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Kamid El-Loz 4000 Years and More of Rural and Urban Life in the Lebanese Beqa‘A Plain

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Kamid El-Loz 4000 Years and More of Rural and Urban Life in the Lebanese Beqa‘A Plain ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY IN THE LEBANON SPECIAL 2016 ISSUE Marlies Heinz Kamid el-Loz 4000 years and more of rural and urban life in the Lebanese Beqa‘a plain Kamid el-Loz 4000 years and more of rural and urban life in the Lebanese Beqa‘a plain MARLIES HEINZ The Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum Beirut 2016 ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY IN THE LEBANON. SPECIAL 2016 ISSUE The Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum © 2016 Marlies Heinz Layout and typesetting: Simon M. Halama Printed: Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l. Beirut Binding: Fouad Baayno Bookbindery s.a.r.l. Beirut Cover photograph: Christian Krug, Archive Heinz ISSN 1361-3126 Table of Contents Foreword ix List of Figures xiii I. Objectives of the Book and Introductory Considerations 1 1. Why this study, why archaeology and excavations at all? 3 1.1 Archaeologists excavate things and (re-)construct the his- tory of humans based on objects: How does this work? 3 1.2 Why excavate ancient Kamid el-Loz, the archaeological site located in the middle of the today’s village of Kamid el-Loz? 7 1.2.1 Ancient Kamid el-Loz – the biography of the ar- chaeological site in brief 9 1.3 Archaeology uses a Three-Age System to talk about his- torical developments: What are the “Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages”? 11 1.4 Architecture: The most visible of all the artifacts: The fo- cus of our work at Kamid el-Loz. 15 1.4.1 The built environment: A special category of “thing” for the living as well as for the dead 16 1.4.2 How can archaeologists integrate the different ap- SURDFKHVWRWKHPHDQLQJVRI DUFKLWHFWXUHLHÀQG out what the people’s needs, options, knowledge, and potentials were thousands of years ago? 17 2. The architecture of today’s Kamid el-Loz: A case study for an appropriate procedure 19 2.1 How does a case study of a recent village’s architecture help archaeologists to study the architecture of the past? 23 II. Stories and Histories of Kamid el-Loz 27 1. Early beginnings at Kamid el-Loz (EBA IV / MBA I c. 2000 B.C.) 29 1.1 The oldest pieces of evidence … 30 1.2 How did we get this information? 30 1.3 Four soundings in the center of the tell – what are the ma- WHULDOÀQGLQJV" 1.4 Four soundings in the center of the tell contained accu- mulated layers of soil, scanty architectural remains, and a multitude of pottery fragments. What do we learn from these rather sparse remains about the early settlers of Kamid el-Loz? 33 Excursus: Broken pottery: Only waste, or another valuable source for understanding knowledge, habits and traditions? 34 Table of Contents Excursus: The earliest indications of settler activities found so far date to the Early Bronze Age IV / Middle Bronze Age I transition: How do archaeologists estimate the relative and absolute age of the cultural heritage? 36 Conclusions: EB IV / MBA I – the oldest remains found so far, but not yet the remains from the earliest beginnings of Kamid el-Loz 37 2. Settlement activities continue, the actual cultural evi- dence changes: The early Middle Bronze Age (MBA I c. 2000 – 1750 B.C.) 39 2.1 The settler’s body of knowledge: Holding on to the old and at the same time exhibiting the new 42 Conclusions: The early beginnings – what information does the early material legacy reveal concerning the people of and the communal life at Kamid el-Loz? 45 3. Urban beginnings? What evidence is needed to classify Kamid el-Loz as urban during the second phase of the Middle Bronze Age (MBA II c. 1750 – 1550 /1500 B.C.)? 47 3.1 Are there signs for urban life at Kamid el-Loz? 48 2QZKDWWKHRUHWLFDOEDVLVGRDUFKDHRORJLVWVDVVLJQVSHFLÀF IXQFWLRQVWRVSHFLÀFEXLOGLQJV" 3.3 Ancient texts: A further valuable source for drafting as- sumptions 50 3.4 Practical application 51 3.4.1 A complex of houses labeled as residential area 51 3.4.2 Houses of unique type, size, and location – what do archaeologists associate with these features? 52 3.4.3 The extraordinary buildings of Kamid el-Loz: Why do we call the palace of Kamid el-Loz the “palace”? 52 3.4.4 The only immediate neighbor of the palace – its administrators? 54 3.4.5 The temple: What evidence do we have to assign religious functions to a monumental building at Kamid el-Loz? 54 $ÀQDOUHPDUN 4. Urban beginnings – city 1: The evidence is still scarce and the development is diverse, but urban beginnings are undeniable for the Middle Bronze Age II period at Kamid el-Loz (MBA II c. 1750 – 1550 / 1500 B.C.) 57 7KHÀUVWXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWNQRZQDW.DPLGHO/R]LV visible in the early MBA II material remains (beginning c. 1750 B.C.) 58 7KHVWRU\RI WKHÀUVWNQRZQSDODFHRI .DPLGHO Loz, dating to the early phase of the MBA II period and named Middle Bronze Age Palace 3 (MBP 3) 58 ii Table of Contents 4.1.2 The administrative area, phase 2: Documented by another massive accumulation of burnt bricks, dat- ing to the early phase of the Middle Bronze Age II 61 4.1.3 A further mass of burnt bricks: The earliest evi- dence for a temple (T 6 ?) dating to the early MBA II period? 62 4.1.4 Where did the people live in this early urban envi- ronment? (MBA II) 65 4.1.5 Communal buildings burnt, settlers’ houses de- cayed: When did this all happen? 68 7KHÀUVWXUEDQGHYHORSPHQWFDPHWRDQHQG$UHÁHFWLRQ on the misfortune that hit the city and its people and the actions and reactions of the people to the fate they expe- rienced 69 Conclusions:/LIHLQWKHÀUVW0%$,,FLW\RI .DPLGHO/R] 7KHÀUVWDQRPLH7KHXUEDQIXQFWLRQRI WKHHDUO\0%$ II city of Kamid el-Loz (city 1) was interrupted, but the place as such was not forgotten 73 5.1 The former residential area in the north: When the settlers left their houses, did they also abandon their ancestors? 74 5.2 Squatters in the temple area? Or the continuation of cultic activities in devastated surroundings? 75 &LW\7KHÀUVWDQRPLHHQGHGUHVHWWOHPHQWEHJDQDQG the second Middle Bronze Age city of Kamid el-Loz developed 81 6.1 The re-colonization of the palace area and the building of palace MBP 2 83 6.1.1 The administrative area, phase 1: Resettlement be- gan with repairing the burnt and damaged remains RI WKHÀUVW0%$,,FLW\ 6.1.1.1 The new administrative building of the second MBA II city of Kamid el-Loz 88 6.1.2 A new domicile for cultic concerns? 90 6.1.2.1 Is Building T 5, indeed a temple? 90 6.1.2.2 Is Building T 4 a temple? It’s quite possible! 91 6.1.3 The housing estates of the 2nd MBA II city were still (or again) located in the area west of the temple and at the northern edge of the site 96 6.1.3.1 Signs of residences in the west 96 +RXVHVDSDWKZD\DQGDIRUWLÀFDWLRQ7KH settlers were back in the northern habitat 96 6.2 The second urban period in MBA II Kamid el-Loz started well but ended violently 104 6.3 A multifaceted series of events took place in city 2: When did each event – building, burning, rebuilding, and aban- doning – occur? 105 Conclusions: Life in the second MBA II city of Kamid el-Loz iii – according to the model and assumptions presented above 107 Table of Contents Excursus: Abandonment and resettlement, people and processes 110 1. Abandonment of the MBA II city 1 and resettling of the MBA II city 2 – what actually happens in these processes? 110 2. Who are the people who resettle a place? 111 3. How did the process of resettlement proceed at Kamid el-Loz? What do we “see” as archaeologists? What do we ask? What do we postulate? 112 7. A second anomie affected the city of Kamid el-Loz: Who had to bear the consequences? 115 7.1 The palace lost its aura, but not its ability to be utilized as a domicile 116 7.2 The administrative area: Used for domestic activities and transformed into a burial place 118 7.3 The temple T 4: Transformed into a secular area by the use of its ruins? 120 7.4 The residential areas: No attestation of activities in the northern area, but evidence for burying the deceased into the deteriorated architectural remains in the west 120 7.5 Life in devastated surroundings: How did the people deal with the situation? 122 7.5.1 The second anomie: Solutions found for survival 122 8. The third – and the last – city of Kamid el-Loz, then named Kumidi: Emerged at the onset of the Late Bronze Age and lasted until the end of the Late Bronze Age (LBA I – LBA II c. 1550/1500 B.C. – 1200 B.C.) 129 8.1 The story and history of the third and last city of Kamid el-Loz: 300 years of uninterrupted urban life, despite de- VWUXFWLRQVGLVDVWURXVÀUHVDQGGHFD\²DVKRUWSUHYLHZ 7KHÀUVW/%$SDODFH3DURVH$ZRUOGO\HOLWHZDVYLVLEO\ back (LBA I c. 1550/1500 – 1400/1350 B.C.) 130 8.2.1 The former palace district had not lost its aura: The new palace P 5 was built on the burnt remains of its MBA forerunner 131 8.2.2 Metal processing was obviously an exclusive hand- icraft at that time: The only known workshop was located in the area of palace P 5 133 ([FXUVXV6RPHUHÁHFWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHQHHGVRI HOLWHV7KHIXQFWLRQVRI palaces 135 8.3 Palace P 4: A short overview over its utilization and build- ing history, or, once again creating the new but keeping traditions alive as well! (Later LBA I c.
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