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Determinants of the Generalized Trust Radius in Scripted Fragile Sub-Saharan African States

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Determinants of the Generalized Trust Radius in Scripted Fragile Sub-Saharan African States The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 2018 Determinants of the Generalized Trust Radius in Scripted Fragile Sub-Saharan African States Anthony Caito University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Caito, Anthony, "Determinants of the Generalized Trust Radius in Scripted Fragile Sub-Saharan African States" (2018). Dissertations. 1499. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1499 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DETERMINANTS OF THE GENERALIZED TRUST RADIUS IN SCRIPTED FRAGILE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN STATES by Anthony Thomas Caito A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Arts and Letters, and the Department of Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2018 DETERMINANTS OF THE GENERALIZED TRUST RADIUS IN SCRIPTED FRAGILE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN STATES by Anthony Thomas Caito May 2018 Approved by: ________________________________________________ Dr. Robert J. Pauly, Committee Chair Associate Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Edward Sayre, Committee Member Associate Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Joseph St. Marie, Committee Member Associate Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Tom Lansford, Committee Member Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Edward Sayre Chair, Department of Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Karen S. Coats Dean of the Graduate School COPYRIGHT BY Anthony Thomas Caito 2018 Published by the Graduate School ABSTRACT DETERMINANTS OF THE GENERALIZED TRUST RADIUS IN SCRIPTED FRAGILE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN STATES by Anthony Thomas Caito May 2018 Trust between strangers does not come easily in collectivist societies governed by coercive institutions and subject to unstable market forces. More than one-third of all states are fragile, yet the trust literature has shown little interest in explaining the variability of generalized trust among them; instead fixating on social capital, the consequence of the expansion of generalized trust, putting the cart before the horse and leaving unexamined many of its causes. The enhanced accuracy of the reconfigured World Values Survey trust question has generated new research opportunities to address this concern. This dissertation advances the trust literature through identifying, measuring, and explaining the full social effect on generalized trust in fragile states through group proximity and civil society power differential. Sociological institutionalism and social capital theory provide the theoretical framework for modeling and explaining structural social effects leading to the improbable expansion of generalized trust in the highly scripted fragile sub-Saharan African states of Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. These purposefully deviant and least likely test cases are examined using within- and cross-case analysis of necessary and sufficient conditions through most similar multiple comparative case analysis, affirming or confirming most hypotheses. The expansion of generalized trust requires sustained and usually incentivized positive inter-group interaction. In fragile states, most inter-group ii interaction is conflictual and occurs through civil society because individuals have little capital with which to engage in the market and the state is dysfunctional. The generalized trust radius is likely to widen the more proximate and consociational its civil society is, regardless of how fragile the state is. This dissertation enlarges and strengthens the social explanation for generalized trust variability in fragile states, filling a significant gap in the literature and establishing a research design and model for future research to replicate in other fragile regions. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The inspiration for this dissertation comes from my life experience working and researching in a variety of different academic and development professions with people from around the world. These experiences have taught me to become more aware of the “Other,” and cherish generalized trust where it can be found. I owe thanks to Dr. Robert Pauly, my dissertation committee chair, for his always prompt, professional, and congenial feedback. Thank you, Alicia, for your patience with me as I rolled this boulder up and down the hill like Sisyphus. iv DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the memory of Mike O’Rear who guided me in my early vocation as an international researcher. He inspires me still to perseverance and excellence in seeking goals beyond my self-interest. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Research Questions and Hypotheses .............................................................................. 4 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................... 6 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 9 Structure ........................................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 15 Background ................................................................................................................... 17 State Fragility ............................................................................................................ 19 Trust .......................................................................................................................... 25 Self-Interest ............................................................................................................... 27 Contact Hypothesis ................................................................................................... 28 Types of Trust ........................................................................................................... 29 Limitations of In-Group Trust .................................................................................. 32 vi Social Capital ............................................................................................................ 34 Generalized Trust Radius .......................................................................................... 34 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 36 Sociological Institutionalism .................................................................................... 37 Competing Non-Institutionalist Theories ................................................................. 38 Competing Institutionalist Theories .......................................................................... 41 Institutional Change .................................................................................................. 43 Isomorphism ............................................................................................................. 45 Social Capital Theory ............................................................................................... 47 Empirical Literature ...................................................................................................... 48 Social Network Composition .................................................................................... 50 State Institutions........................................................................................................ 55 Security Institutions .................................................................................................. 56 Contract Institutions .................................................................................................. 59 Individualism ...........................................................................................................
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