International Perspectives on the Effects of Climate Change on Inland Fisheries

Fisheries

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Ian J. Winfield, Claudio Baigún, Pavel A. Balykin, Barbara Becker, Yushun Chen, Ana F. Filipe, Yuri V. Gerasimov, Alexandre L. Godinho, Robert M. Hughes, John D. Koehn, Dmitry N. Kutsyn, Verónica Mendoza- Portillo, Thierry Oberdorff, Alexei M. Orlov, Andrey P. Pedchenko, Florian Pletterbauer, Ivo G. Prado, Roland Rösch & Shane J. Vatland

To cite this article: Ian J. Winfield, Claudio Baigún, Pavel A. Balykin, Barbara Becker, Yushun Chen, Ana F. Filipe, Yuri V. Gerasimov, Alexandre L. Godinho, Robert M. Hughes, John D. Koehn, Dmitry N. Kutsyn, Verónica Mendoza-Portillo, Thierry Oberdorff, Alexei M. Orlov, Andrey P. Pedchenko, Florian Pletterbauer, Ivo G. Prado, Roland Rösch & Shane J. Vatland (2016) International Perspectives on the Effects of Climate Change on Inland Fisheries, Fisheries, 41:7, 399-405, DOI: 10.1080/03632415.2016.1182513

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2016.1182513

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Download by: [IRD Documentation] Date: 11 August 2016, At: 07:36 Quiñones, R. M., and P. B. Moyle. 2014. Climate change vulnerability Sundh, H., and K. S. Sundell. 2015. Environmental impacts on fish of freshwater fishes of the San Francisco Bay area. San Fran- mucosa. Pages 171–197 in B. H. Beck and E. Peatman, editors. cisco Estuary and Watershed Science 12:1–9. Mucosal health in aquaculture. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Snieszko S. F. 1974. The effects of environmental stress on outbreaks Trust, T. J. 1986. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases of fish. Annual of infectious diseases of fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 6:197– Reviews in Microbiology 40:479–502. 208. Udey, L. R., J. L. Fryer, and K. S. Pilcher. 1975. Relation of water tem- Sterud, E., T. Forseth, O. Ugedal, T. T. Poppe, A. Jrgensen, T. Bruheim, perature to ceratomyxosis in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) H. P. Fjeldstad, and T. A. Mo. 2007. Severe mortality in wild Atlan- and Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of the Fisher- tic Salmon Salmo salar due to proliferative kidney disease (PKD) ies Research Board of Canada 32:1545–1551. caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 77:191–198.

INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES SECTION International Perspectives on the Effects of Climate Change on Inland Fisheries

Ian J. Winfield Dmitry N. Kutsyn Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sci- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, ences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4AP, U.K. E-mail: [email protected] Verónica Mendoza-Portillo Claudio Baigún Colección Nacional de Peces, Instituto de Biología, Uni- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), versidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Gral. San Martín, Bue- Federal, México nos Aires, Argentina Thierry Oberdorff Pavel A. Balykin UMR ‘BOREA’ CNRS 7208/IRD 207/MNHN/UPMC, UAG, Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sci- UNICAEN, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, ences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

France Barbara Becker Alexei M. Orlov Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Ocean- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo ography, Moscow, Russia; A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecol- Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ogy and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Yushun Chen Russia; Department of Ichthyology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia Wuhan, Hubei, China Andrey P. Pedchenko Ana F. Filipe Berg State Research Institute on Lake and River Fisheries, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Saint-Petersburg, Russia Genéticos, Universidade do Porto. Campus Agrário de Florian Pletterbauer Vairão, Vairão, Portugal; Centro de Ecologia Aplicada, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Manage- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, ment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria Yuri V. Gerasimov Ivo G. Prado I. D. Papanin, Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Rus- Fish Passage Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, sian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Region, Russia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Pisces-Consultoria e Serviços Ambien- Alexandre L. Godinho tais, Lavras MG, Brazil Fish Passage Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Roland Rösch Minas Gerais, Brazil LAZBW, Fisheries Research Station Baden-Wuerttemberg, Robert M. Hughes Langenargen, Germany Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries & Wild- Shane J. Vatland life, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Research Division, Department of Fisheries Resources John D. Koehn Management, Nez Perce Tribe, Joseph, OR Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, De- partment of Environment, Land, Water & Planning, Heidel- berg, VIC, Australia

INTRODUCTION Many of the world’s inland fisheries face common threats, such as eutrophication, overfishing, species introductions, and water A range of perspectives is presented from the International development projects (Youn et al. 2014), which have essentially Fisheries Section of the American Fisheries Society on climate local solutions. However, most fisheries also face effects from change effects on inland fisheries from standing and flowing the inherently global problem of climate change, which only can waters in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and Latin America.

Fisheries | www.fisheries.org 399 be understood and ultimately managed from a truly international shads, Inconnu Stenodus leucichthys) fishes made up 79% perspective. The potential extent and range of such effects were and 16%, respectively, of the catch (Kuranova and Moiseev illustrated by Xenopoulos et al. (2005), who, assuming the A2 1973). In the first years of the 21st century, catches of semi- model for climate change, predicted a loss of 0% to 75% of the anadromous and anadromous fishes declined dramatically and fish species in a variety of the world’s river basins but with an are significantly correlated with reduced Volga River discharges uncertain time lag (Tedesco et al. 2013). Here, we provide a into the sea, lower sea levels, and higher salinities (Zhidovinov range of perspectives from the International Fisheries Section et al. 1985; Katunin and Strubalina 1986). of the American Fisheries Society on climate change effects Inland fisheries occur across most areas of the Asian on inland fisheries from standing and flowing waters in Africa, part of Russia and are particularly important, susceptible to Asia, Australia, Europe, and Latin America. climate change, and well-studied in Lake Baikal (Siberia). The most important fisheries species in this lake is Baikal Omul AFRICA Coregonus migratorius, where catches increase 4 to 5 years Most tropical fishes are eurythermal and able to tolerate after high water levels (Smirnov et al. 2015). There is a strong high temperatures, and most climate change scenarios predict negative correlation between ice cover in the Arctic Ocean in little temperature increase in tropical Africa. Consequently, the second half of August and Baikal Omul catches (Figure relatively small effects might be expected. However, many 1). During periods of low winter temperatures and long ice tropical fishes live in waters with low dissolved oxygen levels, cover, conditions for Baikal Omul production improve because where temperature fluctuations approach upper lethal limits of increases in river flow, lake level, and subsequent juvenile (Ficke et al. 2007). Thus, temperature increases of only 1°C survival (Smirnov et al. 2015). to 2°C are likely to affect swimming ability, growth rates, and AUSTRALIA reproduction, which in turn are likely to affect wild fish and aquaculture production. Fish species extinctions due to reduced Australia is a large, dry continent that spans tropical to water availability arising from climate change in arid and semi- temperate zones. Its freshwater fishes and their habitats have arid regions of northern Africa are very likely before the end of suffered considerable degradation in many regions, leading this century (Tedesco et al. 2013). to range reductions and reduced and fragmented populations. Even large African lakes with considerable buffering Consequently, a large proportion of Australia’s endemic capacities are likely to be affected by climate change. For freshwater fishes are of conservation concern. Rainfall and example, the fishery catch of Lake Naivasha in Kenya is river discharge patterns are highly variable with increasingly strongly correlated with water level (Hickley et al. 2002), and unpredictable intense droughts and floods forecasted (Hobday water level is likely to be affected by anticipated reductions and Lough 2011). Such changes combined with other pressures in precipitation. Similar impacts of climate change are also pose serious threats to fishes and fisheries. anticipated in Lake Victoria (East Africa), where changes Though climate change may affect fishes directly (e.g., in interannual and interseasonal variability in rainfall and effects of increased temperatures on reproduction and early temperature could affect the survival of aquatic life, increasing life stages), changes in water availability and reliability alter the variability of fish catches (Johnson 2009; Sewagudde 2009). freshwater habitats and indirectly affect fishes and fisheries (Morrongiello et al. 2011). Changes in fish distributions are ASIA predicted (Bond et al. 2011), but there are limited opportunities Climate change may affect the hydrology and fisheries of for species to move upstream to cooler higher altitudes because inland waters through increased precipitation, air temperature, Australia has few high mountains. and glacier melting in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). The QTP has many lakes and contains the glacier-fed headwaters of the Yangtze, Yellow, and Mekong rivers. The QTP has warmed in recent decades (e.g., Wang et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2015), stimulating increased glacial melting (Krause et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2013). In some QTP regions, increased precipitation may have affected runoff more than increased air temperature (e.g., Qian et al. 2014). In lakes, fish may need to adapt to habitat changes associated with rising lake levels and altered thermal stratification and mixing. In rivers, particularly the headwaters, increased discharge may change local habitat and deliver more terrestrial inputs downstream, with eventual effects on riverine fisheries. The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland sea, and a century-long shift in the abundance and composition of its fishery is correlated with a change in the local climate and sea environment. Specifically, increased air temperatures coupled with decreased precipitation and winter ice covers are associated with increased salinity and decreased sea level. From 1900 Figure 1. Square of Arctic Ocean ice cover in the second half of to 1933, annual fish catches in the Caspian Sea were often August as a percentage deviation from the mean for 1925 to 1976 over 600,000 tons. Semi-anadromous (Vobla Rutilus caspicus, (upper panel) and annual Baikal Omul commercial catches in feed- Common Bream Abramis brama, Pikeperch Sander lucioperca, ing areas as a percentage deviation from the mean for 1925 to 1966 (lower panel). Lines 1 and 3 are 5-year means, and lines 2 and 4 are Common Carp Cyprinus carpio) and anadromous (sturgeons, annual means (after Smirnov et al. 2015).

400 Fisheries | Vol. 41 • No.7 • July 2016 Climate-driven changes to popular recreational fisheries may be affected by climate change. Such changes will be particularly have significant economic and social impacts, as well as indirect intense in areas such as the southern regions, which host many effects causing unexpected outcomes (Koehn et al. 2011). This endemic and threatened fishes that already are under great complexity presents considerable challenges for water resource stress from a range of anthropogenic pressures (Smith and management (Kingsford 2011; Lester et al. 2011), within which Darwall 2006). Those pressures must be successfully managed prioritization must be given to the most vulnerable species, along with restoration of stream connectivity, establishment of locations, and ecosystems (e.g., Barred Galaxias Galaxias conservation areas, and improved water infrastructure planning fuscus; Crook et al. 2010). There is still considerable work to (Hermoso et al. 2015a, 2015b). do in adapting management to the changed climate regime of Climate change effects also are likely in the European part Australia. The management of freshwater fishes under climate of Russia, including the Great Lakes of Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen, change must be undertaken in conjunction with existing and Peipsi, where fisheries target whitefishes (Coregonidae), stressors, including fisheries management and reforms to water Burbot Lota lota, European Perch Perca fluviatilis, Northern extraction (Koehn 2015). Pike Esox lucius, Roach Rutilus rutilus, and other species (Kudersky and Ivanov 2011). Catch dynamics depend on EUROPE climatic factors associated with increasing frequencies of W- Europe contains great variability in climates and and E-types of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic hydrological regimes, from northern alpine to southern (Dubravin and Pedchenko 2010; Pedchenko 2011). In particular, Mediterranean; those regions are expected to be affected more frequent E-type atmospheric circulation (low winter differently by climate change (Arnell 1999). A general reduction temperatures and long ice cover) is consistent with the dynamics of annual discharge in the southern regions and an increase in of the total fish catch (Pedchenko, in press). Similar species the northern and higher altitude regions are anticipated. The are exploited in Rybinsk Reservoir, together with European duration, frequency, and intensity of floods and droughts will Smelt Osmerus eperlanus and the invasive Black and Caspian be exacerbated in the south (Figure 2), and runoff increases in Sea Sprat Clupeonella cultriventris (Gerasimov 2015). Since winter and flow decreases in spring will be more frequent in 1995, freezing-over has shifted from early November to late northern and higher altitude areas (Arnell 1999; Christensen and December (Litvinov and Roshchupko 2010), coinciding with Christensen 2003; Filipe et al. 2013a). a decline of coldwater species including Burbot and European Fishes are expected to be affected strongly by climate smelt and an increase in Black and Caspian Sea Sprat. Growth change, tending toward local extirpations or displacements rates of Burbot and other coldwater species have decreased, to higher elevations and more northern latitudes (Filipe et and warming-induced lowered oxygen availability has reduced al. 2013a; Pletterbauer et al. 2016). This implies a decrease benthic species such as Ruff Gymnocephalus cernuus (Wrona in local species richness and major changes in the structure et al. 2006; Rijnsdorp et al. 2009). Like the Caspian Sea, the of assemblages for some regions, with the most favored Azov Sea has been affected by increased air temperatures, species being those that are alien or common and having low decreased precipitation and winter ice covers, increased salinity, conservation or commercial importance (Buisson et al. 2008). and decreased level, resulting in reduced commercial catches of For one of the most threatened species, Brown Trout Salmo Pikeperch and Common Bream (Goptarev et al. 1991). trutta (Freyhof 2010), distribution forecasts for the Ebro, Elbe, In central Europe, the transnational Lake Constance of and Danube river basins indicate that 64% of stream reaches Germany, Switzerland, and Austria has a long history of inland will become unsuitable by the 2080s, with the highest risk of fisheries, particularly for European Whitefish Coregonus extirpation in the Elbe Basin (Filipe et al. 2013b). The greatest lavaretus and European Perch. Over the last 40 years, water changes in fish assemblages are expected for the southern temperature has increased by about 1.5°C (Jeppesen et al. regions by the 2050s and 2080s, whereas boreal assemblages 2012), and populations of several species including European will change less over the same periods (Tedesco et al. 2013; Whitefish (Thomas et al. 2010) and European Perch (Eckmann Pletterbauer et al. 2015). et al. 2006) have changed. Recently, fisheries yields have Fisheries provide important food sources and recreational decreased drastically (Rösch 2014), and in 2015 yield fell opportunities throughout most of Europe and undoubtedly will by approximately 50% from the already low yield of 2014.

Figure 2. The Ardila River in the Guadiana Basin, southern Portugal, in which the hydrological regime is highly seasonal and expected to become even more strongly affected by extreme floods and droughts. The two photographs were taken less than 1 day apart. Photo credit: Patrícia Tiago.

Fisheries | www.fisheries.org 401 Since about 2014, pelagic expansion of the lake’s unexploited Threespine Stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus has occurred and comprised more than 80% of pelagic fish in 2015, increasing the possibility of competition with European Whitefish for zooplankton and predation on larval European Whitefish and European Perch. Although corresponding information is not available for European Whitefish, preliminary data indicate that the 2014 year class of European Perch is extremely weak. The reason for this expansion of Threespine Stickleback into the pelagic zone is uncertain, but its recent observation in Lake Constance suggests that it may result at least in part from climate change. In the United Kingdom, investigations of climate change effects have centered on the glacial lake of Windermere for three main reasons: co-occurrence of coldwater salmonids and warmwater cyprinids (Winfield et al. 2006), 70 years of Figure 3. Recreational anglers fishing traditionally for the threat- fish population studies (e.g., Craig et al. 2015), and diverse ened coldwater Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus on Windermere, UK. fisheries, including historical commercial fisheries, which are Photograph: Ian J. Winfield. rare in U.K. inland waters (Winfield 2016). As Windermere has warmed since the late 1980s, Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus has (Marengo et al. 2013; Castello and Macedo 2016). Nonetheless, declined to the detriment of a traditional recreational fishery for Xenopoulos et al. (2005) and Oberdorff et al. (2015) predicted this native salmonid (Figure 3), whereas introduced Roach has very few losses of Amazon drainage fish species. expanded to the benefit of angling for this warmwater cyprinid In Mexico, Mendoza-Portillo (2014) conducted a fish faunal (Winfield et al. 2008). Similar declines in Arctic Charr have inventory in the Sierra Madre Occidental and related current occurred in other U.K. lakes and are thought to have resulted in distributions of 16 endemic species to current environmental part from climate change (Winfield et al. 2010). Warming also conditions. Based on those relationships and future climate has changed Windermere’s Northern Pike population by shifting scenarios, she projected species distributions in 2020, 2050, the length structure of this top predator toward an increased and 2080. Precipitation seasonality, elevation, and minimum proportion of medium-sized individuals (Vindenes et al. 2014). temperature of the coldest period explained most of the Climate change also has had wider impacts on the Windermere variability in current species distributions. Future climate ecosystem. Expansion of a pathogen of European Perch into the (temperature and precipitation) predictions indicated a reduction lake has acted synergistically with warming to induce a regime of viable ranges for 10 of the 16 endemic species, displacement shift within its European Perch–Northern Pike interaction, of viable range to the north for one species, and increased viable triggering a trophic cascade (Edeline et al. 2016). Trophic levels ranges for two species by 2080. She proposed making the Yaqui, have responded differently to warming such that Windermere’s San Pedro, Nazas, Santiago, and Bravo catchments priority phytoplankton, zooplankton, and timing of European Perch conservation areas or refuges because they support the greatest spawning have become desynchronized (Thackeray et al. 2013). fish faunal diversity in the Sierra Madre Occidental and have the Finally, age–size truncation of European Perch induced by the greatest probability of suitable sites and the greatest potential for pathogen has altered the consequences of this phenological species migrations. mismatch for fish survival (Ohlberger et al. 2014). Reduction in rainfall and increase in temperature due to Further north, the Arctic region has experienced more and climate change will affect recruitment of migratory fishes in the faster climatic changes (warming waters and shorter durations Rio São Francisco (RSF), Minas Gerais, Brazil, with significant of ice cover) than other European regions. Unlike temperate implications for fisheries. Aggregation of young migratory fishes regions, warming in the Arctic is projected to improve occurs annually in the tailrace of Três Marias Dam on the RSF conditions for anadromous and diadromous fishes such as (Godinho and Kynard 2006). The number of fish involved varies Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar and Arctic Charr, as long as there yearly (Prado et al., in press); usually there are low numbers (<3 is sufficient water in spawning and rearing streams (Nordeng fish per cast net, i.e., 162 fish in 80 casts), but in some years 1983; Nielsen et al. 2013). there are large numbers (up to 27 fish per cast net, i.e., 878 fish in 33 casts). Since 2005, large aggregations have occurred only LATIN AMERICA twice, and Prado et al. (in press) determined that those occurred only after two consecutive years of major floods (>5,000 3/m s), Even more than Europe, Latin America contains great which allowed for successful floodplain rearing and escape back variability in climates and hydrological regimes, including to the river by young-of-the-year fish. Large aggregations did alpine, desert, savannah, and tropical rainforest. Tropical parts not occur in years of major flood preceded and/or followed by of South America are likely to experience climate change effects years of low or medium flood. Two consecutive years of major similar to those already described above for tropical Africa, flood also increased the fish catch of RSF artisanal fishers from whereas alpine regions are expected to follow patterns similar 3 kg/fisher/d to 25 kg/fisher/d only after two consecutive years to Europe. Reductions in annual precipitation are predicted of major flood (Godinho, unpublished data). Three kilograms of for semi-arid regions, as well as in humid basins such as the fish per day is insufficient for providing a livelihood for artisanal Amazon Basin (Saatchi et al. 2012; Oberdorff et al. 2015). Semi- fishers. Marengo et al. (2012) predicted a 25% reduction in arid and humid regions are predicted to experience increased summer (fish spawning season) rainfall and annual mean incidence of extreme precipitation periods (droughts, floods), temperature increase of 2.8°C for the RSF Basin by 2041–2070. meaning less predictable water bodies and artisanal fisheries Such reduction in summer rainfall will increase the recurrence

402 Fisheries | Vol. 41 • No.7 • July 2016 interval of two consecutive years of major flood from 2 years to (Iraq), Kura (Azerbaijan), Murgab (Afghanistan), Murray- 10 years. Higher temperatures may increase mortality of young- Darling (Australia), and Rio Grande (United States). Examining of-the-year migratory fishes because of reduced nursery habitat functional versus taxonomic diversity, Buisson et al. (2013) area due to evaporation. Both climate changes suggest a drastic reported that climate change is expected to yield substantial reduction in migratory fish recruitment to a level that will not declines in the functional diversity of fish assemblages. support the thousands of professional fishers along the middle Clearly, the combined effects of climate change and existing RSF. anthropogenic pressures are major challenges to freshwater The Furnas Reservoir is the fourth in a series of 12 dams on fish biodiversity and fisheries in much of the world (Travis the Rio Grande, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Becker (2010) sampled 2003; Dudgeon et al. 2006), and the scope of this challenge fish from 1996 to 2009, which encompassed a severe drought necessitates both local and international solutions. in 1998 and 1999 that reduced the reservoir volume by 75% from 1999 to 2002. Annual catch per unit effort was negatively ACKNOWLEDGMENTS correlated with reservoir volume, and total species richness This article is a product of the members of the International declined after the drought. However, the species richness and Fisheries Section of the American Fisheries Society and their abundance of alien species increased during and after the professional associates. drought, and the fish assemblage composition was significantly different following it. If predicted reductions in rainfall for the REFERENCES Rio Grande Basin and other Brazilian basins occur (IPCC 2015), Aigo, J., V. Cussac, S. Peris, S. Ortubay, S. Gómez, H. López, M. Gross, similar fish assemblage changes are likely in other reservoirs. J. Barriga, and M. Battini. 2008. Distribution of introduced and Climate change in Argentinean inland waters will affect native fish in Patagonia (Argentina): patterns and changes in fish assemblages. 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INTRODUCED FISH SECTION What Can We Expect from Climate Change for Species Invasions? J. S. Rehage Earth and Environment Department, Florida International University, AHC 5 365, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199. E-mail: [email protected]

J. R. Blanchard Earth and Environment Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL

The coming decades are expected to bring unprecedented (i.e., under what conditions will NN species be favored) and (2) climatological changes, with profound implications for how do NN invasions interact with other anthropogenic stressors inland fishes (Lynch et al., this issue), including for the many to affect native fish diversity? established nonnative (NN) species and new ones to invade (Diez et al. 2012; Sorte et al. 2013). Of interest are the effects of LOCAL VS. REGIONAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE climate change on water resources: higher temperatures; changes CHANGE ON FISHES to the timing, type, and intensity of precipitation; and alterations Changes to climate averages and extremes will present to extreme climates. For North American aquatic ecosystems, major challenges to native biodiversity, affecting habitat this translates to warmer waters, increased evapotranspiration, suitability at both local and regional scales (Garcia et al. 2014). reduced ice cover, wetter conditions in the northern regions, Locally, these changing conditions will affect the physiology, drier conditions in the south, altered hydrological regimes, and morphology, and behavior of fishes and ultimately cascade changes to the frequency, timing and severity of extreme events, to demographic parameters and the strength of interactions such as droughts and storms (Rahel and Olden 2008; Karl et al. with other species (Garcia et al. 2014; Lynch et al., this issue). 2009; Garcia et al. 2014). From the perspective of the Introduced For instance, temperature is a “master” variable, with an Fish Section, major questions surrounding climate change center overarching effect on physicochemical and biological processes on (1) how will these changes tip the balance of fish invasions in aquatic systems, particularly for ectothermic taxa such as

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