source: Displaytech specific LCD display is its long-term avail- ty of viewing from every angle.

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few steps: The visualization is the first thing working week. This usually occurs after agree- to consider – what should the display look ing the tooling costs with the supplier. Pro- like, what size does it have to be, and which duction of the approved samples occurs as temperature range needs covering? In addi- soon as the drawing has been released, be- tion, is background lighting or a specific tween five and ten displays are included in the viewing angle desired, and should it contain tooling costs. Depending on the level of com- Source: Yeebo graphical image points or even predefined plexity, these can take five to eight weeks to segments? It is also important to define produce for reflective displays and ten to which technology is appropriate for the ap- fourteen weeks for display modules. Based on Using an ASTN-based cell, visualization tech- plication. the released displays, the supplier prepares a nologies in the automotive or metering sector detailed specification which in turn is checked can be developed for temperature ranges from To answer all these questions correctly, the and approved along with the samples. Then it –30 to +80°C, something that would be very Rutronik Embedded Display team offers pin- is time for serial production, and after approx- difficult to achieve with a TFT display. These point advice and helps pick the right supplier imately ten to fourteen weeks, full scale pro- technologies then enable both segment and for the respective application. The team sup- duction can begin. graphic modules. If traditional TN, STN or FSTN ports customers from the first sketch and technology is required for an application, the approved samples for the prepared specifica- The Embedded Display department ensures display can be tailored accordingly and the vi- tion through to mass production in coopera- Rutronik is set up perfectly for comprehen- sualization used to create a unique selling pro- tion with the suppliers. sive project management. During the start-up position to make it stand out in the market. phase, communication with the supplier is Once every question has been answered and, carried out 100 % by the Product Marketing Designing a customized display if necessary, a layout or sketch has been com- team, which also coordinates all the relevant pleted for implementation, renowned sup- activities. Working hand in hand with the cus- pliers of passive LCDs, such as Yeebo Display, tomer as part of the aftersales service offered, Implementation of a customized passive dis- Tianma Micro or U.R.T., prepare a detailed the distributor ensures a successful display play is quite simple and explained in just a drawing of the desired display within one tailored to the individual application. ■

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PASSION EFFECTIVENESS WIN-WIN DISPLAYS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

TIANMA NLT EUROPE has become Tianma Europe at July 1st.

In order to sstretrengngthenthen ththee brandbrand and posiposititionon as a global displaydisplay solution supplier on a worldwide basisbasis TIANMA has uniﬁed the names for all subsidiaries.

The products, ththee teteam,am, ththee servicservicee and the mission are unchanged: Deliver best-in-class displays. • TFT LCDs • Passive LCDs • Capacitive touch displays

One sales contact for TM- and NL-product lines.

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TFT displays Customized for industrial use Today, not only standard TFT p until a few years ago, it was com- of the display is increased or a special coating mon in an industrial setting to utilize applied to ensure reading-integrity, even in displays but also customized standard TFT displays. In contrast, it intense sunlight. An additionally applied products are increasingly in Uis nowadays increasingly feasible to apply en- O-film enhances the viewing angles of the TFT demand for industrial settings. hanced displays that are more responsive and ensures excellent clarity of viewing from to customer needs. With product life cy- every angle even for permanently installed They make particular sense for cles also becoming shorter in industry, the applications. special areas of application. demand for a very long availability of displays is starting to fade. While features such In this regard, successful implementation is as design, ease of use, and exclusiveness are dependent on many things, including the size becoming ever more popular. of the project, as customization along with the resulting tooling costs, approval and sam- Author: Dominic Spirgat, Individuality for every job pling processes is just not viable for every Product Sales Manager niche product. Displays & Monitors, Rutronik Each customer has unique requirements in Adapting the display their specific environment and the best way to meet them is with customized displays. A lot of drivers come from the consumer sector, The most commonly implemented adaptation with smartphones and tablet PCs playing the is beyond doubt integration of PCAP (project- biggest role, especially in the area of touch ed capacitive) touch technology. In this case, operation and cover glass design. Some re- the touch sensing element is embedded be- quirements can also be attributed to the ac- neath the glass or plastic surface but projects tive area of the display and the customer’s easily through it. This offers two advantages: design brief. For instance, the actual task at On the one hand, additional application pro- hand may demand extending flexfoil for con- tection, for example against vandalism, as nection or adapting the interface to the cus- hardened glass can be used, and, on the other tomer application. Quite often the brightness hand, the standard integration of the display in the housing without dirt-collecting edges. As a result, the device can also be cleaned with aggressive disinfectants and cleaning agents without damaging the display or the entire application. Furthermore, smart designs are possible.

An additional anti-glare coating (AG) helps to avoid glare on the viewing surface of TFT displays even when exposed to strong sunlight or bright lighting conditions. This matte surface coating is applied directly to the glass surface and provides it with anti-glare properties.

Each application can be highly individualized, be it through various sizes, shapes, materials or back printing of the cover glass. Adding a logo helps it fit in with the customer’s corporate design language.

Optical bonding

To prevent any air gaps between the touch and cover glass leading to uneven sensitivity Source: Tianma and causing optical reflections, an optical

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bonding method or lamination process is used ensure it does not affect the optical features to bond the cover glass to the touch sensor. of the device design in terms of display bright- Optical bonding involves the full-surface bond- ness and image contrast. Furthermore, air and ing of two components, where not just the material blemishes must be avoided during cover glass and touch are bonded but also the the bonding process and the bonding itself touch sensor and the TFT panel. must balance any mechanical influences, e.g. various coefficients of expansion This method offers both optical and mechan- with temperature fluctuations as well ical benefits. It limits the amount of light as shock and vibration. The complexity refraction to a minimum at the interfaces of the optical bonding process means between the various materials to ensure it is still relatively expensive. the display is still very viewable even in sun- lighted conditions. Further, the full-surface Customization or not? bonding means its production resembles the Source: Tianma manufacturing process of laminated glass, resulting in the entire module being signifi- Customization of standard displays is defi- intuitive operation, and special cover glass cantly more robust. It also eliminates an air nitely not the right decision for every appli- design are important features, the available gap in which dust, other particles or conden- cation, project or customer. In many cases, technical resources can be used to create a sate could collect if the touch layer was only standard displays can offer better value for unique product. This product then constantly bonded around the edge of the display. money. delivers the largest range of functions and reliable operation while being indelibly linked Optical bonding therefore demands expert However, if the applications are highly specif- to the corporate identity of the business. In knowledge which even includes skillful appli- ic and demand a customized, special kind of this respect, Rutronik supports customers in cation of the bonding material. The adhesive display, the upgrade and optimization options every project phase, from the initial idea, tool- must be highly transparent and should not expand the areas of potential application for ing, and the approved samples to large scale suffer 'yellowing' through UV light exposure to TFT displays. If multi-touch, gesture control, production. ■

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Source: Intel

Save more in less time 3D NAND, 3D XPoint – What is behind the new flash generation?

NAND flash memory technology, which was first presented in 1989, still forms the basis for all common flash memories in the world of memory modules. Although this basic technology has since been further developed in many ways, the original principle, however, still applies: Individual cells arranged in a planar grid save information in the form of voltage.

technology that was initially still while endurance and data retention are de- Author: Patrick Twele, quite expensive and unreliable and creasing at the same time. Nothing can there- Product Sales Manager Storage, featured only low capacity now dom- fore be squeezed out of this method any Rutronik inatesA in almost every market segment or will more. However, in order to keep on growing, continue to do so in the future. This level of manufacturers require higher capacities at success is based on cost reduction through lower costs. What is missing is a brand new structure minimization. Furthermore, the use technology or at least an innovative principle of more information saved per cell thanks of the original NAND idea. to various voltage levels as well as the implementation of new software features have 3D NAND as a replacement contributed to this fact. for previous planar flash memories In terms of structure minimizations, a physical limit has now been reached with today’s Unfortunately, the idea that a 3D memory minute nm structures that manufacturers find simply consists of stacked, planar NAND difficult to incorporate: The frequency of grids is hardly compatible with reality. Man- errors when reading out data is increasing ufacturers such as Intel/Micron, Toshiba/

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SanDisk, Hynix, and Samsung need years to A DRAM cache might, for instance, be the develop a flash chip through to the produc- remedy here. tion maturity phase. Today, the result of these investments is two different technolo- These specifications show that 2D solutions gies available on the market. Intel/Micron are unlikely to vanish fully from the market in uses a floating gate for its 3D NAND chips the near future. Added to this is the fact that enduraance to save the electrons, i.e. the same principle manufacturers have yet to present a product for more information swissbit.com as for the previous, planar 2D NAND ar- with a high temperature resistance of the chitecture. All other manufacturers rely on a memories that is often required within indus- charge trapping memory, called 3D V-NAND try – as, among other things, the previously There is MLC. by Samsung. supplied consumer market does not require And there is better MLC. this property. The first products with these The floating gate used by Intel/Micron saves industry-compatible properties will not to be the charges on an electrically isolated gate marketed before the end of 2017. ™ between the channel and the control gate. durabit With charge trapping memories, the charges It would therefore be a mistake to consider - the better MLC are stored at trapping centers, a silicon 3D NAND as the sole successor for all appli- nitride layer that is separated from the chan- cations with planar memories. In the future, The SATA 6 Gb / s durabit ™ family nel via a thin tunnel oxide layer. precise knowledge of the application and the provides the highest level of memory will still be necessary. MLC endurance and undegraded The advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies for industrial application performance by combining a Intel’s and Micron’s powerful controller with DRAM- can only be assessed once the products are 3D XPoint technology: available on the market. This will presum- A completely new type of memory supported FTL and increased ably be the case in the first quarter of 2018 over-provisioning. at the earliest. In contrast to the previous planar NAND ar- Previously presented 3D NAND memories with chitecture, the 3D XPoint storage technology Best MLC QUALITY for a floating gate also use TLC and MLC storage does not use transistors and features a 3D demanding industrial technologies which are already well-known storage structure. The actual memory cells from planar memories. In contrast, better are, in contrast to “normal” 3D NAND, placed applications endurance values are, however, achieved here. on the intersections of the 3D grid. The name IDEAL for high data volume Charge trapping memories will presumably 3D XPoint thus refers to the architecture of be even better in this regard, but this also the memory. The advantages of this arrange- OPTIMAL data retention remains to be seen. ment, and thus the possible individual addres- even under high temperatures sing of the cells, are faster reading and writing Micron’s 3D NAND with 32 layers uses floa- processes at higher capacities and a density ROBUST design ting gate technology. The smallest specified that is eight to ten times higher than with HIGHEST reliability capacity of this series is 32 GB with MLC and DRAM at lower costs. 48 GB with TLC. However, a vast number of REDUCED COST due to extended applications in the industrial sector do not The truly revolutionary aspect of 3D XPoint is service life require capacities of such size – and changing that it can neither be classed as a flash mem- to this technology is expensive and therefore ory nor DRAM in the strict sense due to its not actually feasible. values. While DRAM saves and reads data at very high speeds but cannot retain them when A further issue when considering this storage the voltage is switched off, a flash memory can solution places the focus firmly on the Write retain the data without voltage being applied Amplification Factor (WAF). It describes the but can only process it very slowly. Intel’s relation of the file size to be written and the 3D XPoint forms a bridge between these two actually written data volume on the memory. technologies and thus enables completely An important role in such a calculation is new applications. Information is processed played by the internal block size of the flash quickly and retained without voltage being chip. Planar chips are produced with blocks of applied. Endurance is higher than with planar between 4 and 8 megabyte. Micron specifies SLC NAND and the PCIe 3.0 x2 interface with 16 MB for its 32 layer series and 28 MB for NVMe protocol allows rapid access times. 3D TLC products. Combined with an application XPoint therefore combines the advantages that frequently writes small file sizes, this of DRAM and flash technology. Packaged in would result in unnecessary wear and thus in an M.2 form factor with the name Optane premature memory failure. In this specific Memory, it can be used as a flash solution that application, the following applies: The bigger can also assume the tasks of the main memo- the individual blocks, the worse the WAF is. ry. This application results in a system that Form factors: mSATA, SlimSATA, CFast™,t™ 2.5“, www.rutronik.com M.2 in 2242, 2260 and 2280 Special|Embedded Solutions

adapts to the needs of the user. The integrated intelligent software automatically learns typical procedures of computer use. The urgently required data for this are retrieved directly from the M.2 module. DRAM is not suitable for this task as the data would be lost again. The system can thus accelerate frequently occurring tasks and optimize computer use individually.

However, the high costs linked to memory production must be observed. 3D XPoint therefore has a poor costs per GB ratio – a strong argument. In figures, this roughly means: 3D XPoint is approximately half the Bare Dies for 3D XPoint Memories Source: Intel price of a DRAM but five times more expensive than MLC NAND. And there is also no high temperature resistance. A further prerequisite The question that remains is to determine In terms of quality, delivery times, and prices, for application is the mandatory use of a 7th which product is best suited for your applica- these partners are able to cater to practically generation Intel® Core™ processor. tion. Rutronik can supply all the sizes and any requirement or customer need, includ- capacities that are currently available on the ing customer-specific solutions for special The 16 GB and 32 GB versions are already market – and this will continue in future applications. You are provided with exten- available. Further capacities and form fac- through its close partnerships with leading sive support by Rutronik's storage media tors such as 2.5“ SSDs are expected in the manufacturers: Apacer, Intel, Swissbit, Toshiba, specialists in selecting the right product for future. and Transcend. you. ■

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ThEINTELATom®pRocEssoR The Intel Atom® processor E3900 series empowers real-time computing in digital surveillance, new in-vehicle experiences, advancements in industrial and office automation, new solutions for retail and medical, and more. Special|Embedded Solutions

Source: Thullex Berlin start-up Thullex chooses Intel RealSense to create its made-to-measure shirts Fits like a glove Intel-SSD-230x148mm_EN.pdf;S: 2;Format:(230.00 x 148.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:37:30 Berlin is the epicenter of the German start-up scene. RUTRONIKER: Your concept has hit a nerve. In 2016, young entrepreneurs in Germany’s capital city received To what extent does the integration of electronics and tailoring as well as the a total of around EUR 1.07 billion in capital (source: Frankfurter combination of on-line and off-line retail Allgemeine Zeitung). Competition for eccentric, innovative ideas offer a model for the future? Hannes Thull: There is a constant public debate is correspondingly high. regarding on-line- and off-line-retail, as if these were two mutually exclusive business However, the “next big thing” doesn’t always have to be the product models. This view is far too simplistic: Nowa- itself. Hannes Thull is the proof: The 27-year-old native of Berlin days, “brick-and-mortar” retailers need a ded- offers made-to-measure shirts through his start-up “Thullex”. icated on-line shop to respond to shifting purchasing habits. Conversely, on-line-retail- What makes his shirts unique is that they are not only ers are casting about imploringly for station- made-to-measure, but also fit perfectly. Twelve sensors fitted ary retail partners that will enable them to engage directly with customers. Despite the to the 3D-Butler scan his customers’ bodies in seven seconds, trend for on-line shopping, access to personal delivering results that are accurate to within two millimeters. advice along with a visual and haptic pur- The result? The perfect shirt. chasing experience remain highly popular. What is your strategy? The core of our strategy is based on the expe- The Interview was conducted by: rience that my colleague and I gained at Hemdschneider.de in the last two to three Andreas Mangler, Head of Strategic Marketing, Rutronik years. We discovered that customers find it and Sebastian Hör, Public Relations, Rutronik difficult to measure themselves. Firstly because the measurements are not 100 percent correct, and secondly because customers find ThEINTELATom®pRocEssoR the process laborious. This leads to unreliable results. However, we don’t just want good The Intel Atom® processor E3900 series empowers real-time results. We want outstanding results that will computing in digital surveillance, new in-vehicle experiences, satisfy our customers. This is why we opted for a multi-channel strategy that combines advancements in industrial and office automation, new on-line- and off-line retailing. We want to solutions for retail and medical, and more. www.rutronik.com Powered by 75 Special|Embedded Solutions lease our measuring system, the 3D- can-do mentality and support very Butler, to stationary retailers. positive.

The measurement technology has How accurate are the sensors? been in existence for many years. I myself was surprised at the precision How is it that no comparable system to begin with. It’s important to point has come to market to date? out that we are not producing CAD You are correct in saying that the designs made of metal. Our benchmark bridging technology first became is the measuring tape. On the human available about ten years ago. Back body, which is not a finely chiseled then, a conglomerate of tailor-made sculpture and tends to reveal a certain fashion suppliers and industries set amount of unevenness, we achieve an about constructing these types of accuracy of plus or minus two millime- scanners. However, the result was too ters. That is more than sufficient for big, too expensive and was unsuit- bespoke tailoring. At present, we mea- able for mass deployment. This is why sure the customer and can cater to we too were unable to find a solution individual requirements, for instance, on the market and decided to develop if he or she has a hollow back. From one of our own. that point on, the measurements are always available to us even if the cus- Experienced retailers can gage a tomer is sitting on the couch at home. customer's clothing size with the naked eye. Where is the added value How do you guarantee that the sen- of your system for them, and for the sors can measure so precisely? To customer? what extent must the customer un- The advantage of our 3D-Butler is that Sensor arrangement Source: Thullex dress? Or does the algorithm auto- the customer can be measured once matically eliminate clothing from on the physical store and is then able the calculation? to order made-to-measure shirts and trousers clothing in his shop. Our business model is Underwear, sports clothing such as cycling at any time from the on-line shop. The re- therefore a self-contained decentralized cyc- shorts or tight-fitting T-shirts are not a prob- tailer profits from repeat orders from a cus- le: All interactions come together with us. We lem for us. We can also identify shoulder pads. tomer who knows that he or she will receive produce the clothing, send it to the customer, However, if the customer is fully clothed, the clothing that fits perfectly. Customers profit process the payment – and the retailer re- system cannot distinguish whether he or she is because they no longer have to try on five ceives a share of this transaction. Integration wearing a shirt with a collar or something pairs of trousers, but can simply order conve- in the Inventory Control System (ICS) is not similar. We want to use machine learning to niently from home. And as the operator, we currently planned. teach the computer how to measure people in naturally profit as well – not just from the rent one go, instead of defining the individual body collected, but also from the further prolifera- The 3D-Butler is based on Intel RealSense parts such as neck, chest and so on beforehand. tion of the concept. technology. How difficult was it to inte- Up to now, we have been working with a semi- grate the technology, what support did In- automatic solution. tel provide and what did you have to deve- „ The advantage of our 3D-Butler lop yourselves? Is the scan result a genuine 3D image with is that the customer can be measured As a start-up with a manageable budget, we polygons, or is it purely data? once on the physical store and is then wanted to minimize the technical outlay. Theoretically, we could measure our custom- With this in mind, we decided to activate the ers purely at data, which is also what we ori- able to order made-to-measure shirts twelve cameras that we use to measure our ginally intended. But because of budget con- and trousers at any time from customers sequentially instead of in parallel. straints, we have left this out for the time the on-line shop. This means that we need less computing being and are working with a 3D point cloud. power. For the next generation of the Butler, We join this together to create a mesh and however, we are planning to activate oppos- then work with a three-dimensional represen- What components does the “3D-Butler con- ing, diagonal or non-overlapping sensors in tation of the customer. From this, we search tain? Does the retailer simply provide a parallel. This will allow us to reduce the cur- for the ideal points that we need to detect a changing cubicle in return for receiving a rent scan duration of seven seconds by rough- matching item of clothing. plug-and-play solution with a complete ly half. This is also reflected in the lower price software environment that he can subse- of the complete system, which in turn is bene- Just so I understand: You take the 3D data quently integrate in his or her Inventory ficial with regard to series implementation. and use the vectors to create a real, two- Control System (ICS)? At this point, I would also like to praise Jörg dimensional real cutting pattern in the For the moment, we want to supply the 3D- Barda, Bernhard Estermann and everyone at background? Butler as a full-service solution. We expect Rutronik for their prompt, professional, and Exactly. This step is extremely important and that our system's on-line customers will also proactive cooperation. I have had a different we want to and must implement it quickly to call into the stationary retailer that sells our experience with other distributors. I find this ensure process reliability. The advantage of

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this “traditional” work with cutting patterns is that tailors who have never worked in the world of 3D graphics do not have to begin by familiarizing themselves with an entirely new way of working. Software manufacturer Grafis has for many years offered cutting software in which the cutting images can be built up so that they can be graded automatically. In other TAKE A words, we enter the data into the software, we then define how it is processed, and the end result is actual cutting patterns. In this context, the 3D technology acts as the bridge to existing systems. CLOSER „ For the time being, our focus is on making the bridge to the digitization LOOK... of the fashion world as broad as possible so that our system can be used effectively not just by retailers, but also by sports facilities.“ To what extent does this make your business model scalable? We designed it from the outset with scalability in mind. The fashion world is already attempting to use digital technology for cutting patterns – both for bricks-and-mortar retailing as well as in e-commerce. There are two to three developers in the market in Europe who have the capability to open Grafis in such a way that allows us to integrate a small interface comprising two to three lines of code. We can use this interface to import our scanned values. This gives us the scalability we need as it allows us to use standard components rather than developing everything ourselves.

How long did it take to develop your 3D-Butler? US... We worked on this concept for years until we came up with the AND MEET 3D-Butler. We invested a great deal of time and resources. Numerous aspects came together, not just the software and algorithm development, but also hardware issues 01.03.2018 What is the target price of your system? 27.02. – First of all, we must advertise our product and demonstrate how rld it offers added value for all participants. In principle, we en- embedded wo visage a target price in the low four-figure range that we will use as a calculation basis. We also see potential for a three- figure uptake of 3D-Butlers throughout Germany. 05.06. – 07.06.2018 As you mentioned, your concept using Real-Sense is accurate down to two millimeters. To what extent can this be PCIM scaled to include other market segments outside of the fashion industry? – 28.06.2018 In principle, we have created a basis for this with our system – but 26.06. I have yet to picture an industrial application, although I also ST don’t have any expertise in that field. However, if a robot were SENSOR + TE to use our system to measure a person, there wouldn't yet be any mechanism to protect the person. For the time being, our focus is on making the bridge to the digitization of the fashion world 13.11. – 16.11.2018 as broad as possible so that our system can be used effectively not just by retailers, but also by sports facilities. I believe these tronica would be the most obvious markets. Health management, for elec example, where the body is analyzed to identify poor posture and other ailments would be another interesting area. ■ Committed to excellence www.rutronik.com Consult | Components | Logistics | Quality Research

Nanocomposite-based Mechanical sensors for pressure and strain measurements

The Professorship for Electrical Measurements and Sensor Technology at Chemnitz University of Technology develops thin, flexible, and scalable sensor layers with adjustable sensing behavior for measuring pressure and strain.

Authors: Dr.-Ing. Carina Gerlach, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun, TU Chemnitz Dr. Carina Gerlach, TU Chemnitz

ost electromechanical converters ductive fillers are embedded. They can be used measuring object than traditional SGs. The are still based on silicon sensors or to measure a pressure or tensile load directly. use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the filler metallic strain gauges (SGs). They Depending on the actual application area, the offers numerous benefits. Mare attached to deformation elements which height of the sensor can be just a few nano- can measure mechanical load indirectly. meters or millimeters and the sensor there- The shape shifter One disadvantage of this method, however, fore takes up very little space. among the elements is that the load can only be measured indirectly and the sensor must be of a sufficient As a result, the spatial resolution can be size to incorporate the deformation element. adapted flexibly to the required applica- Carbon is well known due to its many different Furthermore, the relatively small measuring tion; from an individual sensor for measuring structural forms. Based on the bonds around range of silicon sensors and the rather com- point loads to a whole sensor matrix for the carbon atoms and their spatial arrange- plex application of metallic SGs limit their measuring, e.g., pressure distributions. ment, forms with weak covalent bonds, such practicality somewhat. as graphite, or forms with strong covalent Mechanically speaking, composite sensors are bonds, such as diamond, can be found. In re- Nanocomposites, on the other hand, do not much more robust than silicon ones and, decent decades, further bonding structures of have these disadvantages: A nanocomposite pending on the selected material and manu- carbon have also been discovered, e.g. fuller- consists of a polymer matrix in which con- facturing process, easier to attach to the enes, graphenes or CNTs, see Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Forms of carbon; (a) diamond, (b) graphite, (c) fullerene, (d) CNT, (e) graphene Source: TU Chemnitz

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CNTs are characterized by their comparatively Pressure Stretching large aspect ratio or length-to-diameter ratio. It is thus possible to achieve a continuous conductive path even with quantities of filler well below 1 % in non-conductive polymers. Measurement object In comparison, 5 % and more are required for currently applied conductive carbon black- Polymer based composites to provide the same level of functionality. CNTs

How CNT polymer composites are created Fig. 2: Compression Stretching/CNT-Alignment Functional principle new current paths less current paths of CNT polymer composites as a pressure and strain sensor. When preparing CNT polymer composites Resistance decreases Resistance increases Source: TU Chemnitz through solvent mixing, a dispersion of CNT and a dispersion of polymer is produced at the same time. The dispersed medium can be an organic solvent or a water-based one. The CNT tachment to the measuring object than with size, causing tunneling of the individual elec- agglomerates of the base material are dis- traditional metallic SGs. trons between the CNTs or actual contacting persed into their individual CNT primary par- of the CNTs. The resistance consequently ticles using an ultrasonic sonotrode. The po- Networking composite sensors drops as a result of an increasing pressure lymer is simultaneously dispersed by means load. Conversely, a low level of impedance is of, e.g., a magnetic stirrer to give a highly selected for a strain sensor where the CNTs viscous dispersion. The two dispersions are The conductive CNTs form a network in the are aligned along the direction of loading with then homogenized with one another. The generally high-impedance polymer matrix, an increasing level of strain, so that the exist- dispersion is subsequently heated up in a con- although the composite resistance may vary ing conductive paths are broken up and the trolled manner to evaporate the contained according to the filler quantity and manufac- overall resistance increases. The piezoresistive solvent and purged to remove any trapped air. turing process. Under applied mechanical behavior of CNT polymer composites is illus- An application procedure that corresponds to load, the gaps between adjacent CNTs change, trated for pressure and tensile load in Fig. 2. the composite viscosity is then used to apply meaning conductive paths are destroyed or the finished composite as a layer, for instance new ones added with the consequence that Besides low electromagnetic susceptibility as a poured, stencil or screen printed layer. the resistance alters under load. When mea- and simple data logging, another advantage The layer can be free-standing or applied on suring pressure, the source resistance is set to of this sensor material and sensor principle is a film substrate or directly to the measuring a high level of impedance and the composite the freely scalable geometry of the sensor. The object. Depending on the type of sensor se- is compressed under pressure. This leads to size of the sensor surface may range from a lected, it results in comparatively simpler at- the gaps between the CNTs being reduced in few millimeters to several centimeters. The

x 10–6 7 10

9 6 8

5 7

6 4 Row 5

3 4

3 2 2

1 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Column Fig. 3: Sensor response of a CNT epoxy resin composite and a constantan SG when subjected to pressure and tensile load Source: TU Chemnitz

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Short profile Chemnitz University of Technology Chemnitz University of Technology (TU gration (miniaturization of components plemented in products. This has manifested Chemnitz) is a byword for excellent re- and systems, sensors, actuators, control itself, for example, as wireless sensor systems search. Right from today, the pressing circuits), design, technology, testing and in industrial environments and environmental overarching social issues of the future are application of components and systems, monitoring, measuring devices for cable di- being placed on the agenda with the core intelligent sensors based on novel tech- agnosis, battery management systems, or competencies of materials and intelligent nologies, interfaces between the nano, tactile sensors. systems, resource efficiencies in produc- micro, and macro worlds, not to mention tion and lightweight construction, as well the reliability of components and systems. as people and technology. Findings of ba- Contact: sic research and application-oriented re- The Professorship of Electrical Measure- Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun search are hereby leading to promising ments and Sensor Technology boasts years solutions. TU Chemnitz has been involved of comprehensive experience in the field [email protected] since 2012 in the Federal Excellence Ini- of sensors, system design, signal proces- www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/messtech/ tiative with the first and sole Federal Ex- sing, and embedded systems. The research Chemnitz University of Technology cellence Cluster in the field of lightweight focuses on the fields of wireless energy Electrical Engineering and construction research. self-sufficient sensors, impedance spec- Information Technology troscopy, nanocomposite sensors, and The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and energy storage diagnosis. Thanks to close Professorship of Electrical Measurements and Information Technology places the focus cooperation with industrial companies, a Sensor Technology of its research on microsystem technology wide range of differing findings from basic Reichenhainer Straße 70 and nanoelectronics, smart systems inte- research have already been able to be im- D-09126 Chemnitz

Gradconn_95x130mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(95.00 x 130.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 14:31:49 Advertisement shape is also freely definable, e.g. full surface in the shape of a circle, rectangular or with a meandering shape. Furthermore, by selecting, among other things, the polymer, the sensor characteristics can be adapted to the application required. For instance, silicones can be 3New Additions to the used as a polymer matrix or epoxy resins with force measuring ranges from a few newtons to kilonewtons respectively. The Professorship for Electrical Measurements and Sensor Technology at Chemnitz Univer- Nautilus sity of Technology has already developed various CNT polymer sensor systems. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a biocompatible, temperature- RF AssemblyRange stable, and particularly flexible-polymer, was used to measure small forces up to 30 N. This material system has already been used in various applications as a stand-alone sensor and also as a sensor TNC matrix for measuring pressure distributions. In an example of a sensor Front Mount a stencil printed CNT-PDMS composite was applied to a polyimide film printed with electrodes. With an overall sensor height of just 300 µm and extraordinary flexibility, it enables applications that are only N possible to a limited extent with common silicon pressure sensors. Front Mount For a further application, CNTs were embedded in epoxy resin as a polymer matrix. A comparison with standard constantan SGs was performed using this material example. A CNT epoxy resin composite N and a SG of the same length were applied to the same height of a RP Rear Mount beam arrangement fixed on one side that was then subjected to pressure and tensile load. A direct comparison shows that the CNT IP67/68rated and perfectlysuitedforharsh epoxy resin composite has a comparatively faster response time with environments such as Waste Management, Agricultural higher sensitivity than the constantan SG, see Fig. 3. Technology, Smart Metering and Remote Sensing. Finally, CNT polymer nanocomposites are characterized by their variability and precise adaptability to required sensor characteristics for the focused measuring application through suitable material gradconn.com selection and manufacture. The nanocomposites augment currently available sensor solutions with a flexible and scalable electromechanical converter for simple application. ■

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Impedance spectroscopy “All industry needs to do is approach us”

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun (Chemnitz University of Technology) discusses the opportunities, possible applications, and future prospects of impedance spectroscopy in real-time battery diagnostics and numerous other fields of application.

The Interview was conducted by: Andreas Mangler, Head of Strategic Marketing and Sebastian Hör, Public Relations, both from Rutronik

s a result, not only does impedance and the frequency part. Since mechanisms spectroscopy give researchers and users dominate at different frequencies, this ap- access to more data for more precise proach allows us to gain insights into the evaluation;A the method also permits non- investigated system that we cannot gain invasive insights into closed systems. There are using conventional methods. numerous possible applications for impedance spectroscopy, with conceivable uses ranging What are the greatest advantages of from exact determination of the service life impedance spectroscopy? and charge state of a battery, to bioimpedance There are many important advantages: For (the ongoing measurement of vitality values in a start, the method is efficient in experimen- the human body) all the way to energy ma- tal terms, which means that, unlike other nagement systems. At present, the method has methods such as cyclic voltammetry, it is poss- yet to find widespread industrial application, ible to investigate a system within a short although the technical prerequisites have long period. Rather than altering the state of the since been achieved, as Professor Olfa Kanoun, system, we are attempting to keep it stable so Prof. Dr-Ing. Olfa Kanoun, TU Chemnitz holder of the Professorship for Electrical that we can extract measurement data at a Measurements and Sensor Technology at the defined state. The next advantage is that we no longer an interfering factor, but an addi- Chemnitz University of Technology, explains can obtain significantly more information tional source of information that the sensor during the interview. than is possible using only pure resistive, ca- identifies along with the soil moisture and pacitative or inductive measurements. These takes into account when determining the advantages are most apparent with sensors. moisture. As a result, the sensor becomes RUTRONIKER: Prof. Kanoun, how would you In the case of capacitative sensors, frequent- simultaneously more accurate and multi- explain to a layperson what impedance ly only the capacitance value is measured; the functional. spectroscopy is? real part of a purely capacitative sensor actu- Prof. Olfa Kanoun: The impedance of a mate- ally describes the loss effects. If we use the One of the main focuses of your research rial or system specifies its complex resistance. impedance measurement instead, we would work is the diagnosis and analysis of bat- It provides information about the composition be able to measure both the efficiency as well teries and other energy storage systems. So and about the geometry. The impedance is a as the losses – and at different frequencies. with the help of impedance spectroscopy, complex number that not only includes the This allows the losses to be used as well to it is possible to look inside the battery with- resistance, but also the capacitative or induc- extract some information better or to mea- out having to open it up or destroy it? tive imaginary part. Consequently, the im- sure a second measurand. One good example Exactly. If you want to use temperature sen- pedance is two-dimensional. Measurements is soil moisture measurement: When you use sors to measure the temperature in a battery conducted at different frequencies provide capacitative measurements, the influence of system, you can only use a few sensors due to three-dimensional data that is recorded at a the soil type is an interference factor in the the associated cost. This means that there are specific state of the material or system. In a moisture measurement. If we measure the point measurements in the battery stack, but nutshell, impedance spectroscopy is a method real and imaginary part at different frequen- not for each individual cell – especially since that provides us with three quantities simul- cies, we can determine the soil type and mois- measurements are only performed on the out- taneously: the real part, the imaginary part, ture with greater accuracy – the soil type is side, not in the core. Although it would be

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possible to place temperature sensors inside That is not something that can be defined the battery management system. Ultimately, the cells, this would lead to higher manufac- down to the nearest decimal point. The it’s like the needle on the fuel gage in a car: turing costs. Therefore, impedance spectro- characterization under laboratory conditions We can then accurately predict an electric scopy is a good option for obtaining informa- using specific profiles is not directly applicable car‘s range based on its current battery charge tion about the temperature in the core of the to practical applications. Both the current ex- instead of working with margins and uncer- cell. In this way, I will receive much better citation as well as the electrical and thermal tainties. The question is not just how much we information about the actual state of the cell. stresses are extremely important for deter- can extract from impedance spectroscopy, but This is an important parameter in the battery mining the state of the battery. Laboratory whether we can usefully implement battery management system, particularly with regard measurements can only predict the behavior management for electromobility at all in the to the operational safety of the batteries. of a battery in practice as the cells inside a long term without it. battery will then be differently stressed. In an electric car, the driving style and ambient con- Where do you see the greatest need for „ Impedance spectroscopy ditions must also be factored in. As a conse- research at present? enables more precise quence, we currently allow large margins in I am seeing a great deal of research conducted measurements. practice for the charging and discharging pro- in the development of measurement systems: cess in order to guarantee safety and range. How can the measurement process be imple- There are examples where a reserve of 20 per- mented as an embedded solution for different The data collected by impedance“ spectro- cent is incorporated, which is not necessarily requirement profiles in applications for cars or scopy yields more precise information advisable because it results in a heavier stationary storage systems? In other words, about the state of a battery than the esti- battery that is used less efficiently. With im- how can the measure-ment method be imple- mation procedures or pure DC impedance pedance spectroscopy, we are better able to mented with high quality in small hardware measurements currently used. How much control battery utilization and we know what‘s units despite reduced resources? I see a great better and more efficiently can batteries be going on at the individual cell level. This infor- deal of potential in this area. The manner in used thanks to the improved data? mation is extremely valuable for controlling which impedance spectroscopy is implemented is always dependent on the field of application. When it comes to information extraction, one often starts by creating models and then inter- PUI_112x148mm_EN.pdf;S: 1;Format:(112.00 x 148.00 mm);06. Sep 2017 16:12:08Advertisement preting the measured spectra. There are different possibilities for signal processing for this – be it physical, using behavioral models, or statistically by means of machine learning. Other open issues in the research environment include, for example, how the method could be used to reduce the number of trials required for the qualification of batteries, so that differ- ences in manufacturing and in the previous history of the individual cells are compensated before and during operation. In the end, you arrive at a self-learning algorithm, which provides detailed diagnostic information and has the capability to automatically and effectively adapt to different supplier technologies and cell chemistries.

Has the automotive industry already recognized the potential of impedance spectroscopy – particularly with regard to electromobility? In recent years, we have noticed a sharp growth in interest because the efficient use of batteries for electromobility simply requires a great deal more information than was initially thought. After all, we have already crossed the threshold of bringing the first electric cars based on existing technology to market. Numerous models are now available. It is only logical that the next stage of development will be to increase efficiency as this is the only way for a supplier to become a world market leader. The problem for the automotive manufacturers is that impedance

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spectroscopy is a highly interdisciplinary field: It requires expertise in electrochemistry, information technology, electrical and measurement engineering. The trick is combining all of this into RUTRONIK is one of the leading distributors of electronic an embedded solution. A supplier can only achieve this in coop- components. Our more than 1,500 employees at 70 locations eration with research facilities – performing these experiments throughout the world are key to this success. independently is a risky undertaking, whose scope will be overly restricted because some aspects cannot be sufficiently mastered. Electronics shape the world – quite literally. In automobiles, industrial machi- The ultimate outcome is that it’s an interesting challenge, but too nery and households, electronics control and manage countless functions difficult. By going down this road, the suppliers are throwing away – and the number of these functions is growing. The conditions for long-term a great deal of potential. There simply isn’t one expert with sales success are laid out in the early project phases, which is why our ex- sufficient knowledge to enable this to be implemented single- perts advise and support customers from as early as the development phase, handedly – both sides must work on it step by step. following the entire project through to serial production. One of these experts is the How much longer will it take for the method to reach production maturity in all its conceivable areas of application? Any statement in this regard will depend on the activities for which one wants to use impedance spectroscopy. Technically speaking, Field Application there are no further hurdles and the method is ready to use. The ® question regarding production maturity should probably be (m/f) addressed to the world of industry, which must adapt and inte- Engineer JAE grate the process. There are no obstacles to this, as I believe there is nothing better than obtaining large amounts of measure- For Connectors ment information using minimal resources. The research institutes Location Ispringen are only too willing to cooperate with partners from the industry, all industry needs to do is approach us. Area Karlsruhe

Are there already externally-funded projects in which you are Your Tasks cooperating with partners from industry? You advise customers in all technical matters, from the evaluation and We have a European project called Smartlic with ST Microelec- design-in phase to the start of production tronics, in which impedance spectroscopy was implemented at You focus on design-in products but do also promote our standard and cellular level using minimal resources. That was highly successful. commodity components There are other research projects, such as the one with Air Ener- You support customer projects on-site with the customer gy GmbH where the implementation of impedance spectroscopy You serve as the middleman between the customer and the manufacturers allows the BMS to acquire more information, which it uses to and keep regular contact with both realize intelligent management. We not only have the resources, Your Profile but also the will to support industry. We are happy to invite part- You have successfully graduated with a college degree in electrical ners from industry to cooperate with us. ■ engineering or a comparable discipline, or can demonstrate a comparable career background You are familiar with the technical specifics of standard modules and applications in automotive, medical engineering, consumer, and lighting Professor Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun studied Electrical and Com- applications, among others puter Engineering at the Technical University of Munich Ideally you have already gained some initial professional experience in the until 1995 and subsequently worked as a research assis- distribution or development of technical products tant and attended the Universität der Bundeswehr (Uni- You have an active customer focus and you are an effective communicator versity of the Federal Armed Forces) in Munich, where she You have a good command of Microsoft Office earned her doctorate in 2001 on the subject of calibration-free temperature measurement. We offer You will be intensively familiarized with our product portfolio In recognition of her work, she was awarded the research A salary system that rewards performance, attractive benefits and a prize by the Arbeitskreis der Hochschullehrer für Mess- company car technik e.V. (working group of university lecturers in the Long-term employment in an innovative and international company that field of measurement engineering). Since 2007, Kanoun enjoys stable growth has held the Professorship for Electrical Measurements We support your future career with training and education opportunities and Sensor Technology at Chemnitz University of Techno- tailored to your needs logy. Here, she founded the International Workshop on Impedance Spectroscopy (IWIS), which has established Interested? We look forward to receiving itself as an annual international event for the past decade. your application and CV in English to [email protected] directly. Please In 2016, Kanoun was awarded from the IEEE Instrumenta- specify your desired salary and the date tion and Measurement Society as a lecturer in the field of on which you can commence employment. impedance spectroscopy worldwide.

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Electrochemical double layer capacitors can replace lithium-ion batteries in certain areas Revolutionizing energy storage

They are safe, robust, and long-lasting: Electrochemical double layer capacitors, or EDLCs, also referred to in the trade as supercaps or ultracaps, have many advantages over lithium-ion batteries, and are suitable for numerous fields of application – from power supply technology all the way to consumer devices. Despite this, EDLCs still occupy a niche position on the energy storage market. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mirko Bodach of the University of Applied Sciences Zwickau has been conducting research into the versatile energy accumulators for almost 20 years. In this interview, he talks about the risks and advantages of as well as the reasons for the expected breakthrough of EDLCs.

The Interview was conducted by: Andreas Mangler, Head of Strategic Marketing, and Sebastian Hör, Public Relations, both from Rutronik

RUTRONIKER: You are researching EDLCs as stance, regarding explosion and fire risks as well as lithium-ion batteries. What is your well as short-circuit risks. They must know main emphasis here? which exogenous and endogenous factors can Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mirko Bodach: We use energy create risks. There is a need for continuous accumulators in different electrical applica- research in this area. tion scenarios. In proportionate terms, EDLCs and traditional accumulator types such as What risks exist compared with other batteries – lithium-ion batteries, and some- energy accumulators? times lead-based systems – are roughly bal- The safety risks arising from the use of EDLCs anced. Lead batteries are still very cheap and have proven to be minimal when compared have been established in stationary applica- with those of lithium-ion batteries. Whereas tions for over 100 years. For example, we are lithium-ion batteries can very quickly reach working on an interesting project about the their limits in electrical terms and since allow- combination of EDLCs and batteries in com- ances must be made for exothermic reactions, bined heat and power units. Publications about especially as a result of improper handling, this are due shortly. The aim of the project was EDLCs prove themselves to be a much more to improve the parameters of larger types of robust and much safer component in this re- batteries by using EDLCs. In addition to perfor- gard. Prof. Dr. Mirko Bodach, mance, service life, robustness, charging University of Applied Sciences Zwickau capability, these include general acceptance In our abuse tests, we have not yet damaged as well as the normative prerequisites for the an EDLC electrically in such a way that its A possible short circuit presents an addition- use of corresponding dual accumulators. destruction could have caused safety-rele- al hazard potential when the EDLC is used in Achieving the stated objectives there will vant problems. The creation of a “combus- electric circuits. Due to the low serial internal allow developers to use the advantages of a tible” atmospheric oxygen gas mixture (from resistance, high short-circuit currents can technology with EDLCs more frequently. the electrolyte) in an enclosed room would flow in this case even in relatively small de- require more EDLCs than would actually fit signs. Consequently, it is important to use What does that mean? in the available installation space to sudden- appropriate protective elements to interrupt The lack of standards and regulations in par- ly outgas. Unlike lithium batteries, deep dis- the faulty circuit. This also applies to every ticular is fueling the uncertainty among devel- charging does not pose a problem for the other type of accumulator that can dissipate opment customers. Testing institutions ulti- EDLC. And while overcharging significantly a high amount of power within a short time. mately need standards in order to conduct reduces the service life, it is non-critical in From our perspective, EDLCs are extremely valid and reproducible safety tests, for in- terms of safety. safe and unproblematic overall.

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EDLCs are therefore much more robust in tests that enable us to estimate the corre- What could cooperation projects with comparison to lithium-ion batteries. What sponding parameters correctly. The parame- industrial customers look like? is the situation with service life? And how ters also vary depending on the supplier. Precisely the same as our cooperation with is it calculated? After 10,000 to 50,000 cycles, a relatively Rutronik: A company knows what it wants, Experience from our projects shows that the good forecast is possible in most cases. The but may not yet have any idea how to imple- service life depends to a great extent on the results have also been confirmed by previous ment what it wants. This is where we at the target application. With the help of cycle projects, where the accumulator systems de- Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the Uni- tests at a large number of different EDLCs, veloped performed in service as we predicted versity of Applied Sciences Zwickau can act we have succeeded in creating a mathemat- they would. as highly qualified contact partners who can ical model based on the Law of Arrhenius, develop this idea further. We have supported which enables us to estimate the service The market‘s attitude towards EDLCs re- many of these types of projects in the past. life quite accurately. In this context, the tar- mains cautious, although production proj- get application is important. This can be clar- ects in the area of electromobility are A simple inquiry as to whether a joint project ified by two diametrically opposed applica- already under way. What specific markets is possible is all it takes. Depending on how tions. The use in an uninterruptible power could mean the breakthrough into the intensive the workload is, it may be pos- supply (UPS) on the one hand and the use of mass market for EDLCs? sible for a student (internship, student re- the EDLC in a kinetic energy recovery system The area of UPS would be the ideal field of search project, diploma thesis, or master (KERS) on the other. Whereas the EDLC in the application for EDLCs. In Germany, 95 per- thesis) to provide support and create a re- UPS remains in continuous trickle-charging cent of the already extremely rare mains commendation guideline for the next steps. mode and only rarely needs to supply energy failures last for less than one second, while The next steps would be a cooperation proj- to the system to be supported, it is perma- 98 percent of mains failures are shorter than ect, for example, for which the company pro- nently cycled in the KERS. ten seconds. This can be covered perfectly vides financial support in the context of con- with a short-term UPS. This market is ideal tract research. Really large projects involving The decisive factors here are the parameters for EDLCs. At this point, the higher service high levels of economic-technical risk can regarding the voltage, the current, the tem- life of the EDLCs is beneficial. This system has also consider applying for state subsidies. perature and – last but not least – the sup- already proven itself in the area of energy plier. In this case, an application-specific, storage in relation to the pitch adjustment Are you currently working on externally- scientifically supported evaluation of use is in wind turbines. funded projects that you can tell us about? generally recommended. The largest project at the moment is Wind- What else is preventing the market break- NODE and involves approximately 70 project Do temperature cycles have a decisive in- through of EDLCs? Where do you need to partners. The project coordinator is the grid fluence over the service life, or are there direct your persuasive efforts? operator 50Hertz. We are cooperating here other important factors? The price and sometimes the minimum with well-known project partners. From our Bodach: The average temperature for the du- purchase quantities are currently a problem. perspective, electrical energy accumulators are ration of use of an EDLC carries approximate- If a developer sees a demand for half a mil- also an exciting prospect here. Those who want ly the same weighting as the average voltage. lion cells for his application, the price per cell to know more can find detailed and compre- The average current is of subordinate impor- would of course be adjusted downward ac- hensive information at www.windnode.de. tance in this case. Temperature and voltage cordingly. I believe that one must consistent- are therefore the driving parameters since ly continue to clarify and clearly address Why should a company decide to use they favor the degradation of the electrolyte. applications, and offer examples of projects EDLCs? that were realized with EDLCs. We need to The developers at the company should con- Does that mean that you assume the aver- highlight where and with which parameters duct tests and see the advantages for them- age temperature for the service life dura- it makes sense to use an EDLC. We have had selves. I have found the component to be tion when calculating the service life, or very positive experience with Rutronik, which extremely interesting for quite some time do you have defined temperature profiles offered us opportunities as a university to now. When used in the right location and that reflect the temperatures at which the test the latest EDLCs. This was very impor- with the right electrical system, EDLCs can cap is used or loaded? Do the calculations tant. It takes lighthouse projects that show revolutionize the energy accumulator world! incorporate individual parameters for the the capabilities of EDLCs – which will then The technology contained in EDLCs is cheap, respective cell from the supplier? also convince industry and result in more and there is no danger of the raw materials That depends on the application: In a wind companies wanting to implement these types required to manufacture them becoming turbine, for example, you can assume the of accumulator concepts. scarce. ■ mean annual temperature at the operating location in the immediate vicinity of the EDLC cells. Naturally, the parameters from Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mirko Bodach was appoint- of the first people to have used EDLCs in the supplier are also included. ed Professor of Electrical Energy Technolo- these types of systems. Bodach and his gy / Renewable Energy at the University team of twelve research assistants are cur- Is there a predictive algorithm that could of Applied Sciences Zwickau in 2007. For rently focusing their research on projects be made available to customers or 19 years, he has investigated electrical covering intelligent, stationary power- projects? energy accumulators for renewable energy supply components, energy and storage That is possible in principle. We conduct systems, among other things, and is one management and much more. application-specific, time-lapsed endurance

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same excellent RF performance of the BlueNRG 120 A or 160 A are possible depending on the New current radio, and the integrated high efficiency DC/DC respective pin diameters (3.6 mm, 6 mm and converter keeps the same ultra-low power 8 mm). Thanks to JEDEC-JS709 qualification, sensor resistor characteristics, but the BlueNRG-2 improves the SheerPwr is ideal for many industrial ap- the BlueNRG sleep mode current consumption plication ranges, but can also be applied in allowing to further increase in the battery life- other market segments such as datacom/tele- time of the application. The BlueNRG-2 in- com and medical technology. cludes 256 KB of programming Flash memory, Contact at Rutronik: Harun Ilhan, Product Sales Manager 24 KB of static RAM with retention (two 12 KB Connectors & Cables, [email protected] banks) and SPI, UART, I²C standard communi- Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 cation interface peripherals. It also features multifunction timers, watchdog, RTC and DMA controller. Contact at Rutronik: René Hermanns, Product Sales Manager LED is setting The new Vitrohm’s CSM Series, one of the new Wireless, [email protected], CS Series range, consists of current sensor re- Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 new standards sistors, often referred to as “shunt” resistors. These resistors are used to monitor not only in miniaturization the current value in the circuit but also to detect when the current passed the circuit limit, Reliable or when a “fault condition” happens. Made with electron-beam welded composite mate- high-current rial (EBW) technology, this construction allows the resistor to reach very low resistance val- connectors ues, normally less than 50 milliohms (R05) and minimizes power consumption. Available to- lerances are 1 %, 3 % and 5 %. The resistance values range from R001 up to R05. The resistors are designed for a maximum power of 2 W The new low-power LED ‘Topled E1608’ from up to 5 W. They are applied in applications Osram has a package that is smaller than pre- such as battery management, energy metering, vious surface-mounted LED models of the se- AC/DC converters, power modules, inverters ries. The package of the Topled E1608 is smal- and power control units. ler than its predecessor models by factor 20. Contact at Rutronik: Jasmin Asi, Product Sales Manager Despite this considerable miniaturization, the Resistors, [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 ‘SheerPwr Circular’ from Amphenol FCI is a low-power LED is bright, reliable, and robust. high-current, low-resistance interface de- The compact Topled offers more options and signed for connecting busbars to circuit boards. greater design flexibility, particularly for car It uses a robust and compliant power contact interior applications. At a normal operating assembled in a circular orientation. The result current of 20 mA, the new Topleds are 3.6 Bluetooth low is a power socket, designed to mate with tra- times brighter than their predecessor models. energy wireless ditional machined pins, which provides re- The pure green conversion variant, for ex- peated low resistance, high mis-alignment, and ample, achieves the impressive and unprece- system-on-chip high current carrying capabilities. In other dented value of 780 mcd at 10 mA. At the The BlueNRG-2 from STMicroelectronics is a words, even if the pins are fully misaligned, all same current, it is three times brighter than very low power Bluetooth low energy (BLE) of the silver plated contacts still make contact the classic Topled. For the package, Osram uses single-mode system-on-chip that enables en- with the pin. Large beam deflection range tried-an-tested premold technology, but uses gineers to use the embedded Cortex-M0 for handles up to ±0.64 mm permanent misalign- more compact package dimensions of 1.6 mm running the user application code. It offers the ment. Current carrying ranges delivering 70 A, x 0.8 mm. At 0.6 mm, the height of the E1608

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is also considerably less than the previous figure of 1.9 mm. These robust LEDs are suitable particularly for the automotive sector for applications such as displays, ambient lighting and backlighting of switches and in- struments. Contact at Rutronik: Julian Eise, Product Sales Manager Opto, [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0

Solid-state fuse for the most demanding applications Schurter’s new HCF is an extremely robust SMD fuse, designed using solid-state/thin-film technology for use in particularly harsh applications, where the reliable interrupt of high currents is critical. The company’s experience, acquired from the development of solid-state fuses for the space industry, and the cooperation with ESA, have led to the development of the HCF. In contrast to conventional fuses with a melting wire, the HCF has a metallic thin film layer. With this manufacturing technique, a metal layer is applied in conjunction with a so- called sputter. The two form on a glass substrate in an exact micro- meter thickness. The resulting fuse element is enclosed with a ceramic package, that guarantees the necessary stability and interrupt capacity. No harmful substances escape, in solid or gaseous form, during fuse cutoff. The HCF from Schurter has a high breaking capacity of up to 1000 A at 125 VAC or 125 VDC with fast response. It covers a rated current range from 5 A to 15 A. Due to its robust design, the HCF fuse is particularly suited for applications which offer high reliability under particularly difficult conditions (thermal and mechanical shock, cycle endurance, etc.).

Contact at Rutronik: Matthias Tschermak, Internal Product Sales Manager Switches & Fuses, [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0

Low power, 2-channel, 16-bit analog front end NJU9101 von JRC is a low power analog front end IC for use in micro- power sensing applications, especially electrochemical sensors. It provides a complete signal processing solution between sensor and micro- processor as smart-sensor module. The analog front end (AFE) converts a sensor signal into the signal which an MCU can process. NJU9101 is intended for use in portable devices, so the power consumption is as low as possible in order to ensure a long battery life: The precision, low noise operational amplifiers inside NJU9101 and the high-precision delta-sigma 16-bit A/D converter are designed to consume less power. This high-resolution ADC has a programmable gain of 1 V/V to 8 V/V, 16 bit and a sample rate of 32 sps to 2 ksps. NJU9101 has 2-channel low-power operational amplifiers. These amplifiers provide potentiostat and transimpedance amplifiers to constitute an electrochemical gas sensor. A potentiostat is a control and measuring device. It comprises an electric circuit which controls the potential across the cell by sensing changes in its resistance. The built-in operational amplifiers are immune to RF noise for transceivers (150 MHz, 5 W) which prevent the AFE from malfunction.

Contact at Rutronik: Thomas Bolz, Product Sales Manager Analog & Sensors, [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0

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sunlight robustness and operation over a broad available system assembling tools enable cus- Boot medium temperature range. The MLX75023 is an opti- tomization of the board. for embedded cal time-of-flight sensor array. The sensor fea- Contact at Rutronik: Mario Klug, Senior Marketing Manager tures 320 x 240 (QVGA) time-of-flight pixels. Boards & Systems, [email protected], applications This unique design allows up to 120 klux back- Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 Swissbit presents its latest memory solution ground light rejection in typical application for the industrial market: Embedded Multime- conditions. The sensor can be used to track for dia Card EM-20. The eMMC combines an in- fast moving objects. The MLX75123 controls dustrial controller with reliable MLC flash in the MLX75023 TOF sensor and the illumination High-performance a BGA153 package. This makes it possible to unit. It has built-in high speed ADCs to convert solder the memory directly onto the printed the analog sensor data and supports system entry-level circuit board of the target application. Thanks features like region-of-interest, configurable ® to its integrated controller, flash management timings, statistics & diagnostics, and program- Bluetooth 5 SoC functionality, and standardized interface, mable modulation. The TOF sensor is available EM-20 can be easily designed-in to applica- in a small glass BGA wafer level package form tions. The firmware is designed for use as a factor while the TOF companion chip is avail- streamlined and energy-saving boot medium able in a 7 x 7 mm2 ELP package. for medical devices, POS/POI terminals or de- Contact at Rutronik: Stephan Menze, Product Sales Manager manding industrial embedded computing ap- Analog & Sensors, [email protected], plications. For more demanding requirements, Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 the EM-20 can be optionally operated in pSLC mode. The EM-20 memory cards are based on JEDEC 5.0 – the de facto standard for industrial eMMCs. They are available with capacities The nRF52810 from Nordic Semiconductor is of 8, 16, 32, or 64 GB and offer the most ad- Workstation an extremely power efficient and high perfor- vanced firmware features such as page-based mainboard utilizes mance multiprotocol SoC supporting Blue- flash management, wear leveling, read disturb tooth Low Energy, ANT and 2.4 GHz proprie- management, data care management, and Intel’s tary applications. It has been designed to offer secure data erasure. C422 chip set advanced features such as Bluetooth 5 and Contact at Rutronik: a powerful ARM Cortex-M4 CPU at a level Marisa Kuhmann, Linemanagerin Swissbit, that makes it compelling for even the lowest [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 cost Bluetooth Low Energy applications. The nRF52810 completes the nRF52 Series SoC range, giving developers a broad selection of features, memory variants and small-footprint QVGA time-of- package options. The nRF52810 is available in 6 x 6 mm QFN-48 and 5 mm x 5 mm QFN-32 flight chipset packages. The nRF52810 is supported by the S132 SoftDevice, a Bluetooth 5 pre-qualified Bluetooth low energy protocol stack. Thanks to the new Intel-Xeon workstation pro- Contact at Rutronik: Sarah Brucker, Product Sales Manager cessors for the 2066 base, the new workstation Wireless, [email protected], mainboard D3598-B from Fujitsu offers up to Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 48 PCIe lanes, distributed across 7 PCIe slots. Two of them are designed to function as PCIe x16 (PEG) and can thus also be used for the parallel operation of two graphics boards with full 16 lanes each. Combination of the D3598- Gate drivers The MLX75023 TOF sensor from Melexis to- B with professional graphics boards is recom- Diodes Inc. introduced the DGD2103M, DGD- gether with the MLX75123 companion chip mended for computing and graphics-intensive 2104M and DGD2304. These gate drivers fea- provides a complete time-of-flight solution. applications, e.g. for imaging processes in ture a floating high-side driver to simplify the The MLX75023 TOF sensor supports up to QVGA medical technology with high image quality switching of two N-channel MOSFETs or two resolution with unpaired sunlight rejection. The requirements and rendering speeds for high- IGBTs in a half-bridge configuration. These MLX-75123 controls the TOF sensor and streams resolution images. The D3598-B is ideal for use drivers suit a wide range of motor control and data to the host processor. The chipset offers in professional workstations with 24/7 contin- power supply applications in industrial auto- performance, flexibility, simplifies the design uous operation up to an ambient temperature mation and white goods, that require AC and and allows a very compact 3D camera. The of +50 °C under heavy load (100%) and a pro- DC motor control boards rated above 100 W, MLX75123 TOF companion chip and the longed life-cycle of 5 years. Fujitsu will offer and LLC resonant converter power supply to- MLX75023 TOF sensor chipset have been de- the board in its Extended-Lifecycle series for at pologies. The half-bridge configuration of the signed to facilitate the design and minimize least the next three years, making it addi- DGD2103M, DGD2104M and DGD2304 devices component count of a TOF camera aiming for tionally suitable for long-term projects. The includes high-side (HS) and low-side (LS)

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drivers with high pulse-current outputs to pro- 15 nm process technology and are ideal for in-

vide effective switching of low DS(on)R MOSFETs dustrial applications such as PLCs, CoMs, and or IGBTs, and increase overall system efficien- automation technology. Memory capacities cies. The floating high-side driver provides of 8, 16, 32 and 64 GB are available. Mass high-voltage isolation allowing operation on production of the products started in March power rails up to 600 V. Compatible with 2017. The new memories combine NAND chips logic-level inputs from 2.5 V, these gate dri- with a controller to manage basic control vers further simplify the driving of power swit- functions for NAND applications in a single ches by enabling direct PWM control from 3.3 package. They complement Toshiba’s previous V MCUs, while the gate drive output operates industrial eMMC memories that support

up to the VCC supply (10 V to 20 V) to minimize munications, machine-to-machine communi- an operating temperature range of –40 to conduction losses in the switch. The DGD2103M cation (IoT), and finance. The products +85 °C. The extended range offers greater and DGD2104M have optimized Schmitt trig- offer tangible hardware security using a plug choice for the development of memory solu- ger inputs to avoid false triggering in noisy and play approach. The flash memory can tions for industrial applications in high tem- motor applications; while the DGD2304 pro- be used by any host to store and retrieve perature environments. vides a shorter internal deadtime, typically data on the cardsat high speed. At the same Contact at Rutronik: Isabell Weinlein, Product Sales Manager 100 ns, making it a better choice for high-fre- time, various security functions on the card Microcontroller, [email protected], quency applications. All three gate drivers are can be activated to protect any data. With Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 offered in an industry standard SO-8 package, the aid of Swissbit products, it is very easy to providing pin-for-pin compatibility with com- enhance security in existing products or pro- petitive parts but with superior faster switch- vide for even greater flexibility in new pro- ing performance. ducts. PCB-mount power Andreas Glaser, Senior Marketing Manager Powerhalbleiter, Contact at Rutronik: Patrik Twele, Product Sales Manager [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 Storage, [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 supplies with AC universal input TDK has launched a smaller PCB-mount power supply from TDK-Lambda: The new KAS se- Micro-SD Embedded NAND ries from TDK-Lambda has a wide DC input and and SD cards with flash memory is available in 2 W or 4 W power levels. The power modules come with a flame retardant security feature up to +105°C plastic package (UL 94V-0) and are well pro- The new memory products of the flash mem- Toshiba now offers Embedded-NAND flash tected against shocks and vibrations. The mo- ory supplier Swissbit offer solutions for the memory compliant with JEDEC-e•MMC ver- dules can be operated in an AC input range increasing safety/security requirements in var- sion 5.1 featuring an extended temperature from 90 V to 305 V and with an input fre- ious sectors, including industry, administra- range from –40 to +105 °C. The new flash quency of 47 Hz to 440 Hz, and are suitable tion, defense, medical technology, telecom- memories contain NAND chips, fabricated with for use with rated input voltages of 115 V,

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for communication. The TLX9310 is a high- speed optocoupler designed for transmission rates of 5 Mbps. Monitoring is important as the separate cells communicate with each other. Battery control is carried out by the pho- torelay optocoupler TLX9175J from Toshiba. Contact at Rutronik: Julian Eise, Product Sales Manager Opto, [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0

230 V, and 277 V. The devices have a rated which guarantees high precision during tem- withstand voltage of 3000 V AC and are de- perature changes. The internal signal proces- signed as protection class II devices for op- Digital miniature sor converts the output from the pressure and eration without the need for ground. They are temperature sensor elements to 24-bit therefore suitable as an auxiliary voltage solenoid switches results. Each pressure sensor has been cali- supply: For example in building automation brated individually and contains calibration systems, in security and surveillance techno- coefficients. The coefficients are used in the logy, in intelligent networks (smart grid) or application to convert the measurement re- household appliances (prepared for approval sults to true pressure and temperature values. to standard EN 60335-1). The compact mo- The ultra-high precision of up to 5 cm differ- dules measure 28.5 x 25.8 x 17 mm (KAS2) entiates the DPS310 from the competition. The and 37 x 27.5 x 17.5 mm (KAS4) and are sensor has a FIFO (first-in-first-out memories) currently available in two rated power clas- that can store the latest 32 pressure and ses, 2 W and 4 W. They supply output vol- temperature measurements. Since the host tages of 3.3 V, 5 V, 8 V, 9 V, 12 V, 14 V, 15 V processor can remain in a sleep mode for a or 24 V. Due to their very low energy consumption and longer period between readouts, a FIFO can re- Contact at Rutronik: Andreas Glaser, Senior Marketing compact size the digital switches of the duce the system power consumption. The small Manager Powerhalbleiter, [email protected], Red-Rock-RR110/120/130 series from Coto package makes the DPS310 ideal for mobile Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 are suitable for numerous areas of application, applications and wearable devices. from medical technology and wildlife tracking Contact at Rutronik: Solience Ngansso, Product Sales to the automotive industry. The RR120 switch Manager Analog & Sensors, [email protected], is a TMR-based solution (Tunneling Magneto Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 Optocouplers Resistance) that contains a small SOT-23 package with high magnetic sensitivity and low for battery energy consumption. The RR120 measures just 1.12 mm in height and has a total surface area 3D low power management of 4.26 mm2. Thanks to its small size, the switch is suitable for medical use, specifically magnetic sensor for endoscopic examinations of the gastro- intestinal tract. A capsule endoscope is used, taking the form of a tablet that the patient swallows. As it passes through the gastro- intestinal tract, it continuously records images which are transmitted to a recording device on the patient‘s belt. Contact at Rutronik: Norman Majer, Product Sales Manager Relais & Batterien, [email protected], The demands on battery management systems Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 (BMS) are increasing rapidly, especially in the The 3D magnetic sensor TLV493D-A1B6 from field of electromobility. And since numerous Infineon offers accurate three-dimensional circuits are interconnected and interact in sensing with extremely low power consump- electric and hybrid vehicles, their electrical Temperature and tion. It is available at distributor Rutronik as isolation is essential. Optocouplers, which of now. Within its small 6-pin package, the work on the principle of galvanic isolation, are pressure sensor TLV493D-A1B6 provides direct measurement therefore recommended for electrically isolat- With the DPS310, Infineon offers a miniatu- of the x, y and z magnetic field components, ing circuits. Rutronik’s portfolio also includes rized digital barometric air pressure sensor making it ideally suited for the measurement Toshiba, a supplier offering MOSFETs, ICs, and with a high accuracy level and low current of 3D movement, linear travel and 360° angle optocouplers with AECQ certification. Opto- consumption. It is available at distributor rotation. By combining 3-axis measurement in couplers are predominantly recommended Rutronik as of now. The DPS310 is both a pres- a small package, with low power consumption, for communication and monitoring purposes sure and temperature sensor. The pressure sen- the sensor provides contactless position sen- within the BMS. Toshiba supplies the TLX9310 sor element is based on a capacitive principle, sing to applications currently using potentio-

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meters or optical solutions. System size can be 600 V/10 A DC current driving 3-phase motors consumption; it can be operated by just a reduced, as magnetic threshold stability over up to 750 W. In combination with one of two regular 3 V lithium battery for approximately temperature provides a more accurate and control boards equipped with the M1 20-pin six months depending on the measurement robust solution for these systems. It is an ideal interface connector like EVAL-M1-1302 or interval. The 2JCIE environmental sensor is solution for joysticks, control elements and EVAL-M1-099M, designers only need a few cloud compatible with no need for additional multi-function knobs as well as electric steps to run the motor: Plug the cards into the hardware. Bespoke threshold values can be set meters where the 3D magnetic sensor helps PC, motor and grid equivalent voltage supply to provide alerts that notify the user of any to protect against tampering. The sensor pro- and download, install and set the parameters abnormal sensor readings. 2 vides a standard 2-wire digital I C interface, of the software. Target applications are con- Contact at Rutronik: Solience Ngansso, Product Sales which enables high speed bi-directional com- tinuously running 3-phase motors, like BLDC Manager Analog & Sensors, [email protected], munication between the sensor and micro- or AC machines in range to 750 W, like light Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 controller. It is RoHs compliant and JESD47 compressors, air conditioner, air dryer, gate qualified. shutter or workshop-lifts. Contact at Rutronik: Solience Ngansso, Contact at Rutronik: Solience Ngansso, Product Sales Product Sales Manager Analog & Sensors, Manager Analog & Sensors, [email protected], Magnetic speed [email protected], Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0 sensor Rutronik adds the magnetic speed sensor TLE4922 from Infineon to its portfolio. The Application Multi-function TLE4922 is specially designed to provide an easy-to-use, robust and cost-effective solution design kit for environmental for vehicle or industrial speed sensing applications. Infineon Hall- and GMR-based mag- 3-phase motors sensor netic speed sensors reliably measure changes Omron announced a multi-function environ- of magnetic fields. They can be used for speed mental sensor that quickly allows designers detection in safety and powertrain applica- to monitor seven parameters from one easy tions such as speedometers, ABS, camshafts/ to integrate module. Specifically designed for crankshafts and automatic transmissions. the growing number of autonomous IoT sys- By integrating the magnetic Hall or GMR sens- tems, the new Omron 2JCIE-BL01 sensor mea- ing cell and the signal processing unit on a sures temperature, humidity, light, UVI, baro- single chip, the sensors deliver optimum per- metric pressure, noise and acceleration. formance and cost savings. The TLE4922 can Despite its compact size, 2JCIE features its therefore be back-biased using a simple, low- own embedded memory for data logging to cost bulk magnet, while providing a good air The Infineon iMotion Modular Application keep track of the surroundings. Potential ap- gap performance and switching accuracy. Its Design Kit (MADK) evaluation platform offers plications include monitoring and controlling hidden adaptive hysteresis and calibration a complete and scalable evaluation and test- both industrial and office environments to im- algorithm enables good accuracy over air gap ing platform for compact and flexible 3-phase prove the work space. It is also suitable for jumps and immunity to vibration and run-out motor drive solutions. One of several power home and outdoor applications. Data from the events. boards is the EVAL-M1-CM610N. This board is module can be downloaded over Bluetooth Contact at Rutronik: Solience Ngansso, Product Sales a complete power stage based on the CIPOSTM (BTLE) allowing designers to easily access re- Manager Analog & Sensors, [email protected], Mini IKCM10H60GA with power ratings of corded data. The module has very low power Tel.: +49 (0)7231 801-0

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Source: Rutronik C-parts management Optimization through tailored logistics systems Capacitors, resistors, and other low-priced components are often not the most important parts of a device – but these C-parts are nevertheless indispensable for its production. Since their low purchasing volume means very high procurement effort, C-parts management demands smart logistics systems.

n many companies, the ratio of proof ownership, it becomes quite obvious that Author: Hans-Christoph Behler, ducts with a low merchandise value can C-part management, in particular, can profit Director Materials Management, expressed using the 80/20 rule, i.e. the- from the advantages provided by cutting- Ise parts cause only 20 % of the purchasing edge logistics systems. Since individually Rutronik volume but 80 % of the procurement costs. tailored, automated logistics solutions not This characteristic is even greater for chip re- only guarantee material availability and sistors and capacitors. In this case, the actu- there-by provide security of supply but also al costs for ordering and for each individual simplify and speed up procurement proces- stockroom activity significantly outweigh ses, thereby reducing process costs. the actual purchase price of the individual components. Extensive additional services, Smart logistics systems such as special labeling, special packaging, singulation or free worldwide transport, increase the process costs even further. Rutronik has for many years been using auto- When taking a closer look at the total cost mated supply chain management solutions

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tailored to the needs and demands of each chain. Automation has led to less errors to a container with 10,000 pieces, the set-up individual customer. The logistics customers during logistics procedures and increased costs are reduced by up to 50%. If the annu- include not only big corporations and groups process quality. al demand for a single component amounts but also medium-sized enterprises. For effec- to several million or even billion pieces, this tive individual implementation, Rutronik ini- The effort required to physically move the results in a considerably reduced number of tially prepares an as-is analysis together with parts can be reduced by bundling quantities. packages or pallets, significant speeding up of the customer, which either incorporates all The demand for several weeks is bundled and goods receipt processes, and thus much short- purchase parts or focuses solely on the C- shipped in larger packaging units, thus re- er turn around times. parts. Once the exact demand has been ascer- placing small weekly quantities. When man- tained, predefined ‘best practice’ standards aging the value-added chain cost effectively, Green logistics can be applied to quickly develop individu- especially in terms of C-parts, Rutronik utilizes alized concepts. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), which automatically adds together the commonly Furthermore, the original packaging of the C-part management is divided into two parts: defined quantities. This helps to reduce the supplier can be passed on 1:1 for larger order The administrative aspects of ordering and process costs greatly, as a number of steps are quantities. This saves packaging materials the physical movement of parts. Orders are no longer required – from the ordering stage and facilitates best practice in terms of optimized by using the data interface EDI and goods receipt through to receipt and sub- disposal. Smart logistics systems also incor- (Electronic Data Interchange) and through sequent auditing. porate the growing awareness among custo- one of three models: Consignment, Kanban, mers and users of ecological aspects. Well- and delivery schedule. These three process A further bundling option involves using planned C-parts management reduces logis- control tools can be combined or further en- larger packaging units – standard sizes range tics costs in a way that price reduction efforts hanced through the application of VMI mo- from 5,000 to 50,000 pieces. This also has a can only dream of achieving. It allows custo- dels (Vendor Managed Inventory). These give positive effect on the set-up times of SMDs mers to focus on more valued components or the distributor access to the store item and (Surface Mounted Device), especially in the other strategic projects, something for which demand data of the customer, which helps to chip resistor sector: For instance, if a compa- there is often too little time in day-to-day increase efficiency significantly in the supply ny changes from a roll size of 5,000 resistors business. ■

MLX90640 32X24 PIXEL INFRARED (IR) ARRAY Addresses growing demands seen across numerous applicationsAddresses growing for thermal demands analysis seen and across capable numerous of providing enhancedapplications resolution for thermal while analysis still occupying and capable an attractive of providing price point.enhanced Primary resolution applications while stillfor thisoccupying device aninclude attractive people price detection,point. Primary ﬁ re prevention,applications building for this deviceautomation, include lighting people control,detection, surveillance ﬁ re prevention, and air building conditioning automation, systems. lighting control, surveillance and air conditioning systems.

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MELE_088 Adv Markt&Technik Rutronik Guide_230x148mm.indd 1 31/08/2017 13:56 MELE_088 Adv Markt&Technik Rutronik Guide_230x148mm.indd 1 31/08/2017 13:56 Logistics

Source: Rutronik

Direct from small quantities storage facility

Tilo Rollwa, Reliability of supply Online Marketing Director, Rutronik „ All available articles are delivered very quickly to customers, for small batches generally within one to two and sampling working days.“ To supply development engineers RUTRONIKER: Mr. Rollwa, what can How can a customer find out if a product is and companies that have smaller Rutronik customers expect from the new also available in small quantities? storage? The e-commerce platform www.rutronik24. requirements quickly also with Tilo Rollwa: Now, a packaging unit is no com indicates for each product whether it is individual items and partial longer the smallest quantity they can order available in the small quantities storage facil- from Rutronik. They can also order partial ity. All of these products can be ordered in quantities, Rutronik has set up quantities and individual items for small partial quantities, the smallest ordering unit a new storage facility to meet batches and sampling. All available articles are being a single item. precisely these requirements. delivered very quickly to customers, generally within one to two working days. Can customers also avail of support from Tilo Rollwa, who as On-line Rutronik for these parts? Marketing Director is responsible As a broadliner, Rutronik maintains an ex- Yes! The FAEs (Field Application Engineers) tremely extensive portfolio. Are all articles provide design support if required. Customers for it, explains the details. also available in small quantities? can use the on-line support function that we No, we systematically select NPI products and offer for every product for this purpose. Here, fast-selling, high-value components. At the they can contact the relevant product special- moment, these are primarily semiconductors, ist directly, who can usually answer questions The Interview was conducted by: with additional product groups and suppliers immediately or clarify them directly with the Andreas Mangler, added gradually. Our 40 top suppliers provide supplier if necessary. In the event that this is Head of Strategic Marketing, excellent support with advance information not possible, or if more complex issues need Rutronik about their future articles and early shipments to be clarified, our FAEs will also travel directly of the agreed products. to the customer. Customers can also find out about product innovations via the Rutronik- TEC forum, the newsletter, and Rutronik activ-

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Source: Rutronik

ities on the social media platforms Facebook, such as dry packaging for shipping and repack- How does the new storage facility differ Twitter, YouTube, and Google+. Here, they will aging of moisture-sensitive components – all from the existing one? also receive useful information about promo- of which involves additional handling costs. The small quantities storage facility is tailored tions as well as news of current events, back- precisely to these processes, which means that ground information about new technologies Another aspect is the increasing size of the most of the processes are unique and are car- and much more. packaging units for many products. Small de- ried out manually. signs are now mostly delivered in rolls with What made a special storage facility for much higher packing densities than a few Naturally, we also take into account all these small order quantities necessary? years ago. A single unit containing 1,000 high- packaging requirements from the suppliers The ongoing miniaturization of components value components can very quickly end up cost- and the ESD (Electro Static Discharge) stan- has had two effects in the last few years: The ing several thousand euros, thereby blowing dards in the same way as in the central products have now become extremely small the budget of a development office, a smaller Rutronik storage and logistics center. This is and sensitive – some are so tiny that their la- company, or start-up. In certain circum- designed to handle the packaging units and beling, if they actually still have any, can only stances, a packaging unit may even exceed the larger-scale re-packaging and its operations be deciphered with the help of a magnifying requirements for the planned series produc- are largely automated to deliver orders to glass. It is no longer so easy to separate them tion, e.g. in sectors such as the medical or customers as quickly and efficiently as poss- and insert them into a piece of foam rubber aerospace industries that do not manufacture ible and to offer them reliability of supplies. before sending them. As a result, the process in such high quantities. As a result, we are see- The combination of both storage facilities will of separating them has become increasingly ing a growing demand for partial quantities. allow Rutronik to play a leading role in the time-consuming and costly. Added to this are However, we can only carry out these requests logistics for electronic components in the the frequent special packaging requirements, to a limited extent from our central storage. future as well. ■

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HR Training – Dual Study Training today for the world of tomorrow

It is roughly 20 years since Ed Michael, the then Director of McKinsey, coined the phrase ‘War for Talents’. In the meantime, reality has overtaken the academic and political discussions. A lack of skilled workers and thus the difficulty to recruit qualified employees has long been the reality in many companies. Through demographic change, in other words a drop in the birthrate, and an increasing lack of interest in MINT subjects (Mathematics, Informatics, Natural sciences, and Technology) there is basically an inadequate number of people on the labor market.

he situation is further complicated Dominik Schmidt: I wouldn’t express it like by other factors that are more difficult that. People change, the labor market, the The Interview was conducted by: to quantify. On the one hand, there market, and many branches change, so it’s Ralph Kühn, Journalist, areT entire sectors facing major upheavals obviously wise to rethink antiquated concepts Rutronik and demanding new ‘skills’ due to the ever- and methods. We have a keen eye on the mar- accelerating trends of digitization and con- ket and adapt both processes and contents nectivity. On the other hand, the career and accordingly, but only where we believe it is working environment requirements of gene- important and correct to do so. rations Y and Z have changed significantly. What does this look like in real terms? And RUTRONIKER: Mr. Schmidt, since the be- is this approach successful? ginning of the year you have been respon- To give you a precise example, we have, for sible for recruitment and human resources instance, said goodbye to the ‘Post & Pray’ development at Rutronik. Is the company concept. Until now it was common practice establishing new battle lines in the fight to prepare a job advertisement, to publish it for talent? in print and/or online media and to hope for

96 Powered by www.rutronik.com Management & Career

applications. Rutronik is now taking a more active role: We make regular appearances at exhibitions and universities, talk directly to potential candidates through all the available channels, and are thus generating a talent pool. We’re happy with the results.

However, I wish to emphasize that recruitment is just one building block. Ultimately, the overall package has to be right. Since: Satis- fied employees are not only the best ambas- sadors of a company but also the foundation for the success of a company.

Experts believe the distribution sector is facing a major shake-up. Which effect will this have on human resources policies? Let me expand a little first. The traditional image of a distributor who purchases components and then sells them at a higher price is outdated. The scope of services has been steadily increasing over recent years: Initially adding logistics solutions and progressively consultancy services. In addition to this, there are changes that are generally described Source: Rutronik as IoT, Industry 4.0, smart world. Significant impacts on both technology and applications The personnel development team at Rutronik from the left: Julia Kolem, Nicole Maisch, Lena Schmid, Oksana Schumacher, Daniela Hemminger and Dominik Schmidt are to be expected.

As a broadliner, Rutronik acts as the key in- and consultancy; in other words scientific- Mr. Schmidt, can you back this up with terface between the suppliers of electronic based support for both the technical and some facts and figures? components and the manufacturers of end commercial sector. In the last four years, Rutronik has hired more products, and is, therefore, in a unique posi- than 40 of its former students and apprentices tion in terms of market, industry, and tech- Our students also profit from this dual strat- on permanent contracts. That’s a ratio of over nology know-how. This almost inevitably egy. We introduce and accompany students 90 %. We are particularly proud of the fact that leads to certain parameters for human re- on their journey into the world of work. The six apprentices have, in recent years, enrolled sources policies. The link between academic, work in various sectors along with the project on a dual study course at Rutronik after com- scientific knowledge and practical skills is a and final theses develop and expand current pleting their basic vocational training. Our central concern for Rutronik. As a result of topics that are highly relevant for the com- program is obviously attractive… this, we offer five apprentice trades and a pany. In return, the students experience ‘live total of nine courses at cooperative univer- business’ virtually from the start by having the As a company, we place significant emphasis sities. opportunity to tackle the latest projects on the constant further development of our ‘hands on’ without having to wait. workforce. An example of this is the Rutronik Why are dual study programs so important Academy, which offers various programs, from for Rutronik? And which opportunities await the gradu- language courses and basic seminars in Rutronik presents itself in this area relative to ates? Are you in a way training new staff electrical engineering to behavioral and per- its market position. The concept of coopera- for your competitors? sonal development training. Furthermore, we tive universities is application and work- Basically speaking: If you train at Rutronik, accompany young professionals fittingly oriented while remaining scientifically based. you’re well equipped for your future career, be on their career journey. Some of the former And this ‘dual skill set’ is a perfect fit for it with us or a different company. Our aim is students, for instance, already assume initial Rutronik. On the one hand, the real-life train- to provide apprentices and students with op- management roles. In addition, we offer fi- ing, which has become a recipe for success. timum skills for the best possible start in their nancial support and other resources for part- We appreciate that academic work is not car- careers. time master’s courses. But don’t just take my ried out within an ivory tower but focuses on word for it. Rutronik has received multiple practical, everyday activities. And on the Having said that, we attempt to offer every awards from the German magazine Focus other hand, we, as a company, benefit from graduate a full-time and permanent contract. Money in 2017: ‘Best career opportunities for scientific work at the cutting edge – the tech- Rutronik’s strategy in this respect is clear and university graduates’, ‘Best career opportuni- nologies and methods of tomorrow. This is simple: Whenever possible, we recruit skilled ties for engineers’, and we were voted one of ideally suited to the extended portfolio which, workers and managers from our own ranks. the top ten companies that train apprentices in the meantime, goes far beyond distribution And this recruiting phase starts long before in wholesale trade – now that’s something we and is at home in the field of advisory services their training has been completed. can be proud of. ■

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Editorial Staff: Sebastian Hör – Rutronik PR Referent (Chief Editor, responsible for the content), Tel. +49 (0)7231 801 1679 Ralph Kühn – Rutronik Journalist, Ph. +49 (0)7231 801 0 Frank Klemmer – Rutronik Head of Marketing & Communications, Ph. +49 (0)7231 801 0 Andreas Mangler – Rutronik Director Strategic Marketing & Communications, Ph. +49 (0)7231 801 0 Markus Krieg – Rutronik Managing Director Marketing, Ph. +49 (0)7231 801 0 Christine Schulze – Agentur Lorenzoni GmbH, Ph. +49 (0)8122 55917 14 Odile Binding – Agentur Lorenzoni GmbH, Ph. (0)8122 55917 15 Sabrina Hausner – Agentur Lorenzoni GmbH, Ph. +49 (0)8122 55917 11

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Special thanks to: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Olfa Kanoun, Technische Universität Chemnitz Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mirko Bodach, Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau Dr.-Ing. Carina Gerlach, Technische Universität Chemnitz Beate Lorenzoni – Agentur Lorenzoni Christine Schulze – Agentur Lorenzoni Dieter Grahnert – Markt&Technik Christian Stadler – Markt&Technik

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