Solar and Drag Sail Propulsion: from Theory to Mission Implementation
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China's Touch on the Moon
commentary China’s touch on the Moon Long Xiao As well as being a milestone in technology, the Chang’e lunar exploration programme establishes China as a contributor to space science. With much still to learn about the Moon, fieldwork beyond Earth’s orbit must be an international effort. hen China’s Chang’e 3 spacecraft geological history of the landing site. touched down on the lunar High-resolution images have shown rocky Wsurface on 14 December 2013, terrain with outcrops of porphyritic basalt, it was the first soft landing on the Moon such as Loong Rock (Fig. 2). Analysis since the Soviet Union’s Luna 24 mission of data collected by the penetrating in 1976. Following on from the decades- Chang’e 3 radar should lead to identification of the old triumphs of the Luna missions and underlying layers of regolith, impact breccia NASA’s Apollo programme, the Chang’e and basalt. lunar exploration programme is leading the China’s robotic field geologist Yutu has charge of a new generation of exploration Basalt outcrop Yutu rover stalled in its traverse of the lunar surface, on the lunar surface. Much like the earlier but plans for the Chang’e 5 sample-return space programmes, the China National mission are moving forward. The primary Space Administration (CNSA) has been objective of the mission will be to return developing its capabilities and technologies 100 m 2 kg of samples from the surface and depths step by step in a series of Chang’e missions UNIVERSITY STATE © NASA/GSFC/ARIZONA of up to 2 m, probably also in the relatively of increasing ambition: orbiting and Figure 1 | The Chinese Chang’e 3 spacecraft and smooth northern Mare Imbrium. -
New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period
Hayabusa2 Extended Mission: New Voyage to Rendezvous with a Small Asteroid Rotating with a Short Period M. Hirabayashi1, Y. Mimasu2, N. Sakatani3, S. Watanabe4, Y. Tsuda2, T. Saiki2, S. Kikuchi2, T. Kouyama5, M. Yoshikawa2, S. Tanaka2, S. Nakazawa2, Y. Takei2, F. Terui2, H. Takeuchi2, A. Fujii2, T. Iwata2, K. Tsumura6, S. Matsuura7, Y. Shimaki2, S. Urakawa8, Y. Ishibashi9, S. Hasegawa2, M. Ishiguro10, D. Kuroda11, S. Okumura8, S. Sugita12, T. Okada2, S. Kameda3, S. Kamata13, A. Higuchi14, H. Senshu15, H. Noda16, K. Matsumoto16, R. Suetsugu17, T. Hirai15, K. Kitazato18, D. Farnocchia19, S.P. Naidu19, D.J. Tholen20, C.W. Hergenrother21, R.J. Whiteley22, N. A. Moskovitz23, P.A. Abell24, and the Hayabusa2 extended mission study group. 1Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA ([email protected]) 2Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa, Japan 3Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan 4Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan 5National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan 6Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan 7Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan 8Japan Spaceguard Association, Okayama, Japan 9Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan 10Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 11Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 12University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 13Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan 14University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan 15Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba, Japan 16National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Iwate, Japan 17National Institute of Technology, Oshima College, Yamaguchi, Japan 18University of Aizu, Fukushima, Japan 19Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 20University of Hawai’i, Manoa, HI, USA 21University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 22Asgard Research, Denver, CO, USA 23Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA 24NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA 1 Highlights 1. -
View Conducted by Its Standing Review Board (SRB)
Science Committee Report Dr. Wes Huntress, Chair 1 Science Committee Members Wes Huntress, Chair Byron Tapley, (Vice Chair) University of Texas-Austin, Chair of Earth Science Alan Boss, Carnegie Institution, Chair of Astrophysics Ron Greeley, Arizona State University, Chair of Planetary Science Gene Levy, Rice University , Chair of Planetary Protection Roy Torbert, University of New Hampshire, Chair of Heliophysics Jack Burns, University of Colorado Noel Hinners, Independent Consultant *Judith Lean, Naval Research Laboratory Michael Turner, University of Chicago Charlie Kennel, Chair of Space Studies Board (ex officio member) * = resigned July 16, 2010 2 Agenda • Science Results • Programmatic Status • Findings & Recommendations 3 Unusual Thermosphere Collapse • Deep drop in Thermospheric (50 – 400 km) density • Deeper than expected from solar cycle & CO2 4 Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) unlocking the secrets of Noctilucent Clouds (NLCs) Form 50 miles above surface in polar summer vs ~ 6 miles for “norm79al” clouds. NLCs getting brighter; occurring more often. Why? Linked to global change? AIM NLC Image June 27, 2009 - AIM measured the relationship between cloud properties and temperature - Quantified for the first time, the dramatic response to small changes, 10 deg C, in temperature - T sensitivity critical for study of global change effects on mesosphere Response to Gulf Oil Spill UAVSAR 23 June 2010 MODIS 31 May 2010 ASTER 24 May 2010 Visible Visible/IR false color Satellite instruments: continually monitoring the extent of -
Probes to the Inferior Planets – a New Dawn for Neo and Ieo Detection Technology Demonstration from Heliocentric Orbits Interior to the Earth’S?
PROBES TO THE INFERIOR PLANETS – A NEW DAWN FOR NEO AND IEO DETECTION TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION FROM HELIOCENTRIC ORBITS INTERIOR TO THE EARTH’S? 2011 IAA Planetary Defense Conference 09-12 May 2011 Bucharest, Romania Jan Thimo Grundmann(1), Stefano Mottola(2), Maximilian Drentschew(6), Martin Drobczyk(1), Ralph Kahle(3), Volker Maiwald(4), Dominik Quantius(4), Paul Zabel(4), Tim van Zoest(5) (1)DLR German Aerospace Center - Institute of Space Systems - Department of Satellite Systems Robert-Hooke-Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany Email: [email protected], [email protected] (2)DLR German Aerospace Center - Institute of Planetary Research - Department Asteroids and Comets Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany Email: [email protected] (3)DLR German Aerospace Center - Space Operations and Astronaut Training - Space Flight Technology Dept. 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen-Wesseling, Germany Email: [email protected] (4)DLR German Aerospace Center - Institute of Space Systems - Dept. System Analysis Space Segments (SARA) Robert-Hooke-Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (5)DLR German Aerospace Center - Institute of Space Systems - Department of Exploration Systems Robert-Hooke-Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany Email: [email protected] (6)ZFT Zentrum für Telematik Allesgrundweg 12, 97218 Gerbrunn, Germany Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT With the launch of MESSENGER and VENUS EXPRESS, a new wave of exploration of the inner solar system has begun. Noting the growing number of probes to the inner solar system, it is proposed to connect the expertise of the respective spacecraft teams and the NEO and IEO survey community to best utilize the extended cruise phases and to provide additional data return in support of pure science as well as planetary defence. -
FASTSAT a Mini-Satellite Mission…..A Way Ahead”
Proposed Abstract: Under the combined Category and Title: “FASTSAT a Mini-Satellite Mission…..A Way Ahead” Authors: Mark E. Boudreaux, Joseph Casas, Timothy A. Smith The Fast Affordable Science and Technology Spacecraft (FASTSAT) is a mini-satellite weighing less than 150 kg. FASTSAT was developed as government-industry collaborative research and development flight project targeting rapid access to space to provide an alternative, low cost platform for a variety of scientific, research, and technology payloads. The initial spacecraft was designed to carry six instruments and launch as a secondary “rideshare” payload. This design approach greatly reduced overall mission costs while maximizing the on-board payload accommodations. FASTSAT was designed from the ground up to meet a challenging short schedule using modular components with a flexible, configurable layout to enable a broad range of payloads at a lower cost and shorter timeline than scaling down a more complex spacecraft. The integrated spacecraft along with its payloads were readied for launch 15 months from authority to proceed. As an ESPA-class spacecraft, FASTSAT is compatible with many different launch vehicles, including Minotaur I, Minotaur IV, Delta IV, Atlas V, Pegasus, Falcon 1/1e, and Falcon 9. These vehicles offer an array of options for launch sites and provide for a variety of rideshare possibilities. FASTSAT a Mini Satellite Mission …..A Way Ahead 15th Annual Space & Missile Defense Conference Session Track 1.2 : Operations for Small, Tactical Satellites Mark Boudreaux/NASA -
Achievements of Hayabusa2: Unveiling the World of Asteroid by Interplanetary Round Trip Technology
Achievements of Hayabusa2: Unveiling the World of Asteroid by Interplanetary Round Trip Technology Yuichi Tsuda Project Manager, Hayabusa2 Japan Aerospace ExplorationAgency 58th COPUOS, April 23, 2021 Lunar and Planetary Science Missions of Japan 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Future Plan Moon 2007 Kaguya 1990 Hiten SLIM Lunar-A × Venus 2010 Akatsuki 2018 Mio 1998 Nozomi × Planets Mercury (Mars) 2010 IKAROS Venus MMX Phobos/Mars 1985 Suisei 2014 Hayabusa2 Small Bodies Asteroid Ryugu 2003 Hayabusa 1985 Sakigake Asteroid Itokawa Destiny+ Comet Halley Comet Pheton 2 Hayabusa2 Mission ✓ Sample return mission to a C-type asteroid “Ryugu” ✓ 5.2 billion km interplanetary journey. Launch Earth Gravity Assist Ryugu Arrival MINERVA-II-1 Deployment Dec.3, 2014 Sep.21, 2018 Dec.3, 2015 Jun.27, 2018 MASCOT Deployment Oct.3, 2018 Ryugu Departure Nov.13.2019 Kinetic Impact Earth Return Second Dec.6, 2020 Apr.5, 2019 Target Markers Orbiting Touchdown Sep.16, 2019 Jul,11, 2019 First Touchdown Feb.22, 2019 MINERVA-II-2 Orbiting MD [D VIp srvlxp #534<# Oct.2, 2019 Hayabusa2 Spacecraft Overview Deployable Xband Xband Camera (DCAM3) HGA LGA Xband Solar Array MGA Kaba nd Ion Engine HGA Panel RCS thrusters ×12 ONC‐T, ONC‐W1 Star Trackers Near Infrared DLR MASCOT Spectrometer (NIRS3) Lander Thermal Infrared +Z Imager (TIR) Reentry Capsule +X MINERVA‐II Small Carry‐on +Z LIDAR ONC‐W2 +Y Rovers Impactor (SCI) +X Sampler Horn Target +Y Markers ×5 Launch Mass: 609kg Ion Engine: Total ΔV=3.2km/s, Thrust=5-28mN (variable), Specific Impulse=2800- 3000sec. (4 thrusters, mounted on two-axis gimbal) Chemical RCS: Bi-prop. -
Astrobiology in Low Earth Orbit
The O/OREOS Mission – Astrobiology in Low Earth Orbit P. Ehrenfreund1, A.J. Ricco2, D. Squires2, C. Kitts3, E. Agasid2, N. Bramall2, K. Bryson4, J. Chittenden2, C. Conley5, A. Cook2, R. Mancinelli4, A. Mattioda2, W. Nicholson6, R. Quinn7, O. Santos2, G. Tahu5, M. Voytek5, C. Beasley2, L. Bica3, M. Diaz-Aguado2, C. Friedericks2, M. Henschke2, J.W. Hines2, D. Landis8, E. Luzzi2, D. Ly2, N. Mai2, G. Minelli2, M. McIntyre2, M. Neumann3, M. Parra2, M. Piccini2, R. Rasay3, R. Ricks2, A. Schooley2, E. Stackpole2, L. Timucin2, B. Yost2, A. Young3 1Space Policy Institute, Washington, DC, USA [email protected], 2NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA, 3Robotic Systems Laboratory, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA, 4Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Sonoma, CA, USA, 5NASA Headquarters, Washington DC, USA, 6University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 7SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA, 8Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA Abstract. The O/OREOS (Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses) nanosatellite is the first science demonstration spacecraft and flight mission of the NASA Astrobiology Small- Payloads Program (ASP). O/OREOS was launched successfully on November 19, 2010, to a high-inclination (72°), 650-km Earth orbit aboard a US Air Force Minotaur IV rocket from Kodiak, Alaska. O/OREOS consists of 3 conjoined cubesat (each 1000 cm3) modules: (i) a control bus, (ii) the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) experiment, and (iii) the Space Environment Viability of Organics (SEVO) experiment. Among the innovative aspects of the O/OREOS mission are a real-time analysis of the photostability of organics and biomarkers and the collection of data on the survival and metabolic activity for micro-organisms at 3 times during the 6-month mission. -
Highlights in Space 2010
International Astronautical Federation Committee on Space Research International Institute of Space Law 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren c/o CNES 94 bis, Avenue de Suffren UNITED NATIONS 75015 Paris, France 2 place Maurice Quentin 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 45 67 42 60 Fax: +33 1 42 73 21 20 Tel. + 33 1 44 76 75 10 E-mail: : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax. + 33 1 44 76 74 37 URL: www.iislweb.com OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS URL: www.iafastro.com E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://cosparhq.cnes.fr Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs is responsible for promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and assisting developing countries in using space science and technology. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs P. O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-4950 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5830 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unoosa.org United Nations publication Printed in Austria USD 15 Sales No. E.11.I.3 ISBN 978-92-1-101236-1 ST/SPACE/57 *1180239* V.11-80239—January 2011—775 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA Highlights in Space 2010 Prepared in cooperation with the International Astronautical Federation, the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law Progress in space science, technology and applications, international cooperation and space law UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 UniTEd NationS PUblication Sales no. -
The O/OREOS Mission—Astrobiology in Low Earth Orbit
Acta Astronautica 93 (2014) 501–508 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Astronautica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro The O/OREOS mission—Astrobiology in low Earth orbit P. Ehrenfreund a,n, A.J. Ricco b, D. Squires b, C. Kitts c, E. Agasid b, N. Bramall b, K. Bryson d, J. Chittenden b, C. Conley e, A. Cook b, R. Mancinelli d, A. Mattioda b, W. Nicholson f, R. Quinn g, O. Santos b,G.Tahue,M.Voyteke, C. Beasley b,L.Bicac, M. Diaz-Aguado b, C. Friedericks b,M.Henschkeb,D.Landish, E. Luzzi b,D.Lyb, N. Mai b, G. Minelli b,M.McIntyreb,M.Neumannc, M. Parra b, M. Piccini b, R. Rasay c,R.Ricksb, A. Schooley b, E. Stackpole b, L. Timucin b,B.Yostb, A. Young c a Space Policy Institute, Washington DC, USA b NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA c Robotic Systems Laboratory, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA d Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Sonoma, CA, USA e NASA Headquarters, Washington DC, USA f University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA g SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA h Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA article info abstract Article history: The O/OREOS (Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses) nanosatellite is the first Received 19 December 2011 science demonstration spacecraft and flight mission of the NASA Astrobiology Small- Received in revised form Payloads Program (ASP). O/OREOS was launched successfully on November 19, 2010, to 22 June 2012 a high-inclination (721), 650-km Earth orbit aboard a US Air Force Minotaur IV rocket Accepted 18 September 2012 from Kodiak, Alaska. -
Design of the Alpha Cubesat: Technology Demonstration of a Chipsat-Equipped Retroreflective Light Sail
AIAA SciTech Forum 10.2514/6.2021-1254 11–15 & 19–21 January 2021, VIRTUAL EVENT AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum Design of the Alpha CubeSat: Technology Demonstration of a ChipSat-Equipped Retroreflective Light Sail Joshua S. Umansky-Castro,∗ João Maria B. Mesquita, † Avisha Kumar, ‡ Maxwell Anderson, § Tan Yaw Tung, ¶ Jenny J. Wen, ‖ V. Hunter Adams ∗∗ and Mason A. Peck †† Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850 Andrew Filo ‡‡ 4Special Projects, Cupertino, CA, 95014 Davide Carabellese§§ Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy 10129 C Bangs ¶¶ Brooklyn, NY, 11216 Martina Mrongovius ∗∗∗ HoloCenter, Queens, NY 10004 Gregory L. Matloff ††† City Tech, Brooklyn, NY 11201 This paper provides an overview of Alpha, a rapidly developed, low-cost CubeSat mission to verify the performance of a highly retroreflective material for light-sail propulsion. Designed, integrated, and tested by students of the Space Systems Design Studio at Cornell University, this mission demonstrates a number of key technologies that enable next-generation capabilities for space exploration. In particular, this paper focuses on the novel application of ChipSats (gram scale spacecraft-on-a-chip technology) as a means of verifying Alpha’s sail orbit and attitude dynamics. Other innovations include an entirely 3D-printed structure to enable quick and inexpensive prototyping, an onboard Iridium modem that bypasses the need for ground- station radio equipment, retroreflective sail material that provides more deterministic thrust from laser illumination, and an attitude-control subsystem that provides full attitude and angular-rate control using magnetorquers only. In addition to these near-term technology demonstrations, Alpha is among the first exhibitions of holography in space, a medium that shows longer-term promise in several roles for interstellar travel. -
Attitude Control Dynamics of Spinning Solar Sail “IKAROS” Considering
Attitude Control Dynamics of Spinning Solar Sail “IKAROS” Considering Thruster Plume Osamu Mori, Yoji Shirasawa, Hirotaka Sawada, Ryu Funase, Yuichi Tsuda, Takanao Saiki and Takayuki Yamamoto (JAXA), Morizumi Motooka and Ryo Jifuku (Univ. of Tokyo) Abstract In this paper, the attitude dynamics of IKAROS, which is spinning solar sail, is presented. First Mode Model of out-of-plane deformation (FMM) and Multi Particle Model (MPM) are introduced to analyze the out-of-plane oscillation mode of spinning solar sail. The out-of-plane oscillation of IKAROS is governed by three modes derived from FMM. FMM is very simple and valid for the design of attitude controller. Considering the thruster configuration of IKAROS, the force on main body and sail by thruster plume as well as reaction force by thruster are integrated into MPM. The attitude motion after sail deployment or reorientation using thrusters can be analyzed by MPM numerical simulations precisely. スラスタプルームを考慮したスピン型ソーラーセイル「IKAROS」の姿勢制御運動 森 治,白澤 洋次,澤田 弘崇,船瀬 龍,津田 雄一,佐伯 孝尚,山本 高行(JAXA), 元岡 範純,地福 亮(東大) 摘要 本論文ではスピン型ソーラーセイル IKAROS の姿勢運動について示す.スピン型ソーラーセイル を解析するために一次面外変形モデルおよび多粒子モデルを導入する.まず,一次面外変形モデ ルから導出される 3 つのモードが IKAROS の面外運動を支配していることを示す.このモデルは 非常に簡易であり,姿勢制御設計に有効であると言える.一方,多粒子モデルに対しては, IKAROS のスラスタ配置を考慮して,スラスタの反力だけでなくスラスタプルームが本体や膜面 に及ぼす力を組み込み,セイル展開後およびスラスタによるマヌーバ後の姿勢運動を数値シミュ レーションにより詳細に解析する. 1. Introduction for the numerical model. Considering the thruster configuration of IKAROS, the force on main body and A solar sail 1) is a space yacht that gathers energy for sail by thruster plume as well as reaction force by propulsion from sunlight pressure by means of a thruster are integrated into MPM. The Fast Fourier membrane. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Transform (FFT) results from IKAROS flight data are (JAXA) successfully achieved the world’s first solar sail compared with those from simulation data. -
Astronomy 2008 Index
Astronomy Magazine Article Title Index 10 rising stars of astronomy, 8:60–8:63 1.5 million galaxies revealed, 3:41–3:43 185 million years before the dinosaurs’ demise, did an asteroid nearly end life on Earth?, 4:34–4:39 A Aligned aurorae, 8:27 All about the Veil Nebula, 6:56–6:61 Amateur astronomy’s greatest generation, 8:68–8:71 Amateurs see fireballs from U.S. satellite kill, 7:24 Another Earth, 6:13 Another super-Earth discovered, 9:21 Antares gang, The, 7:18 Antimatter traced, 5:23 Are big-planet systems uncommon?, 10:23 Are super-sized Earths the new frontier?, 11:26–11:31 Are these space rocks from Mercury?, 11:32–11:37 Are we done yet?, 4:14 Are we looking for life in the right places?, 7:28–7:33 Ask the aliens, 3:12 Asteroid sleuths find the dino killer, 1:20 Astro-humiliation, 10:14 Astroimaging over ancient Greece, 12:64–12:69 Astronaut rescue rocket revs up, 11:22 Astronomers spy a giant particle accelerator in the sky, 5:21 Astronomers unearth a star’s death secrets, 10:18 Astronomers witness alien star flip-out, 6:27 Astronomy magazine’s first 35 years, 8:supplement Astronomy’s guide to Go-to telescopes, 10:supplement Auroral storm trigger confirmed, 11:18 B Backstage at Astronomy, 8:76–8:82 Basking in the Sun, 5:16 Biggest planet’s 5 deepest mysteries, The, 1:38–1:43 Binary pulsar test affirms relativity, 10:21 Binocular Telescope snaps first image, 6:21 Black hole sets a record, 2:20 Black holes wind up galaxy arms, 9:19 Brightest starburst galaxy discovered, 12:23 C Calling all space probes, 10:64–10:65 Calling on Cassiopeia, 11:76 Canada to launch new asteroid hunter, 11:19 Canada’s handy robot, 1:24 Cannibal next door, The, 3:38 Capture images of our local star, 4:66–4:67 Cassini confirms Titan lakes, 12:27 Cassini scopes Saturn’s two-toned moon, 1:25 Cassini “tastes” Enceladus’ plumes, 7:26 Cepheus’ fall delights, 10:85 Choose the dome that’s right for you, 5:70–5:71 Clearing the air about seeing vs.