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A História Dos Godos Escrita Por Jordanes: Estudo E Tradução

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A História Dos Godos Escrita Por Jordanes: Estudo E Tradução Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais Programa de Pós-Graduação em História PPGHIS Tese A História dos Godos escrita por Jordanes: Estudo e Tradução Gustavo Henrique Soares de Souza Sartin 2019 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE OURO PRETO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA Gustavo Henrique Soares de Souza Sartin A HISTÓRIA DOS GODOS ESCRITA POR JORDANES: ESTUDO E TRADUÇÃO Mariana 2019 Gustavo Henrique Soares de Souza Sartin A HISTÓRIA DOS GODOS ESCRITA POR JORDANES: ESTUDO E TRADUÇÃO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História do Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de Doutor em História. Área de concentração: Ideias, Linguagens e Historiografia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fábio Duarte Joly Mariana Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto 2019 S249h Sartin, Gustavo Henrique Soares de Souza. A História dos Godos escrita por Jordanes [manuscrito]: estudo e tradução / Gustavo Henrique Soares de Souza Sartin. - 2019. 242f.: il.: mapas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fábio Duarte Joly. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais. Departamento de História. Programa de Pós- Graduação em Historia. Área de Concentração: História. 1. Jordanes, sec. VI - Teses. 2. Gôdos - Teses. 3. Historiografia - Teses. 4. História antiga - Teses. I. Joly, Fábio Duarte. II. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. III. Titulo. CDU: 93/94 Catalogação: www.sisbin.ufop.br AGRADECIMENTOS O campus da University of North Carolina at Charlotte, onde estudei há muito tempo, ostenta, em uma de suas praças, a estátua de um homem que, segurando um martelo e um cinzel, esculpe a si próprio a partir de um bloco de pedra. É uma imagem forte, é claro, mas faz parte do mundo da ideologia e não da realidade. A verdade é que os produtos culturais são resultado de esforços coletivos. Não foi à toa, assim, que por vezes me lembrei das correções que as professoras do primário faziam às minhas redações enquanto escrevia a tese; ou das aulas de Lógica na disciplina de Filosofia, já no ensino médio. Eu não haveria conseguido dar a minha contribuição ao projeto de ampliação do conhecimento histórico — realizada, como não poderia deixar de ser, através da uma perspectiva pessoal — sem o auxílido dos professores que tive, em todos os níveis. Eles merecem, portanto, a minha mais sincera gratidão. Esse reconhecimento se estende, também, a todos os que estiveram, de alguma forma, ao meu lado na jornada que conduziu à escritura da tese, iniciada há alguns anos. Isso inclui professores, colegas, alunos, amigos, namoradas, parentes… Agradeço, ademais, à Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, tão judiada pelas dificuldades financeiras dos últimos anos, e aos membros das bancas de qualificação e de defesa desta tese, Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto, Renato Viana Boy, Alexandre Agnolon, Artur Costrino e Fabio Faversani. Mais especificamente, admito a minha dívda para com o meu amigo e orientador, Fábio Joly, que em nenhum momento deixou de me oferecer o seu total apoio. Por fim, agradeço também à minha irmã, ao meu pai e à minha já falecida mãe. Sem o seu amor e estímulo, nada disso haveria sido possível. RESUMO A história dos godos de Jordanes, ou Getica, é a mais antiga das histórias restantes de um povo “bárbaro” pós-romano, mas o seu autor alega que ela seria um resumo da história gótica escrita por Cassiodoro, que não atravessou a Idade Média. A obra original foi supostamente escrita na Italia durante a década de 520 ou início da seguinte, quando Cassiodoro residia na corte dos reis ostrogodos, mas a de Jordanes foi escrita por volta de 550, em Constantinopolis. Nosso trabalho consiste em uma análise crítica da Getica, acompanhada da sua tradução para o Português, realizada com o auxílio da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional. Os principais elementos da nossa análise são: (1) A narrativa de Jordanes acerca da ascensão gótica reflete mudanças de longo-termo na estrutura militar do Império Romano; (2) os godos são enaltecidos através de um dispositivo retórico que criou uma oposição entre “bons” e “maus” bárbaros; (3) Jordanes tinha um conhecimento limitado dos eventos que ocorreram após o ponto final da obra de Cassiodoro. Palavras-chave: Jordanes, godos, historiografia, Antiguidade Tardia. ABSTRACT The Gothic history of Jordanes or Getica is the oldest extant history of a “barbaric” post-Roman people, but its author also alleges that it is an abridgement of the Gothic history written by Cassiodorus which didn't make it through the Middle Ages. The original work was supposedly written in Italy during the 520s or early 530s, when Cassiodorus resided on the court of the Ostrogothic kings, but Jordanes' was written around 550 in Constantinople. Our work consists in a critical analysis of the Getica, accompanied by its translation into Portuguese, made with the assistance of Systemic Functional Linguistics. The main features of our analysis are: (I) Jordanes' narrative of Gothic ascension reflects long-term changes in the military structure of the Roman Empire; (II) the Goths are glorified through a rhetorical device which created an opposition between “good” and “bad” barbarians; (III) Jordanes had a limited knowledge of the events that unfolded after the point in which the work of Cassiodorus ended. Keywords: Jordanes, Goths, historiography, Late Antiquity. SUMÁRIO Introdução ___________________________________________________________ 1 Godos e romanos ____________________________________________________ 2 Jordanes ___________________________________________________________ 6 A Getica ___________________________________________________________ 7 Aspectos peculiares da composição ______________________________________ 8 Linguagem _________________________________________________________ 9 Recepção e debates__________________________________________________ 12 Edição e traduções __________________________________________________ 21 Nossa tradução e a questão da avaliatividade _____________________________ 22 Capítulo I – A ascensão dos godos _______________________________________ 27 1.1 – A “barbarização” do exército romano _______________________________ 27 1.2 – As mudanças na estratégia defensiva _______________________________ 35 1.3 – Um exército de estrangeiros? ______________________________________42 1.4 – O exército de Estilicão___________________________________________ 54 1.5 – “Reis” bárbaros ________________________________________________ 59 1.6 – Considerações finais ao primeiro capítulo ___________________________ 62 Capítulo II – Átila, o arquetípico bárbaro violento ___________________________ 64 2.1 – Jordanes apresenta Teodorico, Aécio e Átila _________________________ 65 2.2 – A ameaça de Átila ______________________________________________ 71 2.3 – A batalha nos campos cataláunicos ________________________________ 78 2.4 – Átila em fuga, mas ainda perigoso _________________________________ 85 2.5 – Considerações finais ao segundo capítulo ___________________________ 93 Capítulo III – Jordanes e o passado recente ________________________________ 95 3.1 – Por que os vândalos não foram escolhidos como vilões?________________ 95 3.2 – A história escrita por Cassiodoro e o que mais?_______________________ 99 3.3 – Jordanes e Procópio ___________________________________________ 105 3.4 – Considerações finais ao terceiro capítulo ___________________________107 Considerações finais ________________________________________________ 108 Anexo – Transcrição e tradução do texto da Getica ________________________ 111 Referências bibliográficas ____________________________________________ 234 INTRODUÇÃO Publicada por Jordanes em Constantinopolis1 no ano de 551 ou 552, a Getica, também chamada De origine actibusque Getarum (Sobre as Origens e Feitos dos Getas), foi baseada em uma obra hoje perdida, escrita cerca de vinte anos antes por Cassiodoro Senator, um erudito romano do sul da Italia que ocupava o cargo de magister officiorum (“mestre dos ofícios”, uma espécie de primeiro-ministro) do reino dos ostrogodos.2 Em virtude do desaparecimento do texto de Cassiodoro, a mais antiga história de um povo “bárbaro”3 pós-romano hoje disponível é a escrita por Jordanes. A despeito de ser frequentemente publicada de forma isolada em tempos modernos, a Getica é a terceira parte de uma obra maior. A primeira consiste em uma cronologia universal nos moldes cristãos, que termina com a ascensão de Augusto e o início do que seria o quinto e último império mundial. A segunda é uma história romana que vai do nascimento de Rômulo até o vigésimo quarto ano do reinado de Justiniano I, em 551. As duas primeiras partes formam De Summa Temporum uel Origine Actibusque Gentis Romanorum (O Ápice dos Tempos ou as Origens e Feitos dos Romanos) ou, simplesmente, Romana. A Getica, por sua vez, narra a trajetória dos godos desde tempos mitológicos na Scandza (região correspondente à Escandinávia atual, imaginada como sendo uma ilha) até a rendição do rei ostrogodo Vitiges a Belisário, comandante militar do Império Romano do Oriente, e as subsequentes bodas de sua viúva e Germano, parente do imperador Justiniano, da qual, em 551, nasceu um filho. A primeira parte trata das origens e migrações dos godos, a segunda conta a história dos visigodos e a terceira, dos ostrogodos. 1 O optamos por preservar, tanto na da análise quanto na tradução, os nomes de lugares que aparecem no texto latino. Pensar
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