Managing Salinity Associated with Irrigation in Selected

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Managing Salinity Associated with Irrigation in Selected

75 years of irrigation along the Lower Vaal River and tributaries in South Africa: major management interventions and current impacts on natural resources L.D. van Rensburg, J.H. Barnard & C.C. du Preez Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences INTRODUCTION Natural resources • Rainfall 495 mm compared to a global average of 860 mm • Dryland 14.3 mil ha 7 mil ha- med pot 4.1 mil ha low pot • Irrigation 1.5 mil ha • Water management structure 1 • Water management structure • Aim Lower Vaal and tributaries 2 Vaalharts Vaalharts: Resource related research Irrigation belt West Average slope 1% Average slope 1% East Kalahari sand North Canal Dens permeable Vey permeable Harts River Clay – loam Sandy soil Calcrete Ventersdorp Lava Impermeable Dwyka shale & Tillite (Permeable only where weathered and fractured) 3 Vaalharts: 1st major interventions Vaalharts: 2nd major intervention 4 Vaalharts: Rise of water table levels Z (masl) Z(masl) Water level elevation (masl) Vaalharts: 3de Major interventions (5-7 year 5 Impact of irrigation: water quality of rivers (du Preez et al., 2000) Lower part of the Lower Vaal River system 6 Major interventions Impact of irrigation: water quality of rivers ( du Preez et al., 2000) 7 Impact of irrigation: water quality of rivers (du Preez et al., 2000) Impact of irrigation: soils du Preez et al., 2000; Le Roux et al., 2006) Virgin soils: > 4 ton salts / ha Irrigation removed salts 20% 60% 8 Impact of irrigation: soils (du Preez et al., 2000) Virgin soils: < 4 ton salts / ha Irrigation accumulated salts 1.3 – 9 times more than virgin soils: linked to soil types and I & D systems Impacts of irrigation: crops Ehlers et al., 2010 9 Impacts of irrigation: crops Ehlers et al., 2010 Peas 1.0 0.8 0.6 rel Peas BM 0.4 0.2 y = -0.00096x + 1.10116 R2 = 0.93 0.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 -1 Average ECsw (mS m ) Field crops 1.0 y = 1.0166x 2 0.8 R = 0.94 rel 0.6 BM 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Cum ETrel Vaalharts soils Taung Ñ Hartswater Ñ Pampierstad Ñ Harts River Ñ Jan Kempdorp Spitskop Dam Vaalharts Barrage W arenton Ñ Soils Hutton (dee per tha n 2 .44 m) Kimb erley Hutton/Mispah (on rock) N Dun dee Ka tspruit/Kroo nsta d Rock 10 Orange-Riet Conclusion • Protection of natural resources • Field scale interventions: -irrigation scheduling -site specific salt monitoring in crop lands 11.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Ganspan Draft Archaeological Impact Assessment Report
CES: PROPOSED GANSPAN-PAN WETLAND RESERVE DEVELOPMENT ON ERF 357 OF VAALHARTS SETTLEMENT B IN THE PHOKWANE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY, FRANCES BAARD DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE Archaeological Impact Assessment Prepared for: CES Prepared by: Exigo Sustainability ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (AIA) ON ERF 357 OF VAALHARTS SETTLEMENT B FOR THE PROPOSED GANSPAN-PAN WETLAND RESERVE DEVELOPMENT, FRANCES BAARD DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE Conducted for: CES Compiled by: Nelius Kruger (BA, BA Hons. Archaeology Pret.) Reviewed by: Roberto Almanza (CES) DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION LIST Name Institution Roberto Almanza CES DOCUMENT HISTORY Date Version Status 12 August 2019 1.0 Draft 26 August 2019 2.0 Final 3 CES: Ganspan-pan Wetland Reserve Development Archaeological Impact Assessment Report DECLARATION I, Nelius Le Roux Kruger, declare that – • I act as the independent specialist; • I am conducting any work and activity relating to the proposed Ganspan-Pan Wetland Reserve Development in an objective manner, even if this results in views and findings that are not favourable to the client; • I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing such work; • I have the required expertise in conducting the specialist report and I will comply with legislation, including the relevant Heritage Legislation (National Heritage Resources Act no. 25 of 1999, Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983 as amended, Removal of Graves and Dead Bodies Ordinance no. 7 of 1925, Excavations Ordinance no. 12 of 1980), the
[Show full text]
SIBU and the Crisis of Water Service Delivery in Sannieshof, North West Province
SIBU and the crisis of water service delivery in Sannieshof, North West Province C GOUWS, I MOEKETSI, S MOTLOUNG, J TEMPELHOFF, G VAN GREUNING AND L VAN ZYL* Abstract In 2007 the residents of the town of Sannieshof in North West Province declared a dispute with the Tswaing Local Municipality on the grounds that the state of local service delivery left much to be desired. The ratepayers then formed the Sannieshof Inwoners Belastingbetalers Unie (SIBU) which literally took over the functions of local government of the town, functioning as a local government within a local government. This article provides a historical narrative of the conflict between SIBU and Tswaing Local Municipality, a dispute which was taken as far as the provincial High Court. Then follows an outline of conditions in Sannieshof and the townships of Agisanang and Phelindaba. Attention is given to the perceptions of local residents on the prevalent conditions, specifically in respect of water supply and sanitation service delivery. In the third section there are some theoretical perspectives on political culture, socialisation and happiness. A debate is provided on how these phenomena manifest under existing conditions in Sannieshof, and more particularly, in its adjacent townships of Agisanang and Phelindaba. Keywords: Sannieshof Inwoners Belastingbetalers Unie (SIBU), North West Province, service delivery, water supply, sanitation, Tswaing Local Municipality. Disciplines: History, Political Science, Tourism Studies and Public Management and Administration, Industrial Psychology and Wellness Studies. Introduction In November 2007, irate ratepayers of the towns Sannieshof, Ottosdal and Delareyville in South Africa’s North West Province, declared a dispute with Tswaing Local Municipality, the local authority responsible for their municipal services.1 Using the Municipal Finance (Management) Act, 56 of 2003,2 the Municipal Structures Act, 117 of 1998,3 and the Municipal Systems Act, 32 * Research Niche Area for the Cultural Dynamics of Water (CuDyWat).
[Show full text]
Palaeontological Impact Assessment May Be Significantly Enhanced Through Field Assessment by a Professional Palaeontologist
PALAEONTOLOGICAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT: COMBINED DESKTOP & FIELD- BASED STUDY Proposed Meerkat Solar Power Plant on Portion 3 (Portion of Portion 2) of the Farm Vyflings Pan 598 near Vryburg, Naledi Local Municipality, North-West Province John E. Almond PhD (Cantab.) Natura Viva cc, PO Box 12410 Mill Street, Cape Town 8010, RSA [email protected] February 2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The company Meerkat Solar Power Plant (RF) (Pty) Ltd is proposing to develop up to 115 MW photovoltaic solar facility, known as the Meerkat Solar Power Plant, on Portion 3 (Portion of Portion 2) of the Farm Vyflings Pan 598, IN Registration Division, Province of the North-West. The Meerkat Solar Power Plant study area is entirely underlain by late Archaean (c. 2.6 billion year-old) sedimentary rocks of the Schmidtsdrif Subgroup (Ghaap Group, Transvaal Supergroup). These mainly comprise shallow marine siliciclastic sediments and possible lavas of the Vryburg Formation plus carbonate sediments of the Boomplaas Formation. Field assessment suggests that stromatolite-bearing carbonate rocks are not present at surface within the Vryburg and Bomplaas Formation outcrop areas in the study area. The overlying superficial sediments (e.g. sandy soils, calcretised pan deposits) are of low palaeontological sensitivity. It is concluded that, with or without mitigation, the overall impact of the proposed Meerkat Solar Power Plant on Farm Vyflings Pan 598 is of NEGATIVE LOW SIGNIFICANCE in palaeontological heritage terms. Should significant fossil remains - such as well-preserved stromatolites - be exposed during construction, the responsible Environmental Control Officer should safeguard these, preferably in situ. The South African Heritage Resources Authority (SAHRA) should be alerted as soon as possible (Contact details: Mrs Colette Scheermeyer, P.O.
[Show full text]
Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Frances Baard District Municipality: Proposed Upgrading of an Anglo Boer War Blockhouse on a Portion of Warrenton Erf 1, Warrenton, Northern Cape Province
FRANCES BAARD DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: PROPOSED UPGRADING OF AN ANGLO BOER WAR BLOCKHOUSE ON A PORTION OF WARRENTON ERF 1, WARRENTON, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE Archaeological Impact Assessment Prepared for: Frances Baard District Municipality Prepared by: Exigo Sustainability -i- Firefly Investments 224: Platinum Solar Park Project Archaeological Impact Assessment Report HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON A PORTION OF WARRENTON ERF 1 FOR THE PROPOSED UPGRADING OF AN ANGLO BOER WAR BLOCKHOUSE, WARRENTON, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE Conducted on behalf of: Frances Baard District Municipality Exigo Sustainability Compiled by: Nelius Kruger (BA, BA Hons. Archaeology Pret.) Reviewed by: Joh-ne Jansen (Frances Baard District Municipality) Document History Document Version 1 (Draft) – 25 March 2016 -i- Firefly Investments 224: Platinum Solar Park Project Archaeological Impact Assessment Report Although Exigo Sustainability exercises due care and diligence in rendering services and preparing documents, Exigo Sustainability accepts no liability, and the client, by receiving this document, indemnifies Exigo Sustainability and its directors, managers, agents and employees against all actions, claims, demands, losses, liabilities, costs, damages and expenses arising from or in connection with services rendered, directly or indirectly by Exigo Sustainability and by the use of the information contained in this document. This document contains confidential and proprietary information equally shared between Exigo Sustainability. and Frances Baard District Municipality, and is protected by copyright in favour of these companies and may not be reproduced, or used without the written consent of these companies, which has been obtained beforehand. This document is prepared exclusively for Frances Baard District Municipality and is subject to all confidentiality, copyright and trade secrets, rules, intellectual property law and practices of South Africa.
[Show full text]
Presentation Update Harts River 2017.Pdf
2017 NOTE Present Project: Prospecting Rights still held or applied for. Historic Project: This refers to the areas and work completed on the entire Project from day one. Introduction The historic target area covered a large area held under six (6) different Prospecting Rights which were applied for sequentially as more information on the deposit became available (Historic Project). The obtaining of such a large area was necessary as there are often large variations in the nature and potential of these alluvial deposits. Some drilling was done on most of these Prospecting Right areas (areas consist of one to several farms with different land owners) and the areas of higher potential were kept (Documented under the heading Present Project). It is necessary to include the results of the work done on the Historic Project, which includes the three (3) Rights held at present, as the work done outside the Present Project speaks to the potential of the Present Project and because the major portion of the test mining was done on the farm Zamenkomst (outside Present Project). On Zamenkomst only a small portion of the good gravel was preserved and mined out (Prospecting Right terminated). At the time, when this test mining was carried out, no other Prospecting Rights were available and the contractors moved else ware. It is important to note that all Test Mining was carried out with no cost to the “Company” (Contractors sold the Diamonds for their account and only the data and results of the Test Mining was retained by the “Company”). The only costs carried by the “Company” was Drilling and Salaries.
[Show full text]
Potential Toxic Algal Incident in the Orange River Northern Cape 2000
Potentially Toxic Algal Incident in the Orange River, Northern Cape, 2000 by C.E. van Ginkel & B. Conradie IWQS & NC Region • I bEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY I 0 -,_. TITLE: POTENTIALLY TOXIC ALGAL INCIDENT IN THE ORANGE RIVER, NORTHERN CAPE, 2000. REPORT NUMBER: N/D801/12/DEQ/0800 PROJECT: Eutrophication Project STATUS OF REPORT: Final DATE: July 2001 This report should be cited as: Van Ginkel, C.E. and B. Conradie (2001). Potential toxic algal incident in the Orange River, Northern Cape, 2000. Draft Report No. N/D801/12/DEQ/0800. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. All the external stakeholders who assisted in collecting, storing and transporting samples. These include (not in any order of priority): • Mr Jaco Goussard (JCG Water Treatment) • Mr Gert Meiring (Upington Municipality) • Mr Gawie Moon (Council for Geo Science) • Personnel at the Pelladrift and Namakwa Water Boards • Personnel of the Trans Hex Limited mining company at Reuning and Baken • Personnel of the Alexkor Limited mining company (at the mine and on the farms) • Personnel of Global Diamond Resources at Grasdrift • Personnel of the Richtersveld National Park • Mrs Bettie Nieuwouldt, Richtersveld Farmers' Union • Springbok Lodge and Restaurant perspnnel • Northern Cape Nature Conservation Services • Wilna Barkhuizen at the Vioolsdrift Irrigation Board 2. Personnel of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) who contributed beyond their normal duties to make the task possible, including: • Personnel from the Institute for Water Quality Studies (IWQS): DWAF who visited Upington promptly to supply preservatives and sampling equipment to the office and assisted the Upington office in numerous logistical arrangements as well as providing expertise as member of the National Toxic Algal Forum (Mrs Carin van Ginkel), laboratory personnel (Eisabe Truter, Chris Carelson, Doris le Roux) and the technical team {Annelise Gerber) who assisted with data collection, analysis and reporting.
[Show full text]
27 the Alluvial Diamond Deposits of The
TR ClI- 27 THE ALLUVIAL DIAMOND DEPOSITS OF THE LOWER VAAL RIVER BETWEEN BARKLY WEST AND THE VAAL-HARTS CONFLUENCE IN THE NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA By FABRICE GILBERT MATHEYS B.Sc. (Hons) Thesis snbmitted in partial fnlfllment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Geology . Rhodes University Grahamstown DECEMBER 1990 ABSTRACT The alluvial diamond deposits along the Vaal River, between Barkly West and the Vaal-Harts confluence, have been worked for more than one century by thousands of private diggers. The diamonds are recovered from two sedimentary units of Cenozoic age, the Older Gravels and the Younger Gravels. These rest on a basement of Ventersdorp Supergroup andesites and Karoo Sequence sediments, which have been intruded by Cretaceous kimberlites. The gravels are, in turn, overlain by the Riverton Formation and the Hutton Sand. On a large scale, tectonic setting, geomorphology and palaeoclimate have played a major role in the formation of diamondiferous placers in the araa under investigation. A study of the sedimentology of the Younger Gravels was carried out with the aim of acquiring an understanding of tha processes responsible for the economic concentration of high quality diamonds. An investigation of facies assemblages, clast composition, clast size, external geometry, particle morphology and palaeocurrent directions led to the conclusion that the Younger Gravels were deposited in a proximal braided stream environment during high discharge. A small-scale experiment was carried out to test the efficiency of different sedimentological trap sites in concentrating kimberlite indicator minerals. The results show that the concentration of indicator minerals is dependent o~the size fraction choosen, bed roughness and gravel calibre.
[Show full text]
1 Jbs21 (Ewr 17: Lloyds Weir (Harts River) – Osaeh 29.1)
1 JBS21 (EWR 17: LLOYDS WEIR (HARTS RIVER) – OSAEH 29.1) The information is summarised from DWA (2009c,d; 2010c). The Harts River system is in the C3 drainage region of South Africa and its source is near the town of Lichtenburg in the North West Province, although the larger part of the catchment is situated in the Northern Cape Province. The Harts River flows in a south- westerly direction via Barberspan, the Taung and Spitskop dams, after which it flows into the Vaal River near Delportshoop. 1.1 SITE DESCRIPTION EWR 17 falls within MRU Harts C which includes Wentzel Dam which is delineated as a unit. The dam supports the domestic water use in Wentzel and the yield of the dam is fully utilised. The EWR site is in close proximity to OSAEH 29.1. This site was not assessed during the October 2010 field trip and the results of the EWR assessment are summarised below. EWR 17 is situated downstream of Spitskop Dam in the Harts River. The banks are composed of bedrock, and the channel is incised. Paired low benches occur but terraces are absent. Some paths in the upper and lower riparian zones has caused erosion. Fish habitat is well represented at site but flow modification by Spitskop Dam a short distance upstream of site is expected to result in unnatural habitat fluctuation. The weir directly upstream of site may result in unnaturally high abundance of species during migrations. Macroinvertebrate habitat is good with limited aquatic vegetation and mud habitats. Location EWR 17 Lloyds weir Altitude 1114 m Longitude 24.30305 Latitude -28.37694 Southern/Central Kalahari/Ghaap plateau EcoRegion Quaternary catchment C33C 29.02; 30.01 Water Management Area Lower Vaal Geomorphological zone Lower Foothills EWR 17, Lloyds weir.
[Show full text]
Diversity and Characteristics of Yeasts in Water Sources of the North West Province
Diversity and characteristics of yeasts in water sources of the North West Province By Deidré Alima Bregené Van Wyk (B.Sc Honours) Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Environmental Science, in the School of Biological Science, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University: Potchefstroom Campus Supervisor: Prof. C.C. Bezuidenhout Co-supervisor: Mr. O.H.J. Rhode Date Submitted: November 2012 ABSTRACT Yeasts form an important part of many ecosystems and significantly contribute to biodiversity. However, yeast biodiversity in the North West Province remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the diversity and characteristics of yeasts from water sources in the North West Province, South Africa. Samples were collected over a two year period and included three rivers, a spruit and an inland lake. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured on site using a multi- 2- probe. Nitrate (NO3-N), nitrite (NO2-N) and phosphate (PO4 ) levels were determined in the laboratory using Hatch kits and equipment. The pH ranged from 7.2 to 9.2. Elevated EC levels (36-70 mS) were detected especially at the Harts River and Barberspan (38-165 mS) sites. Physico-chemical parameter levels were higher during the cold dry sampling period compared to the warm rainy sampling period. Levels and diversity of yeasts were determined using the membrane filtration method. The highest level of yeasts was detected in the Mooi River and Schoonspruit during 2010 and 2011 sampling periods. Pigmented and non-pigmented yeasts were enumerated from all samples. Over the two year period the highest number of pigmented yeasts was detected in the Schoonspruit samples.
[Show full text]
River, Wetlands, Groundwater and Lakes) in the Upper, Middle and Lower Vaal Water Management Areas (WMA) 8,9,10
Classification of Significant Water Resources in the Upper Middle and Lower Vaal WMAs Management Class Report Cover Page Management Class Report V14 September 2012 i Classification of Significant Water Resources in the Upper Middle and Lower Vaal WMAs Management Class Report Classification of Significant Water Resources (River, Wetlands, Groundwater and Lakes) in the Upper, Middle and Lower Vaal Water Management Areas (WMA) 8,9,10 MANAGEMENT CLASSES OF THE VAAL RIVER CATCHMENT REPORT: Inception Report Report number: RDM/WMA8,9,10/00/CON/CLA/0212 September 2012 (FINAL) Copyright reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner without full acknowledgement of the source REFERENCE This report is to be referred to in bibliographies as: Department of Water Affairs, South Africa, September 2012. Classification of Significant Water Resources (River, Wetlands, Groundwater and Lakes) in the Upper, Middle and Lower Vaal Water Management Areas (WMA) 8, 9, 10: Management Classes of the Vaal River Catchment Report Prepared by: WRP Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd in association with DMM Development Consultants CC, Rivers for Africa eFlows Consulting (Pty) Ltd, Conningarth Economists, Koekemoer Aquatic Services and Zitholele Consulting (Pty) Ltd. Report No. RDM/WMA8,9,10/00/CON/CLA/0212 Management Class Report V14 September 2012 i Classification of Significant Water Resources in the Upper Middle and Lower Vaal WMAs Management Class Report DOCUMENT INDEX Reports as part of this project (report status as in September 2012): Index number
[Show full text]
The Influence of Irrigation on Groundwater at the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme – Preliminary Assessment
The influence of Irrigation on Groundwater at the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme – Preliminary Assessment Report to the Water Research Commission by PMJ Verwey, PD Vermeulen and GJ van Tonder Institute for Groundwater Studies University of the Free State Bloemfontein 9300 WRC Report No. KV 254/10 ISBN 978-1-4312-0057-3 January 2011 The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled The influence of irrigation on groundwater at the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme – preliminary assessment. (WRC Project No. K8/820) DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use ii Executive Summary Introduction and scope of the investigation A Governmental surveyor by the name H Ford proposed an irrigation scheme in the Harts Valley as early as 1875. The shortage of money and the unemployment due to the depression in the early 1930s led to the announcement by the Government, on 2 November 1933, that the scheme will be built. In 1934 Act 38 of 1934 was approved, giving permission to construct the Vaaldam and to develop the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme. The water for the scheme was diverted from a weir in the Vaal river (24˚55’30”E : 28˚06’54”S) ± 6.5 km east of Warrenton. The first farmers received their plots in 1938. Today there are 1200 plots that varies in size from 25 to 75 ha, covering a total area of 35 302 ha (31 732 ha in the Northern Cape and 3 570 ha in the North- West Province).
[Show full text]