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October Revolution Island Point of the Island, and the Severnaya Zemlya (963 M)

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October Revolution Island Point of the Island, and the Severnaya Zemlya (963 M) O October Revolution Island point of the island, and the Severnaya Zemlya (963 m). October Revolution Island – the largest and cen- On the island there are many relatively large tral in the archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya and rivers. The longest of them are the Ozernaya with Taymyr (Dolgan-Nenets Autonomous District), a length of 64 km (the longest river of the archi- Russia. Its eastern shores are washed by the pelago), the Ushakov 58 km, and the Bolshaya Laptev Sea and the northern, western, and south- 42 km. There are not many significant lakes on the ern shores by the Kara Sea. The area is island; the largest of them is the Fyordovoye Lake about 14,100 km2; the height is up to 965 m. It that has an area of 57 km2. Most of the ponds on is separated from the Island of Bolshevik the island are covered with ice. by Shokalsky Strait (the width of 20–38 km) The island has arctic desert and tundra vegeta- and from the islands of Komsomolets and tion. The fauna of the island is represented by Pioneer by the Red Army Strait (the width of reindeer, polar bears, arctic foxes, and lemmings. 3–18 km). The island is slightly elongated On the north and east coast, there are bird rooker- from northwest to southeast with a length of ies. In coastal areas, there are walrus rookeries. 170 km and a width of up to 130 km. There are O. R. I. is the only Severnaya Zemlya Islands many large bays, but the biggest is the fjord that may be of commercial value due to gold Matusevich. The largest peninsulas are Gusinyi, placers found here. Zhyloy, and Parizhskoy Kommunny (Paris In 1935, the polar station Cape Olovyannyi, Commune). whose first head was E. T. Krenkel, was founded The relief is classified as plateau – like with a in the southeastern part of the island. In 1950, the lot of high plains. The coast is uneven, rugged Arctic Institute researchers conducted weather by bays and headlands. The coast of the island is and snow-glaciological surveys on the island, mostly flat; cliffs that are up to 20 m high are and in 1974 the same institution built the research found in areas where Rusanov and Universitetsky station Dome Vavilov at the top of the Vavilov Glaciers come to the sea and in the Fjords of Glacier Dome. Matusevich and Marat. In all, there are seven The island was first explored and mapped in large glaciers on the island, which occupy more 1931 by an expedition of G. A. Ushakov and than half of the entire area of the island. N. N. Urvantsev of 1930–1932 and named after The largest are Karpinskiy, which is the highest the October Revolution of 1917. # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 I.S. Zonn et al., The Eastern Arctic Seas Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Seas, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24237-8 242 Olenyok Olenyok Omul or Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) Olenyok – the river flows mainly in the Republic of Sakha (the upper course is in the Krasnoyarsk Omul or Arctic Cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) – a Region). The length is 2,292 km; the basin area is semi-anadromous fish of the salmon family approx. 220,000 km2.Itflows into the Gulf of (Salmonidae). Actually omul or Arctic cisco Olenyok of the Laptev Sea, forming a delta (the feeds in coastal areas of the Arctic Ocean and area of 475 km2). It is cataracted. The flow is makes it way upriver to spawn east of the 40 km3/year. The average water runoff is Pechora (excluding the Ob) and enters rivers of 1,210 m3/s. It contains ice formations from the the Arctic Ocean (starting from the Mezen). It is a end of September–October to late May–early big fish, approx. 64 cm in length to 3 kg in June. It is navigable in the lower reaches. It is rich weight. It begins to migrate to rivers in June and in fish (whitefish, cisco, white salmon, etc.). July. It does not feed during migration and gets much thinner. It makes its way upriver for 1,000 km or more. It reaches sexual maturity Omoloy at the age of 5–10 years. It spawns in October, not annually. Average fertility is 19,000 eggs. Omoloy – a river in the north of the Republic of After spawning it immediately flows into the Sakha (Yakutia). The length is 593 km; the basin area estuarine area. Young fish hatch from eggs in is 38,900 km2. Its source is located on the slopes of the spring and immediately flow into the the Verkhoyansk Range, and it flows north and meets lower reaches of rivers. In the sea it feeds on the bay of Buor-Khaya of the Laptev Sea from the benthic crustaceans, fish fry, and small zooplank- east; the width of the river at the mouth is 0.5 to ton. It is a very important commercial species. 2.5km,andthedepthisupto5m.Fisheriesarewell It is fished in Siberian rivers, as well as in developed. Before 1936 there was a radio station of the waters around small and big Lyakhovsky the Glavsevmorput at the mouth of the river. Islands. Omul (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_cisco) Onatsevich, Mikhail Lyutsianovich (1847–1879) 243 He was appointed the head of OSVO. In 1875, Omulyakhskaya Bay or Omulyakh he conducted a winter survey in the Gulf of Peter Bay the Great and then on the schooner “Vostok” explored the northwest coast of the Sea of Omulyakhskaya Bay or Omulyakh Bay – a shal- Okhotsk from Ayan to Gizhiginskaya Bay and low bay with low coasts in the western part of the drew up a map of Tauyskaya Bay. After wintering East Siberian Sea on the coastal area of the Repub- in Hakodate, Japan, he went into the Bering and lic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. It juts out into the Chukchi Seas, where he conducted extensive mainland for 75 km in parallel to the coast and hydrographic surveys: measurements and prepa- continues to the Khromskaya Bay (Khroma Bay). ration of plans and maps of the Bay of Krest and Providence Bay, Saint Lawrence Bay, Bay of Gavriil, and Olyutorsky Bay. At the same time, astronomical, magnetic, and hydrological mea- Onatsevich, Mikhail Lyutsianovich surements were carried out under his leadership. (1847–1879) In 1878, the Marine Scientists Committee published his report, which was highly appreci- Onatsevich, Mikhail Lyutsianovich (1847– ated by specialists. 1879) – Russian researcher of the Far Eastern Major works: “Astronomical Observations in seas and a naval lieutenant. In 1868, he graduated the Sea Made While Sailing on Clipper Vsadnik in from the Naval Academy, was promoted to mid- 1868–1871” (1872), “A Brief Hydrographic shipmen, and was assigned to the circumnaviga- Overview of the Voyage of the Schooner Vostok tion on the clipper “Vsadnik.” Within 3 years, in 1875” (1876), and “A Collection of Observa- O. actively participated in the hydrographic sur- tions Made During the Hydrographic Trip to the vey in the Sea of Japan (recordings and measure- Eastern Ocean in 1874–1877” (1878). ments of the Hakodate Harbor and Aniwa Bay, The name of O. was given to a cape and a chronometric connection of the South Sakhalin peninsula in Tauyskaya Bay in the Sea of and the Japanese islands). From 1872 to 1874, Okhotsk. The Maritime Academy put his name he was a trainee of the hydrographic department on a marble plaque with the names of the most O of the academic course of Marine Sciences. prominent marine researchers..
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