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Stakeholder Networks Supplying Rural Tourism in Vietnam: with Reference to a Japanese Case

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Stakeholder Networks Supplying Rural Tourism in Vietnam: with Reference to a Japanese Case STAKEHOLDER NETWORKS SUPPLYING RURAL TOURISM IN VIETNAM: WITH REFERENCE TO A JAPANESE CASE March 2014 HOANG NGOC MINH CHAU Graduate School of Environment Science (Doctor’s Course) OKAYAMA UNIVERSITY For Dad who is instilled me in my ambition of study and research and my beloved family Acknowledgements This doctoral dissertation contains my name as the author, but its development owes a great deal to many people. All of those people, even from long ago, since the very beginning of my education, they have contributed in shaping my mind and attitude towards study and research. To all those wonderful people who help me, I would like to say Thanks you very much! Firstly, I would like to show my deep gratitude and acknowledgment to my supervisor, Prof. Kim Doo-Chul. With a chance supporting his research survey in 2009, he gave me an opportunity to study PhD under his supervisor at the Okayama University, Japan. During over 3 years of studying and researching in Japan, Prof. Kim have shaped in my mind many precious knowledge, ideas, concepts, interpretations as well as his patience and support for guiding and supervising me to finish the hardest study in my life. I am not able to find the right words to express my feelings! So, one again: “Thank Sensei very much!” Besides, I would like to thank Asso. Prof. Fumikazu Ubukata, my second supervisor, who gave the significant comments relating to theoretical concepts and interpretations for my research. I am grateful for his valuable guidance I received throughout the research work. I also would like to thanks Prof. Fumikazu Ichiminami for giving many invaluable comments for me to improve the papers and thesis. I also would like to thank Assistant Prof. Yasuko Honda for her comments, academic supports, and encouragement during my studying. And thanks to Mrs. Nahoko Koeda for supporting an administration. In addition, I would like to thank Professor Mary Cawley, Department of Geography, National University of Ireland for sharing valuable academic papers relating to my topic concepts. In order to pursue my education in Japan, I have accrued array debts to my Vietnamese Prof. I would like to thanks Prof. Truong Thi Kim Chuyen, former vice president of the University of Social Sciences and Humanities of Ho Chi Minh City (USSH), for her encouragement and advices, gave me more energy to overcome difficulties. Besides, I would like to thank Prof. Nguyen Hoang Bao, Dean of School of Economics, University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UEH); Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Vice president of UEH; Prof. Ngo Thanh Loan, Dean of Tourism Department of USSH, and all members of Geography Department of USSH for all their support, advices and encouragement. i There are many colleagues of the Laboratory of Environmental Science, who gave helpful feedback, suggestions, and other personal supporting, for which I would like to thank them: Dr. Truong Quang Hoang, Nguyen Trinh Minh Anh, Dr. Suk-Kyeong Kang. Dr. Hye Jin Bu, Hiroki, Ishimura, Ogawa, Phuong Quy, Ayaka, Jun, Miri, Yokohama, Sosuke, Genja, etc. All of them have all extended their support in a very special way, help me a lot of things during the time I study in Japan. Besides, I would like to thank for Vietnamese student community in Okayama for having familiar time together with many memorable events with tons of great food, drink and games. These memories will never leave me. Especially, thank Ms. Phan Nguyet Minh for helping me translation during the time of field survey in Shodoshima, Japan. I own debts of gratitude to the local government and local residents in Phu Quoc Island, Thoi Son Islet and Shodoshima Island. During the field survey, with their enthusiasm and support, they answered all my long questions and provided me all necessary information for my study. Especially, I would like to thank Mr. Ishitoko, manager of the Shodoshima Tourism Association, for his arrangement of interviews and his supports for my research. Most importantly, I want to express my gratitude to my family, especially my mother Mrs. Huynh Minh Nguyet, two little sisters Hoang Ngoc Nam Phuong and Hoang Ngoc Tuong An, with their love, helped me at every stage of my personal and academic life, and longed to see this achievement come true. Although being far from me, they always gave me inspiration and motivation which helped me overcomes the stress, challenges and difficulties in my living and studying in Japan. Especially, to my husband, Mr. Vo Khac Diep, I would like to say “Thank You … with Love!” With his support, I always feel sufficiency, safe, love and focus on the study. He has made too many sacrifices for me and without him, I cannot finish this study. And finally I would like to say: “Dad, Thank You! I do everything for You and because of You!” Once again, I would like to express my great appreciation and thank all of you. ii Abstract Upon the limitation of the studies from tourism supply side, that is, from the perspective of stakeholder networks in rural tourism, and the importance of the local stakeholders participation for sustainable rural development, the thesis aims to assess stakeholder networks in the operation and supply of rural tourism with three case studies - Phu Quoc Island, Thoi Son Islet in Mekong Delta region, Vietnam and Shodoshima Island, Japan. The results of Phu Quoc case study show that there are two different geographical dimensions, inter-regional networks and intra-regional networks in supplying rural tourism. For the inter-regional networks, the non-local stakeholders such as Ho Chi Minh travel agencies (HCMTAs) and non-locally owned accommodations, established the strong vertical networks due to their superiority over local stakeholders in the areas of power dominance in network and capital. In contrast, local travel agencies (LTAs) usually depend on HCMTAs in their networks and the local resident suppliers organize the businesses mainly based on the network with tour guides through the kickback competition, instead of increasing the quality of their services. As a result, the tour guide is key actor who connects these two divided dimensions, though most of them are unlicensed and not employed by any official tourism sectors. However, their income are mainly dependent on kickback, caused the price competition with low service quality among local resident suppliers. For Thoi Son Islet, the results show that in the current model, HCMTAs and LTAs have played the role of connectors, working as hubs to shift tourists (demand) to match local resident suppliers (supply) by the formal networks. At the local destination, the networks between LTAs and local residents are both formal and informal. Inter- and intra-networks among local residents are dominated by informal networks. However, among the LTAs and owners of tourist sites, there are no cooperating networks but high competition in price. This causes the little or no negotiating power of the local stakeholders when conducting their business. iii Therefore, for both Vietnamese cases, the results lead to the problems such as tourism revenue leakage out of the local region, the non-local stakeholders’ power dominance, and the high competition among the local stakeholders through kickback and price. Meanwhile, within the structure of Phu Quoc Tourism Association, the local resident suppliers have been recognized as unprivileged stakeholders and the Tien Giang Tourism Association is inefficient in fostering cooperation among local stakeholders to increase their negotiating power. Then, the Shodoshima Island provides the broader view on how the local stakeholders network to supply rural tourism. The results show that model of associations such as Somen Association and Shodoshima Tourism Association (STA) has good mechanisms for all the local stakeholders building the strong intra- regional networks. These associations operated successful because they set up based on the will or suggestion of the local stakeholders, are self-organizations as well as the collective voice of the local stakeholders. In addition, within the tourism supplying network, STA plays the role as a main hub, helps diverse local stakeholders cooperate and together sharing common objectives such as PR the local destination’s image, free tourism information center, bridge between local suppliers and tourists, and so on. In order words, the well- organized networks among the local stakeholders help the agricultural products become the tourism product and strengthen the local empowerment. Therefore, this successful model can be hints for the immature rural tourism industries such as Vietnam. iv CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................... 4 2.1. The concept of “rural tourism” ................................................................. 4 2.2. The supply of tourism ............................................................................... 5 2.3. Stakeholder theory..................................................................................... 7 2.4. Network perspective .................................................................................. 9 2.5. Dimensions of sustainable tourism development .................................... 10 2.6. A community-oriented approach to tourism planning and management 11 2.7. The evolution of a tourism destination.................................................... 14 III. BACKGROUND OF TOURISM IN VIETNAM AND
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