Sustainable Tourism Development - the Gap Between Reality and Vision Analysed by the Example of Sam Son (Vietnam)
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Sustainable Tourism Development - the Gap between Reality and Vision analysed by the Example of Sam Son (Vietnam) Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald vorgelegt von HOANG Thi Ha geboren am 18.07.1974 in Thanh Hoa, Vietnam Greifswald, den 10. Dezember 2013 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Klaus Fesser 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Steingrube 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Andreas Kagermeier Tag der Promotion: 19.03.2014 Table of Contents Table of content…………………………………………………………………………iii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………...vii List of figures………………………………………………………………………….xiii List of tables & boxes………………………………………………………………….xvi Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………...xviii 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problems to be addressed ................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives of this thesis ..................................................................................... 4 1.4 Term and definitions .......................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 Tourism ....................................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Sustainable development (SD) ................................................................... 9 1.4.3 Sustainability in tourism ........................................................................... 12 2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Discussion of methods and techniques ............................................................ 15 2.1.1 Quantitative and qualitative approaches ................................................... 16 2.1.2 Triangulation ............................................................................................ 17 2.2 Gathering information ...................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Gathering secondary information ............................................................. 19 2.2.2 Gathering primary information ................................................................. 20 2.2.2.1 Expert discussion............................................................................... 21 2.2.2.2 Guided interviews ............................................................................. 21 2.2.2.3 Questionnaire survey ......................................................................... 21 3 Theoretical background .......................................................................................... 25 iii 3.1 Tourism and its impacts ................................................................................... 25 3.1.1 Economic impacts .................................................................................... 26 3.1.2 Environmental impacts ............................................................................. 29 3.1.3 Social-cultural impacts ............................................................................. 31 3.1.4 Tourism impacts tourism itself ................................................................. 33 3.2 Tourism in coastal areas .................................................................................. 34 3.3 Sustainable development in tourism context ................................................... 36 3.3.1 Sustainable tourism development ............................................................. 36 3.3.1.1 Sustainability on international level .................................................. 36 3.3.1.2 Sustainability and tourism in Vietnam .............................................. 38 3.3.1.3 Sustainability and tourism in the investigation area .......................... 39 3.3.2 Tourism forms tightly connected to sustainable tourism ......................... 40 3.3.3 Make tourism more sustainable (strategy development) .......................... 42 4 Area under investigation ......................................................................................... 48 4.1 The region: Thanh Hoa province ..................................................................... 48 4.1.1 Natural conditions .................................................................................... 48 4.1.2 Demographic and socio-economic conditions .......................................... 50 4.2 Sam Son ........................................................................................................... 51 4.2.1 Tourism in Sam Son ................................................................................. 53 4.2.1.1 Touristic supply in Sam Son ............................................................. 53 4.2.1.2 Touristic demand in Sam Son ........................................................... 58 4.2.2 Plan of tourism enlargement and improvement in Sam Son .................... 60 5 Tourism and local community in Sam Son (household survey) ............................. 63 5.1 Structural information about households ......................................................... 63 5.2 Income disparities ............................................................................................ 66 5.3 Opinion of local people about tourism............................................................. 70 iv 5.3.1 Impact of tourism on the family ............................................................... 71 5.3.2 Positive impact of tourism on the commune ............................................ 73 5.3.3 Negative impact of tourism on the region ................................................ 76 5.3.4 Willingness of local people to contribute to tourism development .......... 79 5.3.5 Recommendation of local people for tourism development ..................... 79 5.4 Tourism enlargement and local people ............................................................ 81 5.5 Short conclusion of household survey ............................................................. 86 6 Visitor survey ......................................................................................................... 88 6.1 Structural information of tourists ..................................................................... 88 6.2 Attractiveness of Sam Son and activities of tourists ........................................ 96 6.3 Satisfaction analysis ....................................................................................... 103 6.3.1 Relevance of ten features ........................................................................ 103 6.3.2 Satisfaction of ten features ..................................................................... 105 6.3.3 Overall-satisfaction ................................................................................. 108 6.3.4 Dislikes ................................................................................................... 110 6.4 Wishes and recommendations........................................................................ 111 6.4.1 Wishes of guests ..................................................................................... 112 6.4.2 Tourist’s recommendations for tourism in Sam Son .............................. 115 6.5 Willingness of environmental charge ............................................................ 116 6.5.1 Model calculation based on “arrivals” ................................................... 118 6.5.2 Model calculation based on the number of “overnight stays” ................ 119 6.5.3 Surprising finding ................................................................................... 120 6.6 Short conclusion of visitor survey ................................................................. 120 7 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 122 7.1 “Tourism office” – a new public tourism body ............................................. 122 7.2 Implementation of a “tourism fee” ................................................................ 123 v 7.3 Improvement of linkages between economic sectors .................................... 126 7.3.1 Involvement of other branches ............................................................... 127 7.3.1.1 Tourism & fishery ........................................................................... 129 7.3.1.2 Tourism & agriculture ..................................................................... 130 7.3.1.3 Tourism and local arts & crafts ....................................................... 130 7.3.2 Involvement of local people ................................................................... 131 7.4 Tourism master plan ...................................................................................... 132 7.5 Further, “second-step-recommendations”...................................................... 134 7.6 Roadmap towards a “Destination Management System” .............................. 137 8 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 139 8.1 The necessity of the study .............................................................................. 139 8.2 Limitation