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ED 304 351 SO 019 E31

TITLE Historic Leaflets No. 1-41. 1960-1988. INSTITUTION Pennsylvania State Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg. PUB DATE 88 NOTE 166p.; Leaflet No. 16, not included here, is out of print. Published during various years from 1960-1988. AVAILABLE FROMPennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, P.O. Box 1026, Harrisburg, PA 17108 ($4.00). PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020)-- Historical Materials (060)

EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS History; Pamphlets; *Social Studies; *State History IDENTIFIERS History al Explanation; *Historical Materials; *Pennsylvania

ABSTRACT This series of 41 pamphlets on selected Pennsylvania history topics includes: (1) "The PennsylvaniaCanals"; (2) "Anthony Wayne: Man of Action"; (3) "Stephen Foster: Makerof American Songs"; (4) "The Pennsylvania Rifle"; (5) "TheConestoga Wagon"; (6) "The Fight for Free Schools in Pennsylvania"; (7) "ThaddeusStevens: Champion of Freedom"; (8) "Pennsylvania's State Housesand Capitols"; (9) "Harrisburg: Pennsylvania's Capital City"; (10)"Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution"; (11) "A French Asylumon the "; (12) "The Amish in American Culture"; (13)"Young in Pennsylvania"; (14) "'s New Norway"; (15)"Henry BoLquet and Pennsylvania"; (16)(out of print); (17) "Armstrong's Victoryat "; (18) ""; (19) "The AlleghenyPortage Railroad"; (20) " and Pennsylvania"; (21)"Edwin L. Drake and the Birth of the Petroleum Industry"; (22)"Painting in Pennsylvania: Part 1, The Province and Early Commonwealth"; (23) "Painting in Pennsylvania: Part 2, Since theEighteen-Thirties"; (24) "The "; (25) ": Masterof Finance"; (26) " in Pennsylvania"; 27) ": Holder of the Heavens"; (28) ""; (29) "The UndergroundRailroad"; (30) "Centennial Exhibition of 1876"; (31)"Pennsylvania Archeology: An Introduction"; (32) "Chief "; (33)"Pennsylvania's Roads before the Automobile"; (34) "Pennsylvania'sRoads: The Twentieth Century"; (33) "The "; (36)""; (37) "The "; (33) "The Battleof Germantown"; (39) ""; (40) "The Battleof and Hartley's Expedition"; and (41) "The Sullivan and BrodheadExpeditions (JHP)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLETS NO. 1-41

1960-1988

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLY Once of Educational Researchand Improvement HAS B EN GRANTED BY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) )(Thisdocument has beenreproduced /mom i,AlyeAs received from the person or organiwionas originating A O Minor changes have been madeto improve reproduction Quality

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinion 3 statedan this dour ment do not necessary representofficial INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." 0E111 positron or policy

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission P.O. Box 1026 Harrisburg, PA 17108 The Pennsylvania

DOWN the eastern sea'mard of the Unitedthe Indian which the pack trains followed States the Appalachians present a barrierhad been widened to accommodate wagons, was tocommercialtransportation. Throughthisprohibitive of commerce on any extended scale. mountain wall the state of has a Nature lnrself, however, had provided a convenient passageinthe Mohawk Valley.partial solution to the problem she had thus Pennsylvania, however, has no such gateway tocreated. Great rivers, the Delaware, Susque- the western part of the State. and beyond.hanna, and Allegheny, pierced the mountains, Even the Juniata Valley, which penetrates farrange after range (except for the Allegheny into the interior, is brought up short by theMountain), by way of gorges known locally as huge, unbroken mass of Allegheny Mountain. "water gaps"; and in the valleys between these In colonial days, to overcome the Appala-ranges flowed countless navigable tributaries. chian barrier, traders drove trains of pack horses From the earliest days of the Province of (each carrying a load of some 200 pounds)upPennsylvania, plans were studied for encourag- and down the mountain ridges; but the cost ofing trade by means of waterways. William Penn, transporting goods over such heights, even afterthe Fot Titter, as early as 1690 dreamed of con-

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Cocr The canals of Pennsylvania. Not all these canals were in existence at the same time. Insets show the famous tunnel of the Union Canal near Lebanon anda canal bridge.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 1 1 necling traffic with the Susque-ville, and Erie by the River, the Beaver hanna River. His thought was to build a canalDivision Canal. the Erie Extension, and the to follow the upstream course of TulpeliockenFranklin Line. The Youghiogheny Navigation .reek from its mouth on the Schuylkill Riverand Monongahela Navigation companies, both and the downstream course of the Swatara toprivate enterprises, were completed in 1850 and its mouth on the Susquehanna. Such a canal1856 to bear traffic between southwestern Penn- would bind the Delaware, Schuylkill, and Sus-sylvania and . The Delaware and quehanna rivers into one great system of trans-Hudson Canal, promoted by a stock company, portation. linked, before 1830, the coal mines of the Lacka- A century was to pass, however, before Penn-wanna Valley and northeastern Pennsylvania sylvania had its first artificial waterway. In 1797 with the and , and the Conewago Canal, built on the west bank ofby 1846 was accommodating cargoes of fifty -four the Susquehanna below York Haven to enabletons. Other waterway terminals within the Com- boats to avoid the rocks and rapids of themonwealth connected with New canals Conewago Falls, was declared operable by theon the east and Ohio canals on the west, further- State. Its purpose was to link river traffic safely ing interstate commerce during the same period. with Columbia and with the turnpike whichA bridge on the Susquehanna encour- ran from that town to . aged trade with and Maryland The great spur to build-by linking the Pennsylvania Canal at Columbia ing came from the example of the with the Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal at three decades later. As that New York stateWrightsville. project went forward between 1817 and 1825, The building of the. State-owned Pennsylvania Pennsylvania stock companies improved navi-Canal was a great and intricate feat in engineer- gation on the Schuylkill; and the Union Canaling. Channels had to be dug along difficult Company carried into final effect, in 1828, Penn's river banks and din-ugh mountain valleys high idea of joining the Schuylkill with the Susque-above sea level. Aqueducts had to be built to hanna by a canal along Tulpeliocken and Siva-carry the canal across rivers and creeks. Alle- tara creeks, thus connecting Middletown withgheny Mountain had to be crossed. Particularly Philadelphia by water. challenging was the east-west main route from Meanwhile, Pennsylvania citizens called forPhiladelphia to Pittsburgh, on which the most a system of public works which should provideexpert American engineers of 1825-1840 were access to Philadelphia for the timber, mining,employed, men like William S.rickland, Major and manufactures of all parts of the Common-John Wilson, Moncnre Robinson, Nathan S. wealth, even those regions west of AlleghenyRoberts, Stephen Harriman Long,Sylvester Mountain. The Pennsylvania Assembly of 1824Welch, Edward F. Gay, and William Milnor gave authorization, and by 1834 the Pennsyl-Roberts. vaniaCanalwhichsurmountedAllegheny For the great waterway required not only Mountain by carrying canal boats, passengers,two subsidiary railroads but an elaborate sys- and cargoes on the Allegheny Portage Railroad temoflift-locks,aqueducts,feeders,canal between Hollidaysburg and Johnstownwasbasins, waste-weirs, towing paths, bridges, and completed. thelike.Eighteenlift-locksserved between Other divisions of the State canal were ad-Columbia and Hollidaysburg, sixty-six between vanced or completed by the same year. PubliclyJohnstown and Pittsburgh. These had to over- owned canals ascended along the Delaware fromcome an elevation of 2.102 feet above Phila- Bristol to Easton, and along the two greatdelphia and 1,691 above Pittsburgh. To the branches of tho Susquehanna to Haven andlast-named cityhe canal made entrance by Nanticoke; at the same time private projects,a great crossing the either by canal or by canal and slack-waterfrom east of Allegheny Town, as it had already navigation, had made the Lehigh and Schuylkillcrossed the Susquehanna from Clark's Ferry rivers efficient for trade. By 1845 both privateto Duncan's Island by a mile-long towing-pat'', and public waterway connections had beenes- bridge. Travel and transport were slow on tablished to link the cities of Pittsburgh, Mead-canal boats drawn by mules or lu 'ses, with HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 1 c.

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Jum turn of tIiJumata Division uith the Susquehannaand Eastern divisions, showing aqueduct, lock. and canal boats. A memory picture by an unknown hand, redrawn by the artist. frequent passings through locksor transferwaterw ay parts of he Public Works, officially over the mountains by the levels and inclineddesignated "divisions," were these: the Dela- planes of the Allegheny Portage Railroad. Fourware Division from BristoltoEaston;the miles per hour for cargo boats was standard.Eastern from Columbia along the Susquehanna By an Act of April 11, 1825, the legislatureto Clark's Ferry and across the river to Dun- of Pennsylvania establishedthefirstofficial can's Island; the Juniata from Dunean's Island Board of Canal animissioners for the Com-to Hollidaysburg; the Western from Johnstown monwealth. After a summer and autumn ofto Pittsbu :gh; the Peaver Division northwards surveys directed by that Board in niany partsfrom the mouth of the Beaver River on the of the State, a second Act was passed on Febru-Ohio to slack water on the Shenango River ary 25, 1826, formally initiating a program ofsix miles above New Castle; the French Creek public canal and railroad works which was toFeeder; the Franklin Line; the Susquehanna revolutionize traffic and industry. Division from Duncan's Island to Northumber- Fourteen years later Pennsylvania's sy-steinland; the West Branch Division from Northum- of canals, including the eighty-two-mile Colum-berland above Williamsport. and the mouth bia and Philadelphia Railroad and the thirty-of Bald Eagle Creek toFarrandsville;the six-mile Allegheny Portage Railroad, totalledNorth Branch Divisiontothe Lackawanna up to 726 miles of railways and waterways inRiver above Wilkes-Barre. Tributary to these operation, while another 908 miles were inwere a number of important feeder dams, and, process of construction. By that time the chiefon the West Branch Division, two highly use-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 1 3 ful side-cutcanalsatLewisburg and Lockous. The Pennsylvania Canal Company main- Haven. tained most of its waterways until 1901. After The Eastern, Juniata, and Western divisions.the floods of 1889, it is true, use of the old supplemented by the Columbia and Philadel-Juniata Division became impracticable except phia and the Portage railroads, constituted thefor a few miles above Duncan's Island; and, Main Line from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh.after the flood of 1894 hopelessly damaged the forerunner of the . Susquehanna and TidewaterCanal,cargoes In 1839 other canal parts were being planned.could no longer be "boated" onwards from the none of which, however, was completed for aEastern Division to Atlantic ports. The Union number of years:the Eric Extension fromCanal had closed ten years earlier in 1884. above New Castle to Erie; theorth Branch However, from the Days of the Civil War ExtensionfromtheLackawannaRivertointothetwentiethcentury.thecanalsof Athens; and the Wiconisco Feeder, designedeastern Penns) Ivania prospered from the move- to connect Lykens Valley and Wiconisco Creekment of coal. The Seim) (kill Navigation Com- with the Eastern Division on the east bankpany operated until1922. the Lehigh Coal of the Susquehanna at Clark's Ferry Dam.and Navigation Company, embracing its Lehigh These would have increased the total mileageand Delaware canals, until 1931. of the Pennsylvania Canal to 934; but, before Perhaps the most notable of Pennsylvania this wide network was completed. the Ericcanal achievements was the "boating" until Extension Canal had been sold into corporate1894 of millions of tons of anthracitecoal hands. Therefore, when the North Branch Divi-annually from Nanticoke on the North Branch sion was completed atAthens in1856. theof the Susquehanna to Jersey City and New Commonwealth possessed a system of about 830York. inIles. These boats pursued their leisurely way from In brief. the great heyday of the Pennsyl-lock to lock, over aqueducts, and along towing vania canals lasted for hardly more than apath. and towing path bridges, frequently with quarter of a century. By the middle 1850'sthe captains' families aboard. 'Mules drew them the corporate railroads of the State. witli theiron their long inland passage. but side-wheelers ever increasing rapidity of transportation. hadand steam tugs towed them on the rivers. They become vigorous and aggressive competitors,passed by ....Torthumberland, Clark's Ferry, Mid- and the Commonwealth founditfinancially dletown, Wrightsville, and Havre de Grace to advisable to dispose of its canals to privatethe Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Then railroad and canal companies. As early as 1843 thewent up the Delaware River to Philadel- it sold the Eric Extension Canal, the Frenchphia, or further by way of the Delaware and Creek Feeder, and she Franklin Line. In 1857Raritan Canal in past New Bruns- the Pennsylvania Railroad Company purchasedwick and Perth Amboy to the Hudson River the Main Line from PhiladelphiatoPitts-and wharves of New York City. burgh. Within a few years the now useless The days of canal transportation in Penn- Western Division was abandoned, and in 1867 lvania are over. Historical markers still point the Juniata and Eastern divisionswere trans-ont the traces of former canal beds, ruined ferred to the Pennsylvania Canal Company.locks, and other reminders of the canalage; which also acquired and operated the Westand along the Delaware River the Common- Branch Division, the North Branch Divisionwealth has preserved and restoreda portion of below Wilkes-Barre, and the Susquehanna Di-the old Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania vision. Canal, a memorial to the canal system which Canal operation ceased earliest inwestern pierced the Appalachian barrier and contrib- Pennsylvania. East of the Alleghenies the canalsuted greatly to the States material wealth and in private possession were rather moreprosper.industrial progress.

Published by the Comm 3 nwealth of Pennsylvania, pennsylvanis Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1975. Third edition. Text by Hubertis Cummings; sketches by Guy Colt, edited by S. K. Stevens and Donald H. Kent.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. I Anthony Wayne Man of Action

ANTHONY WAYNE was one of themostthe world as well as his inclination towarda mili- colorful of all the commanders-in-chief thattary career. In school he learned enough mathe- the Army of the hasever had.matics to make him a competent surveyor and in Some have acclaimed him as the first native-1765, when he was twenty years old,a land com- born military genius, whose greatnessas an or-pany sent him to look after the surveying of lands ganizer of troops and as a military planner isin Nova Scotia. During the winter he returnedto only now beginning to be recognized at its fullPhiladelphia and married Mary Penrose, the worth. Because of his brilliant exploits duringdaughter of a Philadelphia merchant. TheNova the , he was regaidedas aScotia land venture failed in 1766, andWayne military hero in his own time, but his greatestwent back to Chester County to run the family achievement came after 1792. With a new Amer-farm and tannery in partnership with his father. ican army, the Legion of the United States,His father's death in 1775 made hima man of which he organized and drilled, Wayne defeatedmeans and position. hosjle Indians of the at Despite his wealth and comfortable situation, Fallen Timbers in 1794, and then made peaceAnthony Wayne did not hesitate when the issues with them at Greenville in 1795, puttingan endleading to the American Revolutionwere drawn. to Indian raids and opening Ohio and north-In his county he became a leader of the people to settlement. who objected to British efforts to tightencontrol Born on January 1, 1745, in Chester County,over the colonies. He presided over committees Pennsylvania, Anthony was the onlyson of Isaacin his county which framed resolutions ofprotest and Elizabeth (Iddings) Wayne andwas namedagainst the British coercive acts and enforced the for his grandfather, Captain Anthony Wayne,aagreement against the importation of British veteran of Marlborough's campaigns. His birth-goods. In 1775 he represented Chester County in place, the family called Waynesborough,the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Finally,on built by his grandfather in1724, still standsJanuary 3, 1776, he accepted a commissionas about six miles from the borough ofWayne andcolonel of the Fourth Pennsylvania Battalion about three miles from Paoli. Young Anthony'sand began his military career. school record was far from outstanding. The Anthony Wayne has been called the "trouble most remarkable incident of his school dayswas shooter of the Revolution" by a recent biog- a sham battle in which Wayne and his classmatesrapher, Harry Emerson Wildes. This phrase well re-enacted the capture of Fort Ticonderoga indescribes his services in the . 1759. He was punished for this escapade, but itHe seemed to be everywhere at once recruiting, showed his awareness of whatwas going on indrilling, disciplining, fighting, and raisingsup- HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 2 I plies.Difficult assignments, insuperabletasks, eral, and in April he left Ticonderoga to join dangerous feats ' ere the stock in trade of thisWashington at Mori-town, New Jersey, and energetic and self reliant soldier. The nickname,take commani of the . "Mad Anthony," which is said to have originated After a period of drilling and training, during in the drunken babbling of a disgruntled soldier,which Wayne showed his customary concern fot reflects his quick temper. 'Wayne was impetuousthe proper equipment and uniforming of his and swift to action, but he was not rash or fool-men, the Pennsylvania L. le fought in the cam- hardy. As a commander he was cautious, andpaign against the British occupation of Philadel- even his most glamorous deeds were based uponphia in 1777. After the British aanv landed in careful and painstaking plans. Maryland and marched nc.,th, Wayne and his In the spring of 1776 Wayne and his battalionmen were with the American army which at- went with the Pennsylvania brigade to reinforcetempted to stop them at Brandy wine Creek on the Canadian expedition, through which Con-September n. His troops held the center of the gress had hoped to gain another colony for thedefense at Chadd's Ford. The American army, American cause. By his personal bravery andhowever, was outflanked by a British force m hich leadership Wayne held his troops together tocrossed the Brandywine higher up, and in the cover the retreat of the American army after thefierce fighting which followed Wayne's troops defeat at Three Rivers on the St. Lawrence. Con-held the stream crossing until the rest of the army gress abandoned the effort to win Canada, andwas out of danger. Washington retired north of Wayne was placed in command of Fort Ticon-the and sent Wayne to circle deroga. Here he had for the first time the thank-around and harass the British in order to delay less task of maintaining discipline among troopstheir dance on Philadelphia. This led to the from various states who were disinclined to fol-greatest disaster of 'Wayne's military career. low the orders of a Pennsylvania commander. In an attack before dawn on September 20, Commanding Fort Ticonderoga was not as en the British fell upon his force of i,5oo men en- joyable as his childhood game of fighting for it.Limped at Paoli, not far from his birthplace. The In February, 1777, he was made a brigadier gen-British had learned the position of his camp from Tory spies. Wayne himself was warned by an old larmer of the approach of the British but not soon enough to get his men completely ready. The British moved up while it was still dark and slaughtered more than two hundred men before Wayne could get his forces organized to fight a ear-guard action. Because of the number killed by the cold steel of bayonets, this affair was known as the "Paoli Massacre." Although Wayne kept his head in the midst of confusion and gave the proper orders to get the rest of his men away safely, he was later accused of negligence. He asked for a court-martial, which acquitted him unanimously and called him "an active, brave and vigilant officer." In the career of almost every great military leader, similar disasters can be found, caused by sheer bad luck or an unforeseen combination of circumstances, but the measure of Wayne's greatness was his ability to meet dis- aster. The British had occupied Philadelphia after the Battle of Brandym ine. Washington planned a surprise attack on the elements of the British General Wayne's encampment at Greenville tones stationed at Germantown, fn e miles from

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 2 the city. The Americans failed of success in this , October 4, 1777, because the stubborn British defense of the Chew House enabled them to get reinforcements intime. Again, Wayne and his troops were the rear guard covering the retreat of the American army. Dur- ing the bitter winter at , Wayne kept "the esteem and confidence" of his men and led foraging expeditions to gather grain and cattle to feed the army. On one occasion in southern New Jersey, he and the Polish general, Count Casimir Pulaski, with six hundred men attacked and frightened away a British force of four thou- sand. When word came to Valley Forge in early June, 1778, that the British were leaving Phila. delphii and moving across New Jersey to New York City, Wayne and his Pennsylvanians were among the first to leave the winter encampment in pursuit of the ene:Tiy, and they had an impor- tant part in the on June 28, the occasion when Marl Hays, the wife of a Pennsylvania soldier, gained the nickname of "Molly Pitcher." In the spring of 1779 Wayne was placed in command of a separate corps of light infantry, which was formed of picked units from various states. With this corps on July 16, 1779, he car- ried out his most famous exploit, the surprise and capture of the British post at Stony Point on the Hudson River. Cannon, military stores, and The Anthony Wayne Blockhouse at Erie more than five hundred prisoners were captured with this fort. Congress presented a medal to him for this victory. In 1780 his corps was stationed in the lower Hudson Valley, to hinder the Britishthe British ;limy, but which was really Corn. in New York City from gathering cattle andwallis' entire army. In a seemingly hopeless situ- other supplies. When Benedict Arnold turnedation, outnumbered nearly ten to one, Wayne traitor and there was danger that West Pointordered a charge into the British army, a bold might fall to the British, Wayne marched hismove which was so unexpected that his men got men sixteen miles at night over mountainoussafely away. This battle at Green Springs, July 6, country in fourours and prevented the loss of1781, was the most startling success of his career. this important post. The Pennsylvania troops After the had been suc- mutinied in December, 1780, because of griev-cessfully concluded by the surrender of the main ances over pay and term of service. Wayne helped British army, Wayne was sent to Georgia where to restore order and persuaded the Pennsylvania the British, Loyalists, and hostile Indians were to take care of their complaints. still virtually in control. As his forces and sup- In1781 Wayne recruited new Pennsylvaniaplies were inadequate, his service there was a troops and served under Lafayette in the York-series of disappointments, but he held the field, town campaign against the British under Lordand defeated the Creek Indians in June, 1782. Cornwallis. During this service in onOn July 12 his troops marched into Savannah as the lower James River, Wayne was ordered tothe British army sailed away, and after that 1w attack what was supposedly only a detachment 01helped to restore uldel in that war-ravaged state.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 2

0 In 1783 he retired from the army with the brevethis "safe return" in 1792. In March,1793, Corn- rank of major-general. planter visited and urged Wayneto Wayne's civilian life from 1783 to 1792 was lesshold back his army until United States commis- happy than his military career had been. Thesioners could talk with the western Indians, and State of Georgia granted him an estate for hisWayne agreed in accordance with Washington's Revolutionary services; he ran into debt to im-plans. prove it and lost it by foreclosure. He ventured The failure of these negotiationswas Wayne's into politics again both in Pennsylvania andsignal to move in the fall of1793. Although lie Georgia without much success. In Pennsylvaniahad beenrestless about delay, he advanced he served in the General Assembly and in theslowly, building roads Lnd forts, makingsure of Council of Censors, where his party failed in an his supplies, and sending out scouts. Thenext attempt to revise the State Constitution. He wassummer, lie advanced into the heart of hostile elected to Congress from Georgia, but in a fewterritory, building more forts. About fifteen mouths lost his seat because of charges of irregu miles up the Maumee River frompresent To- larity in the election. ledo, Ohio, 'Wayne's army finallymet the main The treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1783force of the Indians not far from the Britishpost had left some unfinished business, the actualcalled Fort Miamis, and defeated them in the establishment of United States authority over theBattle of Fallen Timbers, August 2o,1794. This western lands. Although by the treaty the terri-battle, together with the British refusalto help tory south of the was ceded to thetheir allies, led to the submission of the Indians United States, it was actually held by unfriendly at the Treaty of Greenville in August, 1795. Indians whom the British encouraged to resist Meanwhile, Jay's Treaty settled the existing the advance of American settlement, in the hopedisputes with the British, who agreed to with- of creating an Indian buffer state between thedraw from the posts on United States territory United States and Canada. The United Stateswhich they had been holding since the Revolu- tried to bring these Indians under control and totion. In 1796 Wayne received orders to occupy open the Northwest Territory to settlement, firstthese posts. On his return from a triumphal visit by peaceful means through treaties, and later by to , he landed at the new Pennsylvania military expeditions. These efforts collapsed infort at Presque Isle (Erie). There lie fell ill and 1791, when an army under General Arthur St.died on December 15, 1796, in the northwest Clair was seriously defeated. blockhouse of . Hewas buried President Washington decided both to reopenat the foot of the flagpole of the fort, but in 1809 negotiations for peace with the western Indianshis son removed his bones to Radnor church. and to build an army capable of imposing Unitedyard, Chester County. A replica of the original States authority if the peace negotiations failed.blockhouse stands on the site of his first grave on To call-) out these plans, Anthony Wayne wasthe pounds of the Pennsylvania Soldiers and appointed as major-general in 1792 to commandSailors Home at Erie. a new American army, called the Legion of the Today this great and colorful soldier is remem- United States. He set up a training camp atbered in numerous place names throughout the Legionville, present-day Ambridge, Pennsylvania,United States and especially in Pennsylvania and and drilled and trained his soldiers to createa the states formed from the Northwest Territory. reliable and effectiveforce. Cornplanter, theIn Pennsylvania alone, a county, nine townships, famous Seneca leader, tried to make peace be-and the boroughs of Wayne, Waynesboro, and tween the United States and the western IndiansWaynesburg bear his name, and fifteen other at some risk of his life, for Wayne worried aboutstates have Wayne Counties.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historkal and Museum Commission, Hairisburg, 197b. Re- vised edition, second printing. Text by Donald H. Kent. Edited by S. W. Higginbotham and Donald H. Kent. Sketches by Guy Colt.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 2

i 0 Stephen Foster Maker of Amaican Songs

TN THE Hall of Fame for Great Americansat Someone has said that it is the fate of poets to New York University where the most dis-be quoted and forgotten. At one time this could tinguished men in the history of our countryhave been said of Foster. There wcrc few Ameri- are enshrined in statuary and memorial tablets,cans who had not heard his music and sung his there is only one musician. Stephen Collins Foster,songs and loved them, but the identity of the man the creator of thefirstdistinctively Americanwho created them was until recent years in danger musical idiom, the singer of the commonplace, theof being lost.His songs almost became folk songs elemental, and the democratic, stands with William in the fullest sensesongs that grow froma people Penn and Benjamin Franklin to represent Penn-seemingly without any definite point of origin. sylvania's contribution to our national heritage. Who does not know "Old Black Joe," "Old Folks at Home," "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair," Stephen Foster is the only maker of songsso"My Old Home," and "Massa's in the far honored by admittance to the company ofCold, Cold Ground"? Certainly manymore know Washington, parson, Adams, and the othersthese songs than know about theircomposer, whose names arc an imperishable part of theStephen Foster. This shy, retiring youngman was story of Aincri:a. No city or state or section ofthe scn of a Pittsburgh businessman and politician. the country car completely claim suchmen. TheyHis brother was a builder of the Pennsylvania belong to the nation and the world. canal system and the Pennsylvania Railroad, and his sister married the brother of President James Itisnevertheless true that Stephen CollinsBuchanan. Foster was a Pennsylvanian, born in Pittsburgh on This ninth child of the prosperous Foster family July 4, 1826, and a resident of that community forearly showed ir.iications of great musical talent. most of his life.It was the place he loved best andWhen only nine years old he was singing in chil- the place where most of his great songswcrc writ-dren's amateur theatricals; and his familyencour- ten. He left his home often, but always to return--aged him in learning to play various musical in- the last time in death. struments, in which he showed ability.His first

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 3 1 writtcn musical composition camc whcn hc was Until his untimcly dcath at thirty-scvcn ycars of just foul tccn ycars old.It was "Thc Tioga Waltz"agc, Fostcr continual to compose. There is rccord and was performcd in Bradford County at thctoday of morc than two hundred songs and com- "cxhibition" or commencement of Athcns Acad- positions, somc them still sung not only in our emy. Thc youthful Fostcr had bccn sent thcrc toown country but in placcs as rcmotc as China, spcnd somc time with :Iris elder brothcr William,Australia, and Africa. He wrotc songs in ncgro who was thcn working on thc co r..!euction of thcdialcct and in good English, humorous ditties, North Branch Canal, and hc had occn enrolled insentimental parlor songs, love ballads, and hymns. thc well -known academy at Athcns, historic Tioga Thc "Forty-Nincrs," thosc almost legendary heroes Point. of the "gold rush" days adoptcd "Oh! Susanna" as thcir theme song; northcrn soldiers His first publishcd song, "Open Thy Lattice,in thc Civil War sang "My Old Kentucky Home"; Lovc," was on thc market whcn hc was eighteen while southerners sang plaintively cf "Old ycars old. Them followed "Old Uncle Ncd,"Folks st Home." In spite of his Democratic Inn- "Oh! Susanna," and others, so that by thc timeings and his rclationship by marriagc to Prcsidcnt Stephen was twenty -onc his songs were becomingBuchanan, Fostcr even wrotc a Civil War recruiting known throughout the country. That was thcsong, "Wc Arc Coining, Fathcr Abraham, Onc great agc of thc minstrcl show where both rousingHundred Thousand Strong." His songs have been songs and sent:mental ballads found aplace.freely adaptcd by political panics for campaign Many of FtAtcr's early scags wcrc composcd cspc-purposes since1848, symphonic arrangements cially for such minstrcl troupcs, and about 1850hav c been madc of them and played bcforc en- he madc a busincss arrangement with the grcatcstthusiastically receptive audiences, eminent singers of the conturpor.ry minstrcl showmen. lic gav have included his songs in thcir rcpertcircs, and John P. Christy, leader of the famous Christyschools, !Ionics, churches, and all sorts of asscm- Minstrels, thc right to make first performances ufblagcs have used his melodies through thc years. his songs, in rcturn for which thc title pages of thcHis works arc as popular today as cvcr. songs whcn printcd Iorc thc statement that they were "As Sung by the Christy Minstrels." In this For his deathless musk Stephen Fostcr received way the grcatcst minstrcl troupc of the day helpedpour pay and little glory, if mcasurcd by modern to promotc Stcphcn Foster's songs. standards. Some of this may bc attributed to his own lack of busincss sense.It should bc rar.err: bcrcd, howcvcr, that there was then no intcr- national copyright aucl nu organization to enforce (11 paymcnt for the right to perform his compositions, something wnich composcrs havc today thanks to the efforts of an adoptive Pcnnsylvanian, Victor Herbert.Foster's chicf source of income was in royaltio from the sale of publislicd music. Even with the limitations of that period, he received .. more than fifteen thousand dollars for his songs . between 184) and 1860. With average earnings r ecifi of about fourteen hundred dollars a ycar in the $ 1850's he had sufficient income to considcr mar- riage. ..1. to' . ..of , ij (14.,4* r./412i4 ..%.^.'" ! IW.4%V..."14 : e Stephen roster married Jane Denny McDowell, oV:1V4i't\47., ',AV' -L "-;$4..,, daughter of a Pittsburgh physician, on July 22, -,) 1850. They had onc daughter, Marion, in 1851, ___...... ,_ c.o...... _ about the time when he wrote his most famous song, "Old Folks at Home." But their marriage itfr was not happy, and the' clashes of their tempera- mcnts led to several separations.His domestic The Old-Time Minstrel Show problems, the death of his parents in 1855, and

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 3 12 MOSS L. .1irmaim 1=111MIIIMMILIMM 1 M.INII111 ilIMIMPW,M1 ./AMNI=VIMIRAMIIIN -Ia* INIUMII! III AM AMMO MNIE /11W_ANMI or MEM ICAO- - s. 3 ' IIMEll Y ' Ita= .

Some famous songs by Stephen Foster are suggested in this composite picture his monetary troubles bore upon him heavily,found in his pockets just thirty-eight cents and a and unfortunately he often sought refuge in alcohol.final message, "Dear Friends and Gentle Hearts." Under such circumstances, the quality of his com-The latter phrase, penciled on a scrap of paper, is positions declined in his later tears. thought to be the theme which Foster planned to use in his next song. After his death, his wife and In 1860 he moved to New York City, but hishis brother Morrison took his body back to Pitts- income fell so low that his wife and daughter hadburgh, and he now lies in Allegheny Cemetery. to return to western Pennsylvania where Mrs.Strangely enough, the hospital where he died is Foster became a telegraph operator for the Penn-only a few blocks away from the Hall of Fame sylvania Railroad at Greensburg. Refusing anywhere his bronze bust now occupies a place of help from his family, Stephen Foster sank into1. 'nor. poverty in the New York of Civil War days.In the summer of 1863, in one final outpouring of More than ever Stephen Collins Foster is today creative power, he wrote "Beautiful Dreamer,"being appreciated for what he wasthe first one of his finest compositions; but this was the lastAmerican, really American, composer.Before and of the great songs from his pen, and it was notduring his lifetime other composers were writing published during his lifetime.Broken in healthmusic in America, but it was not really American and alone, he died on January 13, 1864, in Bellevuemusic, rather, it was music imitative of European Hospital at New York City. Hospital attendantsstyles. Foster wrote of American people in Ameri-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 3 3

1 3 can siinations. The sentiments of friendship, home, loyalty, love, simplicity, and humbleness that fill his works are universally understood and loved, but the situations and characters from which they developed are always specificallyand unmis- takably Americanas American as the broad reaches of the Mississippi River, as the covered wagon and the western frontier.

In the busy western Pennsylvania metropolis which Foster knew as home, there stands today on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh a magnificent building memorializing his genius.

This Stephen Collins Foster Memorial houses a C01.1*. library devoted toFoster's music and related works. Here are also to be found personal belong- ings, original manuscripts and records, family records, and picturesall carefully preserved. The Stepn Collins Foster Memorial at the University of Pittsburgh This son of Pennsylvania has memorials in other states. Kentucky has made "My Old Kentuckymost notable memorials to Foster, for there are Home" its state song, and preserves Federal Hillmany others. in Bardstown, Kentucky, as a state shrine, assuming Although Pennsylvania has no state song from that Foster visited relatives there and thus was in-the pen of Stephen Foster, Pennsylvanians take spired to write the song. Florida has made "Oldpride in the tributes from other states and are Folks at Home" its state song and has developedconvinced that his melodic songs are simply an a Stephen Foster Memorial State Park on theexpr,ssion of the American heritage of culture and banks of the Suwannee River. These are only themusic which he knew in their own Keystone State.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,ilarrisburg, 1977. Revised edition, second printing Text by Joseph T. Kingston, sketches by Guy Colt, edited by S. W. Higginbothamand Donald H. Kent.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 3 .SPa-nr24yfc-aaia

A/ /hough known for years as Me Kentucky li://es, Me celebrated long ree of muzzle-loading' Early locks were .%;1.,t4-e,. days was developed in entirely hano4rnade Lancaster County,/ k ' down to the smallest built chiefly in the shops of such Pennsylvaniaganmakers as /he Screws, 5,oriigs Henrys, ..7.ahn Armstrong, iWatlew Rbesser; N Reyer, the Lernans, D. Cooley, Henry 'roans, -rohn Ma/ ihePrefirlanis, Lefevre, 7'he Zoroera de others...

The barrels were forged 7c1.7.r: inv bars in charcoal f;res, and u.ere rifled on prim/live wooden rif/h7q machines...

Stocks were made of native maple, cairfully sekcted for beauty Vonthr. Many were embellished with k)tneate carved designs...

fiRchboxes, plates, trigger guands and the ear /011.9 inlays found on the long rifles ware fashioned from brass ar silver; and were usually decorated with delicate engiayky..

OA O Aleather hunting bog conleapng /eod halls, a knife, patching material and a horn full of powder usually accompanied tie tV042CLIoranatilks

Ser,oengy "-curate. the 119msylvomo rifleJuan Awee on the frontiets ohlmerko -feedini hanWmadhs, defendingRimer home, and esrie4/41014, freedom of tie Colonies.

,=weS-c cVJ4. S,Iri HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 4 1 both its range and its accuracy.Conservatism and The Pennsylvania Rifle traditional military tactics seem to have prevented the acceptance of the rifled barrel in aristocratic ON A PEQUEA Valley farm in the Mennoniteand military circles, for the scant evidence of its region of southern Lancaster County standsuse suggests that it was used primarily by common a small, sturdy structure built of rough fieldstone. people. This is the workshop of Martin Meylin, a Swiss In their new home in eastern Pennsylvania gunsmith whose pioneer work within this crudethe migrant gunsmiths found immediate welcome. structure during the early 1700's marked the ap-The first guns made by the newcomers wereessen- pearance of a new type of firearm, the Pennsyl-tially counterparts of those used in Europe, but vania rifle. it was soon obvious that thesewere too heavy, of Two centuries and more ago when most oftoo large bore, badly sighted, hard to load, and Pennsylvaniawasprimitivewoodland,settlerstoo unwieldy for the prolonged trips of hunters placed chiefreliance upon theirriflesfor sus-and settlersinto the wilderness.Conditions of tenance, security, and survival.With it the fron-the new environment, abetted by the complaints tiersman provided meat for the table, furs and and suggestions of their backwoods patrons,com- skins for trade, and protection for his family.Inpelled the gunsmiths to makenumerous changes the hands of the "Tomahawks" expert marksmenon the older models until they had produced a it helped win several decisive engagements indistinctive weapon that was light in weight, graceful the War for Independence and rendered similarof line, sparing of powder and lead, and deadly service in the . Westward beyond theaccurate in the hands of an experienced rifleman. mountains, across the broad river valleys, and out A typical Pennsylvania rifle weighed from onto the plains, it was carried by trader, trapper,seven to nine pounds,itsoverall length was a Indian fighter, hunter, prospector, and settler. Thesymmetrical fifty-five inches from muzzle to butt story of the Pennsylvania rifle is a good illustrationplate, and its .45 caliber ball could killman or of America's debt to Europe for a germinal idea,beast at 300 yards or "bark" a squirrel from the but in the evolution and application of the ideatallest tree.Known also, at a later time, as the there is impressive demonstration of ingenuity by "Kentucky" rifle because of the feats performed the early settlers and adaptiveness to conditionswith it by Daniel Boone and other woodsmen in encountered in the New World.The role of thewinning theland beyondthemountains,this rifle in American history soon becomes evident assuperb weapon wasthe handiwork of several the storyof independence, expansion, and ex-generations of Pennsylvania gunsmiths.Among ploitation unfolds. the better known, in addition to Meylin, were Henry Before the heavy migrations from the Continent began in the opening decades of the eighteenth century, the firearm in general usein colonial America was theEnglish smooth-bore musket. Albright. Daniel Boyer, Matthew and Peter Roesser, Among the numerous German and Swiss immi-Thomas Butler, Jacob Dechard, Peter and Henry grants coming into Penn's colony were craftsmen Leman, Philip Lefevre, Henry Dreppard, numerous such as Meylin who were skilled in the making ofmembers of the William Henry family, and several the Jaeger, a short, hea,'y hunting rifle, and thePannabeckers. Swiss mountain rifle,a lighter, longer firearm. The first rifle shops appeared along streams in The distinctive feature of both guns was the rifledand around Lancaster, a location that sometimes barrel, an idea developed and applied late in thehas led to the more particular name of the "Lan- fifteenth century by Caspar Miner, a Viennesecaster" rifle.But as settlement moved westward gunsmith. (Some authorities give the name asand northward, gunsmiths pliedtheirtradein Gaspard Zeller, and place him in Nuremburg duringBerks, Lebanon, Lehigh, Northampton, Snyder, and the sixteenth century.)From experience, huntsmenUnion counties, and throughout the Cumberland stalking boar and deer at dose range in the GermanValley.Records show that Pennsylvania gunsmiths forests, and Alpine hunters out after mountainwere also induced to migrate into several parts of sheep and wild goats, had learned that the twistNew York colony, and at the time of the American given to a ball shot from a rifled barrel increased Revolution Pennsylvania rifles were being made in HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 4

_1 Maryland, Virginia, , and Georgia.The most common rifling process cut seven square- It is a question whether the German and Swissshaped grooves; some rifles hadmore or fewer makers ever held a monopoly of the business forgrooves, and the shapes varied, some being ratchet, any length of time, for English features are evidentconcave, or "V" shaped.Widths and depths of on some of the older rifles, and makers' names the grooves also varied, as did the degree of twist, inscribed on many guns are unquestionably English,though one turn in forty-eight inches was something Welsh, and Scotch-Irish.Though Germanic inof a standard.Rough spots and blemishes in the origin, the perfected Pennsylvania rifle was thc grooves were then smoothed off with an abrasive product of the talents of ingenious and inventivematerial affixed to an iron rod, which was pushed artisans of several nationalities whose final handi-back and forth through the bore.Final work on work scarcely resembled the parent types from the barrel consisted of threading the breech with a which it had been developed. handmade , screwing the breech plug into posi- Making a rifle in the eighteenth century was tion, and affixing front and rear sights; sights were a slow, painstaking task requiring about a week'sfashioned by hand out of iron, brass, or German time.Its cost might vary from $10 to $50 or sliver.The last step was browning or blacking more depending upon the ornamentation and en- graving givenit,but when finishedit had in- dividual characteristics that distinguished it from all other guns. A name expressing pride or en-the barrel with cider vinegar or a combination dearment was often given a gun by its owner of chemicals to prevent rusting.Of equal im "Old Sure Fire," "Indian Lament," "Deer Killer"portance, it also lessened the chances of a rifleman thus imparting to this individually made weaponbetraying himself to game or enemy by reflected a personality. sunlight glinting along the barrel of his gun. Of the forty to fifty parts that went into its Locks for the rifles were sometimes made by construction, the barrel was the most importantthe gunsmiths, but locksmiths who specialized in and the one that required most skill.In thc their making supplied many. The frequent appear- absence of boring machines capable of aance of the names "Ketland and Company" and straight hole through an iron bar forty or morc"Bird and Company" stamped on looks indicates inches inlength, thc smith and his apprenticethat these English firms were important sources heated a bar of prescribed length and then bent of supply.The hammer of the lock was forged and welded it around a rod somewhat smaller thanon the anvil and then filed into graceful, accurate the desired bore.This was tedious and could beshape; spring, were fashioned from old svords, aggravatingifbar and rod wcre accidentally bayonets, and saws, and so carefully tempered in a welded together.Superstition dictated that welding charcoal forge that many of them today retain be done from the middle toward both ends in thcir elasticity.Nearlyallflints were imported order to purge any devils that might be up tofrom because of their superiority to any troublesome pranks.Annealing was done by bury- found locally.Triggers and parts of the trigger ing the barrel in a fire of chestnut wood andplate were made by hand, generally of simpler allowing itto remain there until the ashcs hadand sturdier design than those found on European cooled.It was now soft enough for fashioning guns.A second or "set" trigger that reduced the outside of the barrel into the conventionaltrigger pull and muscle tremor was later added. octagon shape; this was sometimes donc with a Favorite among woods for the gun stock was drawknife, but more commonly by forging andthe curlymaple, but walnut, cherry, and apple the use of swadges, fullers, and flatters.A steel- were also used.Supplies of stock blanks were edged bit cut the specified bore and this was thenkept on hand and seasoned over long periods of straightened by running a taut thread along the time.The channel into which the barrel fitted, bottom of the bore; wherc the thread did not touch the lock mortise, cheek piece, and patch box were the bore the barrel was struck with a heavy leadcarefully carved into the stock before it was finally hammer with just enough force to takc out thesanded smooth, stained, and sometimes slightly kinks and not produce othcrs. charred to bring out the beauty of the grain.If The barrel was then placed on the riflingnot sufficiently decorative, a tiger-stripe decora- machine for cutting spiral grooves into the bore.tion might be given the stock. HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 4. 3 Early rifles were somewhat plain and 1evoidbe branded as enemies and deprived of the tools of ornament; later makes were richly decoratedof their trade.Pennsylvania rifle-makers helped with brass, silver, and occasionally gold inlays,materially to supply the nine companies of riflemen in the form of stars, crescents, birds, dogs, fish,that were raised in this State and placed initially rabbits, and other designs.Relief carvings withunder the command of Colonel W:Iliam Thompson, similar motifs are to be found on rifle butts and on of Carlisle. cheek pieces.These were not solely decorative The defeat suffered by the riflemen under for in the mind of the owner they endowed hisBenedict Arnold in the ill-fated attackon weapon and himself with mystical powers overwas avenged somewhat by the later victories at the creatures pictured.In the patch bcx, a holeSaratoga andatKing's Mountain, where the "Tomahawks" comprisedalargepartofthe American forces.Major Patrick Ferguson, com- mander of loyalist American troops fighting for the British army, who was killed by a rifle bullet cut into the right side of the stock and coveredat King's Mountain, had had his unit experiment with an elaborate circular or oblong brass plate,with a breech-loading rifle of his own invention were carried greased skin or linen patches to beat the battle of the Brandywine. He had urged wrapped around the balls when loading the rifle.its adoption by the British army, but the musket Tokens, amulets, and pieces of paper bearing acontinued to be used commonly by all European cross or star and a magical incantation have been armies until well into the nineteenth century. found in patch boxes. One saying of occult force The bloody repulse of the British at New that might turn a man's weapon into a "Freischutz"Orleans early in January, 1815, by the riflemen a rifle that never fails reads: of and Kentucky under 's Load a gun with a bullet,cast on a command is another epic in the saga of this historic crossroad on Christmas Eve, and it will hit the mark or bring down the game firearm.Westward across the plains, over the without fail. mountains, and beyond the sunsets it was carried Ramrods for loading and wiping were madeby hunter, trader, prospector, and settler.Indians of hickory and frequently striped in the mannerrespected the"firestick" and learned to useit of a candy stick or barber pole.Powder wasagainst the white intruders in many forays that carried in a translucent horn.Bullets, commonly chronicle the struggle for the West. To the south ranging from .30 to .45 caliber, and lead, mold, and extra flints and patches went into the buckskin bag that hung from the hunter's shoulder. When friction between her colonies and Great Britain reached the point where talk of independ-and west our national domain was in part carved ence was in the air, the following expression ofout by the use of the Pennsylvania-type rifle in confidence inthe rightness of their cause andthe war with Mexico. the effectiveness of their weapons was proclaimed But the mid-century decades brought a number by some citizens of Lancaster County: of changes in gunniaking that completely outmoded Resolved from Hanover Township, Lan- theolderfirearm.Some were convertedinto caster County, June 4, 1774; that in the percussion rifles and used in the opening engage. event of Great Britain attempting to force unjust laws upon us by the strength of ments of the Civil War. Today the flintlock is a arms, our cause we leave to heaven and to museum piece or a collector's item.To see and our rifles. handier itisto admire its beauty of line and Early in the conflict gunsmithing was placedornament, and to reme:nber with gratitude that in under virtual control of the Continental Congress,the hand:, of its hardy and resourceful owner it which fixed the prices for guns and decreed thathad helped win a continent, and freedom for a gunsmiths deliver all guns to the patriot army or nation's people.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Histomal and Museum Commission, Harrisburgh, 1976. Second edition. Text by Norman B. Wilkinson, edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter, illustration, first page, courtesy Pennsylvania Game Commission.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 4

1 0.U THE CONESTOGA WAGON

WAGONS WEST! produced in numerous anniversary celebrations, At last the signal. With a crack of the whipand recorded in the soberer annals of history. impatientdriversurgetheirteamsforward.All parts of the Atlantic seaboard fed the west- White tops shudder and burdened axles groanern push with the human and material height through their grease. As the lumbering wagons move, the family cow, tied to the end gate, is jerkedfromhercon- tented cudchewing. Ex- citeddogs chaseeach other around and under 2.` the wagons with yelps of et.sItt 3°

anticipationasanxious ag mothers hastily round up scattered youngsters and stow them on topof family gear beneath the broad-hooped canvas cover. It could be any year in the 1840's, and the great adventure is about to begin againfor another band of migrants startingthelongtrek westward. They goin quest of land, homes, or perhaps in search of the "New Jerusalem." To take them safely across 2. thevaststretchesof plains and prairie coun- try,through unknown river gorges and rocky mountainpasses,they / entrust their lives to the Sam ability of their leaders, WIW Q the providence of God, o g.T and the security of their wagons. For weeks on end, once they have left Independence, St. Joe,that journeyed first into the Ohio Valley,on to City, or one of the other "jumping off"the Mississippi and Missouri, and thenceacross places, the wagon is to be home and fortress, andplains and mountain country that lay ever beyond where needed, a boat. the horizon. The saga of the wagon tain 'nas been color- Upon first thought Pennsylvania's part in the fully preserved in song, legend, and movie, re-westward push of the mid-1800's does notseem

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 5 1 very direct. Glancing back a generation or two, Aside from the use of a saw and a turning however, itis quickly evident that it was onelathe, everything about the Conestoga wagon was of the principal channels of movement. Phi la-home made with hand tools. Its graceful, boat- delphir. had been, and continued to be, a leadingshaped bed was usually fashioned out of white port ci entry; Braddock and Forbes had cutoak for the frame and poplar for the boards. roans of a sort into the far corner of the colony,Flooring and side boards were a half inch or and Pennsylvanians had created the first trans-five-eighths of an inch thick; if the wagon was Allegheny frontier. Pittsburgh was the gatewayto be used for carrying ore at an iron furnace, to the west when white civilization terminated inthe boards would be cut thicker. There was little the Ohio Valley, and in later years the State Roaduniformity in its dimensions, but the wagon bed and the had carried a floodingmeasured approximately sixteen feet in length, tide of settlers into that country. Other routes ledfour feet in width, and the same in depth, with into the valley of the Shenandoah and through thea sag toward the center. This last feature took Cumberland , from whence the newcomersthe weight of the load off the end gates if the spilled into the southwest. The Pennsylvania riflecargo shifted as the wagon made its way up and had helped tame that wilderness and it rendereddown hilly country. The end gates were held in like service to those who now carried it furtherposition by a chain and staple that allowed the into the hinterland. As we picture the head of thegate to be dropped for loading and unloading. family striding alongside his oxen or team ofMany parts of the wagon bed were braced with horses, a closer inspection of the vehicle contain-iron, and hand-made rivets secured the boards ing his wife, children, and all his earthly goods,to the frame. will reveal that it too, with some slight changes, Arching over the wagon bed was a series of was patterned after another Pennsylvania prod-soaring wooden hoops securely stapled to the uctthe Conestoga wagon. side boards. Depending upon the size of the The name "Conestoga" has been applied roanwagon, these might number from six to thirteen, early Indian group, to a valley, to a river,to aand over them was stretched the familiar white and road, to a manor, and to a breed oftop of homespun or canvas. Roped to the side horses now extinct. All of these are identifiedboards and drawn taut over the projecting end with Lancaster County, and it was across her richbows, the canopy stretched twenty-four feet or farmlands and on the pike connecting Lancastermore, giving the impression of a great shelter- town with Philadelphia that the massive four-ing poke . wheeled wagon, drawn by four or six Conestoga The test of a good wagon was in its axles horses, first appeared. For its construction skilledand hubs, and in their construction the wheel- workmen were available. About 1770, Lancasterwk:ght was most exacting. Axles and bolsters alone numbered among its craftsmen five wheel-were made out of tough hickory wood and the wrights, thirteen blacksmiths, twenty joiners andhubs from black or sour gum, a fibrous wood seven turners. with high splitting resistance. The rough roads Wagoners and taverns were inevitable comple-traveled by the wagons made itessential that ments, so it is not strange to find that the firstaxles, hubs, wheel spokes and felloes be sturdily reference to the name in print appeared in thebuilt. For getting out of miry places and crossing , February 26, 1750, wherestreams the iron tire rim had to have a broad mention is made of a tavern on Market Streetsurface. Experience proved a four inch rim most between Fourth and Fifth, named the "Cones-satisfactory, but widths varied from two to six Wagon." At the other end of the Conestogainches. The wheelwright had to properly shape Road, later the Lancaster Road, the wagoner couldthe axle and dish the wheels to stand the strain feed and rub down his horses, fortify himselfof heavy loads and absorb the shock of rough with good food and ale, and swap yarns beforeroads. Dishing involved the precise cutting of stretching out for a night's rest on the floor ofmortises in both the hub and the inside of the Christian Martin's excellent tavern, "The Signfelloes so that the spokes would incline out- of the Conestoga Waggon." a six-horseward from the hub at precisely the correct team pulling a load of four to six tons over 63angle. miles of narrow rutted road demanded tough- Iron tires were usually made of two pieces of ness and stamina from driver, team, and wagon.iron a half inch thick, 13, I.to the exact size of

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 3 2 the wheel and welded at both joints. Fitting theThe lone wagoner often picked up a hitch-hiker iron rim over the wooden wheel was quite a cere-who would work the clumsy brake for him when mony, and a blacksmith's job that called for dex-the going was rough. Driving from the left side terity and an exact sense of heat judgment. A fireof the Conestoga, when all other vehicles were was built around the iron rim and when thoughtdriven from the right, made it a forerunner of to be sufficiently hot it was lifted off by meansthe present-day practice of driving on the left of tongs, placed around the wooden wheel and side of the vehicle. hammered into place. Cold water was then poured In its final of paint invariably it had over the hot iron to shrink it to a tight fit. If thea Prussian-blue body and bright red running iron was too hot it might burn the wheel, if notgear and its white cover, what did the wagon hot enough there was danger of a poor fit, and ifcost? In a day when the dollar commanded far cooled too suddenly the rim would split. Themore labor and material, it took four men, the front wheels of the wagon as a freighter stoodwheelwright and blacksmith and their helpers, about 3 feet 6 inches high, and the rear wheelstwo months of continuous work to complete the might vary from 4 feet to 4 feet 6 inches. wagon and its sundry articles of equipment. A Numerous items from the smith's shop wentcompleted wagon, approximately twenty-six feet into the wagon's construction. Stay chains madelong, eleven feet high, weighing between 3,000 of hand-forged links of infinite variety held endand 3,500 pounds, and capable of holding five gates in place; the tool box on the left side of thehogsheads or thirty barrels of flour, cost about wagon just back of the lazy board was ornately$250. ironed and hinged. An axe rested in a decorated By contrast, the six powerful Conestoga horses socket, and the wagon tongue and feed box werethat pulled the wagon were valued in the vicinity both strengthened and beautified by fancy iron-of a thousand or twelve hundred dollars. The work. Brake shafts, linch pins, hooks, staples andlineage of the Conestoga horse is not known, latches were other metal accoutrements. and it has now passed from view. One tradition Like the cautious motorist of today the wag-says that William Penn sent three Flemish stal- oner would not venture a trip without his wagonlions into the Conestoga Valley where they were jack. The worn condition of those that :emainbred with Virginia mares. Another supposition witnesses to their necessary and frequeat use.is that since most of the earlier ones were black, For many years the blacksmith who "ironed"they were the offspring of the black cart horses the wagon also made the jack, and, as it servedcommon in England, whose ancestors had been in a to identify the owner of the wagon,those great black horses of France that carried his initials and date of making of the wagonWilliam and his armor-clad Normans to conquest were cut into the pillar of the jack. Loads of fourat Hastings. The bays and dappled grays of more tons and more had to be raised by the jack so Itrecent time were probably the results of mixed had to be solidly built. As a piece of vital, stand-breeding with such strains as the Suffolk Punch ard equipment its use was not limited tosur-and Chester Ball. mounting the customary hazards of the road but In temperament the Conestoga was generally it was used regularlyto remove the wheelsdocile and steady. He stood over sixteen hands for greasing axles and bearing parts. Ordinarilyhigh, well muscled, weighed about 1800 pounds, it was slung on the rear axletree alongside theand his longish stride covered twelve to four- feed and water buckets and the "teer Rider orteen miles a day. The wagoner placed his heaviest tar bucket that contained the pine tar lubricant.and best horses nearest the wagon for they had The Conestoga wagoner, unlike the driver ofthe job of turning and backing. Farmers and the later prairie schooner, did not ride inside hiswagoners took pride in their animals, kept them wagon but either walked beside his team, rodewell groomed and fed, and went to no little the wheel horsethe rearmost horse on the leftexrense in fitting them out with good harness or perched precariously on the lazy board. Thisand fancy trimmings. Bridles were adorned with last was a stout oak board that pulled out fromrosettes and sometimes elaborate or beneath the wagon bed immediately in front ofpompoms, forelocks and headstalls were gaily the leftrear wheel. From this position thetrimmed with ribbon and colored loops. driver had a good view of the road ahead and A chorus of varkoned bells heralded the from it he or his assistant operated the brake.rumbling approach of the Conestoga, for each

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 5 3 21 rirsesported a set of small musical bells madewatered and hobbled before he prepared hisown of brass or iron mounted on a wooden or metalmeal, and if a number of wagonswere in caravan, arched frame. Each frame ru3tomarily carriedcrude jokes and stories would be swappedacross four bells, those on the lead horses being thethe flames as supper cooked. Winter nights he smallest, those on the swing horses somewhatmade for a tavern. Here he drove hiswagon on larger, and those on the wheel horses the largest.planks to keep the wheels from freezing to the Without doubt the Conestoga wagon lacked theground, saw that his horses were cared for, and swift grace of Santa Claus' sleigh, but itsmerrythen made for the snug warmth of the barroom bells rang out ample notice of its approach withwhere food and drink awaited. like promise of good things in its capacious in- But while the wagoners dozed away on the terior. The cheery, reassuring statement, "I'll belazy board, letting the teams find theirway on there with bells on," seems to have originated innow familiar roads, other men, clever mechanics wagoning days. In some areas it was the custom and ingenious instrument makers, wereconvert- for the unlucky wagoner who had to have helping the novelty of steam power intoa new prac- get his wagon out of the mud or pulled up a steeptical source of locomotion. The push ofprogress, grade to surrender his bells to the goodsamari-the rival before which team and wagon hadto tan who aided him. For a team to arrive withoutyield right of way, was the steam locomotive. its bells carried the stigma of inferioritynoWagoners and canallers joined in petitioning really first-class team would ever lack the accom-against it, in cajoling customers to stick to the paniment of jingling bells to the clatter of itsold and tried methods, and in destroying railroad hoofs. property. The page was slow in its turning,re- Wagoning was a full-time occupation engagedsistance was considerable, but inventiveness and in by professional teamsters, the "regulars," andingenuity were speeding up the movements of by "sharpshooters," farmers who went into itmen and their material goods. Their livelihoods on a seasonal or casual basis when the work ofgone, horses and wagons now doing the hum- the farm permitted, or, when the earnings lookeddrum chores of the farm, the glory and romance good. Many of them were thrifty and industriousof the road becoming a fading memory, the in- Pennsylvania Germans. Much like their modernevitability of change is reflected in the wagoners' counterpart, the overland truck driver, the "regu-lament: lars" were a tough, hard-bitten, resourceful class. They were seasoned by weather and experience,Now all ye jolly wagoners who have got good ready to fight for a load, and not hesitant about wives forcing another team off the road if right ofway was disputed. They particularly abhorred thoseGo home to your farms, and there spendyour lives. "sharps" who "horned in" when wagonswere in strong demand to move goods out ofover-When your corn is all cribbed, andyour small flowing commission houses, or whena major grain is sowed, break in the canal meant full loads at high ratesYou'll have nothing to do but curse the railroad. for the wagoners. He might conceal brass knuckles or a blackjack in his rough homespun , and But the wagon was not to be wholly consigned his pockets would bulge with those cheap cigarsto such a mundane end. Outmoded by the rail- called "stogies"presumably a corruption ofways in the eastern states, it moved outward with Conestogawhich he smoked to keep the dusteach new line of frontier as the fringes of settle- out of his throat. His pants were of homespunment rippled westward. By those generations of and sometimes of leather, and aflatwide-Americans who sought a new life in thenew brimmed gave some protection fromsun andwest its uses were multiplied to include domicile, rain. Shaving was haphazard, so it was more con-fortress and boat, as well as conveyance. Most venient and a sign of manhood to weara beard.fittingly,it stands as the symbol of America On warm summer nights he would stop wherepushing its boundaries outward from ocean unto dusk overtook him. The team would be fed,ocean.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,Harrisburg, 1988 Text by Norman B. Wilkinson; edited by Drs. S. K. Stevens and Donald H. Kent; illustrations by Guy Colt.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 5 22 THE FIGHT FOR FREESCHOOLS IN PENNSYLVANIA leadership in educationents would join together to establish schools-- PENNSYLVANIA'Swas the consequence of the fight for freethe so-called subscription schools.Sometimes, elementary schools waged between 1833 anditinerant schoolmasters would themselves estab- 1836. It is largely due to the groundwork laidlish schools, inviting parents to send their chil- by three men, Timothy Pickering, Samuel Breck,dren in return for a moderate tuition fee paid and . very often mainly by board and lodging. In these, Elementary education in Pennsylvania duringtypesof schools,the teacher would "board the early years of the nineteenth century andaround" in the homes of the parents of his flock. before was the concern of private individuals, These schools established by private initiative and not of the State. Much progress was made,made no provision for children whoseparents however, and there is plenty of evidence to showwere too poor to pay tuition. The early Education that schools and teachers were reasonablynum-Acts passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature aimed erous even in colonial days. Many religious de-to provide education for this class, for thosetoo nominations established schoolsin connectionpoor to pay. They were usually known as Pauper with their places of worship. In othercases, par-Education Acts, and it can readily beseen how in-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 6 1

23 effective they must have been, because of theschools continued, and came to a head in 1833 social stigma as paupers placed upon the chil-when Samuel Breck of Philadelphia came to the dren whom these Acts were intended to help. TheState Senate with a firm resoh e to do some- first of the Pauper Education Acts was passed inthing to establish a system of general free edu- 1802; the second in 1804; and the third in 1809. cation applying to the entire State. The Act of 1809 remained in force for the State Samuel Breck, like Pickering, was a native of as a whole until 1834, and for many distracts itNew England. A man of wealth, he had been was in force for a much longer period. educated in France, had been there during the The educational provision of the State Consti-French Revolution, and knew most of the great tution of 1790 was actually the basis of the Freemen of that day, from Talleyrand to William Public School Act of 1834. The provision forPitt the younger. He belonged to a political party education in the earlier Constitution of 1776 wasthat was nearly extinct in 1833, the old Federal- so phrased that it would have been impossible toist party of and Pickering, and we are set up a system of free schools under it. In thetold that he returned to politics under the Demo- State Constitutional Convention of 1789-90, ancratic label for the sole purpose of doing some- effort was made to re-adopt this provision, butthing for education. When he succeeded, he this move was blocked by the eloquence and zealdropped out of public life once more, leaving of Timothy Pickering, a native of New Eng-the battle to prevent repeal of his Act to other land who had settled in Luzerne County. Asa men. result of Pickering's efforts, ably supported by Breck left an interesting diary from which ex- McKean of Philadelphia and Findley of West-cerpts tell the story of the passage of the Act moreland, the section on education finally read:of 1834: SECTION 1. The Legislature shall, as soon Monday, December 9, 1833.Gen. McKean, as conveniently may be, provide by law for the Secretary of the Commonwealth, intro- the establishment of schools throughout the duced me to the Governor's room. I was State, in such a manner, that the poor may received very cordially, for I voted for his be taught gratis. friend McKean. My business with the Gov- SECTION 2. The arts and sciences shall be erm.,r was to learn from him whether he promoted in one or more Seminaries of had collected any facts in regard to Educa- learning. tion and Proxies, two items in his message This was the sole constitutional basis for the which had been referred to two committees free public school system set up in 1834. The of which I was chairman. I was surprised to Supreme Court of the State decided that it was learn from him that in regard to the first, not unconstitutional for the rich as well as the he had never thought of any system of gen- poor to be taught gratis. It is certain that Pick- eral education, although so often the theme ering and his supporters understood the section of his public messages. in this way. However, the majority did not soTwo days latet, Breck told his diary: understand it, and it was forty-four years before The chief occupation that I propose to my- the tree planted by Timothy Pickering finally self this session is the formation of a system bore fruit. of general education; for which purpose I In the years from 1790 to 1833, there was a introduced into the Senate, on the first day mounting demand for legislation to met.iore of its meeting, a resolution appointing a effectually the implied promise of general edu- Joint Committee of the tvo Houses, to which cation in the Constitution of 1790. Many recog- should be referred all matters that have re- nized that the pauper education laws were not lation to the subject. That resolution has satisfactory and agitated for a more generous sys- been adopted, and it now remains for me tem in which class discrimination could be elimi- to call the Joint Committee together for nated. The rise of Jacksonian in the the purpose of organizing and commencing thirties underlined this defect in the old system. business. As I am Chairman, I may be ex- An Act of 1824 provided for three years of free pected to take the lead; I shall, therefore, public education, but this was repealed in 1826, address letters to the Governors of the States the Act of 1809 going back into effect. where universal educationisin operation Theagitationforfreepublicelementary

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 6

2,1 Breck fought against ill health while he carriedof the Act, it was not merely truly honorable that on this extensive correspondence, and workedit was passed almost unanimously; it was miracu- on the Committee report and on the bill whichlous. The storm surpassed in violence what fol- embodied its findings. His diary continues: lowed the ill-fated Act of 1824, and it seemed Sunday, January 19, 1834. Here is a gap invery probable that the new Act would be erased my Journal, owing to constant occupationfrom the statute books by the next Legislature. on the report and bill prepared by me on theIt was not enough merely to pass a free public subject of general education. These withschool act;it was necessary to fight to prevent other legislative duties, and sometimes illits repeal. health, have caused its neglect. The Act provided that each county should be Saturday, February I. My general educa-a school division, and every ward, township, or tion bill, report and appendix, having beenborough a school district. Sections 2 and 3 pro- printed today, I sat up until midnight send-vided for the election of school directors very ing off about two hundred copies, and thenmuch as at the present time. The permissive went to bed sick. features of the bill were in Sections 4, 5, 6 and Thursday, February 27. The general school7, which provided for annual meetings in each bill, introduced by me, has passed the Housecounty of the county commissionersand a rep- of Representatives by a unanimous vote,resentative of each school board in the county. save one, and the nay man is named Grim.These joint meetings would decide whether a March 15, 1834. This morning, the educa-county school tax should be levied for the sup- tional bill, which has engaged much of illyport of common schools, and if in favor, would attention, passed the Senate with three dis-arrange for a tax levy which should be sufficient senting voices, and these decidedly tine mostto yield at least twice the amount given by the ignorant and least educated of ;ts mem-State. If the vote was against levying a tax, the bers...These three, with Grim in the Housedistricts would receive no from the State, of Representatives, form the minority inand wculd continue to operate under the Act of the Legislature. It is truly honorable that so1809. good a bill should have passed so nearly by The vote on acceptance or rejection was to be unanimous vote. If the measure shall workheld on the third Friday in September, 1834. well, my public life will have resulted inOf the 987 districts in the State, 502 accepted some good. the Free Public School Act, while only 264 The Act was signed by the Governor on Aprilactually rejected it. 1, 1834. Judging by the storm of opposition which In general, the western counties favored free broke out when the people of Pennsylvania heardpublic education, because they were newer and

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 6 3 75 their customs or ways of taking care of their edu-Home Committee of the Whole between the cational problems had not become deeply rooted.supporters of the Senate Bill and the defenders In the northern tier of counties the strong Newof the Committee's Bill. A man stepped forward England element favored this new plan whichwho had not hitherto taken an important part in resembled what they had been used to in theirthestruggle,andbyhispowerfuloratory native states. The Act was generally supportedstrengthened the wavering and turned the tide by the better educated and more progressive in-in favor of free schools. Thaddeus Stevens, caus- dividuals and communities. The organizations oftic critic of the administration, turned the fire workingmen in the cities favored it, as did someof his eloquence upon the opponents of free of the churches, the Methodists and Presbyterians,schools in one of the greatest speeches in Penn- in particular. sylvania history. This speech is credited with v,in- Who were the opponents of free public edu-ning the day for free schools. The Committee's cation? The aristocrats felt that education shouldversion making only some minor changes in the be only for the "better" people, the "well-born"Act of 1834, finally passed the House on April or the wealthy. The conservatives or "stand-11, 1835. The Senate concurred, believing that patters" opposeditjust becauseit was lew.the minor changes were better thin no change Some taxpayers, rich and poor, thought it meantat all, and the cause of free schools was tri- too great an increase in taxation. Non-English-umphant. speaking groups feared that the free schools Our public schools of today are the result of would cause the loss of their languages and dis-the successful outcome of that great struggle. tinctive cultures. There was alsoan element whoTrue, some minor changes were again made in had no use for "book-learning," and had great1836, permitting school districts to withdraw contempt for teachers and schools. from the free school system three years after The election of members of the new Legis-voting into it, but this had the effect of inducing lature was held in November, 1834. Many friendseven more districts to join, as they could with- of the Act were defe-trxi, and otherswere re-draw again if they did not like it. The struggle elected only after a promise toreverse theirwaged in 1834 and 1835 laid the legislative former stand. The Assembly meton December 2, foundation for all the tremendous development and at once many bills were presented eithertoof the public school system in Penr.syh'ania. amend the Act or to repeal it altogether. Gov-After elementary school came other equally ernor , in his message of Decem-significantinstitutions,thehighschool,the ber 3, took a bold, firm stand in favor of thenormal school. Teacher certification, progres; in Act. This encouragement to the friends of theeducational methods, a broadening of tinecur- Act was timely, for a flood of petitions pouredriculum, all these and many other valuable steps in upon the legislators, praying for the immedi-forward in preparing the children of Pennsyl- ate repeal of the Act. The petitions came fromvania to be good citizens, were the ultimatere- 38 counties, and had more than 32,000 signers. sults of the establishment of free elementary The State Senate had a clear majority againstschools. the Act, and passed a bill which virtually repealed it by a vote of 19 to 11. Thirteen Senators who Of Timothy Pickering who laid the constitu- tional foundation for the Act; of Samuel Breck had voted for the Act,now voted againstit. Oddly enough, the House of Representatives,who drafted the Act and secured its adoption; which is supposed to be more responsiveto popu-and of Thaddeus Stevens whose eloquence saved lar sentiment, was more favorableto free schools.it from repeal, it may i e said, paraphrasingthe The Speaker, Thompson of Erie, had beenawords applied to a great architect and his build- member of the old Joint Committee, andtheing, "If you seek their monuments, look about House Committee on Education with butoneyou." In every town and township ofour Com- exception favored the Act, suggesting onlysomemonwealth the public schools are training chil- minor changes. The Committee reporteda billdren to be useful citizens, loyal to the principles simplifying the Act, but retaining itsessentialupon which our Republic is founded, and aware features. There wasafierce struggle intheof their duties as citizens to maintain those ideals.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. PennsylvaniaHistorical and Museum Commission. Hamsburg. 1976. Third printing. Text by Donald H. Kent; edited by S. K. Stevensand Donald H. Kent; sketches by Guy Colt. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 6 un Thaddeus Stevens: Champion ofFreedom

THADDEUS STEVENS, son of, a poor Ver-Dartmouth he taught for a short time at mont shoemaker, was one of Pennsylvania'sPeacham Academy and began the reading of strangest and most baffling personalities. Hewas law in the office of "Judge" John Mattocks. But a man strongly liked or disliked. To some hea larger world than a small Vermont village was the "Old Commoner" or "Great Leveler," beckoned, and in1815Stevens movedto who fought for the poor, the oppressed, and thesouthern Pennsylvania where he became an in- underprivileged; by others hewas held in great contempt as a clubfooted, evil, vengeful poli-structor in the York County Academy, employ- tician who climbed to power by shrewdly ing his leisure time in studying law under the sup- tutelage of David Casset, York's leading lawyer. porting the issues that were popular withthe lowest class of voters of his day. Even today12revented from taking his examination in less with new information at hand there remainthan a year by local bar rules, he skirted this sharp differences of opinion about him. Thusobstacle by crossing the Mason-Dixon Line into he still stands, a controversial figure, inspiringBel Air, Maryland, where, after listing the legal either admiration or hatred. works he had read and going through other Thaddeus Stevens was a Pennsylvanian byformalities, he was admitted to practice. choice. Born at Danville, Vermont, April 4, 1792, Stevens hung out his shingle in Gettysburg, the sacrifices of his widowed mother enabledthen a town of about a thousand people and the him to get a good education basedon theseat of Adams County, and waited for business. classics and mathematics at Peacham Academy,As a young lawyer he got along on a meager Dartmouth College, and the University of Ver-income for several years. After his skilful de- mont. Headstrong, diligent, and independent,fense of a murderer for whom he pleaded in- at some point in his youth Stevens becamesanity, a most unusual plea at that time, he ambitious to gain great quickly acquired a lu- wealth. At thesame crativepractice and time he developeda earnedrecognitionas strong dislike for aris- theleadingfigureof tocracyandanything the Adams County bar. suggesting class distinc- By shrewd purchase and tion and special privi- by taking full advant- lege. This latteratti- ageofsheriff'ssales, tude may have been Stevens became the provokedbecausehe owner of so much prop- was once rejected for erty that by 1830 he was membership in the the largest taxpayer in scholarship fraternity, the borough of Gettys- Phi Beta Kappa. This burg. With James D. created a deep dislike Paxton aspartner he toward all secret organ- went into the iron busi- izations, markedly dis- ness at Maria Furnace played in his later de- at the western end of nunciationsofFree- thecounty,andat masonry as a secret, fra- Caledonia Forgenear ternal order with spe- Chambersburg. These cial membership quali- ventures absorbed much fications. of his fortune during After graduating from Thaddeus Stevensas a young man. the depressed years of HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 7 1 the 1830's, a situation that made him an ad-he was elected on the Anti-Masonic ticket to vocate of the protective tariff. In his pursuit ofthe lower house of the Pennsylvania General fortune, he made some enemies who claimed heAssembly, where he served intermittently until used sharp methods in buying up properties.1842. Fiercely partisan and aggressive, Stevens On the other hand, he was commended forrose to leadership by introducing legislation de- keeping hisironworksinoperationdespitesigned to curb secret societies, particularly Free- losses in order to furnish a livelihood for hismasonry,seekinglargerappropriationsfor employees. In these years he became an avowedPennsylvania's colleges, advocating a constitu- enemy of slavery, and without fee defendedtional limit to the State debt, offering a resolu- many runaway slaves fleeing north. A Negrotion favoring the abolition of slavery and the woman, Lydia Smith, was afaithful house-slave trade in the District of Columbia, and keeper for the bachelor Stevens for many years.defending the protective tariff and the United The beginning of liis long and stormy careerStates Bank. He refused to sign the new State in public life dates from 1829. His bitter at-constitution of 1838 because it allowed only tacks on Freemasonry as a secret conspiracywhite citizens to vote. The State works program monopolizing all positions of high profit andof canal and railroad construction was extended honor in the State and nation marked him asduring these years, and for a time Stevens was "the great luminary of anti-masonry in Adamschairman of the canal commissioners, a position County." that allowed for the wielding of patronage Politically, Stevens developed from Federalistwhich he skilfully used to strengthen and keep to Anti-Mason, to Whig, to Republican, politicalin power the Anti-Masons. He sponsored the groups that emerged in opposition to the dom-building of the Gettysburg or "Tapeworm" inating power of the Democratic party. In 1833Railroad, a deliberately circuitous and useless line planned to enrich contractors, make jobs, and produce votes. In a struggle between the Anti-Masons and Whigs on one side and the Democrats on the other for control of the lower house, the "Buckshot War" of 1838, he escaped a mob by jumping from a window of the Capitol. On occasion, Stevens was charged with acting the buffoon in the legislature. His antics as headofthecommitteeinvestigatingFree- masonry and other secret societies were regarded as far&-al and grotesque. However, these short- comings must be balanced against his achieve- ments. Stevens was an enemy of ignorance, and his lasting service to all Pennsylvanians was his masterly defense of Pennsylvania's new law pro- viding for free public schools, which had been adopted on April 1, 1834. (See Historic Penn- sylvania Leaflet No. 6, "The Fight for Free Schools.")Although Thaddeus Stevenshad played no active part in the passage of this educational legislation, he sprang to its defense whin a powerful opposition arose against it in the following session, making its death seem certain. Most of the members of the new As- sembly were pledged to weaken the Free School Act with amendments or repeal it outright. The

C *VI' struggle was climaxed when the legislators had Law office and residenceofThaddeusStevensin to choose between a Senate bill repealing the Gettysburg. act, and a House bill preserving the system with 2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 7

20 but a few changes. It seemed certain that the Senate bill would triumph. At this point Thaddeus Stevens, re-elected to the House with instructions from his constitu- ents to favor repeal, marshalled his great powers of intense persuasiveness and trenchant oratory in a speech that routed the opposition and earned for him the title of "savior" of Penn- sylvania's public school system. His conviction that education produced and preserved a hap- pier and democratic societyis evident in his earlier criticism of his colleagues for favoring without question measures that would improve the breed of hogs, but economizing on measures to improve the breed of men! In this caustic mood he now chided them for wanting to kill the school law before it had actually gone into effect: It would seem to be humiliating to be under the necessity, in the nineteenth century, of entering into a formal argument to prove the utility, and to free , the absolute necessity of education....Such necessity would be degrading to a Christian age and a free republic. ** ** * If an elective republic is to endure for any great length of time, every elector must have sufficient information, not only to accumulate wealth and take care of his pecuniary con- Car cerns, but to direct wisely the Legislatures, Stevens in his seventies when a leader in Congress. the Ambassadors, and the Executive of the nation; for some part of all these things, some which goes on increasing through increasing agency in approving or disapproving of them, eternity. falls to every freeman. If, then, the perma- This great speech won the day forfree nency of our government depends upon suchschools. The House version of the education bill knowledge, itis the duty of government towas adopted and Pennsylvania's public school see that the means of information be diffusedsystem went into operation. For his masterly to every citizen. This is a sufficient answer toactionin those who deem education a private and not turning oppositionintosupport, a public dutywho argue that they are will-Stevens' talents were acclaimed even by a hostile ing to educate their own children, but notpolitical press as "never exerted ina nobler their neighbor's children. cause or with greater effect than on this oc- * * * casion, and we feel assured that amore power- I trust that when we come to act on thisful effort of oratory was never listened to within question, we shalltake lofty groundlookthe walls of this or any other legislative hall." beyond the narrow space which now circumMore enduring ishis assured position in the scribes our visionbeyond the passing, fleetannals of Pennsylvania education, and the many ing point of time on which we standand soschools that bear his name are monuments in cast our votes that the blessing of educationhis honor. shall be conferred on every son of Pennsyl- vaniashall be carried home to the poorest Stevens withdrew from public life in 1842. child of the poorest inhabitant of the meanestHe was disappointed and embittered at not re- but of your mountains, so that even he mayceiving an appointment to the cabinet of the be prepared to act well his part in this landnew Whig president, , of freedom, and lay on earth a broad andfor whose el3ction he had strenuously labored. solid foundation for that enduring knowledgeBut his failing iron business and his law prac-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 7 3 tice now required his personal attention, andlatein June, 1863, preceding the Battle of in1842 he removed to Lancaster where heGettysburg. Informed of the destruction, which quickly attained eminence as a lawyer with con-amounted to about $90,000, his angry feelings siderable income. To pay off the heavy debtswere followed with the comment, "I know not of his Caledonia Iron Works he found it neces-what the poor families will do. I must provide sary to F-11 much of his property in the Gettys-for their present relief." This he did, caring burg ar., including the site of the buildingsfor some families for the next three years. and campus of , which he Stevens' concern for the victims of war did deeded to the College trustees. not extend to the southerners who were being Sitting on the sidelines of a political arenarelentlessly hammered, starved, and blockaded in turbulence, however necessary, was gallinginto defeat after the Battle of Gettysburg. Stub- to a man of Stevens' ambition and tempera-born radicalism of this sort, a policy of revenge, ment. His positive convictions on the matters. ofand assurance of Republican supremacy con- the tariff,_the treasury system, and the extensiontrasted darkly with President Lincoln's and of slavery into the new territories had to findPresident Johnson's policies of moderation and outlet. By shrewd maneuverings he won elec-conciliation designed to reunite and reconstruct tion to Congress in 1848 as a Whig from thethe South as speedily and easily as possible. As Lancaster district. Predicting his role as no frailthe leading figure of the Joint Committee on politician content to drawl out a sleepy "Aye"Reconstruction set up by Congress in 1865, or "No," the local Democrats bade him fare-Stevens was the most radical of the "Radical well with these prophetic words: "He goes intoRepublicans" responsible for the Freedmen's Congress the predetermined agitatorofsec-Bureau Bill, the Civil Rights Bill, the Four- tional jealousies and divisions.... His missionteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, all measures is to be one of Strife, of Division, and ofdesigned to aid the Negro. They were climaxed Hatred, and surely there is no one so wellby the imposition of military rule and Negro- qualified to fulfill it." carpetbagger government over the South for the With the coming of secession and civil war,next ten years. The legacy was an "age of hate" and with Congress controlled by the Republi-that sharpened racial antagonism, unified the cans, Stevens was made chairman of the Housesouthern whites into the Democratic party, em- 'Ways and Means Committee that handled allbittered political life, and delayed the social and financial measures concerned with the war. Leg-economic revival of the southern states. islation to float loans, raise revenue, impose new In failing health, just a month before his taxes, and issue paper money was steered throughdeath at the age of seventy-six, Stevens' final act the House under his leadership. Toward thewas to introduce a bill in Congress asking that South there was possibly no one more severe. Hefree schools be established in the District of demanded the confiscation of property, armingColumbia, a fitting return to the cause that had the slaves, emancipating slaves in conqueredfirst won him fame as a fighter for freedom of areas by military fiat, and enforcing submissionthe mind and a champion of equal rights. The by "desolating" the South, exterminating theepitaph of his own composition inscribed on his "rebels," abolishing state lines, and recoloniz-tombstone in Shreiner's cemetery in Lancaster ing the region. This extreme position may haveepitomizes his belief in equality: "I repose in stemmed from his own ardent spirit of democ-this quiet and secluded spot, not from any na- racy and equalitarianism, and was probablytural preference for solitude, but finding other intensified by the wanton burning and confisca-cemeteries limited by charter rules as to race, tion of all movable items of his own CaledoniaI have chosen this that I might illustrate in my Iron Works by Confederate General Early'sdeath the principles which I advocated through raiding forces that pushed into Pennsylvaniaa long life, equality of man before his Creator."

Published by the Commomsealth of Pentisykania. Pennsy Isania II 'sun-nal and MlISCLIIII (.0111111111S10111I1:11t1%111 g, Fount printing. 'Peat'Norman B. Wilkinson. illustrations by Gay Colt, edited by S. K. Steven, and Donald 11. Kent. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 7

-41r.-30 Pennsylvania's State Houses and Capitols

LONG AFTER THE founding of Pennsylva-tion of £2,000, which carried unanimously and nia in 1681 and the Charter of Privilegespaved the way for further debate and procedure. granted by William Penn to the Province in The State House, or "House for the Assembly 1701, colonists took littleactive thought ofof this Province to meet in," came slowly. An- where their Assembly should have a fixed placedrew Hamilton, eminent lawyer and formany of meeting. Year after year members of thatyears clerk of assembly, became chief propo- legislative body gathered officially in an inn, anent of a site and of a plan for the structure. meetinghouse, a coffeehouse, a markethouse,orChestnut Street below Sixth replaced High the commodious residence of some more well-Street as the location. Hamilton had building to-do legislator, and generally in the city ofmaterials gathered together for it, executeda

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An architect's vision of the Pennsylvania State Capitol, 1904, preparedfor Joseph M. Huston, the architect of the building. Philadelphia; and Philadelphians grew used torough drawino. of his concept of how it should having it there. be constructed, and spurred preparations. In the It is not surprising, then, that the Assemblysummer of 1736 , "the American," received on February 20, 1729, a petitionpray-only son of the Founder born in Pennsylvania, ing that that "House would by a law impower"made a payment of five pounds to Edmund the city and county of Philadelphia to "buildWoolley for his more expert designs for thenew a Market and State House in High Street, nearProvincial State House, then completed in its the Prison." Tile petition was laidon the tablebroader proportions. In late September of that that day, but nine weeks later,on May 1, itsame year Mayor of Philadelphia emerged in a motion calling foran appropria-entertained there at a great banquet of citizens. HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 8 21 direction of its clerk, John Morris, Jr., to be carried up the Delaware River "on board the brig Sturdy Beggar to Col. Kirkbride's, and there kept, or carried further." Two days later the House realized that "all active friends of American liberty, were obliged to leave" Phila- delphia, news having come that "the enemy's army was in full march for this city"; and on the 18th of September it adjourned as a body, resolving to meet in the borough of Lancaster or. Thursday, the 25th. Their records saved by prompt action, assem- blymen got to the inland city as soon as they could; but it was not until the morning of .7 October 6, two days after Washington had re- tired from the Battle of Germantown, that a quorum of members could be assembled. During Courtesy American Philosophical Society the fateful winter when Washington's soldiers The Stale House, Philadelphia, by Fumagalli. It be-suffered with him at Valley Forge, the govern- came known later as . ment of Pennsylvania functionedsomewhat precariously to be sureat Lancaster, with the In October, a Lw weeks later, the Assembly ofAssembly meeting in the uncomfortable early Pennsylvania had its first meetings there. Yetbrick courthouse. On May 25, 1778, the body the building's interior would not be fully pan-adjourned to gather again, place unnamed, on eled and wainscoted for five years moreuntilSeptember 9. Happily a summons came from the 1751its great bell would not be installed untilSupreme Executive Council of the Common- 1753, nor would it be pronounced complete withwealth to return to Philadelphia, a monthear- a tower before 1758. lier, in August. When on the 7th of that month All that was a commonplace and modest evo- lution for an edifice which in the course of time would become the most famous State House on the American continent. The Minutes of Assem- bly of 1736, in fact, make no mention whatever of the Assembly's gathering there. Government, not place of it, it seems, was the only important point. Not until 1775, when the second meeting of the Continental Congress occurred in it, or until July 4, 1776, when the Declaration of American Independence was adopted in it, was the Penn- sylvania State House to mount into lasting fame. And not until fifty years after that was it to be popularly known as "Independence Hall." Here, however, me: the convention which shaped Pennsylvania's Constitution of 1776; and here in September, 1777, the Assembly of the new State was meeting when Washington's loss of the Battle of the Brandywine opened Philadelphia Lancaster County courthouse, 1787-1853,was the to the threat of General Howe's advancingState House of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1812. It army. Then on the 14th of that month thewas located in the center of Penn Square, Lancaster, House ordered its papers and records, under the and was razed in 1853.

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 8 32 they met again with proper quorum, it was in a State House considerably marred internally by the British occupation but capable of restoration for their use for another twenty-two years. Indeed, that structure of 's and Edmund Woolley's designing, known every- where as the State House of Pennsylvania, was to remain the physical seat of government for the Commonwealth until 1799. To its early emi- nence as the site of the signing of the Declara- tion of Independence it was to add in 1789-1790 the honor of being the place where the Pennsyl- vania Constitution of 1790 was shaped. 6 A temporary eclipse was tocome upon it, however. Back county legislators argued that Philadelphia was too far from the center of the State and decried the presence of epidemics in the city on the Delaware. They proposed moving the seat of government to Carlisle, Reading, Wright's Ferry, or Harrisburg. Debate in theThe old Capitol at Harrisburg, designed by Stephen Assembly continued until April, 1799, when Hills, after the fire, 1897. Governor approved an Act of the House of Representatives and the Senateporticos on their front elevations, had been (the Assembly now had two houses), and bybuilt to receive the books and records of officers force of it directed the seat of government to be of state like the surveyor general, the auditor, removed to Lancaster in the next November. and the treasurer. The fifteen-year-old Dauphin Preparations were made more leisurelynowCounty courthouse on Market Street had been than in 1777. The summer beheld frequentspec- renovated by master carpenter Stephen Hills to tacles of wagons moving forwards from the cityaccommodate the two houses of the legislature. on the Delaware to Lancaster. Accounts for theThe clerk of the House of Representatives, hauling of desks, books,papers, and recordsGeorge Heckert, conducted sale of the furniture came in great numbers to Commissioners Jacobwhich that body had used in its chamber in Strickler, Matthias Barton, and Thomas Boucle.Lancaster, and helped increase funds for new On the appointed date, November 1, 1799, Lan-desks, tables, and record shelves in Harrisburg. caster became the capital of Pennsylvania forYoung men of that borough and the neighbor- a second time; and its new second brick court-ing countryside drove covered wagons to Lan- house, a replica of the earNerone in which sitecastertoload up withlibraries,records, Assembly had sat in 1777-1778, became the State legislative records, and executive documents. House of the Commonwealth, to remain such For nine years thereafter the second court- for thirteen years. house of Dauphin County was known as the But legislators were not yet satisfied that theState House of Pennsylvania. Newspaperswere seat of Pennsylvania's law making bodies hadprinted "opposite the State House on Market been made satisfactorily central. In February,Street"; boarding house mistresses advertised 1810, in the term of Governor ,antheir locations as "a few doors" from it. But act, approved despite the objections of North-while it served in its proud capacity, the minds umberland County and Philadelphia City andof Pennsylvanians and particularly of Harris- County assemblymen, established the capitalatburgers were much on another subject. So much, Harrisburg, on the Susquehanna. Fora thirdindeed, were they upon it that in March, 1816, time, in October, 1812, thescene of removal ofthe Legislature worked out a scheme for selling government was reenacted. the abandoned State House in Philadelphia to This time, however, conditionswere different.the city in which it stood. The State needed Two "Fire-Proof Buildings," with greatstone funds for the erection of a new capitol; topro-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 8 3 cure a substantial amount, "Independence Hall" was offered to the city for $70,000. 1ML Two months later, in May, Stephen Hills was t" 4." '1,,'' put to work gathering building materials for a ti,..7- e.A. great new edifice to be set up on the publicieastabli ,:' ground between the two "Fire-Proof" office buildings, of which Commissioners Jacob Bucher and Edward Crouch had superintended the con- struction in 1810.1812. For a year Mr. Hills gathered, in a manner not greatly different from Andrew Hamilton's a century earlier, his vast store of supplies in stone, brick, lumber, and slate; and men eagerly watched it grow. But once more there were de- lays. The treasury was not replete in funds. Citizens had to wait until 1819 and Governor William Findlay's term of office for construction to begin on the building, for which Hills had submitted the winning design. On January 2, 1822, from the "State House" on Market Street, -4.-..4...z.4.:- masons, bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, gla- / ziers,laborers, clergymen, Governor , the executive officers, the House and the Senate, and Mr. Stephen Hills himself marched President opens his address at to the dedication of the now completed firstthe dedication of the new Capitol, October 4, 1906. Capitolnot an old-fashioned "State House" Seated to the right, on the platform at the loot of which Pennsylvania owned. the Capitol steps, hatless, is Governor Samuel W. It was a sturdy, nobly proportioned building, Pennypacker. admirably suited to the purposes which itwas to serve. Its lofty portico and high dome ex- But old-time Pennsylvanians really needed hibitedgraces ofarchitecture exceeded forsomething like the Commonwealth's magnificent beauty nowhere else in the Commonwealth,un-second Capitol, built in 1902-1906, to console less by the beautiful tower and cupola whichthem for a loss sa incalculable. Italian Renais- crowned "Independence Hall" after it had be-sance in architectural type, designed by Joseph come the property of the city of Philadelphia M. Houston, of limestone rather than of and been restored in 1828 by the famous archi-brick and local sandstone, the present building tect William Strickland. It was destined to beis incomparably handsome in exterior and in- the physical scat of government for Pennsylvaniaterior, exquisite in a thousand details. Memories for three-quarters of a century. In itwere studiedof much wise legislation and of Pennsylvania's and passed by legislators those laws whichcre- participation in two great world wars for human ated the Pennsylvania Canal, many of the greatliberty cluster about it. It, too, will grow mellow corporately owned navigation companies andwith time. But today it is best for usas Penn- all the great railroads in the State, and thesylvania's four "State Houses" and its other first Commonwealth's system of public schools. Capitol ha,. e been best for usas a visible sym- When fire destroyed it on February 2, 1897,bol of the greatness of law, justice, and wisdom it was as though an era of grandeur hadcome in a republican form of government, in which to an end. Today all of us would rather havemeu take counsel together for the good of so- lost the old Capitol than "Independence Hall."ciety and a people.

Published by the Commonwealth of ?ennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historicaland Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1969. Revised edition. Text by Hubertis Cummings; edited by Dr. S. K. Stevensand Donald H. Kent. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities often or more the price is three cents each. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 8 .:t Ctitturn..4 AS11110 1::::PI Vg 5 3'

a I I

AAMERICAN communities go, Harrisburg, the of his father. The second Harris helped to organize capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dauphin County, which was created from part of is an old community. Lancaster County on March 4, 1785, and named for The Indians, using the Susquehanna River andthe French dauphin, the king's eldest son, who died the natural trails along it,settled the area longin 1789. Harrisburg from the beginning was the before the white man came. As early as 1690 Wil-county seat and was incorporated as a borough, liam Penn, to advertise his Province, offered awith fewer than 500 people, on April 13, 1791. It settlement "upon theriverof Susquehannagh." received its charter as a city on March 19, 1860, White traders came soon afterwards. when it had a population of about 13,000. Just before 1700 John Harris, born in Yorkshire, The second Harris by deed conveyed "4 acres and England, probably about 1673, and a brewer by13 perches to be held in trust until the Legislature occupation, landed in Philadelphia. In 1705 he se-see fit to use it" as the site for the capitol. The cured a license to obtain land, and sometime be-legislature moved from Philadelphia to Lancaster tween then and 1718 he arrived in the wilderness in 1799, and then in February of 1810 selected Har- of what was to become Harrisburg. He prosperedrisburg to be the capital. as a trader, farmer, and ferryboat operator, and The General Assembly moved to Harrisburg in he was highly respected by both white settlers andOctober, 1812, four months after America declared Indians. In 1720 he married Esther Say, a nativewar against Great Britain. Simon Snyder, of Selins- of Yorkshire, in Philadelphia. grove, was governor and the State had a budget of Harris died in December of 1748, and together$336,189.15. Temporary quarters were used, and in withhisNegroslaveHercules and aHarris 1819 Governor William Findlay, of Cumberland daughteris buried in River Park in front of the County, laid the cornerstone of the first Capitol. This John Harris Mansion, Front and Washington streets, two-story brick building lasted until February 2, built by his son in 1766. 1897, when it was gutted by c noontime blaze. The second Jean Harris, one of four Harris chil- The new Capitol was expected to cost between $5 dren, was born in October, 1726, and is known asand $10 million, but by the time it opened in 1906 the founder of Harrisburg. He planned the city with it had cost $12.5 million, about a third of which his son-in-law, William Mac lay, member from Penn- went for graft. Five persons, including the archi- sylvania of the first , and laid tect and the chief contractor, received prison sen- out the lots on April 14, 1785. Harris married twice tences in the famous 1908 Capitol graft trial held in and had at least five children. He died July 29,the Commonwealth Court in Harrisburg; however 1791, and is buried in Paxton Church Cemetery in $4 million of graft, including the $850 spent for a suburban Paxtang. $150 flagpole atop the building, was never recovered. For a short time Harrisburg was known as "Louis- The present Capitol was dedicated October 4, burg," after King Louis XVI of France, but the1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt, who said it second John Harris insisted it be named in memorywas a handsome structure. Governor Samuel W.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 9 1

35 history. Chinese wood oil on the ceiling zanvas, which depicts the constellations of the northern sky, caught fire and almost destroyed the building. When it was eventually completed, the Forum, seating 1,833, was praised by critics. Its seven great his- torical maps, each thirty-five by twenty -one feet, tell world history to World War I. The $10 million State museum was built in the administration of Governor David L. Lawrence and was dedicated by Governor William W. Scranton. One of its principal features is an eighteen-foot- high, 3,800ound modern statue of William Penn, by Janet deCoux, of Pittsburgh. Another show- place, decorated with period furnishings,isthe S Governo.'s Residence, of Georgian design, occupied first by Governor Raymond P. Shafer and his family Harrisburgers gather in a snowstorm on the after-in 1968. It is located at Mac lay and Front streets. noon of February 2, 1897, to the State Capi- tol burr. The present Capitol stands where the Each January hundreds of thousands visit the old one ,:food. Pennsylvania Farm Show,amajoragricultural exhibition in Harrisburg. The Farm Show buildings, Penn ypacker, under whose administrationit wasthe first of which was dedicated by the Common- built, contended itwas a masterpiece, but Owenwealth in 1931, are located at Maclay and Cameron Wister, the novelist from Philadelphia, at the timestreets. 'rote: "The Capitol is not a good work. Outside it looks as much like all other capitols as any banana looks like the rest of the bunch. Inside it is amon strous botch of bad arrangement, bad lighting, bad ventilation, and the most bloated bad tastes." The most impressive features of the Capitol today are the twenty-seven Barnard figures in two groups at each side of its entrance. These were done by George Grey Barnard in Paris, brought to Harris- burg in eighteen railroad cars and unveiled October 4, 1911. Barnard, a native of Bellefonte, Centre County, and the originator of New York's Cloisters, a museum of medieval art and architecture, died in 1938 and requested he be buried in Harrisburg, near his most famous work; indeed, he was. s4 The two most distinguishedbuildingsof thePresident Lincoln's funeral in the Pennsylvania Capitol complex are the State Education BuildingRailroad station, Harrisburg, on the morning of and Forum and the William Penn Memorial Mu-April 22, 1865, as seen from Market Street. In the seum and Archives Building. foreground is the presidential car, which carried The Education Building and Forum, costing $5.5Lincoln's remains to for burial. While the million, was dedicated by Governor Gifford PinchotPresident's body was taken in procession to the Capitol to be viewed, that of his son Willie, who on November 4, 1931. On October 99 1930, justdied in 1862, remained in this car. The present before construction was completed, it suffered a $1passenger station was opened on the site of this million fire, one of the most serious in Harrisburgone in 1887.

2 HISTORIC PEAMYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 9 b Historically, Harrisburg has been important not only because of its Capitol, but also because it has long been a transportation center. On March 27, 1824, during thefirst term of Governor , the Pennsylvania Canal system was authorized. Groundwas broken for the canal July 4, 1826, just to the east of the Capitol. The canal system was exciting, but because of the railroad it was short-lived. Between Harris- burg and Pittsburgh it was in use in its entirety only between 1834 and 1857, the Pennsylvania Rail- road having extended its service between the cities in 1852. What was to become a part of the Pennsylvania Railroad, a rail line from Lancaster, was extended to Harrisburg in 1837. The third and present rail- road station, now of the Penn Central, was openedMarket Square, Harrisburg, 1880, looking north, showing the market houses, which downtown in 1887. Through the city passed the were razed in 1889 to relieve congestion; the hotel buildingto funeral trains of Presidents Lincoln and McKinley. the right, which still stands; and the horsecar The most important railroad event in Harrisburgtracks. occurred January 15, 1938, with the arrival of the firstelectrictrain.Priortothen,coal-burnersone of the three cities in the nation to have access chugged the length of Harrisburg, enveloping theto as many as five major highways. The Appala- city in soot and smoke. chian Trail, a 2,000.mile hikers' path from Because of its proximity to Washington, Harris-to Georgia, crosses the Susquehanna River just burg in December of 1839 was the convention city north of Harrisburg. of the Whig Party. Harrisburg is the smallest city Bridges have been important to Harrisburg. Old to have been the site of a national political conven-Came lback, an undulating covered bridge, was built tion. The Whigs met atthe newlybuilt Zion by Theodore Burr in 1816. Charles Dickens crossed Lutheran Church, on Fourth Street south of Market, it in 1842 and described it in his American Notes. and nominated William Henry Harrison, whowas Two columns of the old Capitol stand at the Har- elected president. risburg entrance of the covered bridge's present Harrisburg was a target of General Robert E.successor, the Market Street Bridge. Lee's 1863 Confederate invasion, not because itwas President passedthrough the State capital but because it was a transportation Harrisburg in 1794 on his way west to quell the hub. The city also had Camp Curtin, a recruitingWhiskey Rebellion. He spent the night at the Harris and hospitalization area for Union troops. DuringMansion or at a hotel on the southeast corner of the Spanish-American War, World Wars I and II,Market Square. Abraham Lincoln, as president-elect, and succeeding conflicts, the Harrisburg area servedwent to the same site but never got a chance to as a recruiting and debarking center for the military. sleep. With rumors that he faced assassination, he The , thenation'sfirst was hustled out of Market Square and taken to a long-distance toll road, was authorized during thedarkened train headed for Washington. That after- administration of Governor George H. Earle. Thenoon of February 22, 1861, Lincoln had addressed roadway, complete from Middlesex in Cumberlandthe legislature. He returned to Harrisburg fora County west to Irwin, was opened October 1, 1940. last time on April 21, 1865, then to lie in state in In the late 1940's and early 1950's, before thena- the House of Representatives as the martyr of the tional Interstate highway program, Harrisburgwas Civil War.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 9 3 With 1,100 acres of park, Harrisburg once hadof Dauphin County in 1941. The mansion is now more parks per square mile than any other city inan excellent museum, having letters of Lincoln, the the nation, the most notable now being River Park, Camerons, the Marquis de Lafayette, and others. which extends several miles along the Susquehanna. James Buchanan and Thaddeus Stevens, as well The Harris and Cameron families, among others,as later figures like Senators Matthew S. Quay and contributed to the park system. Under the adminis-, came to Harrisburg as State legis' tration of Vance McCormick, who became mayor in lators. 1902 at age 29, the park system, as well as an out- John O'Hara, a native of Pottsville, lived in standing water system supplied by reservoirs, was Harrisburg briefly to write his, novel about the city, established. McCormick, who died in 1946, was the publisher of the Harrisburg Patriot for 42 years, and founded the Evening News in 1V.I7. Many of the pioneers of the Harrisburg area were Scotch-Irish and English, one reason why Presby- terianism is still deeply rooted in the community. Pennsylvania Germans also moved into the area. Seventeen of Harrisburg's twenty-nine mayors since it became a city in 1860 have been ..Jrman an- cestry. Chicken corn soup remains a popular dish. The Irish came to Harrisburg to build the canal and the railroad, and they were joined by many Central Europeans, a large number of whom settledin nearby Steelton. Although Negroes have lived in Harrisburg since its earliest days, many of them came the first thirty years of the twentieth century to work in steel mills. With fair-employment prac-Members of the Harrisburg Wheel Club pose in Market Square in 1888. The camera faces west down tices in State government, Negro employment hasMarket Street to the Market Street covered bridge. increased greatly since the mid-1950's. The growthLong bicycle excursions were popular with Har- of State government, the city's largest industry, hasrisburgers in the years before and after the turn of attracted thousands of people from all parts of thethe century. State, and from other parts of the country. The city has had numerous famous personages.A Rage to Live, published in 1949. Harrisburg, The family of Simon Cameron made Harrisburg its disguisedas Fort Penn, appearsalsoin other home. For 127 years until 1968, the Cameron Es-O'Hara novels. Conrad Richter, a native of Pine tates had property within the city. Some of its landGrove, lirld for a time in Clarks Valley and used is now used by the Harrisburg Area Communitythe Harrisburg region as a setting for part of his College, founded in 1964 and established in Wild-The Light in the Forest in 1953. James Boyd, a wood Park in 1967. General Simon Cameron (heresident of Front Street, wrote a novel about the was State adjutant general at one time) served ten city in 1935, Roll River. months as secretary of war under President Lincoln. As the capital of the Commonwealth, Harrisburg This long-time boss of the Pennsylvania Republican has a history and a character that reflects more party lived in the Harris Mansion from 1863 until than just the lives and achievements of its own his death, at age 90, in June, 1889. Grandchildren citizens. It has had a larger role as the focal point of Cameron gave the home to the Historical Society for much of the history of the whole State.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1969. Text by Paul B. Beers; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities of ten or more the price is three cents each. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 9 Columbian ittaoa:ine 117911. Courtesy American PhilosophicalSociety Public bnildings, Philadelphia. From left: Episcopal Academy,Congress Hall. State !louse (steeple removed 17811. American Philosophical Society, LibraryCompany. Carpenters Ilall. Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution

ONDECEMBER 12, 1787,Pennsylvania be-. a meeting of delegatesfrom came the second state to ratify the Consti-various colonies to make plans for defenseon tutionof the United States.her neighbor.the eve of the . His Delaware. being first by only five days. Penn-scheme would have united the colonies under sylvanians took a leading part in the evolutiona grand council appointei; by the colonial assem- of the idea of au American union and in the blies and a president-general appointed bythe framing, adoption, and ratification of the Con- king. Snell proposals were doomedto failure stitution which made this union permanent. until events had shown the necessity ofunion. The idea of such a union may be traced far The quarrel with the mothercountry over back in the annals of Pennsylvania, even to herAmerican rights gave rise to definitesteps in founder William Penn. who published a "Planthe direction of union, whichwere all sup- for a Union of the Colonies in America." lie ported by Pennsylvania. As the coloniesneeded proposed that two deputies front each colony to take common action against a common dan meet annually at sonic central location "to hearger, they sent delegates to conferences orcon- and adjust all matters of complaint or differencegresses which would decide on theproper between Province and Province" and to provide measures. The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 and for defense. the Continental Congress hadno constitutional Penn's forward-looking proposal was ignored,basis, but they were nevertheless manifestations lr't in 1754 a similar suggestion was made byof a movement toward union whichbecame another noted Pennsylvanian, Benjamin Frank- more and more evident. when war began and lin. Ile presented his "Plan of Union" at thethe idea of independence gainedsupport. By HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 10

o11 1775, the Congress was using the term United The Penns) 1. ania deleation to the federal Colonies of North America, and the great Dec-eon. ention uas more muneron4 than any sent by laration of the following year proclaimed thethe other states. and among the most distin- independence of the United States of America. guished. 0111) six of the signers of the Declara- The next step on the road to union was thetion of Independence signed the Constitutioa. Articles of Confederation. Already. in Jul). 1775.and of these, four came from Penns)Ivania. The Benjamin Franklin had diwn up a plan forState's eight delates were allresidents of these Articles and presented it to the Congress.Philadelphia an.. receded neither salarynor but not until June 7. 1776. did Congress appointexpenses. a committee to prepare this first constituti.m of The venerableBenjaminFranklin.then the United States. It was drafted by John Dick-eight)one years of age. was the President of inson, of Penns). incorporated man) ofPennsylvania at 'hat time. Ilis many and dis- Franklin's sliggesti.,os. and was presented totinguished sere ices to America made him greatly Congress on July 12. 1776. After long discussion respected by the ether members, although his and many alterations. the Continental Congress.poor health kept Ilium from taking an act iv" part in session at York. Pennsylvania. agreed to thein debate. His speechesAvert. read for him by Articles of Confederation and Perpetual UnionJames Wilson, one of the great leaders of the on 'November 15, 1777. Pennsylvania was amongconvention. the first to ratify the Articles, on July 12. 1778. James Wilson. born in Scotland in 17.12. had but the last state did not ratify until 1781. b)come to Pidladelphia in 176:1. Ile was counted which time the weaknesses of the Confederationamong the ablest lawyers of his time. and his were becoming all too apparent. deep understanding of political sci..neemade The year 1785 saw the beginning of the stepshim one of the principal architects of the Con- leading to the making of a new and strongerstitution. Active in all the debates of thecon- constitution. Virginia and Marylandrepresen-vention, he spoke 168 times,more often than tatives held a conference at toany other member except . .uss certain problems of commerce. especially Thebrilliantand in regard to the navigation of the Potomac talkativeGouverneur River. As other states had similar mattersto Morris. who spoke 173 deal with, it was proposed thata larger and times, was a delegate more general conference should be held at An- from Pennsylvania, al- napolis in 1736. Only five states sent delegates though he was really a to Annapol's, among them Pennsylvania: a for- New Yorker. lie had mer Pennsylvanian, , now of become a banker and Delaware. was elected chairman. Not enough lawyer in Philadelphia states were represented to accomplish anything Fits orial Society a few year:1 before the definite. and at the suggestion of Alexander of Pennsylvania convention, Imt later Hamilton, delegate. from New York, the confer- Gouverneur Aforrfe returned to New York. ence urged that another convention be held in The other Pennsylvania members took lesser May. 1787, at Philadelphia to considermeasoresparts in the convention, for a variety of reasons. for the strengthening of the central government.Tin was Mifflin was speaker of the Pennsylvania Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, NorthAssembly, which was in session during nmch of Carolina, and Georgia had provided for sendingtile period when the convention met. George delegations to the federal convention,even be-Clymer and Thomas Fitzsimmons were members fore the Congress finally heeded the suggestionof the Assembly. was one of the of tile Annapolis conference and,on February 1,great legal minds of his day; it is said that he 1787, passed a resolution authorizing thecon-often gave advice to members on the difficult vention. By act of December 30. 1786, the Gen-legal problems involved in the making of the eral Assembly of Pennsylvania had appointedConstitution, but he took little part in the de- seven deputies, and on March 28, 1787, it addedbates. Robert Morrie, the "Financier of the an eighth deputy, Benjamin Franklin, the great-Revolution," was present and voted, but made est living Pennsylvanian. no lengthy speeches.

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 10 40 The delegations from other states were equally to give it as broad a outstanding. Among Virginia's members were basis as possible. No George Washington, , Edmund government could Randolph, and George Mason. John Dickinson long subsist without led the Delaware delegation, while Alexander the confidence of the Hamilton was a member from New York. Gun- people. In a republi- ning Bedford, Delaware. and Hugh Williamson, can Government this North Carolina, were born in Pennsyls ania. confidence was pecu- The convention was scheduled to begin on liarly essential Monday, May 14, 1787, in the Pennsylvania Smithsonian InstitutionHe thought both State House, now Independence Hall, but only James Wilson branches of the Na- Pennsylvania and Virginia were representedtional Legislature ought to be chosen by the that day. A quorum to conduct business was notpeople." obtained for two weeks, bad weather delay ing The convention voted in favor of the election many of the delegates. This time was not en-of members of the lower house by the people, tirely wasted, however, for the Pennsylvania andbut could not come to agreement on the method Virginia members held a number of informalof electing the upper house, or Senate. Pennsyl- conferences at which they agreed upon a com- vania and Virginia, as large states, wished repre- mon course of action. These two states had asentation in both houses to be in proportion to great deal in common, as both were large andpopulation, while most of the smaller states prosperous. Exactly what took place duringwanted equal representation for states. these discussions has never been known, but it William Paterson of New Jersey summedup may be safely assumed that the Virginia Planthe wishes of the small states in the New Jersey for a constitution was examined in detail, andPlan, presented to the convention on June 15. that the two state delegations established theThis calledforthe mere amendment and cordial relations which were apparent duringstrengthening of the Articles of Confederation, the convention. leaving Congress as it was, but granting itcon- At the opening session, on May 25, Robertsiderable powers of taxation as well as power to Morris, in the name of the Pennsylvania delega-regulate commerce. Most important of all,it tion, nominated George Washington as presidentfirst proposed that the constitution and the of the convention. He was unanimously elected,treaties made under it should be thesupreme no other persons being nominated. law of the 1 Ind. On May 29, the work of the convention really The essential issue was now plain, whether began, when Edmund Randolph presented thethe powers of the federal government were to fifteen resolutions of the Virginia Plan, whichbe derived from the people or from the states. was essentiallythe outline from which theJames Wilson replied to the advocates of the Constitution was developed. It was finally re-New Jersey Plan, making a careful analysis of solved, with Pennsylvania voting in the affirma-the details of the two plans. Doubting that the tive, "that a national government ought to besentiments of the people were opposed toa established consisting of a supreme Legislativestrong national government, he said that the Executive and Judiciary." This meant, in effect,feelings "of the particular circle in whichone that the Articles would be disregarded. moved, were commonly mistaken for thegen- Argument then arose over the details of theeral voice. ... He could not persuade himself Virginia Plan, how the lower and upper housesthat the State Governments and Sovereignties were to be elected, and related questions. Penn-were so much the idols of the people, nor a sylvania members, and especially James Wilson,National Government so obnoxious to them,as spoke out for popular government. In the wordssome supposed. Why should a National Govern- of Madison, "Mr. Wilson contended strenuouslyment be unpopular? Has it less dignity? Will for drawing the most numerous branch of theeach Citizen enjoy under it less liberty and Legislature immediately from the people. Heprotection? Will a Citizen of Delaware be de- was for raising the federal pyramid to a con-graded by becoming a Citizen of the United siderable altitude, and for that reason wishedStates?"

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 10 3 41 This speech was one of the most effectiveproviding for the 8) stem of checks and balances made during the convention. Madison of Vir-which eharacterizes the American federalgov- ginia concluded the argument for the large-stateernment. Congress. the President, and the Su- party on June 19, with the result that the Vir-preme Court,thethreegreat branches of ginia Plan was again approved by the majorit.government, were given definite but adequate Still the opposition of the small states was notpowers, yet the rights of the states were care- weakened, and many members feltthata fully safeguarded. breakup of the convention was imminent. Ben- The subject of the President's election and jamin Franklin spoke in favor of compromise,length of term gave rise to lengthy discussions. saying: Not until the last days of the conventionwas The diversity of opinions turns on the present Electoral College system of electing two points. If a proportional represen- the President adopted, largely because of the tation takes place, the small States con- forceful arguments of Gouverneur Morris. This, tend that their libertieswill be in at least, gave the people and not Congress the danger. If an equality of votes is to be determining voice in the election of the chief put in its place, the large States say executive. their money will be in danger. When a The results of the convention's workwere broad table is to be made, and the turned over to a committee of detail, whichwas edges of planks do not fit, the artist to prepare a constitution embodying the vari- takes a little from boil', and makesa ous decisions. Wilson, the Pennsylvania member good joint. In like manner here both of the committee, did most of the actual writing sides must part with some of their de- and compilation of this first draft of the Con- mands, in order that they may join in stitution. His committee reportedon August 6, some accommodating proposition. and for five weeks the convention analyzed. Already the basis for such a compromise hadquestioned. and argued overevery clause and been suggested by Connecticut delegates, namely,section of the document. A committeeon style to give the states equal votes in the Senate, ifand arrangement was then appointed, of which the House were to be elected in proportiontoGouverneur Morris was the leading member, population. Ellsworth of Connecticut said thatfor it was lie who actuallywrote ti's final ver- "the few should have a checkupon the many."sion of the Constitution. Themost important In the end a committee of one member fromnew feature added by this committee was the each state was appointed to work outa compro-Preamble beginning "We the People ofthe mise plan. Pennsylvania's memberwas BenjaminUnited States." It is said that James Wilson had Franklin, whose motion in the committeegavesome share in the making of this last draft, practical form to Connecticut's suggestion. Thethough lie was not a member of the committee. House should have one representative foreveryThe finished Constitutionwas approved by the 40,000 inhabitants, and should originate all billscopy .tion on September 15, andformally for raising or appropriating money. Eachstatead eted and signed on September 17. Itwas to should have an equal vote in the Senate. Thego into effect when ratified by conventions in larger states still opposed this, but thegreatat least nine of the states. compromise finally passed on July 16. Pennsylvania's leadership in the framingof This quieted the fear of the small states thatthe federal Constitution had been all-important. a strong national government might be dom-She had furnished two principal leaders ofthe inated by the large states. The work of theconvention, and her delegation had supported convention was not again threatened by seriousevery move to strengthen the national govern- controversy. It proceeded to consider and de-ment. Tin Keystone State also displayed leader- velop the other features of the Virginia Plan,ship in the fight for ratification.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historicaland Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1969. Second edition. Text by Donald H. Kent; edited by Dr. S. K.Stevens and Donald H. Kent. The Historic Pennsylvai is Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities often or more the price is three cents each.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No.10 4 2 A FRENCH ASYLUM ON THESUSQUEHANNA RIVER

SOUTHWARD from New York state the lovelyof trees borders the river's edge and small a Susquehanna windsitsmeandering waypatches of woods stancl near isolated farm- through the wooded hills of Bradford County,houses and on the bordering heights. A scene Pennsylvania. At a point about ten miles belowof undisturbed pastoral calm banded by a Towanda, between Wysox and Wyalusing, itglistening arm of silvery water, thisfertile arches eastward into a great horseshoe bend,crescent of land was Azilumor Asylum. half encircling a terrace of land that slopes Many, many years ago when northern Penn- gently backward into the western hills. Fromsylvania was Indian country this place was the highway that the ridge of Rummer-known as Missicumthe "Meadows." The set- field Mountain on the opposiie side of the river,tlers who moved into the valley fry ,n C,nnoti- its 1,600 acres can be seen neatly divided intocut called it Standing Stone, after the monolithic carefully tilled fields and pasture land. A fringestone shaft that rises high out of the river bed near the western bank, a landmark from time immemorial. But to a little group of exiles who stepped ashore at this remote spot in the late fall of the year 1793, it was a haven far removed from the dangers of revolution, imprisonment, slave insurrections, and yellow fever. To them it was Aziluma place of refuge. These refugees, who had come up the Susque- hanna from Catawissa and Wilkes-Barre in Dur- ham boats and dugout canoes furnished by the trader Matthias Hollenback, were citizens of France and of her West Indies colony of Santo Domingo (Haiti). Those from France had fled to Philadelphia to escape the certain imprison- ment and probable death for which their loyalty to Louis XVI marked them. A few were of the courtier circle close to the king; some were of the minor nobility, offie3holders, army officers, professional men, clergymen, merchants, and a few artisans. Politically, the leaders were men of liberal inclinations who had worked to reform the government of France of its worst abuses but to retain the king as a constitutional monarch. Their moderate program had recently been Courtesy National Gallery of Art thrust aside by fanatical revolutionaries, who followed a policy of exterminating all who were Queen Marie Antoinette, attributed to Elisabeth suspected of the slightest sympathy or attach. Vigie-Lebrun. ment to the hapless Bourbon rulers. Emigres by

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 11 1

43 Azilum,sketchedby lecomte Colbert de Maulevrier from across the Susquehanna River on a visitin 1794.

Courtesy Countess Paul de Leusse.Paris the thousands streamed across the borders of Getting the settlement started was the task of France seeking sanctuary in other countries. two Frruchmen, Antoine Omer Talon and Louis The exodus from Santo Domingo =n 1793 wasde Noailles. Prior to exile, Talon had been an a flight from the carnage of the slave and mu-attorney, later chief justice of the criminal court latto uprising which followed the declaration ofof France, and head of the royal secret service. equality by the radical French Assembly. Plan-An advisor and confidant of Louis XVI, he tations were laid waste, estates were burned, andwould have inevitably met death by the guil- whites were slain by the rebellious Negroes.lotine had he not escaped to England, from Some who secured passage to the mainlandar-whence he took passage to America. De Noailles, rived destitute of allmaterial goods. Aboutbrother-in-law of Lafayette, was no stranger to 2,000 distraught Santo Domingans landed atthis country, for he had fought with distinction Thiladelphia in the summer of that year. Theyduring the Revolution. As a member of the were aided by sympathetic Philadelphians andFrench National Assembly of 1789, he had by such leading Franco-Americans as Stephenintroduced several liberal measures aimed at Girard and Peter Duponceau, who organized thereducing the traditional privileges of the French French Benevolent Society of Philadelphia toaristocracy. The rise of radicals to power com- provide the essentials so desperately needed. Inpelled him to abandon France, leaving all his explaining the cause of the loathsome yellowfamily, including his mother, who had been feved epidemic which swept Philadelphia in thechief maid of honor to Marie Antoinette. With summer and fall of 1793, some suspected thatCaptain John Keating, a capable Frencharmy the Santo Domingans had brought it with them.officer (of Irish origin) from .unto Domingo, An American who was close to several of theand counseled by Morris and other eminent principal Frenchexilesresponsible for thePhiladelphians, they planneu the colony at founding of the colony was Pennsylvania's Sena-Standing Stone, soon to be more appropriately tor Robert Morris, financier of the Revolution,named "Azilum." merchant, and land speculator. Through him Selection of the attractive river terrace for the and his partner John Nicholson, Pennsylvania'scolony was made through Charles Bue Boulogne, comptroller general, a large tract of land in thea Frenchman with experience in American land northern wilderness of the Statewas to be pur-transactions, who was shown a number of sites chased and transformed intoa woodland Ar-along the river. Three hundred of the 1,600 cadia. The settlement of this region would in-acres were laid out as a town plot, with a two- crease the value of other lands owned by Morris.acre market square at its center, from which ran The exiles, their families, and, accordingto astreets laid in a gridiron. A startling departure story so far unverified, even the Queen of France from custom was the wiuth of the streets, the herself, the ill-fated Marie Antoinette, and herprincipal street from the river landing to the two children would here at last find peace andsquare being 100 feet wide and the others sixty- security. six feet broad. Within the town were 413 lots of 2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 11 4 4 approximately a half acre each. To the west aitems, little extravagances that kept fresh the number of larger, uncleared lots were markedmemory of earlier days of luxury. A visitor to off for farm plots or future development as theAsylum in 1798 reported seeing a piano in one colony grew. of the homes. Dairying and sheep raising were Clearing the land, getting building materials,begun; orchards and gardens planted; a grist- putting up the first dwellings, and assuring amill, blacksmith's shop, and a distillery were food supply were done under the direction oferected; and potash and ,,earlash manufactured Talon, aided by Hollenback, Dupetit-Thouars,to be used in making soap, gunpowder, glass, and an exiled army captain, De Montu lle. Menand fertilizer. Mail was carried weekly by an were hired in Wilkes-Barre, Tioga Point, andexpress rider traveling on horseback to Phila- other river communities to push the work beforedelphia. extreme winter weather set in. The Frenchmen Most imposing of the buildings in the colony themselves were, for the most part, poorly fittedwas "La Grande Maison," a large two-story log for rough, manual labor; hence much of thehouse, eighty-four feet long and sixty feet wide, early backbreaking toil was done by hired work-with numerous small-paned windows and eight ers, who took advantage of their employers'large fireplaces. It h., been said that this was ignorance of language and money values andto be a dwelling for the queen, but no written overcharged them. By the following spring,recd -d to verify this has yet been found. Talon, when more of the exiles came up from Phila-who had directed construction of the house, delphia, about thirty rough log houses had beenlived in it for several years. built. In time, several small shops,a school- The Duc de la Rochefoucald-Liancourt, a house, a chapel, and a theater appeared aroundFrench nobleman who visited the colony for the market square. Crude though the structurestwelve days in 1795, found there such persons were, many had chimneys, wallpaper, windowas the Marquis de Blacons, a former deputy, glass, shutters, and porches to satisfy the desirekeeping a 's shop in partnership for beauty with comfort. What few furnishingswith Colin de Sevigny, erstwhile archdeacon. and precious household items they had broughtA cleric, Bec-de-Lievre, was nowa shopkeeper, with them from overseas became treasuredand Beaulieu, a captain of infantry, had turned innkeeper. From Santo Domingo had ^ome Bu- zard, a planter and physician, bringing wife, children, and slaves. Another was Renaud,a wealthy merchant wizo had salvaged part ofan immense fortune. Nores and Caries, clergymen, were proving to be apt farmers, and the sons of the widow d'Autremont, one a notary and the other a watchmaker, had become hewers of wood and tillers of the soil. A most colorful figure was Aristide Dupetit-Thouars, one-armed naval hero, fondly called "the Admiral," who was now cheerfully clearing several hundred acres of land given to him for his services. De- viously derived from his name is that of Du- shore, a town some twenty miles distant. There were also artisans and workmen, some Ameri- cana among them. Life at Asylum was not entirelya monot- onously grim battle with the wilderness. The volatile, fun-loving French found time for pic- nics, for boating and sleighing parties, for Courtesy Girard College dances in the pavilion on Prospect Rock, and for staging plays intheir theater. "La Grande Stepher, Girard, by Bass Otis. Maison" was the scene of gay assemblies and

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 11 3 45 LeFevres, Keatings, Brevosts, and D'Autremonts, chose to remain. In later years their descendants, in a minor diaspora, moved from Asylum and aided in the settlement and development of Wysox, Wyalusing,Athens,Towanda,and Wilkes-Barre, and communities in southern New York State. The impress the French colony left on north- ern Pennsylvania is apparent in such names as Frenclitown, Asylum Township; Laporte, Ho- met's Ferry, Coudersport, Smethport, Roulette, Keating, and Dushore. But more important was the initiative of these exiles that spurred im- proved transportation, began new industries, introduced better breeding of livestock and cul- Independence National Historical Park. Philadelphia tivation of new crops, and brought more hard Robert Morris, by Charles Willson Peale. metal into use in a barter economy. For a decade Asylum was a little island of old world culture dinners in honor of notable visitors such ascasting its civilizing influences into the rugged Talleyrand, Louis Philippe, who was later king,frontier of our northern counties. and his princely brothers, and Liancourt. Jewels Time has not erased all of the visible evi- and richly embroidered silk gowT.s were worndences of the Asylum colony, though not one by the ladies on these festive occasions, andof the more than fifty structures erected by the their male escorts were but a shade less daz-refugees has survived, and the gardens carefully zling in their satin knee , colorful ,laid out by them have been tilled as firm land and buckled . for many generations by later residents. The But Asylum was not to endure. There wasspring of water that supp:ied "La Grande latent and at times open dislike of the colonistsMaison" burbles on; a millrace and millstones by some Americans, aggravated by the wartimecan be seen at Hornet's; and the sharp-eyed will edicts of the French government that after 1795spot vestiges of the old road that ran over the resulted in seizure and confiscation of Americanmountain toward the Loyalsock. "Ossenpachte" ships and cargoes. The income of the colony'sold "Standing Stone"still stands indomitable founders from French sources had been cut off,against the wear of flood and weathering. Close costs were high; titles to lands of the Asylumto the site of "La Grande Maison" a country Company, formed as a speculati'n in a millionresidence was built in 1836 by , acres of surrounding country, were disputed;son of the exile Bartheleme Laporte. Here visi- and Morris and Nicholson went into bankruptcytors may see a colonial oven, early fireplaces, for the sum of ten million dollars. Times werehandhewn timbers, wall decorations of French hard and money tight. origin, handblown glass windows glazed with In the later years of the 1790's the emigreswhite lead, and other furnishings of the period. gradually drifted away to the southern cities of Thirty miles up the Susquehanna River in the Charleston, Savannzh, and , andTioga Point Museum at Athens, documents, some returned to Santo Domingo. Nostalgia setmemorabilia, and family traditions have been in, for the Frenchmen loved their mother coungathered together over many years to furnish try and yearned for a reuniting with kin andthe sources for the history of Asylum. Th tract a return to the old familiar Gallic ways of life.itselfis to be developed and interpreted for Napoleon Bonaparte at last made this possible.visitors by the Pennsylvania Historical and Mu- Some families, however, the Homets, LaPortes,seum Commission.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg, 1969. Fourth edition, revised. Text by Norman B. Wilkinson; edited by Dr. S. K. Stevens and Donald H. Kent. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five centsa copy; in quantities of ten or more the price is three cents each. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 11 4" The Amish In American Culture

THE AMISIIPeoplein America arenota new religious sect but a very old one, stem- ming from the Mennonites,iv ho arose directly out of the Reformation struggles of the sixteenth century. Mennonites read the Bible seriously, but more than that they took it seriously. They said a man does not become a Christian b.- being bap- tized, ror even by joining a church, but by having an inner regeneration of soul proved by outward behavior.They agreed with Luther thatevery man has the right to pray and have faithin God, whenever and however he wants, without the An Amish Barn-raising sanction of a preacher or priest. They taught that a Christian must separate himself from wickednessone of and manner of worship. A conserva- and bring his entire behavior under the lordshiptive estimate of the number of Amish, including of Christ. children, would seem to be about 60,000. The idea spread rapidly but everywhere met ter- Each local community isdividedinto church rific opposition and cruel persecution. Themove- districts, and each contains about twenty-fiveto ment finally dwindledinenthusiasm. Many offorty families. The size of districts is limitedby those who escaped gave up the idea of evangelismhorse and buggy transportation, and becausewor- and became the quiet farmers of the hills and val-ship is held in homes onlya limited number of leys of Switzerland and the Palatinate. people can be accommodated. There is generally The Amish group developed out of the Men-one bishop for each of the districts, as well as two nonites from 1693 to 1697. Jacob Ammana.a to four preachers and a deacon. The total number young 'Mennonite bishop of Switzerland. empha-of church districts isover 300. sized the need for more serious observance of what The largest group is not the Lancaster County, he calle: "the old ground and foundation" and Pennsylvania.settlementasiscommonly sup- succeeded in gaining a considerable following. Heposed. The greatest concentrationisin Holmes was not a reformer, but a defender of the earlyandadjoiningcountiesinnortheasternOhio. Mennonite tradition in dress and doctrine. To thisNext in size is the group in Elkhart and surround- very day the Amish have retained the externals ofing counties in northeastern Indiana. Theoldest, a former way of life, together with a strong devo-richest, and third largestgroup is the settlement tion to sixteenth-century Mennonite ideals. centering in Lancaster County. Other settlements With Mennonites, they came to America in largeare located in central and western Pennsyivania and numbers after 1740, and they live side by side,in ,Illinois, Kansas, , Oklahoma, often in the same community. 'While both shareDelaware, Virginia, Oregon, North Dakota, Mis- a similar background, the distinctionis largelysouri, and Ontario, Canada. A few mileseast of

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 12 1

A r(' Sarasota, Florida, there is a winter m:grator) set- Ministers are chosen from their own congre- tlement. New settlements have begun in Paraguaygations b) lot for life, and there is no specialized and Honduras. training. They receive no salary. There is no need Religion is the axis around which the Amish-for co ,tructing and maintaining a costly church man's w odd re; my es. Whole households come tobuilding for worship when services can be held "preaching"heldeveryotherSunda).Men,in the homes. Not even a written membership list women. and children gather inthe home of ais kept. Why should the) bother with one, when member for worship. This is made possible ofteneveryone knows everyone else? by the rerao; able partitions and doors between There is a popular notion that an Amishman the large rooms on the firstfloor of the house.has plenty of good hard cash, and that he can Everybody shakes hands on Sunda) morning, anddig it out of his pants pocket on demand. This ministers greet each other with the holy kiss as ideais unfounded, but easyto believe because commanded in the Bible (I Thessalonians 5:261.he often pays his bills in cash. He feeds his family Preaching begins about nine or earlier and endswell, but he does not have large investments in after noon. The service consists of two sermons,commercial enterprises.His moneyis put back sometimes silent prayers as well as oral, which areinto the land. As a whole his income is probably read, testimonies from ministers, and singing. less than that of the average farmer. He does not Children learn earl) to sit attenti; el), althoughhave the expense of upkeep or. automobiles and games with handkerchiefs (making objects suchsome high-cost maciner), but his gross income as mice)and "half-moon" pies(inPennsylva-is somewhat limited. He is not a "money grub- nia) or crackers served to toddlers during mid-ber," but he firml) believes in saving. Security for set.; icehelpto minimize theirrestlessness. Mcaim is not just mune), but a family, a religion, and social hour and lunch (coffee, bread, butter, pick-a farm. He wants no more land than necessary les, red beets. and pie) following the service is ato raise a family. Except for the tobacco crop in valuable part of themeeting.Men discuss re-Lancaster County, Penns) I; ania, and a few other ligious subjects and also the happenings of the day,exceptions, such as dairy ing. he general!) dues nut farming, and personal and community problems.engage in specialized farming. Of course. every Women do likewise. Young men gather about thefather strives to provide a farm for each of his barn or buggies for jokes, good-natured teasing, sons. and conversation related to courtship. Contrary to popular opinion, the Amish possess The Sunday meeting is but an outward mani-one of the richest folk arts in America. Much of festation of an Amishman's religion.Howreli- their decorative art belongs unmistakably to the gion controls his thinking, with what purpose he"" type.One can find such lives, and why he acts as he does are farmore sig-motifs as the dove, rose, heart, tree of life, and nificant.Without religionthe Amishman couldpeacock on such articlesas "show" towels.il- not be Amish; he cannot separate his belief fromluminated hand-drawing, cards of friendship. and eating, sleeping, and working.He simply couldneedlecraft.It must be noted, however, that while not exist without it.The Amish support no "re-this artwork is frequently found in their homes vivals," missionaryactivity, ur evangelistic activi-today, it is largely representative of an earlier pe- ties of their own. Their religion is directed towardriod;for not much of itis being produced by making the Amishman an upright man anda first- present-day Am:sh.But they do produce an art rate farmer, and that isall.Given the force ofof their own. Thiis manifested in decorative de- custom, his faith produces a wholesome simplicity signs un furniturt, family registers. and illuminated of liferelatively free from snobbishness and theverse, and in needlecraft objects of various kinds. worldliness he abhors. A few of the young people. Amish religion has not thwarted their love of however, rebel against the extreme formalism andcolor. Their flourishing flower gardens are proof find it impossible to adjust. of this. They favor plain hitt bright colorspur-

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 12 nity for association of young people are the "sing- ings" after chores are done on Sunday evening. The young man in his best, brushes his hat a1,2 quit. and makes sure that his horse and "rig" are in good taste.He may take his sister to the singing, or if he takes his girl he will ar- range to pick her up about dusk, perhaps at her

.4 home or at the end of a lane or crossroad.In some localities the young folks meet in villages to pair off in couples. Considerable secrecy pervades these festivities through the entire period of court- ship. regardless of length. Young folks also get together at husking bees, weddings, apple "snitzings"(apple-peelingpar- ties), and frolics.In addition to taking his girl home after the singing. the boy who hasa steady girl will see her every week or twoon Saturday night.Before entering the home of his girl he Amish Children makes sure that the old folks are in bed. When his flashlight focuses on her window, the girl knows plc, pink, red, orange, and blue are common.that her lover has arrived.They spend several Neither do they reject all colorful designs in em-hours together in the "sitting room," but they do broidery as "worldly," as did sonic colonial reli-not leave the home on such occasions. gious iconoclasts.China closets, colorful dishes, The blue gab ',Tend, that an Amishman paints and large picture calendars,r which combinehis gate blue announce to the world that he utility with beauty. are a panic ular delight. has a marriageable daughter. is entirelya myth. Visiting the "Freindschaft" (kinship) is a domi-Actually. in an Amish community there is no need, nant form of pastime among the Amish.Ev cry much lessa desire, to advertise a marriageable other Sundayis usually open for visiting, but indaughter, either to the Amish or to the stranger, a few places Sunday school is alternated with churchsince they marry only meraers of the same faith service during the summer month,.Special daysand all member, know the status of all other fam- are also observed by visiting, such as New Year'silies. Day. Epiphany(Old Christmas), Easter Sunday, Perhaps less is known about the history of the AscensionDay,P,Altecost,Thanksgiving,and Amish t ()swie than Of any other aspect of their Christmas.In some localities Easter NIonday andmaterial culture. We know that it is very old. and the day following Christmas are also hallowed, athatitt onfoims fay ()raid) with s9les ones.om- survival of European times. mon in Europe during the seventeenth and eigh- Weddings. which are held during Nov ember and teenthtenth, ics.Dress variesineachlocal December. also provide opportunity fur fellowship community. 0111) general feature, can be noted and enjoyment.An abundance of good food- - here. chicken. turkey. ham. dressing. mashed potatozs. Buttons are used on men's , , and gravy. cole slaw, celery, peaches. !mines. pickles,underwear. and on children's dresses, but hooks- jams. pies. cookies, and many v arieties of cake- and -eyes are tequired on men's teats and vests. es- is served. The "Eck" (bridal corner) is especiallypecially on Sunday clothing.Men's trousers are decorated with colorful dishes, fancy layer cakes,the broad-fall type. also called "barn-door britches" and fruit. (like sailor pants), and theyre homemade as are The occasions which provide the best opportu-most Amish garments.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 12 3 4J Peculiar to men's dress(for members)is tb_is an attempt to maintain the integrity of their "Mootsa," a special kind of coat with a split taillife, particularly family and community life. They which must always be worn for church. The origindesire abut e all to keep their children from secular of this coat is yet a mystery, but itis thought toinfluences, such as mot ies. They are against school come from the "shadbelly" coat of former timesconsolidation because it would expose their children when men wore long coats split at the back forto new influences beyond family control. Therefore, riding horseback.Formerly tIrse long coattailsmany communities hate begun to maintain their were fastened to the sleeves with buttons to pre-own private parochial schools. But a new problem vent them from becoming soiled while trateling.arises in that the Amish themsch es du nut attend Men wear dark Sunday and plaincoloredcolleges to prepare for teachingpositions, soit be- shirts. Most homemade shirts have no collars.In comesnecessaryforthemtohire"outside" many localities are also homemade. Theteachers. beard isrequired of alladult members of the The child acquires a know ledge of skills largely church, and it must begin to appear at the time ofthroughass,iationwith his parents in learning baptism or marriage. depending on the local prac- to w ork.Fn um the start buys are introduced to tice. farming operations, and they almost invariably The women also wear plain colors, often black.dc% elop a keen interest in farming. Girls are trained blue,red.purple,or brown.The "Holsduch"to perform small favors for their mothers and to ( or ) and are part of the fullpractice the arts of cooking and housekneping. Sunday dress as are black bonnets and . The Amish are not ignorant of world events. The Amish bonnet is believed to originate fromThey pa) their taxes ask little of the gov- Quaker . The "Kapp" (prayer %eil) wornernment. and want to be left alone to "work out by teen-age girls is black. but once they are mar- theirsalt ationtt ithfear andtrembling."But ried the white one is worn. The white one is alsothere is wholesome humor too, and Amish hospi- worn by the school and school-age girls. tality is unsurpassable! The prayer is worn not only for worship It is their hope that byliving a peaceful and but all the time. This observance is a "sign of au-Godlylife they can witness to a higher way of thority" based upon Bible teaching (I Coi inthier,slife. They do not enter, 'n any utopian ideas about 11) and symbolizes for them the Woman's properpossessing the whole world or converting it. They relationship to God and man. She "is to be veiledattest that therett ill always be enough people to because of the angels."Also. ,14e womaa is notperform the t ,sk of the magistracy. the police. and to have her hair cut. The Amcb belief e that G1the military. But the) believe that candidates for has called them to be a "nonconformed" (Romaasthe Biblitad,t ay of life.tt hich non-resistant and 12:1) people a "peculiar" people. ob, alone can fulfill, are altogether Amish parents want their children to acquiretoo fet, the skills of reading. writing. and ciphering. For The .ixty settlements of Amish people in North this reason they want their children to attend theAmerica arc smallbrotherhoodsof a kind neces- elementary schools.After completing the grades. saryto national life and wellbeing. The founda- however. they believe that Amish y outh should get tionsof anycivilization depend onthe moral their instruction in farming and managemen atqualityof the people living1. . Where better home. This vocation. they contend. does not recan suchvirtuesasneighborliness.self-control. quire higher education. and such schooling is "agood is ill. and c 0-operation be found than in small waste of time." Too much "book learning" is nutcomniunities? Perhaps the modern. hurried. wor- good. ried. and fearful world could learn something from Their beliefinthe one-room country school them.

Published by the Commomealth of Penn...yhania. Penus)1,,,nia Himurit al and Museum Comm...mon. Harrisburg.1972. Fourth Edition. Text by John A. Hostetler; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 12 50 of the settled regions, and with Gist and four other companions went on through rain and Young Washingtonsnow. He reached the forks of the Ohio, the present site of Pittsburgh, about November 23, and described the place as "extremely well situ- ated for a Fort." Next he came to in Pennsylvania (near present-day Amhiridge). At this famous Indian town he spent five days, in council with the Indians, endeavoring to strengthen their WITHIN the present boundaries of Penn-friendship for the English. As a result, three sylvania the young George WashingtonIndian leadersthe Half King, Jeskakake, performed his first important public services, inWhite Thunderand a hunter accompanied him connection with the first great war in whichwhen he resumed his journey on November 30. mericans and Britons fought side by side "for December 4, Washington andhisoddly- the blessings of religious and civil liberty." Theassorted escort reached Venango (now Frank- conflict which was known in America as thelin), where French Creek enters the Allegheny French and Indian War began in the wildernessRiver. Here he met the famous French Indian of )vcstern Pennsylvaina, and the man who lateragent Joncaire, who had taken possession of the gained the title of Father of his Country playedhouse of an English trader. Joncaire and his a highly significant part in the opening phasefellow officers entertained the Virginian, with of the war. food and otherwise: "The Wine, as they dosed The future of America ...vas at stake in 1753,themselves pretty plentifully with it,soon ban- when a French army from Canada invaded theished the Restraint which at first appeared in upper Allegheny Valley as the opening thrusttheir Conversation; and gavea license to the of a drive to control the Ohio Valley. Control of this great interior valley of North America would halt the westward expansion of the Brit- ish colonies and confine them to the narrow re- gion cast of the Appalachians, condemning them to relative insignificance. The free institutions inherited from the British motherland would be stifled in the shadow of absolute monarchy. The energetic Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was not slow to challenge this aggres- sive move into land claimed by the King of England. His first measure was naturally to give notice of trespass to the French intruders. This would not be an easy task, for hundreds of miles of wilderness lay between the frontier settle- ments of Virginia and the nearest French post, (now Waterford, Erie County). He asked a young man of twenty-one, member of a leading Virginia family, to undertake the mission. The young man accepted without hesi- tation. Thus George Washington began his first great adventure. He set out from Williamsburg, Virginia,on October 31, 1753, traveling first to Wills Creek Washington and Lee University (now Cumberland, Maryland), where he hired to act as his guide. ThenextWashington as a colonel of militia, painted by day, November 15, heleft this poston the edgeCharles Willson Peale at Mount Vernon, 1772.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 13 1 Tongues to reveal their Sentiments more freely. T H E They told me, That it was their absolute Design to take Possession of the Ohio. ... They were JOURNAL sensible the English could raise two Men for their one; yet they knew their Motions were too Major George Wafbingtort, slow and dilatory to prevent any Undertaking of theirs. They pretend to have an undoubted SENT BY THE 'Right--to the River, from, a Discovery made by Hon. ROBERT DINWIDDIE, Efq; one La Salle; and the Rise of this Expedition is, His Majcfty's Lieutenant-Governor, and to prevent our settling on the River or Waters Commandcr in Chief of VIRG PS Let; of it, as they had heard of sonic Families mov- TO THZ in,r-out. .. ." Next day it raincd so heavily that Washington COMMANDANT could not continue his journey. The wily Jon- OF THE caire took full advantage of his opportunity to FRENCH FORCES influence his Indian companions, plying them with liquor and urging them to remain at Venango for a council. As a result, rashington could not lea,,e until the morning c. December 011.10. 7. Because of "excessive Rains, S7mws, and bad ToWWIIal/ADM, TSB Traveling, through many Mires and Swamps," GOVERNOR'S LETTER, he did not arrive at Fort Lc Boeuf until the AND A TRANSLATION or TN! 11th. FRENCH OFFICER's ANSWER. The commander, Legardeur de Saint Pierre, received him with courtesy. Legardeur de Re- pentig,ny, commanding at Fort Presque Isle, who WILLIAMSBURG: had some knowledge of English, came to trans- Printoiby WILLIAM HUNTER. an. late Dinwiddie's letter. Thus was the challenge Colonial Williamsburg. Inc. stated: Title page of Washington's Journal of the ex- The lands upon the River Ohio, in pedition to Fort Le Bomb Williamsburg, 1754. the western parts of the Colony of Virginia, are so notoriously knownto he replied "that the Country belong'd to them; be the property of the of Great that no Englishman had a Right to trade upon Britain that it is a matter of equalcon- those Waters; and that he had Orders to make cern and surprise to me, to hear that a every Person Prisoner who attempted it on the body of French forcesarc erecting for- Ohio, or the Waters of it." His letter of reply to tresses and making settlementsupon the Governor of Virginia was equally firm. A thatriver,within his Majesty's do- single line of this answer sums it up: "As to minions. the summons you send inc to retire, I do not ...It becomes my duty to require think myself obliged to obey it." The letter your peaceable departure; and that you closed with polite expressions of esteem for the would forbear prosecutinga purpose Governor and his representative: "I have made so interruptive of the harmony and it my duty to treat Mr. Washington with all the good understanding, which his Majesty respect owing to your dignity and his personal is desirous to continue and cultivate merit, and I flatter myself, Sir, that he will do with the most Christian King. me the justice to be my witness for it with The "elderly Gentleman,"as Washington de-you.. .." Continuous intrigue and interference scribed Saint Pierre,was unwavering in hisby the French with his Indian escort revealed resolve to carry out the ordersor the Frenchthe aggressive intention under the friendly Governor, Marquis Duquesne. WhenWashingtonveneer. asked him "by what. Authority hehad made The journey homeward was even more ardu- Prisoners of several ofour Englitdi Subjects,"ous than the trip to the French fort. The French 2 HISTORIC PENN,ISYLVANIA LEAFLET No.13 U.C., gave Washington and his party a canoe for theGist as his sole companion. To the heavy snow trip down French Creek, but they had "a tedi-and icy winds was added the peril from hostile ous and very fatiguing Passage." The stream wasIndians. One fired a shot at them the next day, turbulent and full of floating ice; several timesand they traveled by night to escape pursuit. they had to "remain in the Water Half an HourPoling across the Allegheny River on a hastily- or more, getting over the Shoals." Though theycontrived raft, Washington was thrown into the left Fort Le Bocuf on December 16, they did nothalf-frozen river, but caught hold of the raft and arrive-at Venango until the 22nd. Here the Insaved himself. They spent. the night on an dians gave in to the blandishments of theisland; next day the river had frozen enough French, and Washington went on with only histo permit them to cross on solid ice. white companions. The horses were tired and Washington returnedtoWilliamsburg on overloaded with baggage, so that they traveledJanuary 16, 1754, and delivered the French very slowly. After three days of slow progrs,reply to Governor Dinwiddic. He also gave the Washington decided to set out with Gist by the Governor the journal which he had kept of his "nearest Way through the Woods, on Foot."adventures, and was much surprised when Din- He left the interpreter Van Braam in charge ofwiddic ordered it to be printed. This straight- the baggage, to bring it along as fastas mightforward, if unpolished. narrativewith its many be convenient. detailsdescribing the French fort and the Never did Washington more clearly demon-French attitudemade a strong impression both strate his courage and determination to do hisin the American colonies and in Great Britain. duty than when he set outon the 26th withKeen-minded, alert to observe, young Washing- ton had prepared convincing proof of the ac- tuality of danger from the French. erio y. ZIA/ The issue was made plain, and in thewar which developed from Dinwiddie's challenge to the French invasion, Washington rendered other I. notable services. In the spring of 1754, lie com- manded a force of Virginia militia sent to aid the new British fort which was being erected at the forks of the Ohio. The French captured it before he had crossed the mountains, but he continued his advance into southwestern Penn- sylvania. On May 28, he surprised a small French detachment under Villiers de Jumonville f 1;on Laurel Hill in Fayette County. The skirmish which followed was thefirstbattle of the French and Indian War. Jumonville was killed, and all but one of his party killed or taken prisoner. Knowing that his force was inferior in num- t74./.. ft) ti ber to the French, Washington filially retreated 0'. est..1,v to the Great Meadows (ten miles cast of present- day Uniontown, on the National Road), where I Fort Necessity was hastily built. Bescip,cd by French and Indians in superior numberson July 3, Washington was compelled to surrender. The French permitted him and the garrison to "re- The George Washington Atlas tire into his own country." Shortage of supplies Washington's sketch map of country traveledand ammunition and lack of men had led to between Cuniberland, Md., and Fort Le Bocuf, thefirstdefeat of Washington's career. 1753.54.OriginalinPublic RecordOffice, He served with distinction on the two later . campaigns against the French in western Penn-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 13 3 a sylvania. In 1755, as volunteer aide on the staffthe French and Indian War in western Pennsyl- of General , he gave the Brit-vania were of inestimable value in later years ish commander good advice which, if followed,when he led the armies of the United Stares in might have averted the crushing d^feat on Julythe War for Independence. He came out of the 9. Four bullet holes in his clothing, two horsesFrench and Indian War the most distinguished shot under him, were evidence of his personalsoldier in all the . Acquaintance bravery in this disastrous battle. He helped carrywith many noted officers had been made, some the mortally wounded Braddock from the field,of whom were to fight with him, some agaiost Appreciation of his ability and leadershiphim, in later days. He had seen the mistakes of was then manifested by the government ofothers and had learned from them. He had Virginia, which made him colonel and com-demonstrated courage and resourcefulness, and mander-in-chief of the forces protesting thefaithfulness in carrying out every task assigned frontier of that colony. He did not take part into him. another major campaign on Pennsylvania soil To many of us the French and Indian War until 1758, when he joined the expedition ledseems lost in a dim past, obscured by the thrill- by General John Forbes to capture Fort Du-ing events of the Revolutionary War. Its signifi- quesne, the French fort on the site of moderncance as a struggle for liberty, as a conflict Pittsburgh. He was with the advance troopsbetween the free principles of English institu- which occupied the ruins of Fort Duquesneontions and the authoritarianism of the old French November 25, 1758, shortly after the French hadRegime, has been slighted, largely because the burned the fort and retreated to Venango. ThisFrench King for reasons of self-interest helped success virtually ended the war as far as Vir-us to win independence. Victory in the French ginia was concerned. After four years of faithfuland Indian War made possible the settlement service to both the colonies and the motherof western Pennsylvania, and the western expan- country, Colonel George Washington resignedsion of the American people. 'While the French his commission and returned to the pleasant. andthreat still existed in the north, Americans could industrious life of his Virginia estates. Six weeksnot think of severing their political tics with the later, he married Mrs. Martha Dandridge Custis.mother country. The downfall of the French The experience and training which Georgeempire in America thus opened the way for Washington gained during the stirringyears ofAmerican independence.

5 , -i1151M-0

Rep/iv' of Washington's Fort Necessity, basedon archeological findings and contemporary accounts, is located at Fort Necessity Ne Itioal Battlefield, near Farmington, Fayette County.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,Harrisburg, 1969. Second edition. Text by Donald H. Kent; edited by Dr. S. K. Stevens and Donald H. Kent.The Historic Penn- sylvania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities of tenor more the price is three cents each. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 18 Ole Bull's New Norway

oLE Bornemann Bull, a popular violinist, ardent Norwegian and friend of America, purchased more than seventeen square miles of land in Pennsylvania's northern mountains in 1852 and set in motion his plan f..- a thriving colony of fellow Norwegians. The confidence that he expressed in his venture inspiredseveral hundred of hisland-hungry countrymen to cross the Atlantic to farm, ply their trades and raise families among these mountains. The tract of land to which they came, but which most eventually departed, is a scenic woodland situated in the southeast corner of Potter County and is now, in large part, within the Susquehan- rock State forest. The sites of two of its settle- ments, New Norway and Valhalla, are in . Ole (prounced OH-lay) Bull was born in Nor- way in 1810, and as he grew, his awareness of the events and movements which were giving shape to the future of Europe grew also. In 1815, with Napoleon's conquests at an end, Europe's major powers, acting at the Congress of , re- Ole Bull established and redrew the political boundaries of State Historical Society of Wisconsin the continent. In the midst of these events a sensea number of kindred spirits, he planned the of national identity was growing. theater for the staging of native drama and music Among its acts, the Congress confirmed theand for the encouragement of Norwegian art. claim of the royal house of Sweden to sovereignty Bull's dream was ultimately disappointed, for over Norway. Bull was a patriot and he deplored within two years the theater closed. From it, the Swedes' refusal to recognize Norway's in- however, emerged a playwright who was destined dependence, and responded to it by joining artists to achieve lasting fame, Henrik Ibsen, whom Bull and writers in the "Young Norway" movement. had selected as a writer and stage manager. It has Their purpose was to revive the culture of their beensurmisedthatIbsen'smostfamous people 'Ind free it from the influence of both character, Peer Gynt, was created with Ole Bull as Sweden and Denmark. Moreover, convinced that the model, for the characteristics of the two show cultural independence could not flourish until a striking resemblance. As for music, Bull was not politicalseparationhad beenachieved,the only a performer, he was also a composer, and youthful musician and his friends staged frequentamong his works were several that expressed his demonstrations against the Swedish authorities. great love of Norway. Ole Bull's ambition to revitalize Norwegian arts The violinist was also an admirer of the United led him to the founding in 1849 of the NationalStates and of its institutions. He had made a Theater at Bergen, the town of his birth. Aided bytriumphant tour of this country from 1843 to

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 14 55 1845, and had been enthusiastically acclaimed In 1852 he returned to America. He had dreamt wherever he played. James Gordon Bennett wasofestablishinga home inAmerica where an adm3rer, using his newspaper, theNew YorkNorwegians, accusta. 'Jd to a meager living from Herald,to review with uncritical praise the geniusan unyielding soil, could prosper. After giving of "the prince of violinists." Describing the effectperformances in New York and Montreal, hecon- of his first performance, the Herald exulted: "Attacted a friend, John Hopper, who introduced the close of some of his wonderful cadences, thehim to John F. Cowan, a businessman from very musicians in the orchestra flung down theirWilliamsport,Pennsylvania. Cowan informed instruments and stamped and applauded likehim of a large tract of land which he owned, hav- madmen." A few critics believed it was Bull'sing a *.opography reminiscent of Bull's homeland pyrotechnic style and dramatic manner that -and situated along Kettle Creek near the southeast tivated the musically uninitiated, rather than hiscorner of Potter County, the heart of the so-called musical accomplishment. Black Forest. On May 24, 1853 (the year following Bull's admiration for his American audiencesthat of the first settlement), John F. Cowan and was as ardent as theirs for him. His itinerary in-his wife, Rosetta, deeded to Ole Bull elevenwar- cluded many of the towns and villages of therants of land in Potter County for $10,388. The eastern United States as well as visits to Canadadeed also defined three "-eservations," which due and Cuba. Everywhere he went he was warmlyto the restrictions they imposed on the new col- received, his sentimental nature responsive to theony, were to lead to its demise. The reservations easy-going and democratic, if sometimes rough,withheld 658 acres from the sale, thereby reserving manner of his New World admirers. The tour in-much of the tillable land to the original owners, a spired his musical compositions "Niagara" andfact that Bull would not realize until later. The "Prairie Solitude," and the stay of several yearsland area included in the deed was 11,144acres. produced an affection for America second only to The area of this vast acreage was for the most the love which he had for his native Norway. part unsettled. Huge stands of virgin timbr,,

,I.

State Historical Society of Wisconsin This last surviving of the houses erected by settlers in Ole Bull's colony stood uatil very early in the twentieth century at the site of the settlement of New Bergen.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLETNo. 14 53 Norwegian Society for the Protection of Ancient Monuments Mick Villeminot, first wife of Ole Bull, with their children (leftto right) Alexander, Mick, Lucie and Thorvald.

predominancy hemlock, covered the mountains.and all. This practice was too time-consuming and The only transportation system in the area was aproved to be, like the colony itself, a mistake. stage _me that traveled between Coudersport and In June, 1853, the New York Tribune carried a JerseyShore overtheJerseyShore andstory concerning a July 4 celebration to be held at Coudersport Turnpike (Route 44). There had beenOle Bull's colony. According to the story, Bull some scattered lumbering of pine, but the lumber-planned and established four communities within ing boom was to develop after the colony'shis colony. One of these communities was New demise. Bergen, at Carter Camp, twenty-four miles from The settlement beg_ n September 7, 1852, when,Coudersport and eight miles from Cherry Springs. as reported by the People's Journal of Couders-Another was Oleana, which the musician named port, "thirty stalwart sons of Norway" arrived infor himself and for his mother, and which was Coudersport en route to Ole Bull's new Norway.located six miles south of New Bergen. One was On the seventeenth of the month, 105 more col-New Norway, one mile south of Oleana; at this onists stopped overnight on their journey to thesite sixteen to twenty log cabins and a schoolhouse settlement. The founder, who was to swearhad been erected. Finally, a short distance from allegiance to the United States in October, gave aNew Norway was Valhalla, near which was the speech concerning the new colony and its hopes.high point or shelf of mountain that Bull called He declared, "We are founding a New Norway"Nordjenskald," which provided the location for consecrated to liberty, baptized with independencehis "castle." In Norse mythology Valhalla, or and protected by the Union's mighty flag." BothRoyal Hall, was the place of Odin, the god of the colonists and the people of the countypoetry, who received military heroes after they predicted a bright future for the colony and forwere slain in battle. the county. Most felt that because of Ole Bull's The "castle" was described by a reporter from enterprise the whole area would prosper. the People's Journal as "a two-story framed cot- Trees at the colony site were cleared, not bytage, thirty-six by twenty feet. From it we had a chopping but by the practice of "grubbing," aview of all surrounding country and this seems to procedure by which the trees were removed roots have been the object of its being built in that situa-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 14 3 vl

Lion. A beautiful avenue leads to it through the forest and the visitor does not see it until he is beside it." In 1853, with his castle uncompleted, Bull realized that his funds would soon be exhausted. Bull had given financial assistance to many of the Norwegians who came to make their homes in his colony, and it was time for him to go on tour again to earn more money. While away he repeatedly sent money to help the settlers in their struggle to survive. C ,ly now did he realize that the reservations in the deed left him and the other colonists little but the steep hillside woodland. Much of the land that the colonists had improved -,. turned out to be within the tract that the former owner had reserved for himself. Bull eventually despaired of the venture, and soon thereafter he sold back his holdings to John F. Cowan for the price that he had originally paid. Bull continued to help the few colonists who remained, but after a hard winter, most who were left moved to Min- nesota and Wisconsin. Ole Bull's "castle" was to meet as untimely an end as had the colony. It was sold at public sale to Slate Historical Society of Wisconsin Dr. Edward Joerg, a Gentian whom Ole Bull hadSara Thorp Bull in Cambridge, , persuaded to relinquish a medical practice in Il-where she made her home for many years. Her linois so that he could come to live in the colony.brother Joseph was married to a daughter of the Dr. Joerg used the remains of the uncompletedpoet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, a resident of castle to construct a home for himself, which heCambridge. built on the eastern side of Kettle Creek south of the castle site. Dr. Joerg's home was called "Theor island of light, a 650-acre island on the North State House." It remained until 1923, when a fireSea, from which Sara and he made periodic visits reduced it to a gutted frame. It is on this site andto the United States. Along the path to the castle foundation that the Commonwealth of Penn-site in Ole Bull State Park is Lyso Spring, a sylvaniaconstructedtheforestforeman'sbeautiful spring which is now covered. residence in 1929. The house is still in use. Bull died of cancer in 1880, and was buried with By 1857 Bull had returned to Norway, disillu-great ceremony in his hometown, Bergen. His col- sioned by the failure of his colony. The next tenony was long past, the lumber industry was on the years of his life he would t send close to his homeverge of a boom, and soon all that would remain in Bergen. In 1836 he had married a French-or remind one of Ole Bull's shattered dream, New woman, Fe licie Villeminot, who bore him fiveNorway, would be the few colonists who had children and who died in 1862. During a trip tochosen to stay, the colony's cemetery, and Ole America in 1869, he met Sara Thorp, of Madison,Bull State Park (established in 1920), which con- Wisconsin, who became his second wife and thetains the site of the "castle" and 117 acres that are mother of a daugn.er. In 1872, Bull returned toa haven for the outdoorsman and the lover of Norway to his final home on the Island of Lysoen,nature.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Histurmal and Museum Cummissiun, Harrisburg, 1988. Revssed eduson. Text by Norman B. Wilkinson, Robert K. Currin and Patrick A. Kennedy; edited by Harold I.. Myers.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 14 50 and Pennsylvania

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY of PennsylvaniaFrom an original painting attributea to John Wollaston on January 15, 1765, took time off from its Courtesy of Mrs. George A. Robbins. quarrels with Governor and Proprietary, and forgot its usual distrust for things military, to vote an unan-who served in America in colonial days, none seems imous expression of grateful appreciation to a pro-to have made a better impression upon hiF con- fessional soldier, Henry Bouquet. They declaredtemporaries nor to have gained greater esteem that his services in the French and Indian War andthan did Henry Bouquet, who became a British the Pontiac War, defeating the n.nemy, rescuingsubject only by naturalization in Pennsylvania and. prisoners from Indian captivity, and preparing theMaryland. way for peace, deserved "the grateful Tribute of Henry Bouquet was born in 1719 to a respected Thanks from all good Men." and long-established family of Rolle in the Pays de That Henry Bouquet had become a militaryVaud, Switzerland. His grandfather Pierre Bouquet hero to Pennsylvanians is one of history's ironies.was a town official of Rolle, and proprietor and This Swiss soldier of fortune, upon his first arri-host of the Hotel de la Tete Noire, a hostelry val in' Philadelphia in 1756, had written, "I detestwhich had belonged to the Bouquet family for a this cursed city," and had declared that Pennsyl-long time. lnnkt...ipers had a respected position in vanians were "the most detestable creatures everSwiss towns, and the Bouquets were linked by produced by Nature, even the more odious for allmarriage with the leading families of the region. that Corruption can add." His angry first impres-When Henry was born to Isaac and Madeleine sion of a weak government and insolent people, isRolaz Bouquet, it was not to a humble family, but easy to explain, for a fanner had lashed at himto one of aristocratic connections. His mother was with a whip as he rode into the cit). This was theof the same noble family as the mother of Albert third such incident in which the common peopleGallatin, another Swiss wh,became famous in of the Quaker province showed their active dislikePennsylvania. ..nd disrespect for anything associated with war, Like many a Swiss youth in his day, he early which many of them had crossed the ocean tobegan a military career, enlisting at the age of avoid. Nothing in the background of this Swissseventeen in one of the professional regiments soldier equipped him to understand such unheard-which were hired by various European powers. of conduct. But he did learn to get along withThus he served the Dutch Republic and later the Pennsylvanians. Of all the British commandersKing of Sardinia, under whom he won distinction

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 15 1 50 as first lieutenant and adjutant during the War ofAmerican detachment to Charleston, South Caro- the Austrian Succession. The interesting letterslina, where he strengthaned and improved the which Bouquet wrote about his campaignscame todefenses of the southern co!ony. In 1758, however, the attention of the Prince of Orange, head of thehe was recalled to Pennsylvania. The plans of Dutch Republic, and led him to engage theyoung William Pitt and the British government had officer in his Swiss Guards as captain commandingbegun to take shape for an expedition to capture with the rank of lieutenant colonel. At the Hague,French at the forks of the Ohio, the Dutch capital, Bouquet utilized his free timethe site of modern Pittsburgh. The Swiss military for a thorough study of military science, mathe-expert was made second in command under Brig- matics, and other branches of learning. His circleadier General John Forbes in this campaign to of intimate friends included the famous philologistdrive the French from western Pennsylvania and Tiberius Hemsterhuis and the noted naturalist andthe . physicist Jean Allamand. The cultured atmosphere General Forbes, however, was a sick man, suf- of eighteenth-century Holland prepared him tofering from a fatal illness which was to end his find a congenial place in the intellectual and sociallife a few months after his victorious campaign. life of the Philadelphia of Benjamin Franklin,Most of the actual supervision and attention to William Smith, John Bartram, the Willings, anddetails in organizing and carrying on the campaign the Aliens. devolved on Bouquet, and no small part of its A scheme for the organization of a Royal Ameri-success was due to his executive ability, his care in can Regiment to fight in the French and Indiantraining the men, and his patient but firm hand- War brought Henry Bouquet to America. In 1-3ling of the supply services. With inexperienced and 1754 the French had occupied western Penn- provincial officers and soldiers unaccustomed to sylvania, and in 1755 they had defeated the Britishmilitary regulations, with teamsters and farmers army of General Edward Braddock in its attemptresentful of any effort to make them help the to drive them out. The British government tookgovernment even in their own defense, he yet steps to increase its forces in America and especially managed to form and supply an effective striking to make effective use of manpower in the middleforce. Through a wildernesscrossedonly by colonies. Accordingly, they planned to engageIndian paths, Bot.quet directed the building of the trained officer in Europe who would recruit andgreat over the . command Ger nan-speaking soldiers in the colonies.Along this line o: communications from Carlisle Among the officers thus engaged were Henryto the Ohio, he supervised the construction of a Bouquet and his friend Frederick Haldimand, whochain of forts. There were temporary alarms and it is saidwere among the first to ')e considered.setbacks. On September 14, 1758, a detachment They had hesitated, but were persuaded to acceptunder Major James Grant, which had been sent commissions as lieutenant colonels, each tocom-to reconnoiter near Fort Duquesne, was drawn mand a battalion of the new regiment. intobattle and disastrouslydefeated; and on Bouquet came to America in the spring of 1756October 12 the French attacked , but and had much success in recruiting men amongwere driven off after two hours of fighting. Careful the German settlers of Pennsylvania and Maryland,preparations, nevertheless, built up a British force so that the Royal American Regiment became inso overwhelming that when it made a final dash large part a Pennsylvania German regiment. Whentoward Fort Duquesne, the French abandoned and he marched into Philadelphia on December 10,burned their stronghold. British advance troops 1756, with 547 men and officers to be quarteredoccupied the ruined fort on November 24, 1758, there, he had much difficulty in finding shelter forand, two days later, General Forbes renamed it them, and he longed to: the arrival of a superiorPittsburgh in honor of the great British statesman. officer to relieve him "of political matters and of After the successful campaign, Colonel Bouquet any business with the civil authorities." But hehad the problem of digging in, fortifying, bringing was to find that the problems were not insur-supplies, and expanding the foothold on the Ohio mountable, and he must have handled matterscountry. In the summer of 1759 the French aban- much more tactfully than his irate letters woulddon& their forts in northwestern Pennsylvania, suggest, for good relations were maintained be-and in July, 1760, Bouquet led an army of five tween the military and civil authorities. hundred men northward to build new British forts In 1757 Colonel Bouquet was sent with a Royalat Presque Isle (now Erie) and Le Boeuf (now

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 15 60 .41.111111, t.."4.,..,. itt: 9.- 6,z_. 7,.tv...... :..1:1.-. V.-43.....3.-""4.: .2,...."''.1...-t-t _di,tP.,,s, ...s.... * .1"."*t-I'"?" .15';4"t:-.4.-:4..;:::::::..1.-4-"`..s.s..- E. -1', . t. .3".. AI-. jAL. .. - 4 V.g::'.. Ii....*L.: _..2. 14..,s,..., :-...:4:.:- -I1---t"4.: 3.-. -....-.a, :i 'A..4 ...... ''..t.--....41,14 .1... t -5, ,...... , .... gib , 4,4 ...::. .,-- , ev, , ...... -,:::4 i? 7.,-,.5 - . . ;;!...t. la ? sc., ,:s1..:- ; -N el.: Azally,911. .1,-- is-. Si..evii":35 "*..U. S...::, I...... V. It.- a ',tilt V3 is.4---1. t .}..J..;-,11...... - ,1.r.- -e-, 2. s Ay, al .4-

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1- 4- a.- '" 'ts. -444-- . L-14. - :Xi-- - .i-AM-:44.."4..t - `.. - L 1 ":. mot. t e s at . . Brett- i.14.5.!!! ..4.1""" Planof the Battle near Bushy Run, byThomas Hutchins. Ile hollow oval (7) represents the "Flourbag fort" where the wounded were protected; theother ovals (5, 6) were the cattle and horses; and the rectangles mark the positions of the troops. X marks thespot from which the Indians attacked.

Waterford), whilea,smaller detachment underthis little army was attacked and surrounded by a Major Robert Stewart built at pres-much large force of Indian. on August 5 and 6. ent Franklin. Bouquet returned to in In a two-day battle Bouquet showed his superior November, with his reputation enhanced by thisunderstanding of the methods of wilderness war- successful expedition. fare. Nis letter reporting the battle have a strong The defeat of France did not end Britain'shint that he realized the similarity between his problems in America. Since the conquest of Can-situation .-nd what Julius Caesar Often faced with ada and the Ohio country, the Indians had beenthe Gauls, eighteen centuries earlier. On the sec- growing more and more restive. In the spring ofond day of the battle, he pretended to have his 1763 they broke the peace and attacked all themen retreat, thus leading the Indians to break posts in the western country in what was calledcover, and thereby inflicted a severe defeat. His the Pontiac War, from the name of the Ottawaphrases describing this action seem to echo the chief who besieged Detroit. Fort Pitt, FcNiagara,great Roman soldier: and Detroit held out, but all the smaller posts The Barbarians mistaking these motions for a between them were wiped out by the end of June. retreat hurried headlong on, and Advancing Fort Pitt was cut uff from communication with upon us with the most Daring Intrepidity the East, even though the posts along the Forbes galled us Excessively with their heavy Fire, Road held fast. Even around Carlisle, settlers were but at the very moment that certain of Suc- attacked by prowling of Indians. cess they thought themselves Masters of the As higher ranking officers had been withdrawn Camp, Major Campbell at the head of the from Pennsylvania after 1761, Sir Jeffery Amherst, two first Companies Sallied out from a part the British commander in chief, ordered Colonel of the Hill they could not observe and fell Bouquet to gather all available British and pro- upon their right Flank, they re ,olutely return'd vincial troops and go to the rescue of Fort Pitt. the fire, but could not stand the Irresistible Bouquet set out from Carlisle in July with a force Shock of our men, who rushing in among of some nine hundred men and hastened along the them Killed Many o; them, and put the rest Forbes Road, encumbered by many packhorses to Flight .... carrying supplies. Near Bushy Run, a few miles The victory at Bushy Run effectively raised the nol th of present Jeannette, Westmoreland County, and gave the first check to the

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 15 61 Indian uprising. Letters of congratulation poure contemporaries. Within less than a year his Mus- in upon Bouquet, while he waited to see if thekingum campaign reached the pages of history, for Indians would accep: -.e consequences of defeatWilliam Smith, Provost of the College of Phila- and make peace. Meanwhile, he gathered suppliesdelphia, published his Historical Account of the and enlisted more men, and he had an additionalExpedition Against the Ohio Indians in l'hiladel- redoubt or blockhouse built at Fort Pitt. This struc-phia in 1765. The man who had once detested ture, .still known by his name, is today the onlyPennsylvanians had become a Pennsylvania hero, surviving building of that great fort and the focuswinning the thanks of the Assembly. And he could of the new Point Park in Pittsburgh. now reply gracefully to the members that nothing, On October 3, 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet setaside from the approbation of the King and his out on the last important campaign of his career,superiors, could give him greater'Pleasure than to invade the home villages of the Indians alongyour favourable Opinion." the River in Ohio. His large force was About the middle of April, 1765, news of his made up of British regulars and American fron-promotion to the rank of brigadier general arrived tiersmen, many of the latter having been willing to from London. The rule that no foreign-born volunteer and serve without pay on this expeditionperson might attain such rank had been relaxed in to crush the Indian menace in its very home. Thishis favor. But promotion carried with it new shows how well Bouquet had learned to manageresponsibilities. Garrisons in Florida, now within the independent folk of the back country. Thehis area of command, required regulation and army marched across country with a carefullyreorganization. He arrived there in August, caught planned line -sr march and with thorougl. pre-yellow fever, and died at Pensacola on September cautions against surprise attacks, and its move- 2, 1765, bringing his brilliant career to an untimely ment was swift and unimpeded. The troops en-end. camped near the forks of the Muskingum and Henry Bouquet was one of the major military Tuscarawas rivers and awaited the Indian reactionfigures of colonial Ame.ican history, and the first to their presence. This was not long in coming. On important professional soldier in Pennsylvania his- October 17 , Delaware, and Seneca dele- tory. His campaigns and his victory at Bushy Run gates arrived to sue for peace, for which Bouquetwere determining events in the historical develop- insisted on one mandatory requirement before any ment of the Ohio Valley. Had Bouquet not broken discussions could he opened : they must deliver up the Indian power at Bushy Run and on the Mus- all their white prisoners. His stern attitude brought kingum, the settlement of western Pennsylvania results. Hundreds of captivesmen, women, andwould have been delayed for many years, and the childrenwere brought in to the new camp heAmerican patriots of Revolutionary days would established farther down the Muskingum. Thenhave had no foothold beyond the mountains from the Colonel became more friendly and told the which to establish a claim to the western territories. Indians to send representativesto Sir William Such great things depended upon the energies and Johnson, the Indian superintendent, who hadabilities of this Swiss soldier in the employ of authority to make a final peace. Taking hostages Britain. With his brilliant generalship was com- as a guarantee of the Indians' good behavior, he bined a calm and competent steadiness in the returned to Fort Pitt. administration of all the details which pertain to the In a month and a half, by a show of force andfunctioning of an army. His unruffled demeanor ,y hard-headed bargaining, the redoubtable Swissin the face of reverses, his dignity and aristocratic soldier had finally reaped the results of his victory bearing, awakened in the minds of the men who at Bushy Run. In this campaign without a battle, served under him a respect and loyalty like that he gained more fame than in all his earlier cam- shown to George Washington in later days. paigns and so captured the imagination of his

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historit.al and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1961. Text by Donald H. Kent; edited by Dr. S. W. Higginbotham and Donald H. Kent. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy, in quantities of ten or more, the price is three cents each.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 15 62 FT. PI UHAULT

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64 4 +114DOWELL'3 PULL '0(=11.4=150 25 Miles --.------vvZIV)ss ..ArmsiroffityvRoute 1- FT. CUMBERLAND ARMSTRONG'S VICTORY AT KITTANNING

IN THE SPRING or 1756 the French and Indianselves, but the raids continued. Prisoners who 1 War became painfully real to Pennsylvaniansescaped their Indian captors reported that the living west of the Susquehanna. The first scat- war parties had their headquarters at Kittan- tere' Indian raids, in the fall of 1755, had beenning, a settlement of Delaware Indians who had interrupted by winter, but now were resumed inremoved from eastern Pennsylvania, and a place earnest. Incited and aided by the French enemy,known for thirty years to Pennsylvania traders recently established in western Pennsylvania,who dealt with these Indians. Now, it was said, Delaware and Shawnee Indians, under theirthis place( whose Delaware name means "at leaders, and , sweptthe great river") held more thana hundred down to burn, kill, and capture. white captives.

During the winter the Province had built The frontier attacks reached a climaxon and garrisoned four forts west of the Susque-July 30, 1756, when a force of Indians headed hanna: Fort George (Patterson's Fort), Fortby Captain Jacobs and supported by fifteen Granville, , and Fort Lyttelton.Frenchmen besieged and, having These were so widely spaced, however, thatget fire to the place and killed the lieutenant the Indians passed them by to attack the set-then in command, forced the garrison tosur- tlements behind the defense line. In spring addi-render. This destruction of a Provincial fort tional garrisons were placed at McDowell's Millcalled for revenge and also fora reorganization and at Carlisle, within the settlements them-of defenses for greater strength and betterpro-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 17 1 tection. The chief responsibility for these tasks Captain Jacobs and some others stood their lay upon Lieutenant Colonel John Armstrong,ground, however. Aided by a French officer, commander of the Second Battalion of the Penn-De Normanville, who had arrived the day be- sylvania Regiment, which garrisoned the fortsfore with a few men, the Indians rallied and west of the Susquehanna. Accordingly, with theresisted vigorously. Armstrong, Captain Mercer approval of Governor Robert Hunter Morris,(commander at Fort Shirley), and an ensign the officer drew up secret plans for an attackwere wounded, and several of their men were upon the Indians. Using information obtainedwounded or killed. The Indians had thepro- from John Baker, an escaped prisoner, he pre-tection of their log cabins; but Captain Jacobs' pared to march almost his entire battalion tohouse was set on fire, and he, his wife, and Kittanning. his son were shot down as they fled. Then Marching by various routes, 300 men ofother houses burned, and a store of powder Armstrong'ssixgarrisons assembled at Fortblew up. But the flanking party had been unable 31iirley, the most advanced of the forts; andto cut off the Indians' retreat, and enemy re- on Monday, August 30, the main body of troopsinforcements were seen crossing the river from ;et out from this place, preceded by an ad-Shingas' settlement on the west bank. Accord- vance party which they overtook at the Alle-ingly, after his men had taken fourteen scalps gheny Mountain on Friday, September 3. Theand recovered eleven white prisoners from the route they followed was the old one usedtown, Armstrong ordered his troops to retire. by the Indian traders, running across present Meantime, Lieuenant Hogg and his men Huntingdon, Blair, Cambria, Indiana, and Arm-had attacked the Indians at the campfire, only strong counties to the Allegheny River a littleto find themselves facing an equal number of below present Kittanning. By Monday, Septem-the enemy. The lieutenant and five of hismen ber 6, the expedition, still undiscovered by thewere killed, two others were wounded, and the Indians, reached a point in present Cambriarest escaped when the Indians became alarmed County about 50 miles from Kittanning. Fromby the noise of the attack at the town. Then, this place scouts went forward to reconnoiter.in the general retreat, Captain Mercer anda Upon their return, the next day, the troops storeddozen of his men, mostly former Indian traders, their supplies on scaffolds, and set out on an un-decided to take a different way home, fell in broken march, continuing into the night ofwith Hogg's beaten men, and became badly September 7, to Kittanning. scattered. Several miles southeast of Kittanning, Arm- ce main body of troops, with Armstrong, strong's scouts discovered a fire, with a fewretreated by the road they had come. Unen- Indians visible around it. Not daring to attackcumbered by their blankets, which they had this party for fear of alarming the town, Arm-left behind, they traveled rapidly andwere strong assigned Lieutenant James Hogg andunmolested by any pursuers. Fort Shirley had twelve men to watch these Indians and to at-been evacuated, its gates removed when the tack them at daybreak. The main body of troopsexpedition set out; so die returning troops made moved on through the darlmess. Not far awaytheir way to Fort Lyttelton, arriving thereon traditionally, at a place now called Blanket HillSunday, September 12. the men left their horses, blankets, and other Two days later, when Armstrong drew up baggage, and turned from the path to make ahis report to the Governor, he computed his detour through the woods. The setting moonlosses at 17 men killed, 13 wounded, and 19 lighted the head of the column to the river,(including Captain Mercer) missing. Also miss- within a quarter-mile of the lower end of theing were four of the eleven liberated prisoners. Indian town. Among the dead was John Baker, the former captive, Armstrong's "best assistant," who had Weary from a thirty-mile march, the soldiersvolunteered to guide the expedition. Of the slept briefly,untildaybreak. Then the lastmissing soldiers, three arrived at Fort Cumber- companies in the column, who had not yetland, Ma land, on September 17,one at Fort descended the steep hill east of the town, wereAugustapresent Sunbury) on the 19th, and ordered to march northward along this hill, tothe wounded Captain Mercer at tt Lyttelton outflank the main Indian settlement. Abouton September 22. One man, v turned back twenty minutes later, Armstrong ordered theat the Allegheny Mountain to get his lost coat, attack to begin. Led by their captains, thewas pursued and killed by Indians; and a man soldiers advanced into the !ower part of theand a woman of the escaped white prisoners town, from which many of the Indians fled. were taken by the Indians and tortured to death

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 17 at Kittanning. Armstrong thought that thirty or Nevertheless, Armstrong's attack was of :eal forty Indians had been killed, but the Indiansbenefit to Pennsylvania, not only through its themselves reported their losses as seven menbracing effect on the spirits of the settlers but and two women. The Indian account probablyalso through the setback it inflicted on the In- was nearer correct, though it apparently in- cluded only adults. dians, one out of all proportion to their actual losses. The Delawares abandoned their settle- The raid carried out by Armstrong's bat-ments at Kittanning, retiring from them to the talion was too expensive and risky to be re-shelter of the French forts and to less exposed peated, and even with the advantage of sur-towns on the Beaver River and farther west. prise the attackers probably suffered greaterShingas, for whose head large rewards had losses than the enemy. The Province attemptedbeen offered at Philadelphia and in Virginia, no more such attacks, but instead drew backhad escaped, but his Indian followers suffered from Fort George, Fort Granville, and Fortsuch loss of confidence in their own power and Shirley to a defense line running from Carlislein their French allies that the vigor and boldness to Fort Lyttelton. of their earlier attacks was thereafter iacking.

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Courtesy of Amprican Philosophical Society THE INDIAN SETTLEMENT AT KITTANNING This map, drawn by Armstrong, is part of his written proposal for the expedition. The west side of themap, with the river, is at the top. Based on John Baker's information, the map shows the Long House, "where the frolicks and War Dances are held," and the homes of the leading Indians: Shingas (across the river), Captain Jacobs and Shingas oldest br 'her, Pisquetim, and his other brothers, the Beaver and Hickman. Armstrong's men attacked from a point near the left edge of this map.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 17 3

3 On October_5 the Philadelphia City Councilreturned prisoners; and on January 5, 1757, the gave Armstrong a vote of thanks and set asidePhiladelphia Council sent him its present of 150 pounds for appropriate gifts to him andplate and medals. Years afterward, when John his officers. Rewards equal to those for ShingasArmstrong received a grant of land at Kittan- had been offered for Captain Jacobs. On Oc-ning, the name he gave the tract was both ap- tober 30 the Provincial Commissioners paidpropriate and deserved: "Victory." Armstrong 272 pounds for Indian scalps and

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Courtesy of Pennsylvania State Museum

THE KITTANNING MEDAL

Obverse, Philadelphia coat of arms: THE GIFT OF THE CORPORATIONOF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. Reverse, Attack on Kittanning. KITTANNING DESTROYED BY COL. ARMSTRONG.SEPTEMBER 8, 1756. (The portrayal of the attack is reversed, Armstrong'smen, advancing on the town from the south, actually had the river on their left.)

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historicaland Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1962. Text by William A. Hunter; anted by Lonaki H. Kent and ininam A. Homer. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five centsa copy; in quantities of ten or more, the price is three cents each.

4 HISTORIC FENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. L7

6 6' Benjamin Franklin

mlioucli most men devote their years to onesources, he arrived in Philadelphia in October, I principal vocation, Benjamin Franklin made1723, and was soon at work in the print shop of notable achievements in several careers. Men haveSamuel Keimer. Impressed by the youthful printer's described him as amazing, ingenious, universal writing talent, Pennsylvania's Governor Sir William a many-sided man whose inquiring mind turnedKeith promised to make him official printer of the with zest to the contemplation of his age and itscolony if he would establish his own business. people. Franklin journeyed to England to purchase presses His life nearly span- and type for his shop. ned his century.It epit- But support from the er- omized the ideals of the ratic governor was not Enlightenment human- forthcoming, and the dis- ist in approach, versatile appointedyoungman, in range, passionate for stranded in London, self - improvement, and worked for several print- practical in the uses of ers in that city before re. knowledge. During his turning to America. eighty-four years,from Back in Philadelphia 1706 to1790, he was heagainworkedfor printer, publisher, inven- Keimer. Then in 1730 he tor,scientist,educator, began his own print shop. colonial agent, politician, Shortly he took on the statesman, militia colonel, publication of the Penn- postmaster-general, diplo- sylvania Gazette, a paper mat, and peacemaker. In founded two years earlier allthese pursuits, in a by his former employer. century marked by far- Following thishe was reaching intellectual and made official printer to political changes, Frank- the colony.His reputa- lin achieved eminence as tion as a rustic philoso- "a great and wise man Courtesy Libruy Company of Philadelphia Benjamin Franklin, by David Martin, painted pher grewoutofthe moving through great and in 1766, copied by the nineteenth-century homely humor andin- troubling times." artist lames Reid Lambdi.). structive maxims that ap- Philadelphiaclaims peared in his Poor Rich- Franklin as its most illustrious son, even thoughard's illmanack, published annually for twenty-five he moved there from Boston, his birthplace, at the years.To hisreaders Franklin offered such age of seventeen.His education and trainingproverbial homilies as the following: consisted of two years of formal schooling, two Poverty wants some things,luxury many years as an apprentice to his father in the tallowthings, avarice all things. and soap business, and five years learning the Wealth is not his that has it, but his that printing trade with his older brother James. enjoys it. Disagreements with James persuaded Franklin Fish and visitors smell in three days. to leave Boston and find employment as a journey- Three may keep a secret if two of themare man printer in another port city.With slim re-dead.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 18

67 lie's a foot that makes his doctor his heir. them, and when sonic took to the warpathas Franklin enjoyed and stimulated good con-allies of the French in the 1750's, hewas one of versationamongcongenialassociatesin the. the conmOssioners charged with raising troops and "Tonto," a debating club he had organized whilebuilding fortifications along the frontier line of working for Keimer.He became an "up and the Blue Mountains.The first specific plan for coming" young man inpublicaffairs,busily uniting he colonies for mutual protection and im- engaged in promoting civic improvements. Largely proved government was For,. by Franklin at at his instigation Philadelphia's streets were paved, an intcrcolonial conference in Albany, Ncw York, cleaned, and better illuminated.Fire companies in 1754. were organized, a fire insurance company begun, The busiest people always find time to do the police system improved, and the first circulating more. Soit was with Franklin.Amid allhis library in the country established.His keen desire official chores, the cares of a growing family, and to further scientific knowledge led to the founding the good works he sponsored, his inquiring mind of the American Philosophical Society, today one constantly sought answers to the unk-wns of the of the world's most respected learned societies.natural world. InhisGazetktquestions -fere Franklin's talents as a promoter were uscd by his raised and observations made about thunderstorms, friend Dr. Thomas Bond in raising funds to build earthquakes, climatic changes, rock formations, and Philadelphia'sfirsthospital,thePennsylvania natural springs.His inventiveness in 1744 pro- Hospital.Through theGazetteand, as he con-duced the "Pennsylvania Fireplace," or Franklin fesses, by "political manoeuvers" and "sonic usestove, a comfortable improvement over the open of cunning," the Pennsylvania Assemhly and the fireplace.When failing eyesight handicapped him public were persuaded to contribute more than fortyyears later, he ingeniously devised bifocal the £4,000 (pounds) needed to finance the pro- lenses for his spectacles.And the first expedition ject. of Americans sent to explore the Arctic in search Franklin believed the schools of his time had of the Northwest Passage in 1753 was undertaken outlived their usefulness.Training ...orered mainly largely at Franklin's urging and w ith his aid. upon the classical languages, rhetoric, theology, The most prized possession of Philadelphia's philosophy, and physics.To his mind this was is the "electric tube" with v,hich too narrow a curriculum.His views advocatingFranklin conducted his experiments in thc mystify- a more practical education were printed inPro.ing phenomenon of electricity.He deduced prin- posals Relative to the Education of Youth in Pen.ciples basic to the understanding of such aspects silvania.His suggestions took root, and fromof electricityas positive and negative current, them blossomed the Academy for the Education conduction, and i_imidmisLi, He rigged up an of Youth, parent of first the College of Philadelphia electric battery, mid hetie .rated that lightning and !hen the University of Pennsylvania. was a form of electricity . his well-known kite The probing mind of Franklin was challenged and key experiment.Thi lastreinforced the bythc phenomena of nature fur shich there weretheories which had led him to the inv entiun of the no rational explanations.The many public trustslightning rod.These were mumentoLs findings he filled up to the time of the Revolution make oneand recei% ed a great deal of attention in America onder where he found the leisure to give to and Europe.He had become Doctor Franklin, scientific speculation and experimenting.From savant. 1736 to 1751 he was clerk of the Pennsylvania Anticipating advances in medicine, Franklin Assembly, and then a member of that body from urged the acceptance of smallpox inoculation; he 1751 to 1764.In the same period he was madediagnosed the causes of lead poisoning common deputy postmaster at Philadelphia, and then desig among printers, he advised cleanliness, exercise, natal a deputy postmaster general for all the colo. proper diet, and fresh air as the best treatment for flies from 1753 to 1774.He attended conferences colds; and he invented onn or more medical instru- with the Indians, printed the treaties made with ments.One of the earlier hooks printed un his

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLETNo. 18

6li press was entitled Every Man His Own Doctor, a Franklin became the elder statesman of the best seller. Revolution.Though now approaching seventy, he The dosing third of Franklin's life allowedsubmitted to the demands madeupon him with these even less opportunity to theorize and experimentwords, "I am but a fag end, andyou may have with his real love, science.From the 1760's tome for what you please."In the turbulent prepar- 1790 he was in the service of Pennsylvania and ation and first stages of the struggle, he became the new-born United States.Great Britain s House a member of the Continental Congress, was first postmaster-general, sketched a plan of union for the colonies, tried to persuade the Canadians to join the Americans, gave adviceon defenses, and considered proposals of peace.He was one of five men chosen to write the Declaration of In- dependence, though the compositionwas largely that of .Franklin gave wise counsel to agents sent abroad to obtainarms and assistance.Late in 1776 Congress sent him back across the Atlantic with Arthur Lee, this time to win France as an ally. Franklin, the universal man, simple in dress, modest in manner, benign, witty, and charming LI conversation, captured the affection of the French from the sophisticate of the salon to the peasant. Two earlier visits, his voluminous correspondence, and kindred concerns ir, science had already fash- ioned a circle of friends in Paris and other parts of La BelleFrance. Hiswritings,hisscientific achievements. his easy and unpretentious savoir faire made him the natural phi!, so-he the symbol of the . Patiently, effectively, he cultivated official and

Courtesy American Philosophical Society popular support for the American struggle for freedom. The alliance with France, without which Portrait of Deborah (Mrs. Benjamin) 'Franklin,our independence was in doubt, climaxed Franklin's a copy attributed to Benjamin Wilson (ca. 1759). labors in February, 1778.He remained at Passy, of Commons listened carefullyto his calm andnear Paris, handi:ng details of the alliance, but masterly opposition tothe Stamp Tax imposedalso finding time to enjoy the companionship of upon the colonists.As this and other causes ofsocial and intellectual luminaries and to %%riteon friction mounted between Mother Country and scientificsubjects.Itistothe shrewd "Poor America, he worked diligentlyto conciliate theRichard" that America is indebted for thevery o sides and to pre% ent disruption of the empire. favorable terms of the peace treaty ending the Franklin's perennial verve cropped up in a pricklingwar with England in September, 1783, the con- satire published in London entitled Rules by Which sequenceof twoyearsofintricatediplomatic a Great Empire May be Reduced to a Small One. negotiations. He remainedinEngland using his talentfor Upon his triumphal returntoPhiladelphia diplomacy and h:s influence to preserve the union, in1785 he became president of the Supreme but by the spring of 1775 he knew it was ofExecutive Council of Pennsylvania,an executive no avail.He was midway across the Atlanticbody which replaced the office of governor under when the shooting began at Lexington and Concord.the State constitution of 1776. When the Consti-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET sVo. 18 3

6D tutional Convention met in 1787 to create a new form of government for the United States, Franklin was one of the most active delegates urging a new constitution.The genial old philosopher was the balance wheel in this assembly of clashing opinion and self-interest.His was the unofficial role of adjuster and compromiser, the brake on violent tongue, the gentle conciliator of opposing views, and, with Washington, leader in the search for unity. This was Franklin's last great service to his country.Ill health had prevented him from attend- ing the convention regularly, and a number of his speeches had been delivered by James Wilson, another Pennsylvania delegate.Now past eighty, his once splendid physique was beset with the infirmities of age. His few remaining years were passed pleasantlyin the company of old friends who called at his home near Fourth and Courtesy Independence National Historical Park Market streets.Hours were spent at cards and Franklin built this home in Philadelphia a block cribbage, revising manuscripts, working on hisfrom the State House (now called Independence Autobiography, and maintaining the exchange ofHall) in 1766, then enlarged it on the left in 1786. letters begun early in life.Mind and pen wereNothing remains but remnants of the cellar, which free from senility to the very end. has been the object of az cheological investigation. Franklin departej upon "the long mysteriousThis sketch was based on available documentation. Exodus of death" on April 17, 1790. A mourning city followed his cortege to the burial ground ofWalk through the heart of the old city.Visit its Christ Church, where he was laid to rest beside hisfirst hospital, first learned society,itsfirst wife Deborah under a simple headstone. The manylibrary, ant' the site of its first college.Wander societies and institutions, civic, educational, schol- through the Independence Square neighborhood arly, and fraternal, that he had founded, presidedand bring to memory the events that gave birth over, and aided, paid him homage. City and Stateto the United States.These are the memorials to officials, legislators, and judges marched to thehis diligent toil and creative genius.Note the sound of muffled bells past the State House (Inde-name of Franklin on schools,street, parkway, pendence Hall), shrine of the liberty he had donebridge, fire company, hotel, club, and institute. so much toensure.Eulogies were offered inSuch are the tributes to this most versatileman who Congress and before the French National Assembly. "moved through his world in a humorous mastery Men of science of several continents took solemnof it."Memorials and tributes cast but faint re- note of the loss of a brilliant and penetrating mind. flection of one so endowed with inquiring mind, The presence of a warm and witty friend had gone creative talent, patient hLmility, practical wisdom, from the world of letters. capacity for friendship, and passion to improve "No other town," says Carl Von Doren, "bury-himself and his fellow men.Of the writing of ing its great man, ever buried more of itself thanbooks and articles about him there is no end, for Philadelphia with Franklin."Yet after a centuryBenjamin Franklin was a man beyond ordinary and a half he remains Philadelphia's first citizen.dimensions.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, PennsylvaniaHistoricaland Museum Commission,Harrisburg, 1970.Second edition.Text by Norman B. Wilk:ason; edited by Donald II. Kent and William A. Hunter. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets arc sold for five cents a copy, in quamnies of ten or more, the price is three cents each. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 18 SUM NOT \tit. o LITTLE CON U.111111114 VIADUCT

op4N Q 114 *toliti\ 4 -- A JOHNSTOWN *CNW,'MBRIA COUNTY °0th Fork LEGEND: ()Plane; ©Town Stream Railroad The Allegheny Portage Railroad Pr HE Allegheny Portage Railroad, which he-to ropes, or unhitched them to be drawn once gan its steep climb of Allegheny Mountainmore on a level by horses or steam locomotives. a little westwards of Hollidaysburg, an old townEvery one of the ten planes of the Portage four miles south of modern Altoona, and thenhummed with activity. There were woodor coal descended on the western slope to Johnstown,stations near at hand, with firemen to stokeen- was a great technological feat. It capped thegines, stationary or locomotive, and engineers joint endeavors of a number of versatile engi-to man either type. Water carriers were in con- neers serving under the Pennsylvania Board ofstant service. Car agents, often called E.zate Canal Commissioners. Both in conception andAgents, directed passengers and freight and col- execution it was a triumph of engineering. Inlected tolls. Their Superintendent, in his office operation, it was for nearly two full decades-thea t-the -Summit, -bore-responsibility -for-the -whole most efficient method of transporting ,he manu-railroad. Supervisors, with foremen and laborers, facturesofwesternPennsylvaniaeastwardssaw to the problems of maintenance. In the two across the mountain barrier, and in the oppositeState shops at Hollidaysburg and Johnstown, direction, the imports and products of Phila-blacksmiths, blowers and strikers, machinists, delphia to the warehouses and market places ofand finishers industriously forged or repaired, Pittsburgh. made or finished engine and track parts. This railroad was not a link in the great rail Early thought of a railroad across themoun- network that now binds all parts of our landtain to connect canals built to its east and west together, but rather a link in Pennsylvania'sfoothills had occurred to Postmaster John Blair waterways. Like the Columbia and Philadelphiaof Blair's Gap in the spring of 1824. Thatsum- Railroad it was a division on the Pennsylvaniamer and autumn three Canal Commissioners, Canal's Main Line, which ran from the greattwo years before the Commonwealth decided city on the Delaware to the great city at theto build the great canal, explored a route for it Forks of the Ohio. It connected the Juniataacross the southeastern counties of the State, up Division at HollidaysLnrg with the Westernthe Susquehanna River to the Juniata, along Division of the Canal at Johnstown. (Seethe Juniata to Allegheny Mountain, across that Historic Pennsylvania Leaflet No.1, "Thebarrier and onwards from it by way of the Cone- Pennsylvania Canals.") maugh, Kiskiminetas, and Alleghenyrivers It was operated at the expense of the peoplztowards Pittsburgh. In 1826 the General Assem- of Pennsylvania, and notably to their advan,age.bly voted to have the Pennsylvania Canal con- Every mile of its length between HoVidaysburgstructed, and during the next few years many and Johnstown was as busy as a beehive. On itssurveys were made of possible routes by which levels moved heavy -la'. n boxcars, diminutivethe mountain barrier might be surmounted passenger coaches, entire smaller canalboats, In December, 1828, when the building of the and sectionalized longercanalboats. On itsEastern, the Juniata, and the Western divisions planes, ropes drew up or let down coaches andwas already in progress under the supervision boats, all gliding on rollers set halfway betweenof the Canal Board, Moncure Robinson was the tracks. Hitchers busily hitched their burdensengaged to make a new survey of Allegheny

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 19 1 7 Mountain and to plan arailroad over theto shelter and support stationary engines and divide. But the Board, willing though theycable sheaves. were to accept Robinson's proposal offive Locomotive engines were ordered, but the planes on the east and five on the west slopesfirst one did not arrive until 1834 at the close of the mountain, did not approve his idea of aof the first season of operations. This was the mile-long tunnel; and in 1830 they engaged the"Boston," from the Mill Dam Foundry in Mass- famous Stephen Harriman Long to make fur-achusetts, which was brought by sea to Phila- ther explorations. delphia and then from that city by the Colum- The Robinson plan was adopted in1831, bia and In"ladelphia Railroad and the new with modifications by Colonel Long and MajorPennsylvania Canal to Johnstown. The second John Wilson, the South Carolina engineer whoand third locomotives, the "Delaware" and the surveyed and began the Columbia and Phila-"Allegheny," came the next year from New delphia Railroad. The first contracts were madeCastle, Delaware, only to find themselves quite in May. The Allegheny Portage was now tooutclassed by the "Boston," which was making have a thirty-six-mile route, ten planes with tenfour trips a day back and forth on the thirteen- stationary engines at their crests, a stone viaductmile level between Planes 1 and 2, east of Johns- across the Little Conemaugh, a 900-foot tunnel,town, a total distance of fifty-two miles at the a skew-arch bridge of two spans, other minorrate of ten miles an sour. The fourth, the bridges, and eleven levels.It would ascend"Pittsburgh," built by McClurg, Wade and 1,398 feet above the eastern basin of the canalCompany of Pittsburgh on the model of the at Hollidaysburg, or 1,171 feet above the west-"Bost ,n," came at the close of the 1835 season. ern basin at Johnstown. Hemp ropes three-and-a-half inches in diam- The railroad took three years to build undereter and 2,960 to 6,234 feet long were put into the general direction of President James Clarkeuse on the planes, drawing up or lowering of the *Canal Board- and the immediate super-burdens.at_angles.oLinclination_froin 3 degrees, intendency of Samuel jones. The engineer in60 mites on Plane No. 9 to 5 &grecs, 40 charge was Sylvester Welch, an expert who hadminutes on Plane No. 8. The aggregate length dune his early surveying along the Erie Canalof the great cables was 11 miles and 778 yards, in New York and had had further experienceand they weighed 118,649 pounds, some fifty- on the Union and Lehigh canalsin Penn-nine tons. sylvania. The Allegheny Portage went into full-length Forests of spruce and hemlock, oak, and whiteservicebut without locomotive enginesin the pine were cut through. Two oblique arches ofearly spring of 1834. As the ice and snow, which cut stone rose into a stout and beautiful bridgeblocked much of the mountain in February, crossing the Beaver Dam Branch of the Juni-melted into the thaws of March, craft began ata at Hollidaysburg. The lofty single span ofappearing on the Western Division canal basin stone over the Little Conemaugh rose to its fullin Johnstownon the 14th, the lire boar height of eighty feet in 1833, eight miles east of"Dewitt Clinton" laden with bacon, on the 15th, Johnstown. West of it and four miles nearer toa second boat, and on the next two days a that town, Staple Bend Tunnel was finished thenumber of scows bearing on their decks some same year with a sixteen-foot bore through solidthirty railroad cars. The official opening was on rock, facings of cut stone r.t its ends, and mostMarch 18; and traffic set in for a season which of its 900-foot lengai naturally arched. Like thelasted until winter forced the annual closing of viaduct, it challenged the admiration of the pub-the PennsylvaniaCanal from December to lic "for boldness of design and strength andMarch. For twent, years after that, the railroad and its planes continued in service. beauty of execution." But every year was a year of change: in one Tracks were laid on the ten planes and elevenyear, more stationary engines came from Penn- levels. Iron rails imported from England orsylvania foundries like Smith arm Minis, Sinton made by Pennsylvania forges were superimposed Rogers, Warden and Benney,or McClurg, on wooden sills laid on stone sleepers, earlyWade and Company; in another year more lo- predecessors of our modern embedded crossties.comotives, like the "Bush Hill" andGeorge Sheds were built with foundations of masonryWashington" built by William Norris of Phila. 2 HIST0,41C PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 19 1.t.; To John Dougherty, chief promoter of the Reliance Line, came an inspiration one day. He ::'-^W't e beheld Jesse Christman arriving from Lacka- wanna Creek on the North Branch Division, offering his boat for sale at the Hollidaysburg canal basin, and finding no purchaser. He learned that Christman wanted to get on west, he noted the fairly small size of the unsalable boat, and he suggested that the boat be hauled by railoverthePortage.CaptainChristman agreed, and boat, family, and all were drawn out of the basin, loaded on a truck, hauled up and lowered down on the planes, and finally slipped into the canal basin at Johnstown for fin, .oeti further towing on the Western Division. The scheme proved successful, and not tong after- )) wards John Dougherty invented a portable boat for similar handling. tie created the section boat, patented it, and by 1842 had the sanction of the Canal Board for the carriage of such craft, or paired parts of a craft, on the Portage. nt eV' Scenes at both Hollidaysburg and Johnstown changed. The spectacle of boats being dragged from the basins lowered back into them be- came common. Ropes of a new size came into use as old ones rotted and snapped at the boat inclines. Captain Thomas Young, owner of the most used boat incline at Johnstown, needed a stouter rope; John A. Roebling, German emi- grant, naturalized American, had been wanting to try out a scheme for making and using wire Or rope, and this was his chance to do it. Roebling set up a ropewalk on his Saxonburg, Butler County, farm. He bought wire from Pittsburgh, produced a 600-foot wire rope of an approxi- Plane No. S. mately one-inch diameter, and installedit at the Captain Young's Johnstown boat . delphia or the "Backwoodsman" and "Moun- That was a beginning, and out of it grew a taineer" manufactured by McClurg, Wade andgreater change. In the next eight years Roeb- Company. New tracks were laid until everyling's wire ropes of diameters from 11A to 15A level had a second track. New types of rail,inches and gigantic. lengths up to 6,400 feet edge-rail succeeding bar-rail, came intouse,went in ;.o use on all the planes of the Portage. fastened now by "chairs"to new types ofMost of the time they went into entirely suc- sleepers. New dimensions in cars came, newcessful use, supplanting hemp that decayed all models in boats and coaches, as forwarding com-ton early and broke all too often. But they were panies who owned most of them tried to adaptcostly. The:r weight often made it necessary to their modes of shipment to the facilities of therebuild foundations at stationary engine sheds. Portage and provide for greater comfort ofNor did they produce immediate acclaim for the passengers. As traffic throve, firms of forwardersengineer who later would command world-wide became numerous: the Line,theAmiration for the u.,e of wire rope in building Pennsylvania Packet Boat Company, the Unitedand designing suspension bridges at Pittsburgh, States Portable Boat Line, the Reliancc Port-Cincinnati, and Brooklyn. Roebling exemplified able Boat Line. his unique genius first on the Allegheny Portage

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 19 3 IL

rr

11 41

i ililifilh 0 i 1

1 II'UPI' 1 lummilliIIEl

The stat.snary engine house at the summit level, and the Lemon Inn, built by Samuel Lemon before 1830. Pas- sengers are coining out of this wayside tavern to take the train for Johnstown. in solving the difficult problems of its ropes. Main Line of its Public We'ks from Philadel- But those were problems on planes, andphia to Pittsburgh, including the Old and the planes were but a passing device in railwayNew Portage; and service on both of these was history. In 1839-1840 the State of Pennsylvaniafinally abandoned. had engineers study new routes for getting a The Old Portage Railroad cost the Common- great railroad over Allegheny Mountain with-wealth 4)1,828,461.38; the New Portage cost it out the us(: of planes, and in the early 1850's$2,143,335.49. Together by the end of 1853 they the State spent vast sums on the erection of ahad produced for it a revenue of $3,502,407.84, New Portage which would eliminate them. Butnot quite seven-eighths of the total investment. the New Portage was not finished before theThey have never been regarded as enriching incorporated Pennsylvania Railroad Companythe State's coffers. But it is neither pleasant nor completed its route across the mountain inwise to count only material cost or gain to an 1854. The era of modern railroad building hadofficial treasury. The Allegheny Portage Rail- come everywl, ere in tilt United States, and newroad connected East and West for twenty years facilities were superseding earlier ones. Theof prosperity, bringing great wealth in trade Commonwealth found itself tuvble to competeand manufacture to the people, and contrib- successfully with these chartered companies. Inuting its full share to the economic development 1857 it sold to the Pennsylvania Railrr-d theof the Commonwealth.

Published L. the Commonwealth of PennsvIvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1974. 1 exi by Dr. Hubert's Cummings, sketches by Julia Smith NIalillan, editedbyDrs. S. W. Higginbotham and Donald 11. Kent.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. '19

7 etraiti;s%

Ij* Abraham Lincoln and Pennsylvania

RISING to his feet near the close of a long pro-Pennsylvania. An effort to identify them with the gram featuring a two-hour address by Zd-New-England family of the same name ended in ward Everett, Abraham Lincoln spoke "anothing more definite, than a similarity of Christian few appropriate remarks" at ceremonies dedicatingnames in both families, such as Enoch, Levi. the national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and the like." on November 19, 1863. Thus inconspicuously did Later research har. established the New England -Pennsylvania, -which- had-been the birthplace ofconnections which Lincoln was unable to make. the Declaration of Independence and the Con-Mordecai Lincoln,hisgreat-great-grandfather, stitution, furnish the stage for the third of ourcame to Pennsylvania with his brother Abraham nation's three greatest documents. in 1720. Sons of Mordecai Lincoln of Scituate, It is through the Gettysburg Address that Lin-Massachusetts, the two brothers had come to coln is most closely associated with Pennsylvania,New Jersey before 1714 and settled at or near but there are a number of other ways in whichMiddletown.Here Mordecai was married to the great Civil War President had close ties Iv ithHannah Salter of Freehold. When he moved to the Commonwealth founded by William Penn. Pennsylvania in 1720, he settled in Chester County, Like hundreds of thosands of his fellow citizensbecoming a partner of Samuel Nutt, Sr., and of the middle western states, Lincoln's ancestorsWilliam Bransom ;n the operation of Coventry had lived in Pennsylvania, had moved southwardForge on French Creek, one of the earliest iron through the Great Valley into Virginia, had passedenterprises in Pennsylvania. He sold his interest through into Kentucky, andin the forge for five hundred pounds in 1726, and then had moved across the into theafter a brief return to New Jersey took up residence Old Northwest.His people were a part of thein Amity (now Exeter) Township in present Berks tide of settlement which pushed the frontier west-County as early as 1728. ward, redeeming the land from the forest and His first wife hay ing died about 1727, he was building the new states of the Ohio and Mississippimarried in 1729 to Mary Robeson and in the same valleys. year leased a thousand-acre farm in present Exeter Lincoln's knowledge of his Pennsylvania ances-Township, which he later bought. On t;.;s tract, try was exceedingly vague. In a brief biographicalnot far from Birdsboro, stands a one-and-a-half- sketch prepared for Jesse Fell in December, 1859,stui y stone structure, comprising two sections built he wrote: "My paternal grandfather, Abrahamat different times. According to 1oral tradition, Lincoln, emigrated from Rockingham County,the older portion was built by Mordecai Lincoln Virginia, to ...... ntucky, about 1781 or where ain 1733, but documentary proof of ,h;s tradition is year or two later he was killed by Indians, not inlacking. Curiously enough, the Mordecai Lincoln battle, but by stealth.... His ancestors, who werefarm in Pennsylv ania lies only four miles from the , went to Virginia from Berks County,Daniel Buone Homestead, from whence Daniel and

HISTORIC PFNNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 20 1 Abraham, who came with him to Pennsylvania in 11111/ 1720, so that President Lincoln had many distant t pagormak cousins living in the Commonwealth when he ./ occupied the White House. Direct association between Pennsylvania and Lincoln began after he became a prominent figure in the new Republican party, which was organized on a national basis at Pittsburgh on February 22, 1856.This party was the direct rest 'of the quarrels between the North and South ,;r the question of the extension of slavery into the new territory acquired as a result of the Mexican War. In its earliest form, the dispute centered about an amendment offered by Congressman David Wil- mot of Towanda, Pennsylvania, on August 8, 1846, to an appropriation bill to provide funds for nego- The Lincoln Homestead in Berks Couny tiations to end the war with Mexico. This specifically barred slavery from lands ac- quired from Mexico. Curiously enough, Abraham his father Squire migrated to North Carolina inLincoln was a Whig Lungressman from Illinois at 1750. this time, and he later wrote that he must have Relations between these two famous Pennsyl-voted for the Wilmot Proviso at least forty times vania families must have been close since bothduring his term. took an active part in public affairs; Mordecai As the dispute over slavery grew more bitter, Lincoln serving as a commissioner for defenseAbraham Lincoln came to national prominence as against the Indians in 1728, as a justice of thea Republican candidate for United States Senator peace, and as an inspector of roads. Abrahamfrom Illinois through his famous debates with Lincoln, youngest son of Mordecai and MaryStephen A. Douglas in 1858.Lincoln lost the (Robeson) Lincoln, married Anne Boone, firstsenatorial election, but his strenuous opposition cousin of Daniel Boone. This marriage, inciden-to the further extension of slavery into the terri- tally, provides proof that the Pennsylvania Lincolnstories and his creditable showing against Douglas, were not Quarsers, since the Exeter Friends Meet-the leading contender for the Democratic presi- ing censured Anne Boon:, a Quaker, for marryingdent;al nomination in 1860, made him a national "out of meeting." This Abraham Lincoln wasfigure and a possible Republican candidate for born after his father's death in 1736. the presidency. Mordecai Lincoln'soldest son John, great - To the strongly antislavery Quakers of south- grandfather of President Lincoln, was born ineastern Pennsylvania he seemed a particularly New Jersey in 1716.He learned the weaver'ssuitable candidate; and it was this fact which led trade and in 1743 married Rebecca Flowers MorrisJoseph J. Lewis, publisher of the Chester County of Caernarvon Township, Lancaster County. HeTimes at West Chester, to print in the newspaper bought se. oral tracts of land in Lancaster andon February 11, 1860, the first published biog- Berks counties, but in 1765 he sold his holdings in.raphy of Abraham Lincoln. Based upon the short Pennsylvania and movedtothe Shenandoahsketch which Lincoln had prepared for Jesse Fell Valley of Virginia, settling a few miles north ofin 1859, it was about six times as long as the present Harrisonburg in what is now Rockinghamoriginal and was rewritten by Lewis to appeal County. His son Abraham, grandfather of Presi-particularlyto Pennsylvania voters, who were dent Lincoln, was born in Pennsylvania in 1744favorable to a high tariff to protect their manu- and emigrated to Virginia and later to Kentuckyfactured products from foreign competition. as described in the quotation from Lincoln above. As the presidential election year of 1860 came With the migration of John Lincoln to Virginia.closer, United States Senator Simon Cameron Pennsylvania's association with President Lincoln'.obtained control of the Pennsylvania delegation to direct forebears ceased. Others of Mordecai Lin-the Republican national convention in Chicago. coln's children remained as did those of his brotherMany of the delegates were unsympa aeticto

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 20

7b Cameron and tended to follow the lead of Andrewfor Philadelphia. In order to prevent any mishaps, Gregg Curtin and . On the firstthe telegraph lines out of Harrisburg were cut, ballotintheconvention,Pennsy I% aniaga% e and special guards were stationed at key points Cameron 473votes and Lincoln only 4. Since italong the route. At West Philadelphia he left the was obvious that Cameron could not be nomin-train and transferred to the Philadelphia, Wil- ated, there was considerable maneuvering beforemington, and Baltimore Railroad. He reached the second ballot and a pron.:se by David Baltimore about 3.30 A.M., where the cars of his one of Lincoln's Illinois friends, that Camerontrain were pulled by horses from the President should receive a position in Lincoln's cabinet if heStreet Stationtothe Camden Station of the were elected. On the second ballot, l.,.nnsykaniaBaltimore and Ohio. He journeyed on safely to gave 48 votes to Lincoln, and this, in the opinionWashington, arriving about sunrise. of Professor Reinhard H. Luthin, "did more than In the war years which ,J1lowed, Governor any single thing to tip the scales in favor of Li ncol n.Curtin and the people of Pennsylvania were pillars He was nominated on the third ballot.In theof strength for the Union cause. The Common- election that fall, Pennsylvania gave its 27 electoralwealth furnished troops to fight in both the east votes to Lincoln and pro% ided him with a popularand the west. and its farms, factories, and mines ote of 268,030 to 208,412 for all his opponents. supplied the fuod, clothing, and munitions so following the election the nation was plungedessential to v ictory.Of almost equal importance into the secession crisis, which became even morewas the moral support given to Lincoln's adminis- serious in February, 1861, with the formation oftration w hen war weariness and political disputes the Confederate States of America. About thewere weakening the Union effort.This was same time Lincoln left Illinois on a long circuitousstrikingly demonstrated in the famous Altoona journey to Washington for his inauguration onConference in September, 1862. March 4. Stopping at Pittsburgh on February 15, Under the laws then existing, the federal gov- he made a speech emphasizing his approval of aernment was dependent upon the states for supply- protective tariff and assuring the people that theing the troops needed by the armies. Many of existing crisis of secession was an "artificial- onethe governors, par,icularly in New England, were which would pass if people would keep their self-..ominced that Lincoln was not doing enough possession.Going on to Ohio, New York, andtoward emancipation of the slaves, and they were New Jersey, he re-entered Pennsylvania on Feb-likewise displeased with certain military leaders, ruary 21, and early the next morning participatedparticularly General George B. McClellan, com- in flag-raising ceremonies at Independence Hall inmander of the Army of the Potomac. Some of Philadelphia to celebrate Washington's Birthday.them even hinted tha, further troops for the armies Returning to his hotel for breakf st, Lincoln then boarded a train for Harrisburg. The night before in Philadeiphia, he had been informed that a plot had been formed to assassinate him on the morning of February 23, either by derailing his train from Harrisburg to Baltimore and killing its occupants or by attacking his car- riage as it went from one railroad station to another in Baltimore. Lincoln insisted on carrying out his trip to Harrisburg, but agreed to special arrange- ments to upset the plot. Arriving in Harrisburg about 1:30 P.M. on February 22, he made brief responses to addresses of welcome by Governor Curtin at the Jones House and by the speakers of the two houses of the legis- lature at the Capitol. After a busy day of receiving the public and meeting many p, ople, Lincoln made quiet preparations for departure.About 6:00 P.M. he was driven from the hotel to the The Gettysburg Address- Memorial at Gettysburg station, where he secretly boarded a special train National Military Park

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 20 3

7 ',I would not be supplied unless their wishes regardingearnest words which have deservedly become the slavery were agreed to.In the summer of 1862,classic expression of American idealism for all time. Governor Curtin aided Lincoln by persuadingIn them, Lincoln and Pennsylvania became forever other governors to join him in an appeal requestingunited. No visitor to Gettysburg can ever forget Lincoln to issue a call for more troops. the majestic simplicity of the stirring words uttered There was stilldanger, however, thatthethere in the autumn afternoon of 1863: "Radical" governors would meet and adoptreso- lutions unfriendly to Lincoln'.; policies.Curtin, Four score and seven years ago our fathers after consulting with Lincoln, issueda call for a brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conference of governors at Altoona "to takemeas- conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the ures for the more active support of the govern- proposition that all men are created equal. ment." The conference was held September 24-26, Now we are engaged in a great civil war, 1862, as planned and was attended bymany of testing whether that nation, or any nation so the Radical governors.Aided by Lincoln's is- conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. suance of the Preliminary Emancipation Proclama- We are met on a great battlefield of that war. tion on September 22, however, Curtin and the We have come to dedicate a portion of that moderate governors were able to restrain the Radi- field, as a final resting place fo. those who here cals and make the conference a meeting insupport gave their lives that that nation might live.It of the administration and amore vigorous military is altogether fitting and proper that we should effort in the war. do this. In the following year, Pennsylvaniawas invaded But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate by Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in we can not consecratewe can not hallow a campaign climaxed by the repulse I Pickett's this ground. The brave men, living and dead, charge at Gettysburg on the afternoon of July 3. N% ho struggled here, have consecrated it, far The frightful carnage of the struggle anda desire above our poor power to add or detract. The to erect a memorial to the men who had died there world will little note, r.ur long remember what moved the Commonwealth to purchase land for we say here, but it can never forget what they the erection of a "national" cemetery. David Wills did here.It is for us the living, rather, to be of Gettysburg was in charge of the project, and it dedicated here to the unfinished work which was he who invited , former presi- they v.. fought here have thus far so nobly dent of Harvard, tu deliveran oration for the oc- advan.. ..t.It is rather for us to be here dedi- casion. Almost as an afterthought, Willson No- cated to the great task remaining before us vember 2 invited President Lincoln to attend and that from these honored dead we take in- as Chief Executive to "set apart these grounds to creased devotion to that cause for which they their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks." gave the last full measure of devotionthat Lincoln arrived in Gettysburgon the evening we ;acre highly resolve that these dead shall of November 18, 1863, and stayedat the home of not have died in vainthat this nation, under David Wills, where on the morning of November God, shall have a new birth of freedomand 19 he wrote the "second draft" of his address. that government of the people, by the people, That afternoon at the cemetery he spokea few for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylv mia, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, llarrisburg,1977. Sccond printing. Text by S K. Stevens; sketch by Jeanne Benson, edited by S. W. Higginbotham and Donald H. Kent,

4 HTSTOB. ' PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No 20 Edwin L. Drake and the Birth of the Petroleum Industry

IN THE small valley of Oil Creek about a half mile south of Titusville, Pennsylvania, lies a spot of great historical significance to Penn- sylvania and to the world. Here on August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake completed drilling the world's first successful oil well. That achievement marks the birth of the far-flung petroleum in- dustry of today. Petroleum was not an unknown substance be- fore 1859. Natural springs of it had been reported by writers before the time of Christ. French Drake and Peter Wilson at Drake Well in 1861 missionariesinseventeenth-century America are believed to have been describing an oil spring Petroleum was also an unwanted by-product near present Cuba, New York, when they wrote of salt wells. The producers of saT.c obtained their that it contained a "thick and heavy water, whichbrine at first from salt springs; but as early as ignites PT 'randy and boils in bubbles of flame 1808 David and Joseph Ruffner, on the Kanawha when fire ispplied to it." In the eighteenthRiver in present , worked outa century there were reports of trade in oil brought method of drilling wells to obtain a greater quanti- to Niagara by the Seneca Indians, which is prob-ty of brine. Drilling soon became a standard ably the reason for "Seneca Oil" being one ofpractice forsaltproduce:sinPennsylvania, the earliest terms for petroleum in America. The West Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky. Quite fre- first document known to indicate the presence quently the brine pumped from these salt wells of oil in Pennsylvania is the Map of the Middle was accompanied by petroleum, and in some British Colonies in America published by Lewis cases the amount of oil was so great that salt Evans in 1755. production and the well were abandoned. One Prior to the1840's, the greatest source of well completed at Burkesville, Kentucky, in 1829 petroleum in Pennsylvania was along Oil Creek. prc heed pure oil and flowed at an estimated As white settlers moved into the region and set- rate of a thousand barrels daily. Nothing was tled along this stream, they began to skim petro- done with this flood of petroleum except to leum from little springs which were either on bottle and sell small amounts of it as a medicine. the bank or in the bed of the stream. Sometimes By the later 1840's a number of developments this was done by floating a woolen or flannellaid the foundation for a big market for petro- cloth or a blanket on the water and then wring-leum. There was a large demand for cheap, safe ing it out when it was saturated with oil; at otherburning fluids for lighting; and likewise, as in- times the oil was skimmed off the surface withdustry grew, there was a swelling demand for wooden paddles. The settlers valued and usedlubricants for the increasing number of machines. the petroleum primarily as a medicine. These demands came at a time when the supply

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 21

7 of whale oil was declining and when the supply mouth College and a practicing physician, moved of lard oil was proving insufficient to meet the in 1851 from Massachusetts to Titusville to join needs of industry. This situation led men in his father's lumber firm of Brewer, Watson and Europe and America to develop methods of Company. He immediately became interested in obtaining oil from coal by distilling. In Canada, an old oil spring located near Upper Mill on the Abraham Gesner produced such an oil and gave Hibbard farm, a property of the company located it the name of "keroselain," a combination of about a half-mile below Titusville. In the fall of the Greek words for "wax" and "oil." It later 1853 he carried a small bottle of the petroleum came to be called "kerosene." Meanwhile, Luther from this spring to Hanover, New Hampshire. and William Atwood in Boston developed "coup While he was there, the sample was examined oil," a lubricant made by mixing vegetable and by Dr. Dixi Crosby of the Dartmouth Medical animal oils with an oil distilled from coal tar. School and by Professor 0. P. Hubbard of the The result of all these experiments and of others chemistry department of the college. Both pro- in Great Britain was that by 1859 there were nounced it very valuable. A few weeks later, more than fifty companies in the United States George H. Bissell, a Dartmouth graduate then manufacturing oil from coal, and kerosene was practicing law in New York City, returned to his displacing ()film burning fluids for lighting pur- home in Hanover, saw the bottle of petroleum poses because it was cheaper and safer. One in Crosby's office, and began to wonder if pe- large plant in Westmoreland County, Pennsyl- troleum could not be used as an illuminant. He vania, had a capacity of six thousand gallons of and his business partner, Jonathan G. Eveleth, kerosene daily. decided that they would form a company to buy In Pittsburgh, Samuel M. Kier became inter- the land, develop the oil spring, and market the ested about 1845 in making use of the petroleum oil, provided a sufficient supply could be found. produced by salt wells operated by his father at After a number of trips to Titusville, they finally Tarentum on the Allegheny River. For a time he purchased the Hibbard farm on November 10, bottled and sold the petroleum as medicine, but 1854, for $5,000. A few weeks later, on Decem- this did not prove very profitable nor did it dis- ber 30, 1854, they organized the Pennsylvania pose of much oil. He made further experiments Rock Oil Company of New York, the first petro in distilling the petroleum to produce an illumi- leum company in the world. nant, and by 1854 he had succeeded to such an Sales of stock in the new venture were very extent that he built a refinery with a five-barrel slow. Times were hard, people were ignorant of still at Pittsburgh to manufacture this "carbon the value of petroleum, and there was a lack oil." He is generally considered to have been of confidence in Bissell and Eveleth. Further- the first commercial refiner of petroleum, andm are, under the laws of New York the stock- the site where he built this refinery near the cor- holders were liable for all the company's debts. ner of Seventh Avenue and Grant Street in Pitts- A turning point came with the publication of a burghis now marked to commemorate thisreport showing the economic value of petroleum achievement. by Professor Benjamin Sillima ,1,Jr.,of Yale By 1858 Kier and the Pittsburgh firm of College, who had been employed by Bissell and McKeown and Finley had begun to sell sizableEveleth to analyze the oil. This report led James quantities of carbon oil to New York City dis-M. Townsend and a number of other New Haven tributors. Petroleum from western Pennsylvaniacapitalists to agree to buy stock in the venture was also being sold to textile mills for use as a provided the company was reorganized under lubricant. The growing demand outran the sup- the more liberal corporation laws of Connecticut. ply, and the price of oil climbed from seventy-five This was done, and the Pennsylvania Rock cents to two dollars a gallon. The development ofOil Company of Connecticut was formed on these markets set the stage for the drilling of the September 18, 1855, with a capital stock of Drake Well. $300,000. Dr. Francis Beattie Brewer, a graduate of - Progress was still slow, however, because of

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 21 80 friction between the New Haven and the New York stockholders. For this reason Townsend and the other New Haven men decided toor- ganize another company to lease the land and produce theoil. They therefore formed the Seneca Oil Company on March 23, 1858, and the company then leased the Titusville property from the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company. Edwin L. Drake was named general agent of the Seneca Oil Company at an annual salary of 51,000, and in the spring of 1858 he was sent to Titusville to begin the productio, of oil. Drake had spent the first years of his life on farms in New York and Vermont. He received a common-school education, and at the age of nineteen he left home and went to the west. At Buffalo, he secured a job as night clerk on a ship sailing between that city and Detroit, and in the next few years he held a succession of jobshotel clerk in Mi"higan, clerk in drygoods Edwin L. Drake stores in New Haven d New York, and express agent for the Boston and Albany Railroad. Inpended his plans for drilling until the winter 1849 he became a conductor on the New Yorkhad passed. and New Haven Railroad and moved to New In the spring of 1859 Drake secured the ser- Haven. During the summer of 1857 he fellill vices of William A. Smith, of Salina, Pennsyl- and was forced to give up his position with thevania, who had worked on the salt wells at railroad. While living at the Tontine Hotel inTarentum. He agreed to do the (killing for 52.50 New Hzven, he became acquainted with T.Avn- a day and to "throw in" the services of his fifteen- send, talked with him about petroleum, and final-year-old son. Smith made the drilling toolsthe ly purchased a small amount of stock in thekind commonly used indrillingsaltwells Titusville venture. He had just passed his thirty-for Drake at Tarentum. There was some diffi- ninth birthday when the Seneca Oil Company culty in starting the well because ground water was formed. continually caused the hole to collapse. Drake Arriving at Titusville in May, 1858, Drake solved this problem by obtaining several ten-foot went quietly about his work, attempting first tosections of cast-iron pipe from Erie and by driv- dig a well at the site of the principal spring oning the pipe thirty-two feet to bedrock with an the Hibbard farm. After several weeks of exca-oak battering ram lifted by a windlass. With vating, workmen struck a vein of water thatthis done, drilling was begun at that depth about drove them out of the pit, and Drake decided the middle of August, 1859. that it would be cheaper to drill. Lacking any On Saturday afternoon, August 27, as Smith previous experience in this work, he went toand his helpers neared the finish of their day, Tarentum to observe the manner of drillingthe drill dropped into a crevice at a depth of salt wells and also to hire a driller for his ownsixty-nine feet from the surface and slipped project. Returning to Titusville, he ordered a downward six inches. The, men pulled the tools six-horsepower steam engine and a "Long John"out of the hole and then wetit home with no stationary tubular boiler to furnish power for thought of having struck oil. Late Sunday after- the drilling; but his driller did not appear. Drake noon "Uncle Billy,"as S,nith was generally could not find an immediate replacement, and known, visited the well, peered into the pipe, and since it was growing late in the season he sus-saw a dark fluid floating on top of the water

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 21 81 (OM

'1

Oil country photographer John A. Mather photographed the Drake Well remains in 1896. within a few feet of the derrick floor. Ladling up His well completed, Drake soon ceased to be a sample, he found that it was oil. Greatly ex- a factor in the petroleum industry. After serving cited, he sent his boy running to the Upper Mill as a justice of the peace and as an oil buyer for crying, "They've struck oil!" In the general con- New York merchants, he left Titusville in 1863. fusion no one thought of gauging the production Eventually, he lost everything he had by un- of the well, but the best evidence indicates that successful speculations in oil stocks, became a it produced oil at the rate of eight to ten barrels victim of neuralgia, and spent the rest of his daily. life in an invalid's chair. His condition became Drake seemed pleased at his success, but heknown, and in 1873 the General Assembly of did not appear much excited. Itisdoubtful Pennsylvania, in recognition of the important whether he or others realized the full significance contribution he had made tothe economic of his achievement at the time. Later the mean- development of the Commonwealth, voted him ing of it became much clearer. Drake had become an annual income of $1,500. After his death in the founder of the modern petroleum industry 1880, the pension was transferred to his wife. by providing an essential factor which had hith- Drake was living in Bethlehem at the time of erto been lackinghe had demonstrated that his death and was buried there, but in 1901 his a dependable supply of this natural resource body was moved to Titusville where a splendid could be obtained by drilling. Success was monument honors his memory achieved by his persistence despite continued Today Drake Well Park welcomes visitors disappointment and by his enterprise in apply- to its modern Museum and to the replica of ing salt-well drilling techniques to tap under- Drake's enginehouse and derrick at the original ground reservoirs of petroleum. Incidentally. well. Administeredbythe Pennsylva titHis- of course, his well and others disclosed the exis- torical and Museum Commission, theark and tence of vast oil fields in northwestern Pennsyl- Museum illustrate the history of the petroleum vania, and thereby helped to provide a supply industry. In this quiet, scenic valley along Oil of petroleum to replace coal as the source of Creek the Park and the Museum commemorate safe, cheap burning fluids and of superior lubri- Drake's achievement and the founding of a cants essential to modern industrial civilization. giant of modern industrial civilization.

Published by the Commvi.4 ealth uf Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Histormal and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1975. Second edition. Text by Paul H. Giddens; edited and revised by S. W. Higginbotham and Donald H. Kent.

HSTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 21 x..! Painting inPennsylvania I. The Province and EarlyCommonwealth THROUGH individual artists andthroughmuch the same way as they wanted its institutions, such good furni- as the Pennsylvaniature and utensils; and inthis demand the Acacizmy of the Fine Arts, the oldestartpainter in early days found his organization in this country, Pennsylvania means of liveli- hashood. Just as the furniture maker madeuse of contributed generously to the growth ofAmeri-patterns from abroad, so the painter followed can art. It is proposed in this leaflet and in its European models, those of the well-definedtradi- sequel to give a concise account of maindevelop-tions of baroque portraiture with ments and to introduce some )f the which he was more sig-familiar especially through the mediumof en- nificant painters. This first sectiondiscusses thegraving. Colonial and post-Revolutionary periods. The main stream:, of influence tendednatur- In the seventeenth and eighteenthcenturiesally to flow from England painting in or the . the American colonies consistedYet it was a Swedish artist who, arrivingat Phila- mainly of portraiture. Religious andclassicaldelphia in 1712, seems to have subjects traditionally been the first had been the main con- fully trained and ex- cern of the painter in perienced professional topracticeinthe Europe, where he had colonies. worked in large part Gustavus for the church, for roy- Hesselius (1682-1755) was thirty alty,andforaristo- cratic patrons. But in when he came to Amer- this country there was ica. After a brief so- no demand for such journ in Maryland, he pictures. The biblical settled in Philadelphia paintings of John Val- to serve as "Face Paint- entine er" to the town; there Haidt(1700- he also manufactured 1780), many of which remain in Bethlehem pipe organs and dealt and Nazareth, are successfully in real es- a tate. Except for a very special case, and asa body areunique of few"landskips"and theirkind.But some classical and re- in ligious paintings, rem- Philadelphia, those few , nants of his European :ighteenth-century gen- tlemen who wished to background, his paint- indulge their taste for ing output consisted of art imported copies of portraits. In the collec- the Old Masters. And tion of the Historical once the English had Societyof I ennsyl- supplanted the Dutch -vania are the fine pair I. Gustavus HesseliUS, TISHCOHAN. The o fLapowinsaa n d in N York, there re- Historical Societyof Pennsylvania. maineono Tishcohan,chieftains potential ofthe market for landscape, Leni- genre, or still-life paint-tribe who signed the "Walking Purchase"treaty. ingsthesebeingneithernoblenorusefulCommissioned in 1735 by John Penn, these branches of the arts. are the earliest known formal portraits fromlife Americans did want likersses, however, inof American Indians. The pictorialarea of each HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLETNo. 22 83 r

2. William Williams, DES' TALL. The Brooklyn Mus 3. , THOMAS MIFFLIN. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. canvas is a baroque oval, and the competentlyPhiladelphia newspapers. He was an intriguing drawn and F aftly modeled figure Imerge3 lum-figurea painter of portraits and stage scenery, inously from a dark background. Tishcohana musician, a writer of sorts, and a man of many (Fig. 1) ,his pipe tucked into a squirrel-skinadventures. His manner of painting is well shown pouch, wears over hisleft shoulder a bluein the full-length portrait of Deb, rah Hall blanket which sets off the copper coloration of(17b6: Fig. 2), anenchant ing young lady richly his skin. gowned in coral pink and set against a back- Pennsyhania, as in the rest of the seaboardground of blue-greens. In Williams' work there colonies, wherever there were enough people ofisa deli :ate qualLy that reminds us of the sufficient means to purchase portraits, "limners"brittle China doll effects of the French rococo. appeared in increasing numS to cater to -heir Even before any actual painting of Williams needs. Some came from abroad, as did Gusta%ushad been identified, he was known to students Hesselius and later John Wollaston(active,of American art as the first teacher of Benjamin 1749.1767) ,"the almond-eyed painter," whoWest (1738-1820) . When this young artist came worked attimesin Philadelphia after mid-to Philadelphia from his back-country birth- century. Uthers mushroomed from native pas-place near Swarthmore, he was pleased to find tures, like John Meng (1734-ca. 1754) of Ger-in Williams a painter who could instruct him mantown, who, dying too young to fulfit: thein professional ways But West also was an in- early promise of his talents, at least left us onetelligent self-ttachu, wh,, :rom observation of of the most fetching of self portraits (Historicalpaintings and engra%ings had already assirnil Society of Pennsylvania) . ated more than the rudiments of his craft. There In 1763 a certain William Williams (ca. 1710 -is actually more of Wollaston than of Williams ca. 1790) ,"lately returned from the West In-in the canvas thr.t is regarded as his American dies," was again (after a preNious %isit)ather-masterpiece, a portrait of young Thomas Mifflin tising his professional wares and senices in the (ca. 1754. Fig. 3), who later became the first 2 NMI

vst*

4. Matthew Pratt, THE AMERICAN SCHOOL. The Vetropolitan Museum of Art. Gift of Samuel P. Avery, 1897.

Governor of the Commonwealth. Here the sub- ject was barely fifteen, and the artistwas still under twenty. West went abroad in 1760, and after a soj..:n in Italy, settled in England, where he became a special favorite of George III and ultimately president of the Royal Academy. His fame then, of course, rested not on the painting of portraits, for he regarded this as a "waste of genius," but of "History," the noblest realm of the painter's art. The works of these later years, e'en those representing subjects taken from American his- 5. Charles Wilson Peale, STAIRCASE tory (The Death of Wolfe at Quebec, Fenn's GROUP. Philadelphia Museum of Art. Treaty with the Indians, and others), lie artistic- allywithinthe European rather than any(1741-1827) were among the first of those Ameri- American tradition. cans beginning in the seventeen-sixties, In the final summary, West's role in theartstudied with West in London. Pratt returnedto of his own country was to Je mainly that ofa modest living painting portraits and signs for counselor to a succession of Americans whoPhiladelphia tradesmen until his death in 1805. through more than half a century were receivedPeale'b was a longer and far more variedcareer, with helpful kindliness in his studio. Weseein which he figured as painter andpromoter of him in this capacity in The American Schoolthe arts, soldier and patriot,manager of a mu- (Fig.4)painted in 1765 by Matthew Prattseum, and patriarch of a large and very active (1734-1805) of Philadelphia. Someyoung paint-familyto cite only his chief roles. ers listen respectfully to the crit....ism of the It is difficult indeed to singleout one from master (at left) , much as they would in any artthe numerous works which mightserve to repre- class of today. In England they were referringsentthisversatilepainter, from The Peale to this sort of picture as a "conversation piece."Family (New-York Historical Society)of his Pratt's is a prime example of the type. ea' ly years to The Artist in his Museum (The Matthew Pratt and Charles Wilson PealePennsylvaniaAcademyoftheFineArts) ,

3 g5 MsElMM1211101,

7. John Lewis Krimmel, FOURTH OF JULY IN CENTRE SQUARE. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. 6. Raphaelle- I ale, AFTER THE -BATH. - Gallery, Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, Kansas City. where annual exhibitions, instituted inA811, provided the artist with opportunities to display his work and, moreover, encouraged him to painted when he was past eighty. Yet none hasbranch out from portraiture into vericu fields more human appeal than the well-known Stair-of subject matter. case Group (Fig. 5) , in which the artist's sons From the Peal.: circle came a surprising vogue Raphaelle and Titianare seen,theartisticfor still-life painting. _Tames Peale (1749-1831), a Raphaelle with his painter's equipment, hisbrother of Charles, wtrked this field, as did also younger brother on the steps abc,:e him. Raphaelie Peale (1774-1825). Raphaelle's still- Peale's active career extended far into thelifes are the most admired today, but the most years following the Revolution, when for a timepopular of his canvases is one of those "decep- Philadelphia served as the nation's capital nottions" so often perpetrated by the Peales, a only in a political but in a cultural sense asrealistic rendering of a towel seemingly hung well. It amused to rcfer to it thenover a painting of a figure of which only the as the "Athens of America." While not a Penn-foot and an arm can be seen. Given the title sylvanian, Stuart (1755-1828) resided in Phila-After the Bath (Fig. 6), it is an artist's juke, yet delphia and Germantown through a full decadebeautifully painted in Raphaelle's impeccable at the end of the century and painted the' eand now much admired technique. some of his most important works, notably Landscape waa to become our mos popular, three life-portraits of George Washington, muchsome say the most Aaerican, branch of our arts. copied afterward and by far the best-knownA self-taugh, Philadelphian, Thomas Doughty likenesses of the first President. (1793-1856), while not by any .means the first Nowhere in the new nation at this time wereAmerican to paint landscape, nevertheless was activities in the arts so great and so varied as inone of the firstto make a profession ofit. Philadelphia. If Peale's Columbianum failed asAnother Philadelphian Thomas Birch(1779- an organization after sponsoring one public ex 1851), whose English-burn father is noted ;Am hibition in 1795, it was followed shortly, in 1806,early engraved views of the city, painted not by the Pennsylvania Acaden7 of the Fine At ts,only landscapes but seascapes, profiting by en- 4

8G 8. , THOMAS JEFFERSON. The New-York Historical Society. livening these with portrayals of the naval en- 9. , DR. SAMUEL COATES. gagements of the War of 1812. , Philadelphia. In still another field, the German immigrant John Lewis Krimmel (1789-1821) painted hum- It was Thomas Sully (1783-1872),however, orous genre subjects such as Fourth of July inwho quickly. took the lead in this field when Centre Square (Fig. 7). This animated scene,he returned from his London training shortly with its grogseller, sundry revelers, straight-lacedbefore the War of 1812. Sully had mastered a Quakers, and promenading fashionables, wasdextrous technique sometimes compared wizh indeed something new to painting in this coun-thaL t,f England's Sir . His try, and it remairs today one of the most delect-virtuosity is displayed in such canvases as the able mementos of the old Quaker City. In thefull-length Dr. Samuel Coates (1811: Fig. 9), background, representing architecture and sculp-with its fluent brushwork, sunny lighting, and ture, are Benjamin Latrobe's new Greek-styledeasy pose of the subject, who has paused in the pumping house and a Nyn:ph and Bittern foun-midst of w ruing at his cherrywood cabinet desk. tain figure by . Stuart, Sully exerted considerable in- Yet with all these departures subject fields, flu,(ce upon the American portraitists of his portraiture in this generation continued to betime. His style is often reflected, for example, the painter's main source of income. Rembrandtin the works of Jacob Eichholtz (1776-1842), a Peale (1778-1860), another of the artist-namedLancaster painter, older than Sully and self- sons of Charles Willson Peale, produced possiblytrai *, yet able and willing to assimilate many the most vital portrait of Thomas Jeffersonof the latter's mannerisms into his otherwise -(Fig. 8), painted- it': 1805 as Jefferson assumeavery matter-of-fact likenesses. the presidency. For his much dye' tised "Port Sully's aptest pupil, who received ad-ice also Hole" Washington, Rembrandt relied on hisfrom Gilbert Stuart, was his son-in-law John own memories and on various pictorial recordsNeagle(1796-1865). Through many years he to effect a kind of synthesis which he claimedand Sully shared the market forthe most to be the most authentic likeness of the firstfashionable and lucrative portrait commissions President. inthe Philadelphiaarea. A most unusual 1 1 . Edward Hicks. THE RESIDENCE OF DAVID TWINING. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection, Williamsburg. 10. , PAT LYON AT THE FORGE. The 1849), who divided his time between religious Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. activities and the painting of signs, carriages, and furniture. In a devotional spirit he painted opportunity came Neagle's way when a highlybiblical subjects, especially those numerous ver- independentIrishblacksmithhadhimselfsions of The Peaceable Kingdom, based on the painted in a habitat setting, standing by hisverses of IsaiahII:6.9. Ncw and then he anvil in work clothes, an apprentice pumpingrecorded memories of his own background, as the bellows for his fire. In contemporary ex-in The Residence of David Twining 1787 (Fig. hibits Pat Lyon at his Forge (Fig. 10) was some-11), picturing the farm where he had spent thing of a sensation, and it has remained onehis boyhood. of the showpieces of American painting. When Hicks painted the Twining farmstead Those who attended early exhibits at theinhisfifty-fifthyear, he was looking back Pennsylvania Academy saw not only the worknostalgically across the whole of the post-Revo- of professionally recognized artists but also thatlutionary period. In American art this had been of craftsmen whose workaday jobs consisted ofa time of rich fruition, in which a new nation making street signs, painting fire equipment,had begun to mold a national art. Many were and ornamenting objectsofallsortsfromconscious and proud of this. Rembrandt Pease, kitchenware to coaches. There was, for example,who had been born in the winter of Washing- Philadelphia's John A. Woodside (1781-1852),ton's encampment at Valley Forge, now could noted for the meticulous finish of his paintings,set. it so: "I have lived long enough," he could who has been called "probably the most com-say, "to witness the entire growth of thi. Fine petent artisan painter of the Federal Era." Arts in our country." And a great deal oi this The most interesting of these "primitives" wasgrowth had been root.-1 in the fertile ground a Bucks County Quaker, Edward Hicks (1780-of eastern Pennsylvania. Publis led by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylsania Historical and Museum Commissitm, Harrisburg, 1°00.text by Dr. Harold E. Dickson; edited by Dr. S. W. Higginbotham and Donald H. Kent. The Hi.toric Pen.,sylrania Leaflets: are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities of ten or more the price is three cents each. 6 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 22

-10 Painting in Pennsylvania II.Since the Eighteen -Thirties N THIS and a preceding leaflet thestorycollection of Indian pictures. Eventually his of painting in Pennsylvania is brieflysur-interests extended to cover Indian life elsewhere, Iveyed. The earlier sectiod presentsa concisein Florida and in South America. Painting ina account of the main developments and in-calligraphic style, more brush drawing than paint- troduces some of the more significant paintersing, he was able quickly to capture the char- of the Colonial and post-Revolutionary periods.acter of a scene or personality. The full-length This leaflet covers developments and paintersportrait of Osceola (Fig. 1), a chieftain of the from around 1830 up to but not into theFlorida Seminoles, is an admirable example of present. No living artists have been included. his work. Through the first quarter of the nineteenth By the time Catlin's Indian Gallery was given century the arts naturally flourished for theitsfirst public sho. --tg at Pittsburgh in 1832, most part in the eastern portion of the Com-that city could boast also a gallery of itsown. monwealti:. centering in and about Philadel-James Reid Lambdin (1807-1889), who while phia. Yet portraitists working with Sully had and even landscapists seen the Peale Museum had begun penetrating and other picture dis- the western river val- plays in Philadelphia, leys. By 1830 afair in 1828 had set up in number of them had his native Pittsburgh a settledinPittsburgh, "Museum of Natural and the active explora- History and Gallery of tion of the Far West Painting."Lambdin had taken some of the himself was a portrait more adventurous even painter,ofthesort into that distant region. often called uron to Just a century after do "official" portraits Gustavus Hesselius had every American Presi- painted the Leni- dent from John Quincy Lenapechieftainsin AdamstoJames A. Philadelphia /see Leaf- Garfield sat for him. let I),Georez Catlin At the art shop of (1 7 96-1 8 7 2)pushed J. J. Gillespie, long a intothe Upper Mis- rendezvousofPitts- souri regions to record burgh's painters, were at first hand the ways frequently to be seen and appearances of the thosemenoftrue westerntribes.Born though modest talents inWilkes-Barre and who make up the roll firsttrainedforthe 1. George Catlin, OSCEOLA. The American of the earliest estab- lepl profession, Catlin ilfuvuni of Natural History. lished artists of western deserted it and, having Pennsylvania. W. T. picked up some knowl- Russell Smith(1.'12- edge of painting at Philadelphia,lt out in 1896),a pupil of Lambdin, emerged in the 1830 on hi:, life career of assembling andex-thirties as a scene painter for the theatre, and hibitingthronghou' theAmericasandinthen as a landscapist. The British-born William western Europe his great and always growingCoventry Wall (1810-1886) and other members

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No.23 1

83 2. David C. Blythe, THE PITTSBURGH HORSE MARKET. Mrs. R. Lucien Patton.

of an artistic family likewise painted landscape, while Jasper Lawman (1925-1906)specialized3. Thomas Eakins, WALT WHITMAN. The Penn- in genre subjects. sylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Out of this group it was the eccentric David Gilmour Blythe (1815-1865) who ultimately was regions of the West Branch painted by the self- to be assigned an important role in Americantaught Linton Park (1862-19C6). art as one of the masters of comic genre paint- Yet firmly rooted traditions in the arts con- ing, a field in which John Lewis Krimmelsee tirtued to flourish in Philadelphia through this Leaflet I) had pioneered. Blythe came frommid-century period. Something of arenais- across the Ohio border to practice wood calv-sance was touched off by the Centennial cele- ing in Pittsburgh and Uniontown. His was thebration of 1876, when the nation'sfirstart knack of a born caricaturist to extract the comicexhibit of international scope was arranged as. possibilities of his chosen imbjects. The Pitts-part of the exposition, and when, with a fan- burgh Horse Market (Fig. 2)is the work notfare of exhibits and publicity, the Pennsylvania only cf a bold and original satirist, who floutedAcademy of the Fine Arts moved into its new accepted ideals. of art to paint as he pleased,andcolorfulVictorian Gothicbuilding on but of a gifted artist. Broad Street. In the ,tecades before the Civil War the A revitalizationoftheprogramofthe towns of central Pennsylvania were frequentlyAcademy that took placeatthistime was visited by painters and some had their localapplauded even by the critics of Manhattan who artists. John F. Francis (1808-1886) penetrated aswere otherwise inclined to scoff at "the aesthetic far as Bellefonte to paint portraits and still-life.pros incialisal of Philadelphia." A central force Severin Roesen (ca. 1815-ca. 1871), German-borninthis instructional resolution was Thomas and trained in Europe, found buyers for hisCowperthwait Eakins(1844-1916), who rigor- decorative fic-r and fruit pieces in prosperingously taught and emphasized a basic approach Williamsport. Here and there could be foundof working from the living model. As teacher folk art of unusually lively character, as in theand as painter, Eakins is a towering figure. Ex- animated pictorial journals of the York car-cept C.9r his few years of professional training in penter, Lewis Miller(1795-1882:HistoricalParis just after the Civil 'War, his whole life and Society of York County),or the paintings ofcareer are part of the Philadelphia scene. diversions and labors inthe forested upper Without drama, but with quiet at ilotity and 2

90 4. Thomas Eakz,-s, THE SWIMMINGHOLE. Collec- tion of the fort Worth Art Museum.

an unflinching integrity of vision, Eakins painted the people of his immediate world.Often they were the members or close friends of his im- mediate family, but he likedto do portraits of 5. Mary Cassatt, WOMAN WITHA DOG. professional people, scientists, teachers, musicians The Corcoran Gallery of Arts. and others, representing them objectively,"with- out fuss of any sort." There were some whoNorth Side and briefly studied paintingat were dismayed at the unrelenting truthfulnessPennsylvania Academy. But unlike thehome- of such portraiture, but Walt Whitman(1887-staying Eakins, Miss Cassatt, enabledby her 8: Fig. 3) welcomed it, saying thatonly Eakinsindependent means to travel widely inthe art had pictured him as he was;not as "the con-centers of Europe, chose to live abroad,one of ventional, proper old man." our artist expatriates. A perceptive and highly Eakins' sporting picturesofoarsmen on theintelligent person, Cassatt perfected herown style Schu7lkill, hunters in the Delaware marshes,tothe point where Edgar Degas, seeingher wrestlers, pugilists, and othersreflect hisper-canvases,insistedthit she exhibit with the sonal interest and participation in thesportsavant garde Impressionistsa r.,isogynist, he is revival of his time as wellas his anatomist'ssaid to have expressed unbelief thata woman knowledgeofbodilystructure. A kind ofcould paint so well. Cassatt, like Eakins,was epitome of these interestsis The Swimmingprimarily a figure painter, her subjectsmostly Hole (Fig. 4), a triangular arrangement of nudewomen and children. Her sister Lydia posed for Males on and about a brokenstone pier byWoman with a Dog (Fig. 5), a canvas replete the water. Purportedly swimmers, theirposeswith Impressionistic effeasclear,high-keyed for the most part suggested those of life-classcolor and a very loose but sensitive brushstyle models, and we sense in ea.-1 the artist's almostyet as always in the best of Cassatt, handled obsessive concern with the thingseen. hith a firm sense of form and formalrelation- It is a coincidence that two of themost Mu-ships. trious American artistsEakins and Cassatt The disciplined teaching initiated by should have been born within Eakins a year of one an-at the Pennsylvania Academy was carriedfor- other at opposite ends of Pennsylvania. Maryward past the turn of thecentury by his pupil Cassatt(1845.1926)came from Pittsburgh'sand follower, Thomas Aiishutz(1851-1912). 3 7

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7. John Sloan EAST ENTRANCE, CITY HALL. Kraushc.ar Galleries, New York. 6. George Luks, THE MINER. Chester Dale Collec-figure, preferring earth) and picturesque types, tion, National Gallery of Art. as in The Miner (Fig. 6) , one of his Pottsville subjects. Here strong blues predominate, and And ark life-based instruction, together withthe paintisvigorously applied with broad the stringent naturalism of Eakins' own paint-strokes that suggest at times the use of a trowel ing, contributed to the rise of a realist move-rather than brush or palette knife. ment that had its inception in Philadelphia dur- John Sloan (1071-1951). born in Lock Haven, ing the last decade of the century. was throughout his long lifeauobserver of Luks, Sloan, and Glackens were the Pennsyl-people engaged in th? homely affairs of daily liv- vania-born members of a group that met some-ing, in the streets, shops, and restaurants, in times in the Walnut Street studio of Robertgrubby apartments, or in promenading fashion- Henri (1865-1929). Most of them were engagedably on the avenue Dr in the park. In an early as pictorial reporters for Lhe press, accustomedcanvas, East Entrance, City Hall, Philadelphia to seeing life in the raw. And all, incited by (1901: Fig. 7), he painted in the low-keyed color the dynamic Henri, were rebels against the estab-used by the realists in their initial works a city- lished order in art, holding a cemmor convic-scape animated by the traffic and activity of a tion that something more vital dr an the academicsunny morning. For many years Sloan was un- ideal of beauty must be the goal of art. Aroundable to sell his paintings, earning his subsistence the turn of the century there was a generalinstead by means of his prints and illustrative exodus of the group to New York, where in 1908work. Happily he lived long enough to be re- they participated in the since famous exhibitiongarded as the dean of his profession. of "The Eight." In the year that Eakhao returned to Phila- One looks for neither elegance nor subtletydelphia from his studies abroad, 'William James inthe paintings of George Benjamin LuksGlackens (1870.193P) was born in that city. He (1867-1933), a native of Williamsport. By naturewas thirty-five when in his first appearance at a he was an extrovertbrawny, pugn tdous, wag-Pittsburgh International exhibition, the hand- gish, scornful of convention, abounding in vitalsome large canvas called Chez Mouquin (Fig. 8) energy that entered into his painting. His earlyreceived an honorable mention. Soon afterward canvases were darktoned, with black the basis ofthis picture was intruded in the exhibition of color; later he turned to strong, even garish,"The Eight"its title being the name of the coloration. He was especially , ind of the singlerestaurant where the participating artists dined 4 an nal r 41/ 11_1(j

?, 9. Charles Demuth, AFTER SIR . Dial Collection, on loan at Worcester Art Museum. 8. William Glackens, CliEZ MOUQUIN. The Art Institute of Chicago. Academy, but when he returned in 1914 from sojourning in Paris, he had left academic tech- on the occasion of the show's opening. Glackensniques behind and in a highly perwnal manner was an offshoot of French Impressionismevenwaspaintingdelicatelydrawnais,iwashed the subject of this work is an American versionaquarelles that show his familiarity with the of the popular Parisian cafe pictures.Itis water colors of Paul Cezanne and some of the executed in the spirited manner of painting as-Fauvists. Soon he adopted a cubist method of sociated especially with Manet. In later workssharply and arbitrarily cutting his subjects into Glackens was to adopt a softer technique andmultiple plaiies. Often employing motives from higher color key, close to the style of Augustehis own Lancaster neighborhood he contrived Renoir. tautly controlled arrangements such as After Sir If the pungently realistic subjects and vigor-Christopher Wren (Fig. 9). Though delicate, r,:- ous painting of "The Eight" jolted the com-stricted in its range, and never strongly assertive placency of American art lot ers of the old school,in its effects, the work of Demuth may well stand there was neverthelesslittlethere to prepareas Pennsylvania's finest contribution to Ameri- them for the coming shock of the revolutioncan art in the first half of this century. that was taking place in Europe. For our realibts After World War I the modern movements of 1908 seem conservative enough whencom-Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and their mul- paredwithsomethingliketheformidabletiple branchingsincreasingly entered into the Demoiselles d'Avignon(Museum of Modernteaching program of the venerable Pennsylvania Art) of Pablo Picasso, finished in thatsame year,Academy. There for some years Arthur Caries with its foreshadowing of cubism and savage(1882-1952) not only made painting a matter rejection of the canons of classical beauty. of concern to his pupils but in himself set One of the Americans who responded sensi-them an example of a deeply serious and prob- tively to the new developments was the Lancastering artist whose work kept pace with the times. artist Charles Demtith (1883. 1935). Demuth hadIn the early 1930's there were few imerican studiedwith AnshutzatthePennsylvaniaartists who had gone ab far as Caries into pure

5

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10. Arthur Caries, COMPOSITION, I93b-37. Courtesy Graham, New York City. abstract painting. Table Arrangement (Fig. 10) err is no more than an oblong of structural elements and clean, singing color, almost without refer-II. John Kane, SELF PORTRAIT. The Museum of ence to visual reality. A decade before his deathModern Art. Gift of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller. Caries was forced by illness to abandon paint- ing, but by that time he had already anticipatedlustrious figures of the artorld in a Carnegie main trends in painting up to mid-century. Internationalexhibition.Kane'sstarkand As part of the great widening of artistic in-factual Self Portrait(Fig.1'`the torso of a terests and experience in modern times has comeworking man studied in th.....iirror, as at the the sometimes exciting discovery of creativeend of a day's work, is one of the masterpieces originality in the work of the born, thoughof American folk art. untutored, artistEdward Hicks, of course, was Painting in Pennsylvania has never been a one of these (see Leaflet I) . At least three Penn-true regional expression, that is, one with its sylvania "primitives" of the twentieth centuryown peculiar and indigenousqualities,but are among those now most highly esteemed: inratl.er has been an integral part of the larger West Chester Horace Pippin(1888-1946),aregional development of the country as a whole. Negro veteran of World War I, painted hisExupt;on might be made for the folk arts and memories of conflict and folk scenes of his owncrafts of the Pennsylvania Germans. Yet out people; earlier, Joseph Pickett (1848-1918) , byof this area between the Delaware and the upper trade a carpenter, had projected a series of real-Ohio have come many worthwhile things istic yet imaginative pictures of his native Newin art, along with a goodly number of distin- Hope and of events of the Revolution that tookguished painters and sometimes a full-blown place in that neighborhood; and in PittsburghPennsylvania master--a Charles Willson Peale, an humble Scottish-born laborer, John Kanean Eakins, a Demuth. These constitute an artistic (1860.1934), became a celebrity overnight whenheritage in which citizens of the Commonwealth in 1927 his works were hung with those of il-may forgivably take a certain possessive pride.

Published by the Cuntmunuealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical anMoulin) Commission, liallisburg. 1960. Text by Dr. Harold E. Dickson; edited by Dr. S. W. Higginbotham and Donald H. Kent. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy, in quantities of ten or more the price is Una, cents each. 6 NISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 23

a 0-10 The Walking Purchase

you Iluiv, that's not fair, you was toWalk."little to the Indians so long as they were not hur- Tlas, twenty years afterward, someone re-ried off the land. In at least one instance Penn had ebered an Indian's objection to the "Walkingthelandmeasured;the an's two-daytravel, Purchase" of 1737, probably the most ssidely knownspecified in a 1685 deed, was surveyed three years and perhaps the least understood of Penns) Ivania'slater as a line from Philadelphia to the Susque- Indian purchases. hanna, a distance of about 'seventy miles. William Penn, wlus died almost twenty years be- Soon after William Penn's death in 1718, his fore the "Walking Purchase," is famous for his justsecretary James had these purchases con- treatment of the Indians. Though not legally re-firmed by a single deed from Sasoonan and other quired to pay the Imhaus for his Pennsylvania lands, Indiansrepresenting those who had made the he nevertheless had done so, both from a senseofearlier sales. Extending north to the Lel,",gh Hills justice and for the sake of peaceful relations betweenand from the Delaware River to the lower Sus- his settlers and the Indians; and he and his agentsquehanna, this deed did not actually include all had made at least seventeen purchases from the In-the land that might have been claimed under the dians living near the lower Delawa,-c River. earlier onesit certainly did not extend "to the Most of these purchases involved narrow tractsutmost bounds" of Pennsylvaniabut it included as of land, often overlapping; but on paper, at least,much as was then needed for the white settlers. some of them ran far back intothe country: two For fourteen }ears thereafter no further pun days' travel by horse, as far as a man could go inchases were made, though new settlers continued a day and a half or two days, orin one case "toto arrive.Without the Penns' permission, more- the utmost bounds of the said Province." Such over, people from New York settled up theSchuyl- measurements, however important to Penn, meant kill Riser and on the "Minisink Lands" along the

HI3TORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 24 1

9 3 upper Delaware, where they ocnupied choice lands outside the area of the 1718 purchase.Not until 1727, when William Penn's threesons became the Proprietors of Pennsylvania,was Logan able to deal with these problems. He thensent agents to settle affairs in the Minisinkcountry. This un- dertaking was notvery successful, however; so, since the trespassers needed to be broughtunder Pennsylvania control and becausemore land was needed for settlers, Logan urgedthe new Proprie- tors to come to America to meet the Indiansand make new purchases. , second of the threesons,ar- rived in August, 1732, and his olderbrother John about two years later.Within a few weeks of Thomas Penn's arrival. Sasoonanand his people agreed to sell the Schuylkill lands.The lands up the Delaware, to which Loganthen turned, proved a more troublesome matter, about whichdiscus- sions went on for fiveyears. Nutimus and his band, theDelaware Indians t who lived about the "Forksof Delaware" (North- 4 ampton County), were originally from New Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania JerseyLappowinzoe (or Lapawinso), and had madeno previous land sales to the Penns. one of the Dela. :cares :.,ho signed the Walking Purchase Nutimus was related to the Indianspreviously resi- treaty, from portrait by Gustavus Ilesselius. dent at the "Forks," however.and ha;! lived there himself for severalyears. Nutimus met Thomasfifty miles, or aboutto the Blue Mountain. Only Penn in June, 1733: theyexchanged presents, aspart of this. obviously, had beencovered by the was customary at Indian treaties, and Nutimusex-general deed of 1718. pressed the hope that thepeace established by Wil- Nutimus objected,no doubt truthfully, that he liam Penn might continue. However,neither then knew nothing of the 1686 deedwhich ne was now nor a year later when they met againat Durhamasked to approve; hat since (lid Nutimus show he had been living any inclination 9 sell his landin New Jersey at that time, claims. this did not seem to the Penns any real obstacle.They therefore ',lad The Proprietors and Loganthen began to press some of the "Forks" land surve)ed for sale,opened the matter, and at Pennsbury,in May. 1735. theypart of it to settlers. and reserved laid before Nutimus evidence for themselve. thatthe "Forks"a 6.500.acre "Indian Tract Manor" countr) had been sold before he and on witich the his bandIndians might eontinueto live. They arranged had settled there.In 1686. the more- told him. theever for the day-(italabalf walkto be measured Indians had sold William Penna tract of land that. out and hired men to mark and clearthe way for beginningatthepresentWrightstown,Bucksthe walkers. County. was to extend backas far as a man could Even then Nutimus didnotimmediately re- go in a day and a half. Themeasurement. notlease his claims. On the very exact at best. apparently had not been contrary. Logan heard made:that he was planningto ask the more powerful but since the two-day depth ofthe 1685 pus Six Nations Indians for had been measured help. and took prompt as about sevemy miles. it mightstepstoprevent such an alliance. be assumed that the 1686 When Six tract would extend at leastNations leaderscame to Philadelphia in 1736 to 2 iiisTortic PENNSYLVANIALEAFLET No. 24 91 sell their claims to lands on the loner Susquehanna,a point somesshere east or north of the present Logan also drew up a second deed signed onJim Thorpe. October 25. by Which these Indians gave up any The limits of the purchase Here then marked further interest in southeastern Penns) Is ania, in- bya line, run atright angles to the direction cluding the 'Turks" country.Then, finally, theof the ss alk. sshich struck the Delassare Riser near "Forks" Indians came to terms, and -o August thepresentLackauaxen;andbecauseofthe 25, 1737, four of their leaders, Manawky hickon,curses- of the riser this added to the purchase a Lappassinzue. Teeshacomin, and Nootamis tor Nu- tare extent of country mirth of the Blue Mountain. timus) signed a deed confirming, the sate of 1636.Aside from the Minisink lands, hots es er, the land Noss read) to measure this purchase, Logan hiredbe) ond the mountain Was then of little interest; in men to make the ssalk.By this time it had oc-actual practice. fur purposes of land grants and curred to someone that if this measurement couldsettlement, the -Walking Purchase" ended at the be stretched far enough the 1686 grant could be Blue Mountain. made to take in not only the "Forks" country 's% Despite their complaints about the "Walk- it- the Blue Mountain but a'su the Minisink lands be-self, the Indians remaioed quiet fuia time. and yond it. The opportunity of clearing the way for control of the New York squatters was tempting. but to gain this advantage from the final part of the walk it s.as necessary to perform the first part LACKAWA AN/ of ittit a brisk rate that brought protests from the hard-pressed Indians who undertook to accompany the Penns' walkers. Of the three men who set out from Wrightstown on the morning of September 19. Solomon Jennings dropped outafterthefirst eighteen miles: the other two went on and at night camped near the present Northampton. During the /// following morning James Yeates also gave up, but (.0 / Edward Marshall pressed on and, after coverinr, JIMTHORPE* about sixty five miles in eighteen hours. stopped at TRACT MAN OR

DURHAM

51L(2 Thy Nzle`V.;:so* Purchase

PHILAPELPHIA

------LINE OF THE WALK

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 24 3 the Proprietary government charged that this hos- tility was a result of the "Walking Purchase." This explanation was especiallyattractiveto Quaker politicians, who, criticized for not providing mili- tary protection for the settlers, preferred to believe that the real fault lay with William Penn's sons for abandoning their father's Quaker principles. It must be noted, however, that this explanation overlooks the part played by the French in tinning the Indians against the English; the fact that the Indians attacked other colonies as well as Penn- sylvania, and the fact that the "Walking Purchase" had been neguiated by William Penn's secretary, himself a Quaker. To embarrass the Proprietors. their political ene- mies enlisted the help of one of Nutimus- follow. ers, Teedyuseung-, an able and imposing man, Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania though unstable and with more than the usual In- (16;4-1;51), uho came to Penn.91-Jian fiAtIness for rum. accused the vania as William Penn's secretary in 1699 andProprietors of fraud, and his charges then were remained as agent of the Proprietors.This por-reported to the King, who ordered an investiga- trait is based on an original by Gustavus Hesselins.tion. Like the original "Walking Purchase" nego- tiations.this investigation dragged on for some on November 3. 1738. NutimusisitedPhiladel- time.In 1762. filially,is hen the matter came to phia and exchanged gifts with the Governor. Abouta hearing, Teed} uscung is ithdrevs his charges; so two }ears later. hones er. he and other Indiansthe case never was decided on its merits. Teedyus- signed complaining Iettcrs to Pennsylvania officialscung meamshile had illustrated his own confused and threatened to seek the help of neighboringnotions of land on neiship by offering to sell the tribes to defend their lands. These letters certainly Penns' "Indian Tract Manor" to a white settler. %serevs rittenbyvs bite men. who erashart en- It was in consequence of this political quarrel couraged the protests. Logan. taking no chances.that most of the known account, the "Walk- called on the Six Nations to stand by the agree-ing Purchase" werevs ritten.to support one or ment they had mate in 1736. In fact these Indiansthe other of twot ontiatlictorys iens: and these went far beyond thattoofar.indeed- and atbiased sttoies are in turn responsible both fur a Philadelphiain17.12 one of their leaders. in avs idespread popular interest in the incident and for loud and threatening speech. told Nutimus thata great deal of confusion concerning it.In spite of the Delawares had no land left and ordered them its faults, some of which were ahnost unavoidable in off what they had sold. dealings betweenwhite men:kidIndiansthe But the thing that more than any other gave"Walking Puri base" compare, fm orably with the the "Walking Purchase" its had reputation tooktreatment of Indians in most of the colonies; and place twenty years after the event. When, duringthe later t ont cm about its fairness was in part at the Frent h and Indian War, Indian war partiesleast a tribute to the high standard of justite and attacked Pennsylvania settlers. groups opposed tothe lasting influence of William Penn.

Published by the Commonsiealth of Per nsylNaoia. Pennsyhania Ihsioro al and Museum Commission. Harrisburg, 1972. Second edition.Text by William A. :hinter,illustration and map by nail) Riihrbet k. edited by Donald IL Kent and William A. Hunter. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 24 Albert Gallatin Master of Finance

could a young aristocrat much influenced by the various doctrines of freedom do? He refused his grandmother's offer to obtain for him a com- mission as a lieutenant colonel in the mercenary troops which her friend the Landgrae of Hesse was raising for George III to send to America. 'Prlm all sides he felt pressures to enter profes- sions for which he did not feel suited. That was the main reason which sent him and a friend fleeing to "the land of freedom" a few weeks ALBERT GALLATIN was one of themostbefore his nineteenth birthday. After a tire- important and influential men of the earlysome voyage, they landed in Massachusetts in American Republic. Born in Geneva, Switzer-1780. Although Gallatin had earlier refused to land, on January 29,1761, he was baptizedfight against American freedom, lie had come Abraham Alfonse Alt:!t Gallatin. In later yearsto the new land for his own liberty; and he he dropped his alliterativefirstnames.Nought with him not ammunition to fight with, Through his father Jean Gallatin he was abut tea to sell! The pact: jt had not yet emerged. descendant of a family which had long been At Boston, lie met M. Savary, the representa- prominent in the Duchy of Savoy. After thetive of a firm in Lyons, France, which had a city of Geneva established its independence inclaim against Virginia. He joined Saaly as a 1536, the Gal !iglus had an almost unblokencompanion and hue' pi etc' and traveled with succession of that city's councillors and greathim to Philadelphia, theme they woe bitten by lords. Young Albeit was left an cm phan at ninethe bug of land speculation. SaAary bought land when his mother Sophie Albertine (Rolaz duwarrants for 120,000 acres adjoining the "Wash- Rosey) Gallatin died, and lie was raised by aington bottom lands" on the south side of the distant relative, Mlle. Catherine Picter. a kindly Ohio River, and gave one-quarter, later one- woman who won her ward's lasting gratitude.half, share in the enterprise to young Gallatin The combination of a distinguished heritage,on the condition that he give his personal atten- an enlightened Geneva, and an excellent educa-tion to the land's development until his twenty- tion at his city's Academy produced the refined,fifth birthday (January 29, 1786), when his in- polished young gentleman who by 1779 shouldheritance would allow him to pay foi his shares. have been ready to chose a profession. But what In the spring of 1781, Gallatin and a small

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 25 exploting pattyclubbedthe Alleghenies and The Penns) i) ania legislature ne)er acted on established a =prim) headquarters and stolethe meeting's suggestions, and although the "Bill at Clate's Farm on the inof Rights" added to the Constitution contained Fayette Count), Pennsylvania. A little whiletwo amendments that paralleledsuggestions later he decided on the site of his western Penn-made at Harrisburg, these were along lines sylvania home, "." The first partsimilar to those previously purposed by the rati- of his mansion neat New Geneva was completedfy ing cons entions in several states. Therefore, I))1789, when Gallatin brought his first wife,the meeting can be counted as one among a Sophia Allegre of Richmond, Virginia, to hisnumber of belated and futile attempts to bring sylvan retreat. Life in the wilderness was un-about revisionof the Constitution made by kind to her and within a few months she wasgroups which had earlier opposed its ratification. dead. Today her grave may be seen on the Gallatin next entered public service in the grounds of 'FriendshipHill."Besidesland winter of 1789-1790, when he sat in the conven- speculation, Gallatin had other economic in-tion that revised the Pennsylvania Constitution. terests in Fayette County. Prime among theseAt this meeting he engaged in lively debates on was a glass factory he had built in 1796. Thissuffrage, representation, taxation, and the judi- was the first factory of its kind west of theciary. In October, 1790, he was elected to his Allegheny Mountains. second public office as a representative from Fay- The rn bane Gallatin was ne)er a very suc-ette County to the State legislature. He was re- cessful land speculator, not a good farmer, ant:elected to that office without contest in 1791 the rustic life began to pall on him. His placeand 1792. His greatest service to the State, fore- of residence, however, and his superior talentstelling his set-) ice to the nation, was in the field marked him as a leader of the homespun demo(-of financial legislation. Hating, from his boy- ' acyof western Pennsylvania. He made hishood, all forms of debt, he devoted much time political debut in September. 1788, as a member to figuring out ways in which to reduce the of a conference that met in Harrisburg to con-public debt. As part of his fiscal policy he was side' the ways and means for cising the Unitedalso instrumental in obtaining a chat ter for the StatesConstitution, which Pennsylvania had Bank of Pennsylvania. ratified the previous Decembet. Gallatin prob- In 1793, whin a new United States Senator ably was the most radically minded bulk idualwas to be chosen, Gallatin although a Demo- there. In a speech he made at the meeting. hecratic-Republican was elected,55.34,bythe conceded he inadequacy of the Al titles of Con Fedetalist-dominated State legislature to repre- federation, but attacked the )agueness and thesent Cie Commonwealth in the Third Congress. cenualizing features of the Constitution. HeThe Federalists in Congress, however, were not prepared a set of resolutions which called foras well disposedtoGallatinasweretheir a much weaker federal gm et nment. His pi 0-brethren in Pennsylvania, and for political rea- posals were much too extreme fur most of thesons they denied him his seat in the Senate by delegates, who proceeded to modify them (lut-vote of 14-12. They claimed that he had not ing the remaining days of the meeting. Finally been an American citizenfor the nine years they drew up a petition which called upon thepeso ibed by the Constitution. After this defeat Pennsylvania legislature to request Congress toGallatin sold his western lands to ' t Mo" is summon, "at the earliest opportunity,- a Con- lot1,000 pounds, Penns) I) ania money, payable vention with powers to amend the Constitution. (but not paid) in duce yearly installments, and Fu' the', twelve amendments were suggested, in-he and his second tt ife, Hannah Nicholson of cluding four which embodied eat her ones made New Yolk, whom he had marl ied Nocmber I, by Gallatin: Congress's powers should be limited 1791, returned home to "Friendship Hill." to those stated in the Constitution, there F'.ould During the time that he was absent from his be one representative for each 20,000 persons,home much had happened. The federal gov- election of Congressmen should be corm oiled byernment's decision to collect the taxes on whiskey the Constitution, not by Congress itself, andunder Alexander Hamilton's excise bill of 1791 Congress should be able to assess, levy, and col- had provoked a wave of discontent that spread lect the direct-tax quota of -my state that didamong the farmers in the western pa: t of the not promptly furnish its quota. State.DavidBradford,whoseWashington,

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 25 LOU Pennsylvania, house is now owned by the Com- people to submit to the law, and to present monwealth, stirred the disgruntled farmers sto themselves at their polling places on September action. They held angry meetings, raised a11, when all adult male citizens would receive a militia, terror ized Pittsburgh, and forced revenuepardon for past offenses upon promising good officers to flee for their lives. conduct in the future. It can almost be said that With super b courage Gallatin moved intoGallatin saved western Pennsylvania from civil this superheated atmosphere. He had his doubtswar. When the Federal troops under the com- about the constitutionality of the whiskey levy,mand of Governor Henry Lee of Virginiaar- but his chief objection to it was that it "willrived to put down the rebellion, they found, hear hard upon the honest and industriousinstead of "embattled farmers" to subdue, only ch..:ens whilst the wealthy and conniving partsa few flagrant lawbreakers who were taken back of the community will avoid payments by strata-to PhiladelpIna for trial. Hamilton, who had led gems." Although not believing in the law, hethe troops as far as Pittsburgh, remained in that preached for peaceable submission toit. Oncity trying to prove that Gallatin had helped August 14, 1794, he spoke to a rally of theto cause the disturbance. No proof was found, farmers'delegates at Parkinson's Ferry; andbut for the rest of his life his political enemies later in the month, at a meeting held in a persisted in rev iv ing the charge that Gallatin hastily-built shed in Brownsville, his reasoned,was the chid instigatorof the Whiskey Re- logical arguments convinced a number of the bellion. rrembers of the rebel committee, even the fire- In the autumn of 1794, the grateful citizens brand Bradford, to voteto recommend thatof western Pennsylvania, greatly pleased with their followers peacefully submit to the law.the role he played in settling the insurrection, After the meeting adjourned, a handful of die-elected him to the federal House of Rep.,esenta- hard spectators continued to loiter about thefives. Reelected twice, he served from 1795 to meeting place and to talk vaguely aboutway- 1801. In Congress he quite naturally insisted laying Gallatin as he left.Brownsville, but withupon a strict accounting of the Treasury to the desertion of Bradford they lacked resolution,Congress, and in 1800 he was instrumental in and Gallatin safely returned home. steering through the House legislation vv:lich During the two weeks after the meeting Gal-required the Secretary of the Treasury to make latin traveled through Fayette County urginga yearly accounting of funds to the C.ongre.,,s.

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FRIENDSIIIP HILL

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 25 3 1 0 / When James Madison and William Branch Gilesbuilt at "Friendship Hill" undo the supeiNIS1011 retired from the House in1797, Gallatin be-of his son Albeit, Jr., while the rest of the family came the acknowledged leader of the Demo-was in Europe. It was dui lug this stay that cratic-Republican faction in the House. His lastLafayette, on his triumphal tow of the United days in Congress were spent leading the fight inStates, visited the Gallatin:, at '161 estate ()NCI the House for the selectidn of Jeffersonas looking the Monongahela President over Aaron Burr. With Jefferson's Gallatin originally intended to live out his victory, it was only natural that Gallatin as adays as a gentleman farmer, but he yielded to specialist infinancial matters should be ap-his family's wish that they return to city life, pointed Secretary of the Treasury. He held thatand in 1826 he accepted an appointment as office longer than any other man in AmericanAmerican Ambassador to the Court of St. James. history, serving from 1801to1814. Once inP .turning from London the next year, he re- office, he vigorously attacked the public debt,tired from public life and settled in New Yolk and through careful management of the coun-City. There in 1831 at the in-ging of his fi iend try's finances he was able to reduce the debtJohn Jacob Astor he became the president of materially until the War of 1812 made thisthe new National (later Gallatin) Bank, a post policy impossible. he held until 1839. In 1832 he broke his long After 1811, it became inc.' easing!) unpleasanttie w ith Pennsylvania when he sold his home for him to remain as Secretary of the Treasury."Friendship Hill" to a Frenchman whom he had It was with a feeling of great relief that in May, met in Paris. 1813, at the request of President Madison, he His later years in New York were given over went to Russia to study the details of a Russianto benevolent and intellectual attainments. He offer to mediate Anglo-American differences. Hewas one of the founders of the University of stayed in Russia several months, but nothingthe City of New York and an early president of came of the Russian offer. In 1814, he was onethe New York Historical Society. It was also of the five American commissioners who nego-during his years in New York that he undertook tiated the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war.thestudiesof the American Indian which It was now that he was officially replaced asbrought him the title of "the father of American Secretary of the Treasury. ethnology." He remained active and vigorous After the Treaty was signed, he revisiteduntil his 87th year. The shock of the death of Geneva for the first time in this t) -five years. his wife in 1849 seriously weakened him, and on Returning to --k.merica in 1816, he accepted theAugust 12, 1819, he died at the count') home post of American minister to Fiance, an officeof his daughter Frances at Aston ia, Long Island. which he held for seven years. In 1823, he onceHe was 88 years old when he 1.ent on to join again returned to America, and he and hishi, generation, the townie's of the Amu ican family lived a year in the new stone mansion Republic, all of whom he had outlived.

Published by the Commonuealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historkal and Moseuin Commission, Harrisburg, 1962. Text by Irwin Richman, illustrations by William Rolirbeck, edited by Donald 1!Kent and William A. Hunter. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five Lents a copy, in quantities of ten oi more, the price isthree cents each

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 25 1 02 William Penn in Pennsylvania

HEN William Penn left England on his first voyage to Pennsylvania, his head was full of vision. and hopes for this new Land of Promise "six hundred miles nearer the sun." He wanted to see if he and his fellow Quakers could establish here a new society based on wider freedoms than the Old World knew; and he wanted also to see whether it was true, as he thought, that men and women were better and happier for this freedom. Believing good government to be part of God's plan for man- kind, he called his venture a Holy Experiment William Penn in 1696. by Frahcis Place. He was in Pennsylvania only three and a halt years. But from 1681, when he received the King's charter at the age of thirty -seven. to 1718.out of "regard to the memorie anderitts of w hen he died, Pennsy hania SS as one of his chiefhi, late father," gave the y ounger Penn a huge preoccupations. The growth and well-being oftract of land in North America and named it, his colony was as based on a tradition of religionsin honor of the Admiral, "Pennsilvania," or toleration and freedom under law, fundamentalPenn's Woods. principles of American ch itlife. Thomas Jef- The new proprietor advertised for settlers ferson called Penn "the greatest law-giver the"ad% enturers" he called them: farmers, day world has produced." laborers, carpenters, masons. smiths, weavers, Governor Willia,n Penn came to North Amer-tailors, tanners. shoemakers, shipwrights, and, ica in 1682 and stay ed for two years, returningin addition, merchants who understood co- only for another short stay from 1699 to 1701.merce, and men of administrative capacity to Illness, financial worries. and threats to Penns, l-set the new community on its feet. vanids charter kept him from the tranquil At the same time, to reassure the Swedish, enjoyment of his beautiful home on the Dela-Finnish, and Dutch settlers who were already warc River. Since he was in no position to takein the Pros 111(e. and w110 provided a sturdy base immediate charge of the got eminent.itis for its coming population, he sent letters bid- remarkable that he SS alS able to exert the in-ding them not to be disturbed at the change of fluence he did on the de% elopmcnt of the colony.go% crnment. Ile was not a grasping and tyran- Penn was born on October 2. 16.14. Hisnical governor. he saidand he promised them father wasafamousEnglishadmiral.Sirfreedom: "You shall be governed by laws of William Penn. Young William grew up duringyour own making. ..." a stormytime of reolution and reaction in Penn delay edhis departure for the New England. For a short time. he was a soldier.World for more than a y ear. He hoped to per- and so successful a one that he thought of mak-suade his friend the Duke of York (soon to ing a career in the army. But. seeing the effectsbecome King James IIIto grant him title to of s iolence and !terse( ution. he SS as led to dream the three (mantic:- of Delaware, lying south of of a society in w hick war should lane no pl.ice,Penn's original grant, which would guarantee and in which a man might frech worshit, ac-an outlet to the sea. In late August, 1682, the cording to his own conscience. He joined theDuke transferred Ili, title to Penn, and within Society of Friends (the Quakers), who werea few days Penn left for America. Sailing on a pacifists. and threw his energies with theirs intoship that was appropriately named the "Wel- political battles for freedom of religion, freedomcome," he made the voyage in comparatively of assembly, and the right of trial by jury. good time. He arrived at New Castle in northern In 1681 there came a golden opportunity toDelaware, October27,1682,less than two make his dreams conic true. King Charles II,months after leaving England. The next day he

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 26 1 sailed farther up the river to Upland, the mosthis land from the English King, Penn respected populous town in what became Pennsylvania.the rights of the bronze-skinned people who He soon renamed the town Chester, for thehad been living on it. He was careful to acquire English city of the same name. the land from them by purchase, and to this William Penn's first few weeks m the colon', end he and his agents held frequent conferences were busy ones indeed. One of the matters which with the local Delaware chiefs and their retinue. he had to attend to right away was th t arrang-He has described these scenes: the chief seated ing of a conference with Lord Baltimore, thein the center, his council seated in a half-moon proprietor of Maryland, on the boundary dis-behind him, and beyond that another half-moon putes between their two colonies. The charterscomposed of all the other Indians of the com- granted to Penn and to Lord Baltimore weremunity. Proceedings on both sides were grave hopelessly in conflict. Lord Baltimore assertedand courteous. It was Penn's courtesy on these that his charter properly included Delaware,occasions, combined with his unfailing sense and he also claimed so large a portion of south-of fair piny, that won the Indians' respect and ernPennsylvaniathatthesitechosen foraffection. He left behind him a tradition of Philadelphia would have gone to Maryland.good feeling that saved Pennsylvania for seventy Penn never succeeded in settling this disputeyears from the disaster of an Indian war. during his lifetime, and in fact it was never The painter Benjamin West has immortalized settled by anyone until the surveying of the atreatyof friendship which, according to Mason-Dixon line in 1763. tradition, Penn made with the renowned Del- The boundary question did not stop Pennaware chief soon after his arrival from taking great pride in the brand-new townin 1682. Common belief has this treatyone of Philadelphia, which he inspected soon afterwhich Voltaire said was "never sworn to and landing at Chester. While Penn had been innever broken"taking place under the "Treaty England his agents had chosen the site for theElm" at Shackamaxon, half a mile north of the new town and had laid it out in accordancecenter of Philadelphia. Whether the story is with his directions. Penn, a man of classicalliterally true or not, it does symbolize the deter- learning, had calledit Philadelphia, a namemination of the peace-loving Quakers to deal which he interpreted to mean "the city of broth-justly with their neighbors. erly love." Now, little more than a year old, the Three weeks after his arrival Penn called for town was already beginning to show signs of thean election of representatives to the first pro- prosperity and culture that were to give it firstvincial Assembly, which would meet with him rank among American cities in the later colonialin Chester early in December. These men con- period. Penn himself, describing his impressions.% ened on December 4 and stayed in session four of his first visit to the colony, hailed the newdayslong enough to pass several laws and to city with this eloquent passage: "And thou,grant Pennsylvania citizenship both to the Dela- Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this prov-ware residents and to the few Swedes, Finns, ince, named before thou wert born, what love,and Dutchmen who had come to the area before what care, what service, and what travail hasthe start of English colonization. This was the there been, to bring thee forth...." For thefirst of four sessions of the Assembly held dur time being, however, Penn was not able toing Penn's brief stay in North America, and linger at Philadelphia; with his chief assistantsthelawspassedduring thosesessions em- he hurried down the river to New Castle forbodied the humanitarian and tolerant spirit the opening of the first provincial court. Heof Penn and his fellow Quakers. invited all those settlers with questions about Among the laws passed by the Assembly in land titles to be present at the next session of 1682-83were severalwhich were accorded the court, and announced that until a provin-special status. These could not be changed ex- cial legislature could meet. the colonists wouldcept by agreement of the governor and six- be governed by the laws of the province of Newsevenths of the members of the legislature. York wherever these did notconflictwith Heading the list of these fundamental statutes English law. was Penn's law protecting freedom of con- In the area of Indian relations, Penn's Quakerscience. Under thisguarantee thousands of principles were plainly stamped onto the lifemembers of unpopular Christian sects were able of the colony. Almost immediately after arriv-to escape from the persecutions of the Old ing, despite his multitude of other duties, heWorld. Unlike many people who have suffered took steps to establish peaceful relations withrestrictions on their freedoms, the Quakers had the Indians. Although he had accepted title tono wish to impose similar restrictions on others

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 26 The Slate Roof House. Penn's residence in I hiladelphia. 1700; it was demolished in 1868. once they had the power. The criminal codewould permit, Pcnn stayed loyal to their friend- adopted by Pcnn and the Assembly was alsoship. As a result, when the King's troubled reign indicative of the Quakers' idealism. Only twowas abruptly ended by the "Glorious Revolu- crimes, murder and treason, were made punish-tion" of 1688, Pcnn came under suspicion from able by death. At that time the laws in Englandthe new rulers, William and Mary. For nearly prescribed the death penalty f "r such offensessix years he was either in prisoa or in hiding. as housebreaking, highway robbery, and allThen in 1694, when he had finally succeeded other robberies of more than one shilling. in clearing his name, his beloved wife Gulichna Between law-making, Indian councils, landdied after a lingering illness. That left Pcnn salts, and boundary disputes, Penn's stay inwith the cart of their three children as well as America was a strenuous one. His wife Gulielmawith pressing financial problems. Two years had stayed behind in England with their chil-later he was married again, this time to Hannah dren, the plan being that they would join PcnnCallowhill, an attractive and devout Quaker in the colony as soon as possible. But Gulichnawoman more than twenty-five years younger was destined never to cross the ocean. In 1684than himself. When next he returned to Penn- Penn learned that Lord Baltimore was on hissylvaniait would be with Hannah. way back to England and would try to persuade Finally, Penn's desire to sec the colony once the Kin'; to give Maryland the lands that wereagain was reinforced by the demands of the in dispute between the two colonies. Pcnn knewBritish government. The Board of Trade, which that he must also go back if he were not to lostsupervised pros incial affairs, had heard reports a large portion of his land. A remark by onethat the Pennsylvania government, in nenn's of Lord Baltimore's agents -that Penn's ban cdabsence, was abetting the activities of pirates Philadelphia was "one of the prettiest towns inwho preyed on ships off the Atlantic coast. Maryland"could not have made Penn feelPenn promised to return at once to look into very happy. In August of 1684 he hurriedlythe reports and to take swift action if it seenrld left for England to protect his colony's interests.to be justified. He landed at Philadelphia in He was not to return for fifteen years. early December of 1699, accompanied by Han- The boundary quarrel dragged on intermin-nah and his grown daughter by the earlier mar- ably, and, although Pcnn was able to prevent a riage, Letitia. The piracy question was disposed transfer of the disputed lands to Maryland, heof with little difficulty, and Pcnn was able to did not succeed in gaining a clear title to themvie v with pride (and perhaps some bewilder- himself. Meanwhile, other events began to over-ment) the other changes in the colony. Phila- shadow this argument. Penn's benefactor,Jamesdelphia, "named before thou wort born," was II, the former Dukc of York, became King ina bustling little city with a population second 1685 and immediately began to make enemiesonly to Boston's in all of the Ncw World. Penn- with his harsh policies. Although he disagreedsylvania was exporting such raw materials as with the King on many points, and favored alumber, furs, hemp, tobacco, iron, and copper much greater degree of popular rule than Jamesand receivinghigh-qualityBritishmanufac-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No.26 3

4.1"..11- Lured goods in exchange. The population ofthe fiftieth anniversity of the Charter of Priv- the colony as .a whole was increasingso fastileges was engraved with the words, "Proclaim that, a year after his arrival, Penn obtaineda liberty throughout the land unto all the inhab- deed front the , or "Five Nations," foritants thereof," front the Book of Leviticus, the lands adjoining the Susquehanna River thatChapter 25, Verse 10. Today known as the had belonged to the Susquehanna Indians. Liberty Bell,ithangs in Independence Hall As often as officialbusiness allowed, Penn in Philadelphia to commemorate thesigning retreated to the wilderness home he had createdof the Declaration of Independence. for his family. Pcnnsbury Manorwas across the Penn, during this visit, was concerned not Delaware River from thepresent city of Tren-only with the internal government of Pennsyl- ton, New Jersey, some twenty-four miles north vania but with the North American colonies of Philadelphia. Here, ina home that was setas a whole. At a meeting with Governor Bello- in heavy woods and was conveniently accessible mont of New York And Governor Nicholson of only by water, Penn spentmany happy days. ItVirginia in 1700 he got his brother officials to was a large house, full of servants, handsomeagree on a set of proposals for greatly increased furniture, and good things for the dining tableco-operation among all the colonies. These plans for Penn, though deeply religious,was notwere sent to the Board of Trade in London, but an ascetic. He and his wife looked after thenothing was done about them. Unity among the affairs of the house. From Pennsbury,as hiscolonies did not come until they had cut loose letters disclose, he sent to town for such thingsfrom Britain. as hicks, lime, locks, and nails, while she As on his first visit, Penn found himselflin- ordered chocolate, flour, bacon, coffee.corn-able to stay as long as he would have liked in meal and (on one occasion)a "parlor bell." the colony. A determined movementat In foot Such commodities were delivered byflatboatin Parliament to place Pennsylvania under the up the Delaware River. When they were notdirect control of the Crown. Once again Penn living at Penusbury, the family stayed at thehad to hurry back to England. He sailed in SlateRoof House,anamplePhiladelphiaNovember. 1701, shortly after he had signed dwelling owned by Samuel Carpenter. It wasthe Charter of Privileges. Before leaving he also in this house that his son John Penn was borngranted the request of the inhabitants of Dela- on January 29, 1700. The only one of Penn'sware that they be allowed to separate from children to he born in North America, JohnPennsylvania. Although Penn stweeeded inre- always carried the nickname of "the American."taining his colony, the remainder of his life Perhaps the most important achievement of was filledIs ith much unhappiness. One of his William Penn's second stay in the colonywas close associates had defrauded him ofa vast the adoption of a new frame ofgovernment.amount of money. and Penn was tied up for the Charter of Privileges. in October. 1701. This Nears in the litigation that arose from this theft. constitution, which lasted three-quarters ofa By the time be emerged from this ordeal he century, or until the outhreak of the Rev cht- an elderly man whose health. especially tionary War, was a step in the direction ofafter a scl ere stroke in 1712, would not permit self-government for the colony. Although the another ocean voyage. Ile died on July 30. 1718. governor retained his right to veto legislation, at the age of seventy -three. Except for two brief the elected Assembly gained the power to initi-sisits of less than two y ears each. William Penn atebills,rather than merely to approve orhad never had a chance to enjoy the colony reject those submitted toit by the governorfor which he, more than any-one else. was re- and his council. The bell cast in 1751 to mark sponsible.

Wampum belt of friendship presented to Penn hr Indians in a treaty. It is made of white and purple beads fashioned from clam shells.

Published by the Co wealth of Pennykania, Penn,sy kania Ilistorieal and 11u.etini Commk.ion,llarraburg, 1975 Text by Dr. Paul .1 W. Wallace and Jmws P. OBrien; edited byDonald 11. Kent and William .1. Hunter. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 26 u lmord.A1 4. fr

ifi

tir E4.41 04

iet Conrad IVeiser's home at IVontelsdorf, open to the public.

CONRAD WEISER'S picturesque career asand spring of 1712-13 in the Mohawk Valley farmer,traveler,churchman,countyamong the Six Nations, or Iroquois Confederacy judge, diplomat, soldier, and member for aor League, as an adopted son of Chief Onaynant. time of the Ephrata monast;c community, re-The knowledge he gained there of the language, flects so many facets of early American lifecustoms, and statesmanship of the Iroquois that his most important role, that of keeperConfederacy (the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, of the peace, is apt to be forgotten. For manyCayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations)pre- years he was the key to good relations betweenpared him for his later career as an Indian white men and Indians in Pennsylvania. Theinterpreter and ambassador. Indians called him Tarachimcagon, the "Holder From the Mohawk Valley in 1729 he brought of the Heavens." It might be said that he heldhis German wife, Ann Eve, and their children up the sky (by keeping off an Indian war) forto Pennsylvania. They settled at the foot of the colonists as well. Eagle Peak, at what is now the town of Wom- It was this role as a peacemaker that madeelsdorf, mid-way between Reading and Leba- him so important in the history of our Com-non. There, in the Tulpeliocken Valley, he monwealth and nation. prospered as farmer and tanner. He built a It is easy to see how the role came to him.stone house, brought up a large family(lie Born in the village of Affseit in Wiirttemberg,and Ann Eve had fourteen children in all), , November 2, 1696, he was broughtwas appointed Justice of the Lancaster County by his father with others of the Weiser familycourts, and, when Bcrks County was erected to New York in 1710. Conrad spent the winter in 1752, became its first President Judge. For

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 27 1

,-, 1.1 I many years lie was the foremost figure in theas long as possible for the Indinr. rune. At the region. same time, they were aware chat the migrations In officialcirclesin Philadelphia he wasposed tt-rt acute danger of violent &nom::: 'pith early known as the man who understood Indi-neighboring white mcn. Above all the Iroquois ans. James Logan, Provincial Secretary, usedwanted to maintain the friendly relations Wil- Weiser's knowledge of the Iroquois Confederacy liam Penn had established with their fathers. to work out a good Indian policy for the colony. To maintain this diplomatic policykeeping To understand the significance of this newgood relations both with their Indian colonies pcilicy,itis necessary first to sec the dangersand with "Brother Onas," that is Pennsylvania it was intended to avert. the Onondaga Council, highest governing Pennsylval:ia was at that time (the earlybody of the Confederacy, dispatched a deputy eighteenth century) governed by Quakers, mostto embody Iroquois authority over Pennsyl- of whom were strict pacifists determined to vania's Indians. He was to sec that they neither avoid the use of military force even in self-suffered nor inflicted serious harm. This power- defense. Weiser and Logan, on the other hand,ful official, when Conrad Weiser came to Penn- thought a strong hand was needed to keep thesylvania, was knan among the. Delawares peace on Pennsylvania's borders. They sawas [Sid-KELL-a-nice., "Our En- disturbing signs on the frontier. Differenceslightener." between Indians and white men sometimes led The new Indian policy which Weiser helped to bloodshed. It was feared that hotheads onto formulate was, in a word, to recognize Iro- either side, in the absence of any military forcequois authority over the Indians within Penn to restrain them, might use these incidents tosylvania's borders. By this means, it was !taped, rouse their people and incite them to massacrethe settlers and traders on the frontiers would and war. receive the firm protection that Quakor princi- The danger lay in two errsas. The Delaware ples forbade. and Shawnee Indians in eastern Pennsylvania, In theory the policy was sound. But could although not forgetful of the happy relationsit be administered? Ill the state of race tension they had once enjoyed with William Penn,rising in the woods, could there be found men wcrc growing restless as they found themselvesof sufficient integrity and stature to hold the being pushed out of their home territories byconfidence of both races «bile conducting deli- advancing settlements. An even graver dangercate negotiations like those to a Cold War? seemed to lie in the Susquehanna Valley. Ir, The Iroquois had already appointed Shikell- this region large bands of Indian refugees frontam), who held the respect of Indians and white the south, moving slowly northward to join themen alike.Pennsylvaniaappointed Conrad Iroquois ir. upstate New York, wcrc establish- Weiser. He was known to get along well with ing temporary colonies as they went. some of the Mohawksbut what about his Weiser and Logan knew these refugee col-standing with the Iroquois as a whole and the onies to be sponsored by the Iroquois. Amongfamed Onondaga Council? the latter it was a tradition, fortified by the It was the answer given to that question that legend of their culture heroes Dekanawidall made his first journey to Onondaga in 1737 so and Hiawatha, that Indians of other nations important. It showed the Iroquois that he had whodesiredtheConfederacy'sprotection the qualities they most admired in a man: should be rcccivcd and adopted. Accordingly,truthfulness, courage, and utter devotion, even various bands of Indians, the remnants ofto the point of death, to the task he had in uprooted nations, wcrc being brought into thehand. League "on the cradleboard," as their phrase On that journey he was connnissEuned by ran. Tuscaroras, Nanticok s Conoys, and Tute-Pennsylvania to bear an invitation from the locs, at different times sent agents to Onondagagovernment of Virginia to the Onondaga Coun- (the Iroquois capital) to ask permission, whichcil to send delegates to a peace conference at they rcccivcd, to move north through Penn-Williamsburg. The matter was urgent because sylvania. Virginia was an ally of the Catawbas, with The Iroquois were glad to use these refugeeswhom the Iroquois wcrc at war. Virginia was as a means of saving the Susquehanna Valleyin danger of being drnwn into a war with the 2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 27 1 in 4. I Iroquois which might bring Pennsylvania inconfirming it with : lt of whitwampum, too. Conrad Wiser was instructed to make allsymbol of peace. Inman runners uere at once speed in ordcr to reach Onondaga in time todispatchedtoallparts of the Six Nations halt Iroquois war parties scheduled to sct outcountry to call off preparations for war. in the spring. He emerged from that ordeal an Iroquois He left home on February 27, 1737. Afterhero. When in 1743 he came back to Onondaga, cios.ing the Blue Mountain by Indian path andit was to "take the hatchet out of the head of joining up with Shikellamy, he and his partythe Six Nations," that is, to make amends for ran into heavy snow. Travel became difficultthe slaying of somc Iroquois travelers by white and dangerous, but, with peacc or war at issuc,men in Virginia. He was hailed as Tarachia- Weiser presscdon. They struggled on footwagon, the "Holder of the Heavens," a title through snow that was sometimes up to theirhitherto reserved for the Master of Life, the knees, and climbed cliffs to escape flooded val-. Count Zinzendorf, the Moravian leys. After six terrible wecks, exhausted, starv-leader, trying to convey a sense of the high ing (for the Indians they met were themselvesesteem in which Wciser was held in the Indian without food), Conrad Weiser collapsed in theworld,calledhimthe"Emperorofthe snow. If it had not been for Shikellamy, he Iroquois." would have died on the trail. Conrad Weiser was one of Pennsylvania's But on April 10 they reached Onondaga.most noted travelers, whether on horseback, Weiser had sufficient strength to stand beforeon foot, or by canoe. He made five journeys the assembled chiefs and deliver his message,to the Iroquois homeland: in 1737, 1743, 1745,

ONDONDAGA JOURNEYS of CONRAD WEISER to ONONDAGA 81 LOGSTOWN (Binghamton) % 1737 1748 _.--1

X POSTS UNDER WEISER'S COMMAND 1756-58

:,'----- NORT BRANCH

WEST BRANCH ALLEGHENY RIVER k(Montoursville)

1

s . LOGSTOWN s A X SUSQUEHANNA RIVER I (Sunbury) x (Ambridge , ...... ""., 1. EASTON° .., s ..,. \ L (Pittsburgh) PAXTANG s 0H10 RIVER (Altoona) ''.1 s \ WEISER'S ) 1 ,.., (Harrisburg) Vi ...... ,* (Womelsdorf) l'...... ".".

PHIL 4DELPHIA o

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 27 3

10 1750, and 1751. His most important journey Conrad Weiser was Berks County's most dis- after 1737, however, was one made in 1748 totinguished citizen during colonial days and, in Logstown, eighteen miles below the Point atretrospect,thebestlovedofPennsylvania Pittsburgh on the Ohio River. He made thisDutchmen. Although he lived much in the trip to "brighten the chain of friendship" withworld of affairs, he was at heart deeply reli- the western Indians and, more specifically, to gious. For a time he took part in the strange claimtheOhio-Allegheny countryforthe experiment in English colonies. That this resulted in French mysticalreligion counterclaims leading to the French and Indian conducted at Eph- War is only another way of saying that it was rata. Later he be- an attempt (ultimately successful) to save the came the foremost Ohio Valley for the English-speaking people. layman of his day He was a man of peace until France's Indian intheLutheran allies, the Delawares and , took up Church in Amer- the hatchet. They soon defeated General Brad- dock and began to murder settlers in the Sus- ica. He was also a the quehanna Valley. Then, in October, 1755, hear-Weiser's seal from a legalpromoterof ing a rumor that Indians in the French interestdocument. great Indian mis- had 'crossed the Susquehanna and were about sion (a noble ex- to attack settlements in the Tulpehocken Valley,periment in race relations) which the Moravian Weiser raised a force of men overnight andChurch established in Pennsylvania and Ohio. marched them toward the Blue Mountain. His daughter Maria married Henry Melchior During the next weeks he organized townMuhlenberg, "the Patriarch of the Lutheran guards and posted volunteers at strategic pointsChurch in America." Two of his grandsons were along the Blue Mountain barrier. Early in 1756among the founders of the United States: Major he was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of theGeneral John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, hero First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regiment.of Brandywine, Germantown, and Yorktown For nearly two years that battalion, under his (where his troops made the final assault on the command, held a line of forts extending fromBritish lines) ; awl Frederick Augustus Conrad the Susquehanna to the Delaware River, thusMuhlenberg, Speaker of the House of Repre- preventing the French and their allies fromsentatives in the First and Third Congresses. penetrating too deeply into the Province. On July 13, 1760, Conrad Weiser died at his Meanwhile, most of the Iroquois remainedhome in the Tulpehocken Valley. His death loyal to the bonds of friendship with Pennsyl-was lamented in Indian fashion by an old vania. They kept their refugee colonies quietfriend, Seneca George. Addressing himself to and exercised a restraining pressure on thewhite men at Easton in 1761, Seneca George Delawares. Finally, at the Easton peace confer-held in his hand a belt of white wampum, with ence in 1758, at which Conrad Weiser was anfour black streaks, and said, "We ... are at interpreter, they made the Delawares drcp thea great loss and sit in darkness, as well as you, hatchet. A few weeks later, the French at theby the death of Conrad Weiser, as since his Forks of the Ohio, threatened by the advance death we cannot so well understand one an- of a British army and deprived of their Indianother; By this Belt we cover his Body with allies, blew up Fort Duquesne and retired. bark."

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1965. Text by Dr. Paul A. W. Wallace; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter. The Historic Pennsyl vania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities of ten or more the price is three cents each.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 27 James Buchanan

OF THE MEN who have served as Presi-at Stony Batter, in Cove Gap, Franklin County. dent of the United States, only one hasThis was an important stopping point Gil the bcen a native of the Commonwealth of Penn-Philadelphia-to-Pittsburgh road, and his father, sylvania. James Buchanan, of Lancaster, electedJames, who came from Ireland in 1783, had in 1856 and president for one term, held theestablished a trading post there. In 1788 he office at -me of the most critical stages in ourmarried a Lancaster Countygirl,Elizabeth nation's history. Speer. Their son James was the first of their President Buchanan had spent forty-two years eleven children to survive infancy; for his first in public life as State assemblyman, Unitedfourteen years, he was their only son. States representative, min- In 1796 the Buchanan

istertoRussia,United . we family moved to Mercers- -t.% ... States senator, secretary of 1 burg, where young James state, and minister to Eng- , studied Greek and Latin land. His record of politi- - at the Old Stone Academy. cal attainment was little He alsoassistedinhis .. help, however, in solving father's store and devel- the national dilemma of oped the meticulous per- the1850's,theslavery sonal bookkeeping which issue. characterizedhisentire The debate about slav- life. In 1807 he entered ery, entwined asit was -..._ DickinsonCollege,Car- with the difficult issues of lisle, which then had forty- territorialexpansion,in- twostudents.Buchanan ternal improvements, and performed well academi- the financial condition of cally and participated in the country, c'lored every numerous extra-curricular problem with which Bu- 4 activities.His skylarking, chanan dealt as president. however, and his arrogant Changingconditionsof demeanor landed him in life during the 1850'sthe trouble and he was dis- growth of urban popula- Courtesy National Archivesmissed. But he returned. tion, the incrcase in immi- After graduation in 1809, gration, the demand for a7171.4 Buchanan studied law in speculative money, and the a# Lancaster, then the State riseoftheRepublican Photograph by Matthew Brady, 1858. capital, and was admitted party created too many to the bar in1812. He areas of conflict and too many groups unwillingpracticed law and plunged into local politics. or unable to compromise. Buchanan has beenHe had been raised on his father's strongly severely criticized for his failure to reconcileFederalist views, and he echoed them. The conflicting ideologies and interests. SolutionsLancaster Federalists nominated him for State which he did attempt, only to be thwarted, haveassemblyman on August 24, 1814, the same day too often been dismissed by his critics. He didthe British were burning the White House and manage to avert open warfare, and when hecapital during their occupation of Washington. handed the presidency to Abraham Lincoln onBuchanan and several friends volunteered for March 4, 1861, the office was still unscarred byduty, and were sent to recruit horses for use fraternal bloodshed. at Baltimore. With that he returncd home, his James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791,military career completed.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 28 1

111 The Lancaster district leaned heavily to the With the approach of the presidential cam- Federalists, so Buchanan's election as State as-paign of 1832, Buchanan was rumored as a semblymanto serve atthe new capital ofpossible vice-presidential candidate to run with Harrisburgwas no surprise. At the end of hisAndrew Jackson on the Democraticticket. second term in 1816, however, he returned toBefore rumor could become reality, however, Lancaster, since the policy of the party was toBuchanan was appointed minister to Russia, share political offices among its candidates. where he served from 1832 to 1833. In 1819 he became engaged to Ann Coleman, Returning home in November, 1833, he began the daughter of a wealthy ironmaster and own- preparations for a special senatorial election. er of several furnaces, among them CornwallHe lost, but under similar circumstances in and Hopewell. Circumstances led her finally1834 he was elected.(In those days a U. S. to terminate the engagement. While visitingsenator was elected by the state legislature.) Philadelphia to recover from the blow, sheIn this re-exposure to Pennsylvania politics, suddenly took ill and died. The tragedy wasBuchanan, the canny politician, was grateful heightened by the Colemans' refusal to allowfor his year's absence, for it had been a time her afflicted suitor to attend the funeral. Al-of tension between national and Pennsylvania though many women were to come for briefDemocrats. He had avoided involvement and periods into Buchanan's life, never again wouldwas now in a strong position. Buchanan was he come this close to marriage. again elected in the regular senatorial elections In 1820 Buchanan received the Federalistof 1836. During this period his family claimed nomination for United Statesrepresentativemuch of his attention, as he found himself re- from Dauphin, Lebanon, and Lancaster coun-sponsible for nieces and nephews, invalids and ties, and was easily elected. When he arrivedwidowed family members. Throughout his life in Washington in 1821, it was still a raw coun-he was to be more than generous in providing try town; the streets were muddy and full ofmedical and educational aid to his family. potholes, accommodations were poor, and re- In 1842 Buchanan was again elected to the minders of the War of 1812 remained. Yet, itSenate, and in 1844, a presidential election year, was the center of national politics, and Buchan-his name was mentioned for the Democratic an took an active part. Painstakingly he builtnomination. James Polk won the nomination, his personal power. In 1824 and 1826 Buchananwas elected, and selected Buchanan as his secre- was elected to Congress as a Federalist, althoughtary of state. It was a time of territorial expan- now on an "amalgamated" platform whichsion. Buchanan was instrumental in settling the pitched its appeal also to his traditional ene-northern boundary of the Oregon territory, mies. The had disintegrated,which, although a compromise, avoidedwar and no longer entered the statewide electionswith Britain and proved satisfactory to most in Pennsylvania. Buchanan's principles com-critics. A boundary dispute with Mexico, how- bined Democratic and Federalist ideas, and itever, brought on the Mexican War from 1845 was easy for him to drift gradually into theto 1848, when, as a settlement, Mexico ceded Democratic fold. That the pc vers of the threelarge southwestern territoriesto the United branches of government, as well as the stateStates. and federal governments, must be clearly dis- With the end of Polk's administration draw- tinguished and respected was the cornerstoneing near, Buchanan again eyed the presidential of his political philosophy. nomination. of Michigan received In 1828 he was returned to Congress, thisthe nomination, however, and was defeated by time as a Democrat. In this, his last term as a General Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate. congressman, he made a notable contribution With the opposition in power. Buchanan re- by defending the jurisdiction of thetired temporarily from public life. With an U. S. Supreme Court over all cases involvingincreasing number of his family needing his thefederalconstitution,federallaw,and attention, and additional leisure available to treaties with foreign powers, in opposition tohim, he purchased Wheatland, a lovely estate those who wished to deny this power. His waswest of Lancaster. The life of a country gentle- the view that prevailed. mangardening, repair of the homestead, and 2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 28 111, 111 ,

Courtesy Wheatland Wheatland, Buchanan's Lancaster home, open March 15 to November 30. the relaxation of having his family around him appropriate. A- ':-as the custom in political cam- was most pleasing. He became the "Sage ofpaigns .of the time, Buchanan made no, tours, Wheatland." The visits of political friends werebut remained at Wheatland and carried on a unending, and the discussions centering around voluminous correspondence. His appeal was the profoundly interestedLased on his well known conservative and Buchanan. He felt that the popular sovereigntyunionist viewpoint and the c,,Afidence of 6outh- clauses of the compromise, allowing settlers inerners that lie was not hostile to their situation. each territory to determine if slavery shouldRunning against Fremont and former President exist there, were certain to produce turmoi' andMillard Fillmore, liegot only forty-five per- violence. He believed that the power to limitcent of the popular vote, but won fifty-nine slavery in the territories should have been leftpercent of the vote by the electoral college. The to Congress. In delineating his views, and inDemocratic platform had advocated a modified stressing the need for peaceful settlement of theform of local sovereignty in deciding the sla slavery issue, Buchanan was working to gainery- issue in each of the territories. Buchanan the Democratic presidential nomination of 1852.had always feared the violence to which such a It went to Franklin Pierce, however, and Piercesolution could lead. Such was the resultin was elected. "Bloody Kansas," which haunted Buchanan Pierce appointed Buchanan his minister tothrough most of his term. The settlers there England. This kept Buchanan from becomingwere in the process of writing a constitution embroiled in the most serious political issue ofunder which they could be admitted as a state. The crucial issue, of course, was whether slavery the day, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which dealt, again, with the expansion of slavery into theshould be permitted. The slavery opponents territories. boycotted the convention calledat Lecomp- ton.Buchanan's supportofthisunpopular Upon his return in 1856, Buchanan foundconstitution, which permitted slavery, brought solid support in the Democratic party, and re-the wrath of anti-slavery fc:ces upon him. ceived the nomination for president at the 1856A10.ough personally opposed to slavery, Bu- convention. The appearance of the strictly sec-cl-anan used every political weapon in his at- tional Republican party, and its first candidate,t mpt to push the constitution through Con- John C. Fremont, made Buchanan's campaigngress. Eventually a compromise plan succeeded statement, "The Union is in danger and the in Congress, only to be overwhehningly reject- people everywhere begin to know it," extremelyed by the anti-slavery Kansans.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 28 3 The Kansas issue greatly strengthened theber, 1860, to his inauguration in March, 1861, Republicans in the congressional elections ofBuchanan's attempts to placate both sides were 1858 and 1859, further weakening Buchanan'smet withviolentdenunciationsfromboth influence in Congress. His attempt to divertcamps. His suggestion of a constitutional con- public,concern from the slavery issue to foreignvention to redcfine the place of slavery in the policy by working toward increased AmericanUnited States found little support. His policy influence in Central and South America wasthus became to commit no act which might lead doomed to failure, although Buchanan's per-to active warfare, while carrying out the busi- sonal achievements in establishing Americanness of the federal government in the seceded rights there were considerable. He opened thestates. It was an exhausting task for the seventy- door to commercial and diplomatic relationsyear-old veteran, and one that he gladly relin- with the Orient, particularly with Japan andquished on Inauguration Day, 1861. China, but again was forced to curtail his efforts His return to Wheatland was the occasion for because of congressional resistance. Even hislarge celebrations at each train stop; and the policy which the new Republican regime initi- \' ated seemed to be nothing if not a continuation of his. Yet when actual firing began, and the Civil War was a fact, it was Buchanan who be- came the scapegoat. Misrepresentations of facts were frequent, and any effort at defense on Bu- chanan's part only led to further vilification. He spent much of his time writing a book, pub- lished in 1866, entitled Mr. Buchanan's Admin- istration on the Eve of Rebellion, in which he defended his actions for future generations. Life at Wheatland continued to bring plea- sure, although lessened by the news of war. During the Battle of Gettysburg, lie refused to leave, although Confederate advance guards were about ten milesdistant.Letters from Courtesy R. B. Cunningham Southern friends attested to the physical and Buchanan's cabin. birthplace, now at Mercers-spiritual damage the war had caused. As com- burg Academy, Mercersburg. plex new foref:s appeared throughout the coun- t, y, Bteltanan began to feel he had outlived own Democratic party was seriously divided'ais time, and indeed, at seventy-eight, he was over the slavery issue and could not be depend-the only surviving mek.iler of the House of ed upon to support administration measures. Representatives he had joined in 1821. In May, The 1860 presidential election saw the disin- 1868, he became ill with a cold, and complica- tegration or he Democratic party, and, with it,tions of old age set in. Knowing that lie had not the end eh national parties. The election oflong to live, he directed that his funeral be Abraham Lincoln on a strictly sectional Repub- kept small. After his death on June 1, 1868, lican platform signified disaster in the eyes ofhowever, his neighbors could not be kept away, Southerners, and secession proceedings wereand the funeral attracted nearly 20,000 per- begun. Buchanan, with no basis now for power,sons. The life of public service to which Bu- was placed =in the untenable position of mediat-chanan was dedicated had earned the appreci- ing between rabid free-staters and s .cessionists.ation of many who were determined to pay this From the time of Lincoln's election in Novem-final tribute to him.

Published by the Connuoimealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1966. Text by Mrs. Gail M. Gibson; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter. The Historic Pennsylvania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities of ten or more the price is three cents each.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 28 THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

ON THE Susquehanna River twenty milesand discussed the movement of "valuable pieces north of the Maryland boundary is theof ebony" or "prime articles"anything but borough of Columbia, Pennsylvania. In theNegro slaves! Because secrecy was crucial, few early nineteenth century Columbia attractedrecords of the "railroad's" activities survive. a considerablesettlementof former NegroMost information comes to us from recollections slaves who had legally procured their freedomput on record many years later. Most partici- from their Virginia owners. In the succeedingpants probably knew nothing about the activi- decades, before the Civil War, these fugitivesties of the underground railroad beyond their made their settlement a refuge for those ofimmediate neighborhoods. They simply fed their race fleeing the bonds of slavery fromand hid the fugitives and passed them along the South. Tradition says that slaveholders lostto the next station. They asked few questions, their runaways so often around Columbia thatand when the slave hunters knocked, there they concluded, "there must be an undergroundwas, in reality, little they could tell them. railroad out of here." Federal law had long asserted the responsi- This illegal and informal "conspiracy," whichbility of residents of free states and territories hastened and shielded the escape of runawayto return escaped slave property to its owners. slaves, became known as "the underground rail-The Constitution of the United States had a road." The conspirators, naturally enough, be-fugitive slave clause that Congress implemented gan to talk the language of railroading: "Con-with the first Fugitive Slave Law in 1793, plac- ductors" guided the slaves from "station" toing a fine on anyone rescuing, harboring, or "station." "Stockholders" financed the venturehindering the arrest of a fugitive. This law was rendered ineffective by a decision of the United States Supreme Court in Prigg vs. Pennsylvaniain1842.Con- gress,however,enacteda stronger Fugitive Slave Law as part of the Compromise of 1850 between the slave- and non-slave-holdingstates.Un- der this compromise, in part, the South agreed to the ad- mission of California as a free or non-slave state,and was compensated by a law requir- ing federal authorities to hunt runawayslavesandreturn them to their masters. William Still, The Underground Railroad The pursuit and return of fugitive slaves was certain to Thearrival of a party of fifteen fugitive slaves at meet resistance in Pennsylva- League Island, Philadelphia. nia, and did, though many con-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 29 1 ,.13 donned this kind of civil disobedience andginian's slave had escaped to Philadelphia and urged compliance with the law. It is notelsorthy was among "a society of Quakers, formed for that the General Assembly, dominated by athe purpose, who have attempted to liberate Whig party majority, acted in 1847 to forbid the [him]." Later the General wrote that one of use of jails for the detention of fugitive slaves.his own slaves was in southeastern Pennsyl- This law, however, was repealed in the 1830'svania, "where it is not easy to apprehend them under Democratic party leadership. because there are a great number [of people Because ofitsdependence onindividualthere] who would rather facilitate the escape action and the need for secrecy, the under- ... than apprehend the runaway." Maryland ground railroad was not a highly organizedslaveowners were unhappy about the behavior system with well-defined routes. In areas whereof some Pennsylvanians, .for in 1818 the U. S. fugitive slaves often traveled, stories or legendsHouse of Representatives received a resolution of the railroad's routes and stations still per-from the Maryland legislature asking for pro- sist. These routes wove a criss-crossing network tection against Pennsylvania citizens who har- of lines, with the stations in sonic areas so closebored and protected slaves. that fleeing slaves could seek refuge wherever The people who helped expedient. Ohio was a natural escape route the slaves most included because of its long border with the slave states not only a large number and its nearness to Canada. New Jersey, Penn- of Friends but also many sylvania, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa all got freeNegroes.In fact. fugitive traffic from adjacent slave states. Most northern Negroesfre- of the traffic through Pennsylvania entered in quently took the initiative the southeastern part of the State, where public in organizing assistance to opinion was the most sympathetic. the fugitives. A secondary Slavery had never been profitable in Penn- concernofthese Negro sy lvania, and had not been widespread. Opposi- organizations was thz, pro- tection of the free Negro tion to it had been given a variety of expres- sou sions. John Woohnan and Anthony Benezet, Robert Purvis inthe North from kid- membersoftheSocietyofFriends(or napping or incorrect iden- Quakers),hadfoughtagainstslaveryin tification as a fugitive. One of the first such colonial times. As anti-slavery sentiment spread organizations appeareii in New York in 1835; among the Friends, opposition began to be two years later Robert Purvis, a Philadelphia heard among Pennsylvania Germans, Metho-Negroandmerchantpersuadeda group dists, and Reformed Presbyterians. The first of people to form asimilar associationin abolitionist society in the conies met in Phila-hiscity.Purvis was activein aiding fugi- delphia in 1775, and there, in 1833, the Ameri-tives; his house at Ninth and Lombard streets can Anti-Slavery Society was founded. Thehad a secret room, entered only by a trap door, Revolution inspired a movement to end slaveryfor hiding runaway slaves. In August, 1837, the in Pennsylvania, and in 1780 the legislature Vigilant.AssociationofPhiladelphiawas provided for gradualabolition. In Pennsyl-formed "to create a fund to aid colored per- vania, then, the Negro found relative freedomsons in distress." and widespread sympathy, but less than full Au elected committee of fifteen carried on equality. Even though the new State constitu-the work of the Association. The first presi- tion of 1838 disenfranchised the Negro, Penn-dentwho was Purvisthe first secretary, and sylvania continued toattract many fugitivesthe first treasurer of the committee were all because of the help they receivedintheirNegroes. Purvis continued as president when flight and the sanctuary offered them. the committee underwent. reorganizationin Citizens of southeastern Pennsylvania gained1839, and hired afulltime fund-raiser. The very early a reputation for helping fugitives.committee used most ofitsfunds to reim- George Washington, in 1786, expressed doubtburse those who fed, clothed, and housed fugi- about the chances of recovering slaves whotives and to supply small amounts of cash to had fled to Pennsylvania. He noted thata Vir-thefrequentlypennilessslaves.Runaways 2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 29

G for clothes, medicine, and railroadfaresto Canada. The Philadelphia committee assisted about 100 escapees a year during the 1850's. William Still kept extensive records, despite the necessity of hiding them occasionally. The committee carefully questioned each of its ap- plicants to weed out imposters seeking a free meal and some small cash. The majority of fugitives came from Vir- ginia and Maryland and were young men, though women and children fled too. The fugi- tives usually got as far as Pennsylvania on their own by pretending to be white or tree, by traveling on foot at night, or by hiding on ships which had sailed from the South. Most Still. The Underground Railroad underground conductors opposed theactive The resurrection of Henry "Box" Brown. recruitment of runaways; but there were excep- tions, such as Harriet Tubman, a former slave heard about and appealed to the committee forwho made many trips south to bring men, help, forinthesix months following thewomen, and children to freedom. For the most reorganization, June to mid-December, 1839,part, however, the slaves took the initiative the committee handled more than fifty cases,themselves and with courage and daring fled sending forty-six to freedom. By the end ofto freedom in new and unfamiliar country. 1841 the committee averaged three-and-a-half The slaves who escapedtosoutheastern cases a week. Then in 1842 an anti -Negro Pennsylvania were not all sent out of Phila- took place in Philadelphia. Robert Purvis wasdelphia by the same route. Frequently they forcedto guard his own door against thewere passed on to the New YorkVigilant rioters, while nearby a Negro "Beneficial Hall"Committee. with whom the Philadelphia com- and church burned. He became disillusionedmittee had close tics. At other times they were and withdrew to the Philadelphia suburb ofsent northwestward, the final goal being entry Byberry. The activities of the Vigilant Commit-into Canada between Lakes Erie and Ontario. teegraduallydeclined.(Nevertheless,the The fugitive traveled on foot or in a wagon Philadelphia office had some excitement indriven by a conductor, though sometimes he 1849 when an express company delivered atraveled by railas a regular passenger or as a cratefrom Richmond,Virginia,containingbaggage car stowaway. The Philadelphia and Henry "Box" Brown, who survived his escapeReading Railroad carried fugitives to Phoenix- quite well.)Purvis destroyed the records ofville and Reading. From Harrisburg they some- the organization because be feared thatits timesrodethe Northern CentralRailroad members might be prose- toward Elmira, New York, and between Phila- cuted or those that it had delphia and New York City, the Pennsylvania. helped recaptured. The routes of the underground railroad in In December,1852,a southeastern Pennsylvania are identifiable, but groupofPhiladelphians in northern, central, and western Pennsylvania revived the association as they are obscure. Approaching Philadelphia theVigilant Committee, were three much-used routes, one crossing the withWilliamStill, a Susquehanna above Havre de Grace and run- Negro, the chairman.It ning northeast to Phoenixville, a second run- supported the under- ning through Baltimore, West Chester, and ground railroad by paying Phoenixville, and the most eastern running forfugitives'room and through Delaware to Philadelphia. Lancaster, board in the homes of free Still Chester, and Delaware counties had more lines Philadelphia Negroes and William Still to the square mile than any other part of the

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 29 3 X17 ...E1=fteon,c

railroad. South central and southwestern Penn-and settled on the southern edge of the free sylvania also received fugitives from. Marylandstates. In September, 1851, a Maryland slave- and Virginia. Sonic underground lines func-owner set out with his son and several others tioned there, but the routes are hard to tracc.to reclaim four escaped slaves who lie had Its..nplanned and unscheduled nature, theheard were in the Christiana vicinity. Accom- secrecy, and the lack of records make detailedpanying the party was a deputy United States mapping of the railroad impossible. marshal. By the time the slave hunters arrived The passage of time has also obscured theat the house where the escapees were staying, destinations of the fugitives. Tradition saysthe men inside had already been warned by thatallslavesthoughtCanadawasthethe Philadelphia Vigilant Committee. The Ne- "Promised Land"it had no fugitiveslavegroes : efused to come down from their strong- laws. How many runaways actually reachedhold on the second floor, and instead sum- Canada was unclear even at the time of tlic monedhelpfromtheneighborhoodby greatestactivity of the railroad. Contempo-sounding a horn. A crowd gathered, tension raries estimated that 20,000 to 50,000 escapedmounted, violence erupted on both sides, the slaves remained in the free states. They settledold slaveowner was shot to death, and his son in tlic cities and in rural colonies, often amongwas seriously wounded. The Christiana riot free men of their own race. The passage ofcaused alarm in both North and South. The the new Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 frightenedfugitive slaves in the area realized their danger more than a few into tearing up their rootsand fled to Canada in the days that fellowed. once again and moving on to Canada. OthersMany suspects were arrested, including some daredto remainfor them the danger ofFriends who refused to aid the U. S. Marshal discovery and recapture was real. in capturing the slaves. None of those arrested The countryside around Christiana in Lan-was punished, however. caster County supported severalfamilies of The failure to convict the defendants or cap- Negro farmers who had escaped from slaveryture the fugitives perhaps reflected the deepen- ing opposition to slavery in the North. Slaves had escaped their bondage atfirst through the help of a courageous few, while themajorityofnortherners either disapproved or felt no seriousconcern.Eventually, where traffic was heaviest, small groups, such as the Philadelphia Vigilant Committee, formed to join in the work. As the struggle to maintain a North-South com- promise grew more critical, anti- slaverypropagandistsspread the conviction that slavery was evil. During the final decade of the underground railroad, the need for secrecy lessened, and the small but steady stream of Still.The Underground Railroad fugitiveslavesmorereadily foundhelpincrossingthe The Christiana tragedy. Mason and Dixon Line.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1969. Text by Mrs. Linda McCabe McCurdy; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter. The Historic Penn sylvania Leaflets are sold for five cents a copy; in quantities of ten or more the price is three cents each. 4 HISTORICis PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 29 E "Aram or 18-76

44 4 4 t

:

A...1r 4.

on.

Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania The Main Exhibition Building. Trains, as in foreground, carried visitors about the grounds.

HILADELPHIA was astir with the excitement ofart galleries of Memorial Hall, and twenty-four state anticipation as a whole nation, well prepared byand many other buildings-236 acres of exhibits months of publicity, waited. The day was May 10, and exhibition grounds. 1876, and in a few hours the President of the In choosing a site for the celebration, the United United States and the Emperor of Brazil wouldState Congress had most appropriately selected the open in Fairmount Park the great Internationalcity where American independence was proclaimed Exhibition 'co celebrate the centennial year of Amer-and where the Constitution, which made a nation ican independence. of thirteen colonies, was written. Philadelphia was The day had begun with the ringing of the city'sstretching at the seams now to accommodate the bells. Then the rain had stopped, though the skyvisitors which history had brought it. More than remained leaden. With nothing to deter them noweight million admissions, from this country and and with months of waiting at an end, thousandsabroadthe population of the United States was streamed to the park, 100,000 to wait, as the sunforty millionwere counted at the fair during the appeared, for the nine o'clock opening of the Ex-six monthsit was open, from May 10 through hibition gates. As they waited they could see, closeNovember 10. It was perhaps the greatest extrava by, the vast Main Exhibition Building. Beyond wereganza ever staged in the State of Pennsylvania. the towers and expanse of Machinery Hall, the The idea of an international exhibition was not Gothic "barns" of Agricultural Hall, the arabesque original with those who planned the celebration, as architectural intricacies of Horticultural Hall, thesuch gatherings can be traced at least to the trade

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 30 1 f1, ::777,7 had introduced into the Congress the act that created f . It fleag 1 the commission. Pennsylvania's alternate was the railroad magnate Asa Packer. Not only were there historical reasons for hold- ing America's celebration in the city of Philadel- phia, there were practical advantages as well. Fair- mount, one of the oldest and largest municipal parks in the country, was an ideal spot for such a celebration. In 1873 some 450 acres of the pastoral grounds of Fairmount Park were set aside for the Centennial Exhibition. At the same time a proclama- tion by President Grant announced the Exhibition to the world; and in the summer of 1874 the Chief Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania Executive, at the direction of the Congress, invited President Grant and Emperor Dorn Pedro lookedthe governments of foreign nations to participate. out upon this throng /rom the front ol Memorial The exhibition opened as scheduled on May 10, Hall, out of the picture to the right, at opening day1876, to a vast throng of visitors. Philadelphia was ceremonies. The 1,000 voice choir is massed in theresplendently decked out for fairgoers with bunt- stand be /ore the north entrance o/ the Main Exhibi-ing and with the flags of participating nations. tion Building. Trains of out-of-town visitors disgorged atfair- ground stations. A host of dignitaries atknded also, fairs of the Middle Ages. Most likely, however, the led by President and Mrs. Grant, Emporer Dom advocates of the Exhibition had in mind the fairsPedro II of Brazil and his Empress, and the gov- which had been held since the middle of the nine-ernors of Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Pennsyl- teenth century, especially the Great Exhibition invania. Dom Pedro, whose unassuming manner, in- London in 1851, inspired by Prince Albert. Yet the tense curiosity, and admiration for the United States notion of combining a world's fair with a nationalhad made him a national celebrity, was the favorite celebration of independence was unprecedented, and ofthe crowds. During theopening ceremonies the idea was successfully transformed into the first Richard Wagner's "Centennial Grand March," John such event held in the United States. Greenleaf Whittier's "Centennial Hymn," and Sid- The firstto suggest an international exhibition ney Lanier's "Centennial Cantata" were played and in Philadelphia for the anniversary seems to havesung. At 12 noon, after an address by the Presi- been a college professor in the Midwest. His ideadent, the Centennial Exhibition was opened amid was readily embraced by several civic-minded citi-a resounding artillery salute of 100 guns. Then the zens and the city fathers of Pennsylvania's largestofficial party and the many notables visitedthe city. The General Assembly of the Commonwealth pavilions. and the Franklin Institute joined with the city gov- The Centennial Commission provided for all ex- ernment in petitioning the federal government, andhibits to be classified into seven departments, min- in 1871 the Unit'States Centennial Commission ing and metallurgy, manufactures, education and was created by act of the Congress. This commission science, machinery, agriculture, art, and horticul- was charged with planning "an International Exhibi- ture. These departments were housed in the five tion of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil major buildings of the Exhibition. The Main Exhibi- and Mine." Members of the body were appointed tionBuilding contained the exhibits relatingto by President Ulysses S. Grant following nominamanufactures, mining and metallurgy, and science tion by the governors of the states and territories. and education, while each of the other four depart- Joseph R. Hawley, of Connecticut, was named the ments had its own building. president. Representing Pennsylvania was Daniel J. The largest building at the fair was the Main Morrell, of Johnstown, a U. S. representative who Exhibition Building, which covered over twenty-one

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 30

120 acres and was 464 feet in width and 1,880 feet in length. This enormous structure of wood, glass, and iron held an amazing number of exhibits from thirty nations. A seemingly endless variety of items was put on display, soaps, furniture, books, tools, medicines, religious tracts, military and naval arma- ments, and thousands of others. Some interesting new inventions were also shown, among them the electric light, the typewriter, the telephone, and an automatic baby feeder. Machinery Hall was the second largest of the Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania buildings, covering fourteen acres and containing The Pennsylvania State Building. almost every conceivable type of machine. On dis- play were machines for working metal, stone, andseum in Harrisburg. Memorial Hall was converted wood, for sewing, spinning, weaving, printing, min- in the 1960's to a recreation center and headquarters ing, farming, traveling, and processing foodstuffs. for the Fairmount Park Commission. Philadelphia Power was supplied by the forty-foot-high steam en- erected the ornament of the fair, Horticultural Hall. gine designed by George H. Corliss, inventor andA Moorish-style palace of glass, iron, and colored manufacturer. The giant Corliss engine could be runbrick, this exotic edifice, filled with trees and shrubs by one man and was the talk of the Exhibition. The and flowers, was the most striking of the nearly 200 third major building was Agricultural Hall. buildings erected. One of the most interesting ex- The other major structures were Memorial Hallamples of the Moorish style in the United States, and Horticultural Hall. Memorial Hall was designed and intended to be permanent, it was razed after as a permanent museum of art, and was built byreceiving damage from high winds in the early the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the city of 1950's. Philadelphia. On display was Peter Rothermel's In addition to the five major buildings and the huge thirty-two by sixteen and three-quarter-foothost of lesser structures, there were other important painting of the Battle of Gettysburg, which canbuildings. Among them were the U. S. Government now be in the William Penn Memorial Mu- Building and the Women's Pavilion. The Women's Pavilion, erected by the Women's Centennial Com- :.21 ri= mittee led by Mrs. Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, ener- getic great-granddaughter of Benjamin Franklin, was an innovation for an exposition, the first large- scale attempt to exhibit the products of ft:ninine industry and taste. It showed the relative emancipa- '4744 444 `..';:!:144Ztztion of the women of the United States, while it bombarded visitors Kith feminist and women's rights propaganda in its weekly newspaper, The ISew Cen- 111.1tury for Woman. Among the smaller buildings were the pavilions of various nations, although the principal exhibits of the foreign countries were in the Main Exhibi- tion Building. Buildings were erected by Sweden, Chile, Turkey, Great Britain, Spain, the recently created German Empire, Brazil, France, and Portu- gal. Japan, closed to the western world before 1854, Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania erected two, a dwelling and a bazaar, for its very The CorlissEngine in Machinery Hall. popular exhibit.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 80 3 Almost two-thirds of the states of the Union built pavilions, which contained offices, reception rooms, and in a few cases exhibits. Elaborately Vic- torian in design, they were among the most pic- turesque structures at the fair. Pennsylvania, as the host state, had two, one of whch was devoted exclu- sively to education in the Commonweaa. Special "state days" always drew large numbers of visitors, and frequently the governors attended. Pennsylvania Day, on September 28, in fact drew 274,919persons visitors and exhibitorsat the fair, the largest attendance of any single day. Naturally there wts plenty of food available for Courtesy Historical Society of Pennsylvania the fairgoers, who had their choice of French, Jew- h.h, Turkish, Viennese, and German restaurants, The torch hand of the Statue of Libe-ty. i. qt in asthe background is tia Women's Pavilion, and in well as numerous American establishments. Among the distance, center, Agricultural Hal the latter was the South Restaurant, which special- izedinthe succulentfoodsservedbelowtheassembled. The splendid proesions by Knights Potomac. There was general complaint, however,Templar and the Grand Army of the Rep4blic and about the prices. An English visitor wrote to histhe Knights of Pythias were past. Switzerland's Day, brother that "at first the eating places chargedso Odd Fellow's Day, Canada's Day, and Woman's Day shamefully that they killed the business at the start." (held on election day since women could not vote) There were also "pop-corn buildings" and "sodawere history. The hand bearing the torch of the water stands" and other dispensers of light. refresh.Statue of Liberty, a centennial gift to this coun- ments. There was, however, no midway crowdtry from France, was on its way to New York with shooting galleries, haunted swings, or giantharbor. see-saws to detract from the exhibits. The fairground Besides Memorial Hall, a few other structures re- was surrounded by a nine-foothigh board fence,main intact still, to help tell the story of this great and just outside it, in the boom town where theshowcase of Victorianism. Several of the picturesque huge Globe Hotel and ether inns lad been built,state buildings were moved to South Jersey resorts one could find livelier entertainngent. and elsewhere. The Ohio Building remains in Fair- On November 10, 1876, President Grant returned mount Park, as does the magnificent and ornate to Fairmount Park to close the great fair. The cere-Catholic Total Abstinence Fountain, with its statues monies were most impresive and were well attended of Revolutionary War figures. by governing officials from all of the United States. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 in Philadel- Open for 159 days, but never on Sundays, thephia was a coming-out party for the United States Exhibition counted 8,004,325 paid admissions, andof America. For the first time, her industrial prog- probably attracted a total of about 8,200,000 admis- ress was put on display for the world to see. The sions. Nearly fifty countries of the world were repre- Exhibition also gave Americans a chance to reflect sented by exhibitors, thnumber reacEng 30,864on the tremendous growth and development in all (almo9t threefourths of them foreign). The averageAspects of life that had been made in the United total exhibitor staff was 10,000 persons States during the first century of L ependence. Be- Fairmount Park was now to be cleared, to be-cause of its emphasis on national progress, the fair come once against the athletic, cultural, and recre-helped heal the wounds left by the troubles of the ational club of the City of Brotherly Love. Thepreceding decades. The Centennial Exhibition was a exhibits were crated and most of the structures dis-successful birthday patsy given by a proud people.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg, 1%9. Text by Dennis T. Lawson; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter. The Historic Pennsyhania Lea:letsarc sold for five cents a copy; in quantities of ten or more the price is three cents each. 4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET Nu. 30 ;7ti Pennsylvania Archeology: An Introduction

THE PALEO-INDIAN PERIOD hunter to throw his spear farther and harder, (10,000 B. C. 8000 B. C.) much as if an extra joint had been added to his arm. Carefully-made ground and polished stone Few people realize how long Pennsylvania has weights, usually called bannerstones, were been inhabited. The earliest Indians came here attached to the shaft of the spear thrower to from Asia many thousands of years ago, when the increase the force impelling the dart. glaciers were receding. This marks the beginning Compared to the Paleo-Indian period a more of what we call the Paleo-indian period. The specialized set of tools were developed to exploit climate was much different from that of today; the the changed environment. Furthermore, local landscape was in part tundra, and in part stoneresourceswerepreferredfortool composed of scattered stands of spruce and fir. manufacture. Spear points are found in a variety Small, wandering bands of hunters and their of notched and stemmed styles, and ground and families followed herds of big game animals, polished stone tools, st.L.1 as, adzes, axes, and mostly of species now extinct. gouges, were made for working hard woods. The best-known artifact of the Paleo-Indian is the fluted point. This is a small spearhead distinguished by a channel along both faces of the blade, each made by striking a long flake from the base. These points have been found in most parts of the State, but they are not numerous in any area. Because the Paleo-Indian period was short andthepopulationsmallandmobile, recognizable sites are very rare. Spear Thrower, Archaic Period

THE ARCHAIC PERIOD (8000 B. C. 1000 B. C.) THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD (1800 B. C. 800 B. C.) By about 10,000 years ago most of the big game animals of the glacial age had become extinct, and During the latter part of the Archaic period and the climate became more similar to the present. for seei al centuries afterward, there were also This was the Archaic period, and the Indians people in eastern Pennsylvania who had a developed a new way of life to adapt to the somewhat different mod - of life. Their sites are changing environment. A greater variety of food frequently found along the banks of rivers and resources were available, the most important of may be recognized by fragments of soapstone which included deer, wild plant foods, shell fish bowls and broad spear points. and fish. Steatite (or soapstone, as it is sometimes called) During the Archaic period an interesting device is a soft grayish stone which can easily be carved called the spear thrower or atlatl came into use. with tools of harder stone. It was carved into This was a stick about as long as a man's forearm, vessels which, in Pennsylvania, are usuany oval or with a projecting hook at one end, against which rectangular in shape and have flat bottoms. Often the butt end of the spear was set. It enabled the the bowls have a lug or handle at each end.

1 Soapstone vessels permitted food to be boiled are finely made. Other objects found include directly over fire. Soapstone was also used for ground stone weights for spear throwers, some of ornaments, such as, gorgets, pendants, and beads. them made in the form of birds, and a variety of axes and adzes. Middle Woodland was the period of the "Mound Builder" cultures of Ohio and adjacent areas. InPennsylvania, Platform Pipe, however, except in the extreme Middle Woodland western section, the Period manifestations of this cultural development are Soapstone Bowl, Transitional Period much less spectacular. The general mode of life was much like that of Early Woodland. Pottery fragments are more common than in the Early Several types of spear points are found in sites of Woodland period, but the pottery is still crude. this period. They are usually broad and well- The first evidence of corn is found at this time, but chipped; the most common materialsare rhyolite much of the food was still obtained by hunting, and jasper. When projectile points becameworn fishing, and gathering wild plants. Pipes are more or broken they were sometimes rechipped into abundant and more varied in shape than in Early scrapers, knives, and drills. Woodland times. Projectile points show noticeable changes at this time. They are usually made of choice types of THE WOODLAND PERIOD flint, often imported from a great distance. They (1000 B. C. 1550 A. D.) are finely chipped, smaller points with deeply cut notches. The disappearance of spear thrower The Woodland period is marked by two weights may indicate that the bow was replacing important activities which earlier cultures did not the spear thrower. have agriculture and pottery-making. The last prehistoric period is The Early Woodland culture in Pennsylvania is known as Late Woodland. In not well known. Pottery of this period is scarce, Pennsylvania it probably began soft, and so poorly made that it usually crumbles about 1000 A. D. and lasted until into small bits. Projectile points are usually rather the first contacts with the culture long and narrow, with stems or shallow notches. of the European. It was marked Sunflowers and other plant by settled village life supported species not familiar to us as by agriculture. Much of the diet Incised Pot, food crops were used by the continued to be L.:lawn from wild Late Woodland EarlyWoodlandpeople, food resources. Sites are usually Period particularly by the somewhat found on slightly elevated spots on the fertile more advanced Adena terraces along rivers and streams, although there cultures of the Ohio Valley. are exceptions, especially in western Pennsylvania Being plentiful and extremely where sites are on higher ground. Houses of this nutritious,collected seeds period were round, oval, or rectangular. The walls could be preserved as a reserve Clay Pot, were made of posts set into the ground, and the for seasons of famine. Early Woodland roofs, semicylindrical, domed, or occasionally The first smoking pipes, Period gabled, were made of bark or mats. Villages were possibly suggesting the use of tobacco, date from often large and were occasionally surrounded by a this period. These pipes are usually stone tubes and wall of posts. The village might be moved, perhaps 2 12,; CULTURAL The projectile points of this period are true OATES PERIODS PROJECTILE POINTS arrowheads, designed for use with the bow. They are small and almost always triangular in shape. COLONIAL GUNS Hoes are commonly found on Late Woodland (Susquebannocks 1760 A.D. and other Historically1550 A.D. elms sites; some of them were chipped from shale and recorded tribes) ARROWHEADS notched for the attachment of a handle, while others were shaped from the shoulder blade of the LATE elk or a slice of its antler. Pipes were made of both 1550 A.D. Si WOODLAND 1000A.D. %;'W, stcne and pottery and are of varied forms. One of (Mississippian) Pr"it'467, a % ja 4, 4s. the more common forms is made of clay, with the ..4.....4, t.... .,..4 bowl and stem at obtuse angles to each other. In y ..1 ,.. ... MIDDLE I% 't - $4rti, % '117):: general, sites of this period yield fewer implements 1000 A.D. ( WOODLAND 500 B.C. in of chipped and ground stonework than earlier (Hopewell) .S.'. Lit sites, and more artifacts of pottery, bone, and etf: 1AAAAr 660. vi ",-.;. shell. E4RLY al t, .r. r; .,*: EARLY300 B.C. WOODLAND 1000 B.C. .e. (Adena) ...... THE HISTORIC PERIOD 1VVVV4, ' ! T.: (1550 A. D. ) 1; V ;. 445Y ..o../. A' TRANSITIONAL 800 B.C. 'I" 1800 B.C. 4: Sites of the historic period . (4 ...:, are marked by objects of European manufacture in fike very small quantities at first, ARCHAIC 1000 B.C. ; c but in greater numbers at later 8000 B.C. . ..s MI4 v.., times until nearly all of the .4,-.,., ,...,.. Pipe Tomahawk, imperishable material is that 44- Historic Period bought from traders. For !folt ait PALED - i 4 '" much of the State the date of 8000 B.C. I.'0' : INDIAN 10,000 B.C. .:. the first visible European influence is about 1550 1 ... et 1166 If;'lit A. D., but trade goods appear earlier near the coast and later in the western part of the State. The coming of the white man resulted in Cultural Periods and Point Types marked changes in Indian life. European diseases smallpox, tuberculosis, and many others had a devastating effect on a population which had at intervals of ten to fifteen years, when the soil never built up an immunity to them. Competition had lost its productivity and the supply of for land and trade led to the constant wars of the firewood was exhausted; the new village was early historic period and a general breakdown of usually established only a few miles away. the old order. Pottery is much more abundant on Late Urged on by the depletion of game and the Woodland sites than on those of the earlier periods. pressure of white settlement, the Indians of Vessels are larger, better made, and more eastern Pennsylvania were often forced to sell their elaborately decorated. The abundance of vessel lands. By the early seventeenth century most of fragments is very useful to the archeologist, for it is them were living along the Susquehanna River. by studying the characteristics of pottery that we Gradually the tide of settlement advanced can learn more about smaller divisions of time and westward, and by 1789 all tribal land had been social organization. ceded to the State. In 1796 three separate parcels

3 123 of land were awarded to the Seneca chief, used them grows, he begins to study the functions Cornplanter,bytheCommonwealthof of the objects and the differences among artifacts Pennsylvania. Cornplanter and his people settled from various sites. He may also join the Society for upon one, a tract of a little more than a square mile Pennsylvania Archaeology, a state-wide on the Allegheny River in Warren County. Thisorganizationof amateur and professional tract was held by Cornplanter's heirs until 1964, archaeologists. Above all, he keeps accurate when the construction of the forced records of his finds. Such a person is not just a the dissolution of the last remaining Indian collector, he is a steward of the past. community in Pennsylvania. Cataloging should be done promptly, while the details of the location are still fresh in one's mind. ABOUT COLLECTING INDIAN Any system of marking artifacts is good if it will ARTIFACTS enable one to identify the places from which they came. One symbol is all that is necessary to catalog The person who collects Indian artifacts plays all of the artifacts from a single site. The mark on an important role in archeology, a role which can the artifact should be small and, preferably, on the be either helpful or destructive. There are morerougher side, the one opposite the side to be collectors than professional archeologists. Theexhibited. India ink is the best marking material collector usually searches for artifacts in his own that is easily available. When it is dry, the mark neighborhood, so he knows his area best. Any may be covered with a little colorless nail polish to archeological study of an area depends very keep it from rubbing off, particularly from smooth heavily on the knowledge of the collectors of that surfaces. region. The location of each site should be recorded in a There is a type of collector who is interested notebook, together with the catalog symbol used only in getting complete and undamaged objects. to mark the artifacts from that site. The notebook Such a person may accumulate a large and showy will then contain a permanent record of the collection, but one which has :ittle significance for information which isarcheologicallymost the study of archeology. His collection willsignificant. probably display his own selection of pieces, not a All collectors are encouraged to register their representative sample of the items used by the sites with the Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Indians. Further, the artifacts in his collection will Survey, a compendium of over 12,000 sites located probably not be identified by site, thereby throughout the Commonwealth. Significant sites forfeiting their scientific value. recorded with the Survey are afforded protection Another person may begin merely as a collector from the ever-increasing effects of state and/or of artifacts, but as his interest in the Indians who federally assisted construction projects.

Credits: Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylrania, Pennsyhania Historical and Museum Commission. Text by Catherine McCann; edited by Barry C. Kent, Stephen G. Warfel, and Kurt W. Carr; 1983; Division of Archaeology, The State Museum of Pa., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 31

I 2 G CHIEF CORNPLANTER pENNSYLVANIA'S one survi%ing Indian commu- thrust upon himhis principal's role. This role nity lived until 1964 on the Cornplanter derived from his leading position among the Iro- Tract in Warren County, northwest Pennsyl-quois of the upper Allegheny and Genesee riv- vania. In that year the newly constructed Kinzua ers, a position which he had gradually assumed Dam was shut, flooding the Allegheny Reser-from his maternal uncle, Kiasutha. Cornplanter voir and submerging the community's physical was only half Indian. His father was John Abeel, remains. of a prominent Albany Dutch family. Abeel had The Cornplanter Tract was not an Indianres- gone into the Indian country in western New ervation. It was a grant York to trade as early, of land made in 1791 to possibly,as1744he Cornplanter, a chief of was 22 that yearand the Seneca nation, and he would spend the rest to his heirs by the Penn- of his active life as a sylvania General Assem- trader there. His special bly. Through this gift, passport among hostile the government of Penn- Indians was his ability sylvaniaexpressedits as a gunsmith. French, gratitude to Cornplanter Dutch, or British saw to for his Indian diplomacy it that the Indians had intheearly yearsof plenty of arms, and the American independence. Indians welcomed white Cornplanter'speople men who could re 'air knew him as Kaintwa- them. kon, meaning "by what Cornplanter was the one plants." The white d childof a temporary people knew him also union, common then be- as John Abed (rendered tween whites and In- also as Obail) and by . dians.In Iroquois so- other names. He was ciety the "nationality" of born to his Seneca In- the mother determined dian mother about 1750 Courtcsy NewYork Historical Societythatofherchildren. at Ganawagus, near Chief Con:pia:der,1796, by F. Bartoli. Cornplanter was reared Avon, New York. The as an Indian and an Wolf Clan to which she belonged was a ranking Indian he remained.It is hard to believe that Indian family. Among its members were several one who had so man) contacts with whites never prominent Indian leaders, Kiasutha, Handsome spoke their language, but it apparently istrue. Lake, , and Governor 131..--nake, all At some time in the dim past the New York principals in the drama of Indian-white relations Iroquois, anxious to end warfare and maintain which spanned the remainder of the centurythe peace, had organized themselves intoa after 1755. Ultimately, this drama would deter-unique confederation known to our historyas mine whether this country, especially that partthe League of the Iroquois. Easternmost of the west of the Allegheny Mountains, would be Iroquois were the Mohawks, on the river of that French or English, European or Indian. name, west of them were the Oneidas, the On- About 1784, Co: planter assumedrather, hadondagas, and the Cayugas, each "nation" asso-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No.32 1 British made an open appeal to the Iroquois to declare war against the Americans, using bribes of rum and goods so generous that the occasion was remembered for years. The two representa- tives of the Chenussio Senecas, Kiasutha, who was partial to the Americans, whom he knew at Pittsburgh, and Cornplanter, were the last to hold out for neutrality. They acquiesced, how- ever, in the majority decision made at Oswego, July, 1777, and went off with the rest to attack the American Fort Stanwixat Rome, New York. Accompanied by his nephew Governor Blacksnake, Cornplanter fought as a "captain"

1%4 of Indians through the entire war, mostly in the , ' New York theater. A majority of historical ac- X, counts declare that Cornplanter was frequently the leader in bloody raids on the Pennsylvania Red Jacket,inoppositionto Corn planter, frontier. urged that the Iroquois resist American en- Cornplanter emerged from the Revolution a croachment. principal war chief of the Senecas. After the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the ciated with a lake now named for it.Farthest United States, he learned that the British, despite west m ere the Senecas. These original Leaguetheir promises, had neglected the interests of members NN ere joined by the Tuscaroras, who be- their Indian allies and in effect had abandoned gan to move into Oneida country from thethem to the former colonists. From that time South about 1720. The Tuscaroras were admit- on he cast his lot with the United States, be- ted to "associate men.bership," so that thereafter lie\ ing that his people's wisest course lay in the League of FiN e NationsNYns often called the cooperating Frith the new nation and making Six Nations. thereby the best possible terms withit.He Most numerous and powerful of all the league help 2d the whites because he regarded this as members were the westernmost, the Senecas.the only way to help the Indians. The Senecas had div ided really into two peoples. Once the struggle m ith Britain m as concluded, those in the Seneca Lake region and those on hal pioneers began to push to the m est and the Gene,ee and upper Allegheny risers. Corn- establish a new frontier.Especially attractive planter's family belonged to the latter group, cre the rich lands of the Genesee country in called the Chenussio people. They became in- Nem York and the adjoining part of northwest creasingly associated with the British and Amer- Pi nnsy h ania,large land companies had plans icans at Pittsburgh. Kiasutha, Cornplanter'sma- for settlement. These had been the prized hunt- teLnal uncle, w as the local chief for the League ing grounds of the Six Nations and their sylvan on the Allegheny and upper Ohio rivers.At home for generation upon generation. The once the outset of the American Revolution, British powerful confederacy had yet to feel any weak- and Americans had officially urged these Indians ening of its pow er, and its chieftains were still to remain neutral. The quarrel, they stated pub- inclined to Niew themselves aslordsof the licly, was between a white father over the waterwilderness. and his sons over here and NN as no concern of History records that the man who faced this the Indians. The Indians mere anxious to be- issue in the most statesmanlike way was Corn- lieve this, but each side was just as anxious,planter, chief of the Senecas. Less farsighted privately, to %. in their assistance. At last, the leaders among his people, such as Red Jacket,

HISTORIC PENNSYLVAi .IA LEAFLET No. 32 his kinsman, sought to lead them into a policy Cornplanter to cultivate peace and friendship of senseless and stubborn opposition,which with the Indians of Ohio and Michigan. Con- could have had but one outcomethe annihila- ferences with them on the Ohio and at Painted tion of the Iroquois. Cornplanter foresaw this and Post in New York ended in failure. Major Gen- envisioned another solutionthe use of peacefuleral Anthony Wayne's bloody defeat of the bargaining in an effort to saN e his people, andIndians in the Battle of Fallen Timbers near to preserve for them a small portion of the landsToledo, Ohio, August, 1794, finally convinced o. erhich they once held complete dominion. the western tribes to end their resistance. Corn- Such a policy was not an easy one to adopt, forplanter, however, was successful ir, keeping the the whites were grasping and unappreciative, Iroquois from joining the rebels. and the authorities at New York and Philadel- On his numerous visits to New York, Albany, phia could not lw ay s enforce treaties with the and Philadelphia, he discussed religion and edu- Indians.It was a policy of subservience and cation with those who were concerned about his was pursued at a terrible cost in pride and self-people. During his long stay in Philadelphia in respect, but Cornplanter saw thatit was the the winter of 1790, he attended Quaker meet- only policy which could preserve the remnantsings with some regularity. The following year of the Six Nations from extinction. he asked the Quakers to accept his oldest son Thus it is that the history of Indian relationsHenry and two other boys fokschooling in during the years from 1784 to the turn of thePhiladelphia, to which they agreed. He also century is filled w ith the record of the influenceasked the Society of Friends for a Seneca mfr- of Chief Cornplanter, son of a white trader and sion: a highborn Seneca woman. It was the hand of We wish our children to be taught the this powerful war chief of the Senecas, now same principles by which your fathers using the arts of peace, which was so much in were guided. Brothers! We have too little wisdom among us, and we cannot evidence behind the scenes in concluding the teach our children what we see their treaties of Fort Stanwix in 1784 and Fort Har- situation requires them to know. We mar in 1789. These provided a settlement of wish them to be taught to read and land problems and Indian relations. The possi- write, and such other things as you bility of trouble remained, however.During teach your children, especially the love of peace. 1790 and 1791, Cornplanter earned the gratitude of Pennsylvania by his heroic effort to check the development of a threatening alliance between eastern and Ohio Indians. The Indians' hostility was not without cause. In 1790, Cornplanter visited Philadelphia to pro- test w hite inroads upon hoquois lands.In his frustration, he characterized President Washing- ton as a "," recalling the disas- trous effects of the upon his people during the Revolution. He pleaded for his people. "Where is the land which our chil- dren, and their children after them, are to lie dow n upon?" they asked. The Supreme Execu- tiveCouncil of Pennsylvania and Governor Thomas Mifflin listened to Cornplanter's plea and assured him that Indians and their hinds . would he protected. , The following year President Washington sent A home on the Cornplanter Tract.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFL f No. 82 3 ?9 ,

Z.\ t

Cornplanters and Senecas gathered at the Cornplanter tract on August 24, 1940, to adopt Gover- nor Arthur H. James of Pennsylvania as a "blood brother" of the Senecas. More than 3,000 visitors attended the traditional ceremonies.

In 1798 the Quakers accepted Cornplanter's Indian tradition.In remorse over his part in invitation to teach his people. He encouraged assimilating his people to the culture of the schools and missions. The Quakers made no at-white man, Cornplanted burned hismilitary tempt toconvert, but instead devoted them-, broke his sword, and destroyed his selves to morals, education, and improved agri- medals, he closed the schools and dismissed the cultural techniques.With their guidance, his missionaries.Yet, despite this, he retained his community became a model, with roads, good affection for the Quakers, who now settled at houses, fences, plowed fields, and more cattleTunesassa, near the Allegany Reservation in thancouldwellbewintered.CornplanterNew York state. He died at home on the Corn- strongly opposed liquor and he was supported planter Tract on February 18, 1836. in this by his half-brother , who Cornplantees descendants and other Indians in 1799 became a religious reformer and a continued to live on the tract. The community prophet to the Iroquois people. To an extent, had its own school and its Presbyterian Church. theQuakers complementedandinfluenced Eventually, however, the population dwindled Handsome Lake's "new religion." as residents moved to the adjacent, larger, and After 1812, however, Cornplanter became dis- related Allegany Reservation of New York. Res- illusioned with the Americans. Their increas- idence became largely seasonal, and in We 1964 ingly shabby treatment of his r Jple confirmed the last inhabitant left, permitting Kinzua Dam for him the earlier warning of Handsome Lake to be closed and the reservoir flooded.The that Indian salvation demanded a turning away Cornplanter Indians would no longer call Penn- from white ways and v. return to the best of sylvania their home.

Published by the Cummunsvealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Histurkal and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Text by Merle II. Deardorff, adapted by Harold L. Myers, edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 32

13Q .1 V

3

A °OA I OAJOI

This 1812 stone arch bridge stood until mid-twentieth century on Pa. 116 in Adams County. Lee's troops passed over it in their retreat from Gettysburg.

the states of this nation, Pennsylvaniaact dated May 20, 1699, the justices of the AMONGnot only is outstanding for its present net-county courts could provide for the laying out work of highwaysincluding the Pennsylvaniaof "land roads or cartways," but all "king's high- Turnpike and the Keystone Shortwaybut it hasways or public roads" were to be laid out upon played a prime role in the development of Amer- orders from the governor and Council. ican roads. This role, which antedates both the Until the mid-eighteenth century it was the invention of the automobile and America's found-roads in southeastern Pennsylvania that received ing as a nation, has been strengthened by Penn-major attention. Goods could be transported by sylvania's strategic location as a gateway be-wagon in the eastern part of the Province, but tween the more settled East and the developingwest of Lancaster or (later) Carlisle the roads West. were generally inadequate. Goods for the "back Pennsylvania's first roads were the paths whichcountry" were transferred to pack horse trains, the Indians made and traveled. After the Euro-usually of twelve to fifteen horses each. This pean arrived and as settlement advanced, manygreatly increased the cost of both imports and of the old paths were widened, first for the whiteexports, and it was inevitable that the westward man's pack trains and then for his wagons. push of settlement would bring pressure for In 1681 King Charles II granted a charter tobetter roads in this region. There was, however, William Penn creating the Province of Pennsyl-anc.her factor, the military needs arising from vania. As early as July 11 of that year, an agree-the French and Indian War (1754-1763). ment in England between Penn and various The first wagon road in western Pennsylvania purchasers of land in the new Province stipu-was opened in 1752 from what is now Cumber- lated that "Great roads from City to City not toland, Maryland, to the . In contain less than forty feet in breadth shall be1755 it was improved and extended to the Mo- first laid out and declaredto be forhigh- nongahela Ri.er by several hundred troops of ways ..." An act of the General Assembly on theBritish General Edward Braddock, and March 10, 1683, ordered each county court tothereafter it was known as Braddock's Road. The appoint overseers every September to "summon main force of the General's army then set out ...inhabitants ... toCome in and Work at thewith its artillery and supplies over the rough Making of all highways and bridges ..." By anroadway, its aim was to capture Fort Duquesne,

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No.33 1 recently erected by the French at the Forks of the Ohio where Pittsburgh now stands. Only a few miles from its objective, on July 9, 1755, the army suffered a disastrous defeat and Braddock himself was killed. Another road, from Shippensburg to the sum- mit of the Allegheny Ridge, had been opened in 1755 under the supervision of James Burd. Three years later, troops under Brigadier Gen- eral John Forbes reopened it to near Bedford and from there opened a road along the Indians' Raystown Path to about ten miles west of Ligo- nier. Known as Forbes Road, this route was used by the General's troops in a new effort to take Fort Duquesne. They arrived on the scene November 25, 1758, one day after the French had blown up the fort and abandoned it. During the remainder of the war, Forbes Road and other routes were maintained by the British forces to transport military supplies, but with the coining 0111 tIllealt.'llinal.M.lia- of peace they were allowed to deteriorate. Between the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 and the close of the Revolution in 1783, some new roads were opened, but improve- ment was slow. In 1778 the Supreme Executive Toll sign from the National Road, West Alex- Council of the new State, taking note of com-ander tollhouse near the West Virginia line. plaints about the ruinous condition of many roads, ordered that the supervisors of roads and next four years, at his direction, this road was highways repair them or be prosecuted. built through the wilderness from Trout Run to By the mid-1780's the tide was beginning to Lawrencevilleonatleast one occasion the turn. On September 21, 1785, noting that "nobuilders faced starvation until supplies reached state highway path been heretofore laid out by them. After the road's completion in 1796 it be- public authority between the .stern parts of came a key route for emigration into the north- the county of Cumberland and the town of Pitts- ern country, and today U.S. 15 follows its gen- burgh," the General Assembly enacted legislation eral course. providing £2,000 for such a road. Following in The main road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, part the route of the old Forbes Road, this Penn- today in part the Conestoga Road cast of Paoli sylvania Road ( asit was called) was finallyand the King's Highway (Pa. 340) west of completed in 1818. It became a main route for Downingtown, had proven inadequate. On April settlers and others traveling west into the Ohio 9,1792, however, the General Assembly in- Valley, and a century later it became the ap- corporated the first private turnpike company in prov;-1 route of the Lincoln Highway (U.S. the United States to build the Philadelphia and 30). Lancaster Turnpike Road-135 years later an In 1792 construction began in northern Penn- important segment of U.S. 30.Construction of sylvania on the famous Williamson Road. This the sixty-two-mile road began late that year and was named after the land agent Charles Wil-was completed some two years later at a cost of liamson, who had bought more than a million$464,000less than half of what an average mile acres in Pennsylvania and New York state andof superhighway costs today.It was built of wished to open them to settlement. During the broken limestone and of gravel of different sizes,

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 33

ige compacted and made firm by traffic. Later, after Construction of the tm enty-foot macadamized the success in England of a process called mac-road proceeded slowly, however, and it was not adamizing, the road was relaid with crusheduntil 1818 that the Ohio River was reached. In stone. The turnpike pointed the way for other 1822 President Monroe refused to sign legislation turnpike companies in Pennsylvania and neigh- forits repair, holding it unconstitutional.Al- boring states. though other appropriations forthis purpose Maps of the period show that the toll roadswere approved thereafter, the funds generally were most numerous in older and more populous were inadequate and the condition of the road areas of the State, whereas even the most im- declined.Finally the states agreed in 1835 to portant highways in the great north-central por-take over their portions. Thenceforth, tollwas tion of Pennsylvania were generally "common charged at six tollhouses in Pennsylvania, with roads," maintained by State and local authorities. different rates for various types of vehicles, ani- In 1831, as Pennsylvania's turnpike movement mals, and pedestrians. Today this route formsa was reaching its peak, there were 220 companiespart of transcontinental U.S. 40. with approximately 2,400 miles in use. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, The early nineteenth century also witnessed wagoning (also called freighting) accounted for the construction by the federal government ofthe greater part of intersectional trade in Penn- the National Road. This highway was authorized sylvania, although indiv idual travel on horse- . by Congress in 1806 to facilitate transportation back remained common (even for long distances between the seaboard and the fast-developingon improved roads) until the advent of the West. The road began at Cumberland, Mary-railroads. Some heavily loaded wagons traveled landthus earning the additional title of "Cum- great distances. Mr. Fortescue Cuming, journey- berland Road"spanned the Ohio Riverating westward in 1807, met near Shippensburg Wheeling and continued to Illinois. As first pro-two v agons from Zanesville, Ohio, each drawn jected the road was to pass through only a veryby six horses and bound for Philadelphia; they small portion of this State, but Pennsylvaniahad been a month on the road. Emigrants trav- politicians succeeded in having it moved north- eling west and livestock constituted two other ward to pass through Uniontown and Washing-important users during this period. Curvingmet ton. . families removing further back into the country, some with cows, oxen, horses, sheep, and hogs, and all their - :- farmingimplementsanddomestick utensils, and some without; some with fflietilit56,53amiumim =rimer" ikAla wagons, some with carts and some on I foot, according to their abilities. A vehicle of prime importance both in freight- ing and in the immigrant traffic was the Cone- stoga wagon, first developed about 1750 and built by Lancaster County artisans well into the nineteenth century. Also significant fom passenger travel were stagecoaches, each gene rally drawn by four horses. The coaches varied somewhat in

*El Sin and design, with one type accommodating abouttwelvepassengersonfourwooden benches arranged crosswise. As early as 1784a stage line began operations between Philadel- phia and Lncaster, and by 1804 had reached Pittsburgh via Lancaster, Harrisburg, Carlisle, Addison tollhouse on the National Road (nowBedford, and Greensburg. The trip required six U.S. 40) in Somerset County. or seven days and the fare was twenty dollars;

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 33 :3 133 large scale during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. This dominance was con- clusively ended by an even more formidable competitor, the iron horse.For long-distance and intercity transportation of both passengers and freight, people turned from the old high- ways to the mighty steam railroads and, by the last decade of the century, to electric trolley-car lines as well. The rural farm-to-market roads, unpaved to A stagecoach stops at the Logan House, an innbegin with and under local government jurisdic- in Tyrone. tion, suffered relatively little.It was what had been the better roadsthe main through routes, this service was partially subsidized through aand especially the turnpikesthat felt the most contract for carrying the United States mail. Fordevastatingeffect.Increasingly,theseroads sevcra! years before and after 1835, when stage-yielded insufficient revenue to permit proper coaching was at its height, two four-horse stages maintenanceand many ofthemfellinto passed each way daily over the Pittsburgh Pike; serious disrepair. on the National Road, where competition be- Thus it appeared that roads had become the tween rival lines was intense, eight stages dailyinevitable victims of progress in the form of the transported passengers and mail. railroad.But, as the nineteenth century gave Add: the picturesque character of many way to the twentieth, developments occurred roads, . Tinily the main thoroughfares, were which were to dramatically turn thetables. the taverns. The Philadelphia and LancasterProgress in a new formthat of the automobile Turnpike was reputed to have one for everywas to put the State's highways once more on mile of road, and ea the National Road they ap- the center stage of the transportation scene. parently were almost as numerous. These inns tended to be of three typescatering respective- ly to stagecoach riders, wagoners, and drovers of livestockwith prices and accommodations ---01111111.1.15. varying in relation to their trade. Most roads, particularly local, were not so much built as simply cleared, m ith perhaps a 'rs. little digging on the sides of hills or the erection cklmareirim of crude %%mien bridges o% er smaller streams. Plank roads, male of hea%) ooden boards laid r ... .4% across the road,' ere built around 1850, but ..0.: ...:: V pros ed too expensi% eto maintain. The best 4.. "h. , 4.- 11,-, *1. , roads %%ere generallythe turnpikes and other . '''!'.,0"'"1..-../. . --.1'=;-smocc7.'..47.4r. inain thoroughfal us thatxx ere macadamized .p,,,\444.1.-2.>:.z.- 76..,.: ' 0..... - e.,.. graded and surfaced mitt stone and gra% eland 1.4.'4,:v. 6..:...." -* k....,.....-^"--.2...... 1; ....,...VP''' indeed some roads on 11 WI toll 1% nut charged ., .17. --..,,..... came erroneously to be called turnpikes simply P." because they were improved in this manner. The Ringgold Road, now Pa. 997, passes be- The dominance of roads in Pennsyl% ania's in- neath the Western Maryland Railroad betuxen land transportation %%as first Waymsboro, PGrinsyluania, and Ringgold, Mary- by the canal building which took place on a land.

L)tilt:Conn llllll Petitoyhatiht, 111,ttnit-ti and Mttm.:Itut Commission, Harrisburg, 1972. Text by George H. Meyer; edited by Donald II. Kent and NVilli.un A. Hunter.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. O3 Route 5, later U.S. 322, in Crawford County north of Carlton,

URING the 1590's," the automobile historian name. Prot ision was mad. .or the State to pay 1--/ Ralph Stein has obser% ed, "Ameriea's tow irs two- thirds of the cost of reconstructionin 1905 were tied to each other by the railroad, nut theit became three-fourthswith the balance to be highway. At the edges of the cities the paw- shared bythe cfmnt) and township. Anitn- went., suddenly disappeared and gave way to pted highway was to be "a macadamized, or mere scratches across the landscape. Thtst i cu.! telford or other stone road, or a road con- the roads." The reason for this sad state was structed of gravel, cinder, oyster-shells, or other simple:people who had once used roads ex- good materials... all seasons of the year tensively now depended on railroads and. for tobe firm, smooth and con% enient for tra% el." shorter jaunts, electric trolley lines. There was, however, a growing conviction that How e%er, a challenge to the supremaLy of the responsibility fur highway imprehement needed iron horse was beginning to take form. In 1S93 to 1w more centralized to keep pace with the J. Frank Duryea built America's first success- number of automobiles. On May :31, 1911, the ful gasoline-pemeled .tutomobile. (His brother General Assembly wt up an 8,835-mile system of Chalks E. later manufactured motor cars inroads to be impro%cd and maintained by the Reading.) By 1900 about 5,000 motor %chidesState Highway Department. These would be were registered in the United States, by 1905, taken over from counties and tow nships or pur- 79.000.In those days motoring in the country chased from prhate turnpike companies. Some often meant struggling through deep ruts or, inof the many miles still under local go% eminent wet weather, through riyOON of mud. There were juristlittion were designated as State-aid high no gasoline stations. Crude repairs were oftenways. fur which the State would now pa) half made by the blacksmith or at the bicycle shop,of (must' action costs.Bythe middle of the and a motorist whose car had broken down decade Pennsyhania had about 98.000 miles of might wait for a horse to tow him to town. roads. the majority dirt. On April 15, 1903, the State Highway Depart. Motoring on main highwayswith a top speed went was created.( The name mats changed to limit of tw cut) -fhe miles an hourwas becoming the Department of Highways in 1923.At first easier. Not only were cars and tires much su- the department had no highway mileage, but ad- perior to those of a decade before, but road con- ministered grants to counties, townships, and ditions were gradually impru% ing.Most high - boroughs forroad imprehement and mainte- %%,t) tAnistruLtion consisted, until man:.years

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. .34 1

J1 3 ress, with greatest emphasis still on improvement of the main through routes. The first official Pennsylvania highway map, issuedr,1925, shows that principal traffic arteries were for tht, most part paved, as were the secondary roads of the State's southeastern corner. America was becoming the motorized nation we know today. The number of persons tra% ding by railroad and trolley %%as starting to decline. Congestion and traffic were becoming serious problems on city streets. Families on weekend drives to the coun- try were choking the two-lane roads on their returnPrincipal highways, far from bypassing towns and cities, generally followed their main streets into the central business sectior a fact that was regarded with satisfaction by civic lead- ers. The maximum speed limit on the open high- This road in South Fayette Township, Alle-way had risen to forty miles an hour by 1929; gheny County, was a sea of mud in early April,in town it was twenty. Increasing in numbers 1916. were roadside restaurants and filling stations, as well as tourist homes (private houses with ac- later, of improvements to existing routes. This commodations for travelers) in the towns, and included widening, the laying of hard surfaces tourist courts or "cabins" on the outskirts. These, (increasingly concrete or asphalt), and the oc-like the downtown hotels, and occasional tav- casional relocation of short stretches to eliminate erns remaining from an earlier day, were almost especially sharp curves or steep grades. Repair invariably locally owned and partook of the par- garages and filling stations were becoming more ticular character of their localities. numerous;indeed, what is said to have been Pennsylvania writers and publicists sang the the world's first "drive-in" gas station opened in praises of the State's "picturesque" highways. Pittsburgh in 1913. Maps and guide books, in which hotels adver- Two and a half million vehicles were regis- tered in the United States in 1915over five times as many as a half decade earlier. Pressure increased for federal aid to the states for road .M14- building, and on July 11, 1916, President Wilson All signed the Federal Aid Road Act. The declared intent of this measure was to promote farm-to- market communication.It provided for grants to the states for tht construction of "rural public roads," defined as "an) public road o% er which the United States mails non ar( or may hereafter be transported."Then, in1921, the Federal Highway Act pros ided that up to set en per cent of non-urban road mileage in each state be des- ignated as "primary" and eligible for fifty per cent federal assistance. These two acts set a pattern for federal-state co-operation in road building which has endured. Workmen pace a road in Eden Township, The Twenties was a period of quickening prog-Lancaster County, 1908.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 34 3 t3 tised prominently, were furnished by automobile clubs and publicity offices.Pennsylvania's im- proved highways, wrote John T. Faris in 1927, . make easy tl.: access of all who will to the treasures of beauty and scenery, to the forests, the lakes, the rivers, the mountains. Merely to think of the long stretches of perfect surface on the Sus- , the Lackawanna Trail, the Lincoln Highway, the William Penn Highway, and a dozen other arteries, is to long for the touch of the hand on the steering wheel and the pressure of the foot on the gas. Outstanding was the Lincoln Highway, con- necting the State's two largest cities. Stretching Traffic on U.S. 30 in Ardmore, 1931. from New York to , this route a $40,800,000 purchase of Turnpike bonds by the was proclaimed in 1913 by the Lincoln High-federalgovernment'sReconstruction Finance way Association, which fostered its improve- Corporation, construction began late in 1938. On ment. By 1928 the transcontinental system ofOctober 1, 1940, the first long-distance super- U.S.-numbered through highways was in usehighway in America opened, a 160-mile, four-lane in Pennsylvania, and at about the same time,toll road from Middlesex (west of Harrisburg) an expanded State-numbered system came into to Irwin (east of Pittsburgh). Whereas motorists being. crossing the mountains on U.S. 30 had climbed Campaigning for the governorship in 1930, thean accumulated 13,880 feet up nine per cent noted forester and progressive Gifford Pinchot grades, Turnpike travelers climbed a mere 3,900 promised to "get the farmers out of the mud."feet on three per cent grades. The following year, after Pinchot had taken of- America's entry into World War II ended the fice, the State took over 20,156 miles of townshipproduction of civilian cars and trucks, brought roads and began paving them, using light con- gasoline rationing, and reduced speed limits to struction costing less than $7,000 a mile. As the thirty-five miles to conserve fuel. Built for high- depression deepened during Ng',this road-er speeds, the Pennsylvania Turnpike was now building program, through the use of a minimumused largely to transport military men, muni- of machinery and a maximum of hand labor,tions, and equipment. In 1943, traffic on other became an important means of providing workroads was less than half what it had been two relief. years earlier. Special federal programs also benefited the With the end of wartime controls, traffic vol- State's highways during depression years. Thusume returned to and then exceeded pre-war an allocation of National Industrial Recoverylevels. New rights-of-way were mapped out and highway funds in 1933 amounted to almost $19,- cities and towns were bypassed to facilitate high- 000,000. Beginning late in 1935 and continuing speed traffic. Sach projects included the Penn- for the next seven years, men were assigned toLincoln Parkway in Pittsburgh, the Schuylkill various Pennsylvania road projects under theExpressway into Philadelphia, the new U.S. 22 work-relief program of the WPA (Works Prog-connecting Harrisburg and Easton, and the Har- ress Administration). A high of 143,000 men wasrisburg-York Expressway.Among themajor thus engaged in November, 1938. post-war improvements were the extensions of The most important single highway develop- the Turnpike to Valley Forge in 1950, the Ohio ment of the late Thirties was the creation, Mayline in 1951, the Delaware River in 1954, and 21, 1937, of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Com-Scranton in 1957. The Turnpike was joined by mission. With a $29,250,000 federal grant and the New Jersey and Ohio turnpikes to form part

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 34 3 of a high-speed toll road connecting New York and Chicago. The Federal Highway Act of 1u56 established a new 41,000-mile National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known as the Interstate system. Ninety per cent of the cost of constructing toll-free highways in the system was to be paid by the federal government. These are all limited-access highways, built with four lanes or more and with gentle curves and easy grades. The construction costs for Penn- sylvania's 1,576 miles have ranged from a million dollars a mile through rural areas to several times that around Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The most celebrated is probably the 313-mile Interstate 80, known as the Keystone Shortway, part of a 2,899-mile Interstate highway between New York and San Francisco. Outside the Interstate system, some 500 miles of Pennsylvania roads had by the early seventies been designated by the Appalachian Regional Commission as corridors for two- and four-lane Appalachian Development Highways.These highways are intended to attract industry into U.S. 22 and 322, on the , has been transformed into a scenic four-lane high- the areas they serve. way in Perry and Juniata counties. Note a stretch By the opening of the nineteen-seventies thereof the old two-lane highway beside it. were 113,000 miles of roads and strects in Penn- sylvani... The Depaitment of Highways had re- tires, by fee.,:ral and State legislat:on, for deter- sponsibility for some 44,000 miles, the townships mining the environmental impact of proposed about 49,000 miles. The number of motor v e- highway projects and for minimizing any adverse hicles registered in Pennsylvania in 1970 vas 5.8 effects before such projects are approved. Thus, milliontwo and a half times the 1949 figureconcrete recognition has been givento two and it was estimated that 8.4 million licensed increasingly accepted principles. First, highway drivers wauld operate some 7.6 million v ehicles development should be carried out not apart by 199a Highway travel ace ants for aboutfrom or in competition with other forms of ninety-five per cent of Pen ania's intercity transport but as a part of a balanced transporta- traffic. Concern has been increasingly expressed tionsystem.Second,thefinishedhighway about traffic congestion, pollution, the inade- should be in harmony with the total environ- quacy of public transportation, and the need for ment, whether rural or urban. alternatives to new freeways in built-up areas. The future may bang new means of loco-

Two developments have occurred N%hich help motion impossible now for us to v isualize. But point the direction for the future. One is the so long as there are cities and valleys and moun- creation on Jul}1, 1970, of a Department oftains and horizons in Pennsylvania, and so long Transportation (supplanting the Department ofas there are people w ith the need and the desire highways) and a State Transportation Commis- to tray elforth, there will be roadsdifferent sion.Another is the establishment of proced- though they may be from the roads of today.

COliiliKAM tan (1 Pennsylvania, renrisylsania Histurital and Museum CUIIIIIIINS1011, Harrisburg, 1972. Text by George R. Beyer; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 1i4 133 THE LIBERTY BELL

THE Liberty Bell is one of our nation's mostFoundry of London, where it was designed and treasured relics. Every year millions of visitors cast by master founder Thomas Lester. On the to the Independence National Historical Parkfirst stroke of the clapper in the New World, in Philadelphia file past the, big, familiar bell.a:crack appeared in.the brim, - ruining the sound! Rung on July 8, 177 6,09..pelebrate-thePeelar,-- he,:hellNo§:recasVliyfwo:philadelphia foundry- ation of Independerfee;,:-theA):4'is;glittitit'sytnisor?-AiaeriK.Niiitow;aadqoyi.:1?asS? who substituted of freedom in oUr.ia.fitl:'7 the yeaF-1753',.10 1752 and their own names In 1732 the Prdi,itide-- a.te.YtilattiaA0g44".-itii--,thokeooftlltd,origittail,:totinders. The bell was the constructions of a State 4fOuw:rioWitlidefi--hurtg-,:and:44reat=fea.SyWasIgliren: the founders, pendence Hall, ',O:::hotise.-:the,,itteet00:4,010.lOWeVet,,..iia.a.addled:,:tott. muchcopper and the General Assembly1,1*the4144:thebrWtOkers.;. ira.,.pOOT:'8tOW...and Pass were crit- and the mainfstaiferike*efOaddeitT.tiAheibnild,,)cfzed'sojmtiCiffi*thiKthatiher asked permission ing, and in 1750 f4Wcip4frist*.fedn 1751 -*4.0i_Oreegi it once Tridre.,thiS,time -Aln was added Norris, the Sp-ealcif,Of, th!"2kiaeribly and alaitper-:aricl'ifOune, 1753; 'the was again mounted intendent ofLit-efskk'aWikepropo-secTAhat:lirthe-steeple. The-ffith;-inccifpitiOn'Teads: a bell be installed'andithqheiii&Otheesiiper., intendents requested the agent'gpitisyjilailia. LIBERTY' THROUGHOUT ALL THE tiiittiaiTO ALL THE INHABITANTSTHEREOF LEV. in London to order it. Norrir*S", wealthy". and scholarly Quaker who 13---Y;ORDER OF THE ASSEMBLYOF THE PROVINCE the letter, Norris and his collegties Vced,2,,thatOF ENNSYLVANIA FOR THE STATE HOUSE the bell be cast with the words,'"proclaintLibOty LY PHILADA thro' all the Land to all the Inhabitants- therecit''' from the tenth verse, twenty-fifth chapter of PASS AND STOW the book of Leviticus. A greater part the PHILADA verse reads, in the words of the lOttg MDCCLIII version, "And ye shall hallOw.ihe'ilftieth year, As the official town bell, its main purpose and proclaim liberty throughoUt. 411 the land.r as to call the Assembly to its meetings. Mem- unto all the inhabitants thereigi,..iLShatjk a.bers who were late or absent were fined and the jubile unto you ...." TWanefentprOclahiatiOn.money was given to the Pennsylvania Hospital. of amnesty was chosen, to :hp**. fiftiethThe bell also called town meetings, servedas anniversary of the.Chartet--OftriVileges,grantedi fire alarm, celebrated the conclusion of wars, to the people of_ yiY00 :40 .Delaware.and tolled the deaths ofgreat men. by William Penn, Vteit Proprietor. 'AO Oharter- Not all of Philadelphia appreciated the bell. conceded to the- TiOnnsylvaitia - ;Assembly theResidents. :near 'the 'State House complained fuller legislative powers it had' demanded, andabout its frequent ringing, which, they said, had in fact exercised, for several years. Thus,could be fatal to the sick, and in 1772 they sent the bell was intended as a commemoration ofa petition to the Assembly. No remedy was forth- liberties which were insured fifty years before,coming, but the Assembly did take action on not as a prophecy of liberty to be gained twenty-another problem. It voted to rebuild the steeple five years later. after fears had been expressed that the vibration In 1752 the bell arrived from the Whitechapelfrom the ringing might cause it to collapse.

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 35 1 1 3 Meanwhile the State House bell was tolling the deepening crisis with Great Britain. The bell which had rung in honor of King George III now rang in protest against his government. It summoned the Assembly to petition for re- peal of unwanted taxes. It tolled the closing of the port of Boston and proclaimed the rising opposition to Britain's policy in America. It rang when word was received of the battles at Lexington and Concord, which opened the Revolutionary War. It called the Continental Congress to give George Washington command of the Continental Army. All these were events which sharpened the conflict with Great Britain and led to the Declaration of 'Independence. The bell, in an even deeper sense, was now to fulfilltheinstruction,"PROCLAIM LIBERTY THROUGHOUT ALL THE LAND. .. ." Independence National Historical Park Collection. Independence was resolved by the delegates to the Second Continental Congress on JulyPhiladelphia's bells, escorted by cavalry, were 2, 1776, and the Declaration formally adopted convoyed to Allentown to escape British capture.. by the Congress on July 4. Additional time was needed to publish copies and distribute them the summer of 1777 progressed, the citizens of to the colonies and to arrange a public cele-Philadelphia prepared as the British army, under bration. Therefore, Monday, July 8, was des- General William Howe, marched toward the ignated as the day the Declaration was to becity. One fear that troubled the authorities was read in the State House courtyard. that the occupation force would seize the bells The day of celebration dawned bright and and melt them into balls for their muskets. Some clear. The public was summoned to the cere- people suggested that the bells be dumped into mony by the ringing of the bell. By noon a crowd the Delaware River, and others proposed that of several thousand had gathered outside thethey be sent to Lancaster. On September 18, State House. The members of the committees 1777, the bells were placed in a caravan of seven of safety went in a large body to the courtyard, hundred wagons guarded by two hundred North where the Declaration was read by John Nixon, Carolina and Virginia cavalrymen, and taken a prominent member of the Pennsylvania Com- to Allentown, where they were kept in the base- mittee of Safety. After the reading, the State ment of the Zion Reformed Church. After the House bell and all the bells of the city pealedBritish had evacuated Philadelphiain June, and the crowd gave a cheer. The militia paraded 1778, the bells were returned to the city. Once and fired a salute. That evening the King's coat again, on July 4, and on every July 4 thereafter of arms was brought from the hall in the State until it finally cracked, the State House bell House, where the King's courts were formerly was rung. held, and burned, to the cheers of the crowd. The State House bell was to ring important The following year, 1777, independence day events for another sixty years. It was rung was observed on July 4, the date the Declaration October 24, 1781, to announce the surrender of was adopted, and the State House bell pealedCornwallis at Yorktown and the defeat of the out in celebration. British in America. On April 16, 1783, it pro- Independence had its price, however, and asclaimed the treaty of peace, which recognized

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 35 140 American independence. It celebrated the ad-bell is July 8, 1835the occasion, the death of mission of new states and tolled as, one by one,John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States. the signers of the Declaration of IndependenceThe bell was not rung again until February 23, died. One such memorable occasion was July1846, when it joined the celebration of Wash- 24, 1826, when the bell tolled the passing, onington's birthday. The sides of the crack had bcen July 4, of Thomas Jefferson and ,drilled apart in the hope that the sound would each a signer and former President. When newsbe improved. The experiment failedindeed, arrived an immense crowd gathered in the court-the ringing worsened the crack. We see the yard. On the spot where the Declaration hadresult today, a zigzag cleft nearly three-fourths been publicly read, a platform was erected andof an inch wide running from the rim up into the covered with black cloth. Over this a canopyinscription. At the top and bottom of the breach, was draped in black on which was laid the nation'slarge bolts now hold its sides in place. flag. The bell was muffled and tolled. The bell Alexander Outerbridge, a Franklin Institute which had hailed the Declaration, which Jeffer-metallurgist, has suggested three reasons for son had penned and Adams had signed, andthe cracking of the bell. It could have been caused celebrated their oathtaking as President, nowby the brittleness of the original bell, he says, tolled their departure horn fits life. by Pass and Stow's addition of copper to strength- The traditional date for the cracking of theen the metal and their use of tin to restore its tone, and by the remelting, which made it weak- er, less resilient, and more brittle. Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell be- long today to the city of Philadelphia, which purchased the property for $70,000 from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1816. In 1828 the bell narrowly escaped being scrapped by its new owners. The city had been renovating Independen^e Hall and hired John Wilbank to cast a bell to use with the new steeple clock. As partial payment, Wilbank was to get the State House bell, which was estimated to have a junk value of four hundred dollars. Then Wil- bank discovered that his costs would be higher than expected. He left the bell hanging in the steeple and the city of Philadelphia sued him for breach of contract. Wilbank agreed to pay court costs :Ind Philadelphia accepted his "gift" of the bell. The State House bell, known at first as the Bell of the Revolution or Old Independence, came to be called the Liberty Bell in the 1840's when the American Anti-Slavery Society em- ployed it as a symbol of freedom. This abolition group published in 1839 a book entitled The Liberty Bell, by "Friends of Liberty," which was distributed at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery To discourage vandals, the Liberty Bell wasFair. The bell's picture, without the crack, ap- displayed inside a glass and mahogany case.pears in the front of the book with a 'sonnet

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 35 3 141 suggested by the bell's inscription. Rays of light played in a glass and mahogany case to pro- issue from the bell in all directions. tect it from souvenir hunters and vandals, who Legend and sentiment grew and spread. The had clipped fe,:ty pounds of metal from its lip. most popular story of the Liberty Bell was that Due to the growing popularity of the Liberty of the .)1d bell ringer waiting in the tower toBell, requests to exhibit it began to arrive. The ring out the news of independence on July 4, bell was sent on its first long journey in 1885 1776. To save himself running up the stairs, he to be exhibited at the Cotton States Industrial asked a small boy to listen to the proceedingsExposition in New Orleans as a symbol of re- of Congress in the Assembly room, and whe conciliation between North and South, twenty years after the Civil War. It was also exhibited in Chicago, Atlanta, Boston, St, Louis, San Francisco, and Charleston, South Carolina. In 1893 the bell was returned to Allentown, where it had once been taken to safety. Requests for the bell continued, but a group of Philadelphians who were concerned that it might be damaged, including some descendants of signers, used their influence to end its travels. In 1907 a new crack, an extension of the old, had been discovered. It extended up and around the crown for nearly one-fourth the bell's cir- cumference. The cause was the strain on the bell occasioned by the original fracture;this was eased by the design and installation of an interior brace. The bell continued to be used, however, in support of patriotic causes. During the First World War it was paraded through the streets On view at the San Francis co Exposition. of Philadelphia. Likewise, on the day of the he heard the expected news, to run to the towerWorld War 11 invasion of Normandy, during and shout it to him. This story was put intoradio broadcasts to America and to American popjar verse, well known to children in school.troops overseas, the bell was tapped with a rub- The story was widely accepted as true in 1854, ber mallet, one stroke for each le,:er in the and helped stir popular sentiment toward thewords "independence" and "liberty." bell. Another story that was widely accepted There have been proposals for repairing the asserted that the bell had cracked on July 4,bell so that it might ring once again. In 1959, t776, at a public reading of the Declaration.the Mears and Stainback Foundry, successor The public was finally given the opportunityto the Whitechapel Foundry in London, offered to see the bell. In 1852 it was brought down from to repair the Liberty Bell without charge as a the tower of Independence Hall and placed ongesture of gratitude for America's part in World exhibit. In the years that have ensued, it hasWar II. Melford 0. Anderson, the Superwtendent been mounted in the Hall in several ways. Atof Independence Hall, replied, however, that one time it was hung by a chain of thirteen sym-bell and crack would remain as they were, a bolic links. During another period it was dis-symbol of freedom to Americans.

Published by the Communweaah of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1974. Text by Christine Sweely; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 35 Eollffl t al Q IMON CAMERON, themostpolitically went to Harrisburg and began a short but suc- 1.3 powerfulmaninmid-nineteenth-centurycessful career as newspaper editor and owner, Pennsylvania, was born in the Lancaster Countybecoming theleading Democratic journalist village of Maytown, March 8, 1799. The thirdin the capital and an influential editor west of son of a poor tailor, descended from ScotchPhiladelphia. Political favor came to him early: Presbyterians, he was to set the course of Penn-in 1822 he was chosen to be State printer, and sylvania politics for nearly a half century. in 1829 he was appointed adjutant general of When he was six, Simon's struggling fa illythe State militia by Governor Shulze, his sister- moved to Sunbury. When he was eleven hein-law'sbrother. Though he served but two was apprenticed to the town's leading physicianyears, he was known as "General" to the end and at seventeen to the editor of the North-of his life. umberland Gazette. A year later-1817he Although he had been a Calhoun Democrat, Cameron switched his support in 1828 to Andrew Jackson, Calhoun's opponent for the presidency. Four years later at the first national convention of the Democratic party, Cameron helped to swing enough votes to nominate Jackson's Vice- President, , as a presidential candidate. Cameron also persuaded a fellow Pennsylvanian, James Buchanan, to seek a Senate seat and helped engineer his election. In 1838, at Buchanan's suggestion, President Van Bure gave Cameron the responsibility of reimbursing the Winnebago Indians of the Wisconsin Ter- ritory for lands taken from them by the federal government. Cameron was accused of cheating the Indians, charges that were never proved, but the scandal followed him through life. Best known as a politician, Cameron was also a success in business. In 1826 he undertook the building of a section of the Pennsylvania Canal along the Susquehanna River. He was then asked in 1831 to organize the construction of a canal from Lake Pontchartrain to the Miss- issippi River at New Orleans. The following year he received the charter for the Bank of Middle- town, of which he was cashier. With the back- ing of his own bank, he embarked on railroad building. In 1834 he asked James Buchanan to be presisient of one of the railroads, the Lan- National Archives caster and Portsmouth, which ran from Lan- For the decade after 1867, Cameron domin-caster to Middletown, where it joined tize Main ated Pennsylvania's political scene. Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In December,

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 36 1

1 4 ci" 1860, he leased the Lancaster and Portsmouth his friends in the Democratic party, in particular lineto the Pennsylvania Railroad Company the President. for 999 years at $82,000 per year, to be paid to He served in the Senate until 1849, when he Cameron and his stockholders. was defeated. In 1857 he again opposed the In 1845 Cameron first sought election to public choice of the Democratic party and was elected office. That year President James K. Polk per-by a coalition in the General Assembly calling suaded Buchanan to leave the Senate and be- itself the Republican party, a coalition of Native come his Secretary of State. Cameron decided Americans, Free Soilers, Whigs, and high-tariff to win Buchanan's seat in the Senate by defying Democrats. his own party. The national Democratic party Eighteen-sixty wasapresidentialelection promoted low tariffs and , while Cam-year and to the Chicago Republican convention eron proposed higher import duties to protectthe delegates from Pennsylvania brought the Pennsylvaniaindustryagainstforeigncom- name of their favorite son, Simon Cameron. petition. Confidently he challenged his party's His support was negligible, so a deal was made choice before the General Assembly and was with Abraham Lincoln's aides to give Penn- elected by a coalition of opposition Whigs and sylvania's convention votes to the Illinois hope- high-tariff Democrats. This cost him many of ful. As payment the aides promised Cameron a post in the Cabinet. When Pennsylvania swung to Lincoln at the convention, many of the smaller state delegations followed its lead. Lincoln was disturbed by the deal made with Cameron, but for reasons of politics appointed the Senator as Secretary of War. Lincoln and his cabinet took office in March, 1861, as the national crisis deepened and civil conflict threatened. Cameron became Secretary of War at a most critical time, and his perform- ance during ten months as head of the War De- partment has been criticized and defended. The war came quickly. On April 13, Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, was seized by the Confederates. Lincoln re- sponded with a call for 75,000 volunteer troops. It was Cameron's responsibility to supply and equip this force, to provide transportation, and to organize his Department for war. The mili- tary capacity of the United States government at the beginning of the war was woefully in- adequate. As Secretary of War, Cameron made some questionable appointments, and was charged by critics with serious mismanagement. There were also charges of corruption in the award- ing of contracts; Cameron himself was accused Historical Society of Dauphin County of profiting from the war by diverting traffic Simon Cameron as a rising power in Pennsylvania to his Harrisburg to Baltimore railroad. Cameron politics and commerce. Portrait by an unknown further aroused opposition by suggestingto artist. the President that the slaves within territory

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 36 144 held by Union forces be freed and that former slaves be used as troops. The President and the Cabinet, however, feared that to arm them would further divide the nation and rejected the idea. Yet times change and two years later Lincoln, realizing the political gains that could be made, accepted the proposal and put it into effect. Beset by opposition,personal antagonism, and military setbacks, and under censure by the House Committee on Government Con- tracts, Cameron resigned as Secretary of War in January, 1862. The President then appointed Cameron to fill the vacant post of Minister to Russia. In St. Petersburg the new Minister was received at the court of the Czar, Alexander II, whom he con- gratulated for freeing the serfs, declaring that Lincoln would soon free the slaves. He gainedCameron residence,Harrisburg,about 1885. the support of Russia for the Union, a crucial decision which was one factor influencing FranceJohnson's popularity was slipping among the and Britain against entering the war on the Con-Radical Republicans who controlled the State federate side. and who wanted a sterner policy toward the By January, 1863, Cameron had returnedSouth. Cameron decided to abandon the Pres- h, to seek election to the Senate fr Penn-ident and see to it that a man of his own choosing sylvania. The Democrats had a majority ofwas elected governor c: the State. This occurred one in the legislature and so Cameron used allin 1866 when Democratic influence was so low the influence he could to win a majority forthat a Republican victory was assured. Cameron himself. He failed in his attempt and was accusedgained control of the Republican caucus and of bribing one, and possibly two, of the Dem-had an ally, John Geary, nominated and elected. ocratic legislators. However, the State Attorney In 1867 Cameron ran again for the U.S. Senate. Gene.:?., a Republican, chose toignore theHe had to defeat his archrival and wartime gov- charges and Cameron never came to trial. ernor, Andrew Curtin, to win the nomination Cameron obviously would have to find a wayand gain control of the Pennsylvania Republican to strengthen his influence in Pennsylvania. Ileparty. Cameron managed to win a majority of was out of office in 1864, so he offered his servicesthe caucus votes and the nomination, and with to the President during the re-election campaignthe Democrats o it-numbered almost two to one, that year. Because Cameron started a letter-he was elected. He emerged as the leader of writing campaign in support of the President,the Republican party in Pennsylvania; a Cameron a movement to dump Lincoln was thwarted.would manage its politics for decades to come. In his gratitude, Lincoln consulted Cameron In the Senate Cameron pushed hard for higher regardingfederalappointmentsinPennsyl-tariffs, making himself the major exponent of vania and placed loyal Cameron men in influ-the protective tariff from the .eading prott ;- ential positions. Although out of office himself,tionist state. In 1869 he joined forces with the Cameron was building his base of power. most powerful transportation monopoly in the After Lincoln's death in 1865 the new President,State, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and succeeded Andrew Johnson, continued Lincoln'spolicy having a Cameron man, John Scott, a former regarding appointees. But Cameron saw thatrailroad counsel, elected Senator from Penn-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 36 3

1.41.5 In 1875 his chief concern was a political office for his son. Donald had never run for public office, but he moved easily through political circles as his father's mouthpiece and right- hand man. A Democratic majority in Pennsyl- vania in 1875 made impossible Donald's election to the Senate, so Simon urged President Grant to appoint Donald to his Cabinet. While he was negotiating for his son's future he scored a personal triumph when Congress, by unanimous vote, withdrew its censure of 1861. He could now retire with his name cleared and, if his plans succeeded, the reins of power in the hands of his son. In May, 1876, Donald became Secretary of War and assured the election of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as President. Donald sent federal troops to the three southern states whos., votes would decide the contested election. For this he expected an appointment to the Hayes Historical Society of Dauphin County. Cabinet, 1t Hayes refused him. According to J.Donald Cameron, heir to Simon's po.' calCameronian politicsit was the height of in- empire. gratitude. Simon saw clearly what he must do to con- sylvania. Cameron now had amassed enoughtinue the Cameron dynasty. On March 12, 1877, power to decide Pennsylvania's representationhe tendered his resignation to the Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. In 1871 Cameron,legislature. The following day the Republican on the basis of seniority, succeeded to the chair- caucus unanimously nominated J. Donald Cam- manship of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-eron for the seat. A week later he was elected mittee. He remaL_NI there until his retirem to the Senate by a majority of the Assembly, Back in Pfmnsylvania he picked up a newtagged by its critics as the "Cameron Transfer lieutenant in , a powerful manCompany." western Pennsylvania, who along with Simon retired to his newly purchased farm !'veteran's son cqt.., political heir, J. Donald, at Donegal Springs in Lancaster County, a few would control Pennsylvania poliocs into themiles from his birthplace, and spent the last twentieth century. Int'n,137:7 years of his life supervising thy, growing of to- election, Cameron's man over a coalitionbacco, entertaininghisoldpoliticalfriends, of Democrats and Andrew Curtin's Liberal Re-and traveling. He died there of a stroke on June publicans by "waving the bloody " to re-26, 1889, at age ninety. With his passing a sig- mind the voters of the Republican role in pre-nificant chapter of Pennsylvania history came serving the Union. The Curtin followers wereto a close. tie left behind a large fortune both finished after twenty-five years of fighting Cam- ical and monetary to his son Donald, the eron, for in the following year Simon Cameronpolitical based on a patronage system held to- was returned to the Senate unopposed by anygether by personal loyalty to one man, Simon Republican in Pennsylvania. Cameron.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Histurkal and Museum Cummisswn, Harrisburg, 1974. Text by Carol A. MacKay; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 36

143 ON AUGUST 24, 1777, in the third year of Ford. General 's division extended the American Revolution, General William northward along the Brandywine's banks. Farther Howe with 13.000 British and 5,000 upstream was General Adam Stephen's division, troops landed near Head of Elk. Maryland.and beyond that was General Lord Stirling's his goal being to seize Philadelphia. (MAP 1) division.Detachments under Colonel Moses By September 9, his army was at Kennett Square. Hazen were at each of the upstream fords, up Pennsylvania, sixmiles west ofthe Chadd's to and including Buffington's. The brigades of Ford Crossing of Brandywine Creek. Facing him Generals and George Wee- from the east side of Chadd's Ford, about five don, comprising General Nathanael Greene's miles downstream from the point where thedivision, were in reserve behind Wayne. With creek divides into east and west branches, wasthem was most of the light horse, under the George Washington with11.000 American Polish volunteer, Count Casimir Pulaski. Other soldiers. light horsemen were sent to scout west of the Although dry weather had left the Brandy-Brandywine to report any British movements. wine shallow,itprovided a considerable ob- Perhaps with Tory help (Joseph Galloway, stacle. Trees grew thickly to the banks, making a prominent Philadelphia loyalist familiar with it impassable to an army except at the fords.the region, was with the British), Howe had There were, however, no fewer than three ofbetter information than Washington.Instead these between Chadd's Ford and the forks ofof a head-on attack against prepared defenses, the Brandywine, and another (Pyle's) just below h planned a wide flanking movement. One Chadd's. Immediately above the forks, the eastpart of his army would advance on Chadd's branch of the creek was crossed by Buffington'sFord in a demonstration to preoccupy Wash- Ford and, a mile and a half farther up, by Jefferis'ington; the rest, screened by hills and woods, Ford. Across the west branch, less than a milewould march north, cross the creek's west branch from the forks, was Trimble's Ford. at Trimble's Ford, cut northeast to Jefferis' Ford, The region was inhabited chiefly by Quakers, whose religious views made them neutral. Most ValleyForge local families who favored the American cause had fled. Thus, Washington got sparse infor- PENNSYLVANIA mation, and much of that was inaccurate he was told, for example. that there was no ford Germantow o above Buffington's for twelve miles. Further-\\"...at. West Chester PHILAD more, the rolling and forested nature of the a, ground prevented good observation. ,,_, Kennett Sguare"Po Chester Washington deployed General Anthony o 0 Cha11....d's Wayne's brigade and Colonel Thomas Proc- IVER eo tor's artillery on high ground east of Chadd's , -x Ford, covering the crossing. General William / WILMIN N.J. Maxwell's brigade was moved across the creek 11 C) to form an outpost line on a hill, blocking the i DEL. Kennett Square-Chadd's Fordroad.General MD. John Armstrong and about a thousand Penn- wilt sylvania militiamen were posted to cover Pyle's eloahead of Elk MAP 1

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 37 1 147 then turn southward to drive down on the Americans. As if to favor Howe's maneuver, heavy fog IntilASHA blanketed the area when the flanking column LLIMIG HOULL began its march early on the morning of Septem- snkusci: ber 11. Howe took the lead, heading a force rrinum of 13,000 British and Hessian troops. t° SULLIVAN Having a much shorter distance to go, the 8S eleeLLT 'MIMS other forceunder the senior Hessian officer, HOUSt RUCH% General Wilhelm Knyphausendid not move TWIN% until 9A.M.Within a few minutes its advance roctifif 0441 IIN Nit I vs guard surprised a detachment of American light ARMSTRONG horsemen who were refreshing themselves in KennettSawa MAP 2 the taproom of Welch's Tavern. After one vol-British army. Hurriedly, he ordered Greene ley, the Americans abandoned their mounts andback to his original position. Washington was fled to cover in the woods. About a mile beyond,so sure that Spear's information was correct the British ran into stiffer opposition from Max-that when Sullivan's aide, Major John Eustace, well's advance line, sheltered behind the grave-rode up to report that he to had seen British yard walls of Kennett Meeting House. Thisforces on the Great Valley Road, Washington slowed Knyphausen's movement but did notlaughed at him. haltit, and Maxwell's main outpost line was In the meantime, Howe's column had moved soon bre .ched. By shortly after ten o'clock,past Trimble's Ford. Near Jefferis' Ford, Howe Knyphausen had deployed on the high groundand his staff halted long enough to drink the opposite Wayne's position and was digging in.quantities of wine which some Wilmington mer- While his artillery began a desultory bombard-chants had stored at Ammon Jefferis' house, ment and Proctor's cannon replied, Knyphausen having thought it would be safe there from marched other detaciments back and forth Britishraiders. Before resuming the march, between thehills. The Americans watchingHowe pressed Jefferis into service as a guide. from the other side of the creek, seeing whatBy about 2P.M.,the force had passed the hamlet appeared to be column after column of red-of Sconnelltown and was near Osborne's Hill, coats, became convinced that Howe's entirewhere there was a halt for the troops to rest array was facing them. the day had grown exceptionally warmand Meanwhile, Howe's column did not go com-eat while scouting parties reconnoitered to the pletely unobserved.At some time after10 A.M.south. (MAP 2) reports reached Sullivan from American light About 1:15, Colonel Bland, now back on the horse under Colonel Theodorick Bland, scout-east side of the Brandywine, had seen what ing west of the Brandywine, and from Lieutenant he estimated to be two British brigades just Colonel James Ross that they hadseen whatwest of Strode's Mill, but it was around 2P.M. appeared to be two British brigades moving upbefore this information reached Sullivan and the Great Valley Road toward Trimble's Ford.he could start it on to Washington. Shortly after- When this word reached Washington, he decided ward, Squire Thomas Cheyney, a prominent that Howe had divided the British army. With local figure who was a strong patriot, arrived the enemy exposed to defeat in detail, Wash- to tell Sullivan that he had barely escaped capture ington ordered Greene to strike across the creek. by the British and that there were many more Greene's leading elements quickly waded thethan two brigades of them. Sullivan thought Brandywine and drove off the enemytroops that Cheyney's estimate was exaggerated, but entrenching the crests above the ford. did give him a pass to take his story to Wash- While this was going on, another messenger ington. arrived from Sullivan. A local militia officer, When Cheyney was finally admitted to the Major Spear, had ridden from the forks of theCommander-in-Chief, the General atfirst was Brandywine to Welch's Tavern, seeing no signskeptical. Once persuaded, however, he wasted of British troops. Washington now concludedno time, and orders sped to Stirling, Stephen, that Greene's (4:vialon was attacking the entireand Sullivan to move immediately to the high

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 37 14r ground where the Birmingham Meeting House stood athwart the British approach route, about a thousand yards south of Street Road. Sullivan, as the senior of the three, was to exercise over- all command. Stirling and Stephen reached the Meeting House a little before 4 P.M., Stirling's division deploying on the left of the building and its surrounding stone wall, and Stephen's on the right, the outer ends of both lines curving south- ward to follow the contours of the hill. Five cannon were posted at the center. Skirmishers formed a line in an orchard at the intersection of the Sconneltown-Dilworth and Street roads. The British force had split at Strode's Mill. One column swung to its right across the fields to get around the left flank of the Athericans at Birmingham Meeting House. The rest con- tinued down the Sconnelltown-Dilworth road. us Just north of Street Road they deployed, their MAP 3 ranks extending well beyond the American righthis men,and he gallopedback to the Meeting flank. Ilouse. Sullivan had farther to go than Stirling and The British pressed their attack. The Ameri- Stephen. Before he could reach them he heard cans laid down a to ling fire, slowing the British firing as Hessian advance elements drove theadvance, but being steadily forced backward American skirmishers out of the orchard. Thenon the flanks. After almost an hour, the British Sullivan's leading regiment caught sight of British were close enough to launch a bayonet charge troops to their front, considerably closer thanagainst the American right flank, held by a Sullivan to Stirling's position. Hastily, Sullivanbrigade under a French volunteer, General directed Colonel John Stone to attack with hisPrud'Homme de Borre. As the scarlet line drove regiment, to try to gain time for the rest of thein, De Borre panicked and fled, followed by his division to close the gap on Stirling's left flank.brigade (later, he resigned rather than face a (MAP 3) court of inquiry). Under increasing pressure, Stone and his men raced toward the British,the Americans on the left also gave way, but who halted and opened fire. Seeing this, Sul-the center held on. livan's rear brigade delivered a volley. This fire In the meantime, the sound of the battle had did not reach the enemy but plowed into Stone'scarried to Chadd's Ford. Washington immedi- hapless troops from the rear, and they brokeately ordered Greene out of reserve to reinforce and fled. As Stone wrote later, "I can scarcelythe troops at Birmingham Meeting House, and blame them when I consider their situation."Greene's men, Weedon's brigade in the lead, The rest of Sullivan's division pushed on andwere soon pelting across the fields. Then, as the deployed, still some distance to Stirling'sleft. gunfire swelled, Washington turned over com- Sullivan himself rode over to confer with Stir- mand at Chadd's Ford to Anthony Wayne. Guided ling and Stephen. The generals could see theby a local farmer, Joseph Brown, the General scarlet ranks, stretching well around to the right,and his aides started for the battle in a cross- threatening to outflank Stephen's position. Allcountry gallop reminiscent of Washington's fox-_ three agreed that Sullivan should shift his division hunting years in Virginia. to reinforce the right wing. Riding back, Sulli- While Greene and Washington were on the van gave the necessary orders, but as his menway, the threat of imminent encirclement forced moved out they were hit by a British attackthe Americans to abandon Birmingham Meet- and most of them fled. Although the American ing House. With most of the artillery horses artillery began a sharp bombardment to holddead, the cannon had to be left behind. The off the British, Sullivan was unable to reassemble troops fell back ha:f a mile along the Dilworth

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 37 3 149 1::.

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road to a hill, where they formed another line from the north, and a messenger arrived with There the British struck them again, but wereword of the defeat of Sullivan's force. Hope- hurled back not once, but five successive times.lessly outnumbered, Wayne withdr v toward However, the American? ammunition ran low,Chester. At Pyle's Ford, Cfmeral Armstrong and few were armed with bayonets; at the next(whose militia "aad not been engaged) also order- British charge the surviving Americans beganed a retreat. streaming down the hill. But on the north, Weedon's troops were suc- At this point Washington reached the scenecessfully buying time for the rest of `c army and, with his staff, tried to rally the men, dis-to escape. Their fighting withtlm ziklyied regarding the hail of British bullets. But all ef-the British pursuit, and darkness brought it to forts proved fruitless. a standstill. (MAP 5) Howe did send cavalry Meanwhile,Weeuur:smenarrived theyto try to cut the road to Chester, but the British had double-timed four miles in about forty min-troopers were beaten off by American light utesand deployed at a narrow defile on thehorse led by Pulaski. By midnight, considerable Dilworth road a little to the rear. They partednumbers of Americans had reached the com- ranks to let the retreating troops pass through,parative safety of Chester, and the rest trickled then closed up again, halting the pursuing Britishin through the remainder of the night. with volley after volley. While Howe had defeated the American army, While all this was going on, Knyphausen hadthe unexpectedly bitter resistance he met had been busy at Chadd's Ford. Despite heavy firekept him from his goal of crushing it. Nor had from Proctor's cannon and the infantry of WayneAmerican morale been crushed. As Washington's and Maxwell, he pushed across the creek, over-report to Congress stated, "Notwithstanding the running the artillery and driving the infantrymisfortune of the day, I am happy to find the out of the trenches. (MAP 4) Wayne fell backtroops in good spirits, and I hope another time into a nearby field and orchard, where fightingwe shall compensate for the losses now sus- was hand-to-hand until the Americansretreatedtained." Although theBritish occupation of to another hill just to the south. For a time therePhiladelphia, another American defeat, at Ger- was a breathing spell while Knyphausen startedmantown, and a bitter winter at Valley Forge moving his artillery across Chadd's Ford. Thenwouldintervene,Washington'shopewould Wayne saw more British troops coming downeventually be realized.

Published by the Con.inunweaith of Pennsylvania, Pennsylkanla Mann ..11 and Museum CurnfnisSsun. Harrisburg, 1 9 88. Se and ea:nun. Text by John B. B. Trussell, Jr., maps by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. edited Haruld L ?dyers.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 37 15 Delaware Art Museum. Wilmington. rrHE Revolutionary War was brought homekiln Road, curved up to meet the Skippack 1 to Pen:sylvania with a vengeance when, onRoad at a point some three miles to the north. September 26, 1777, a detachment of British The hilly country, together with the heights troops under Lord Charles Cornwallis occupiedalong the Wissahickon and the Schuylkill, pro- Philadelphia. This event climaxed a month-vided good defensive positions. Howe estab- long campaign during which 18,000 British andlished his main line of resistance along School- Hessian soldiers under General William Howehouse-Church lanes. The western wing, under had landed at the northern end of ChesapeaketheHessianGeneral Wilhelm Knyphausen, Bay, defeated George Washington's forces athad a picket of two Jaeger battalions at its left the Battle of Brandywine, ,..nd evaded all sub-flank on the high ground above the mouth of sequent American attempts to block their prc-the Wissahickon; extend.ng northeastward to gress toward the American capital. But HoweMarket Square were a Hessian brigade and remained wary of the Americans, who weretwo British brigades. East of M-rket Square, camped only thirty miles northwest of Phil-under General James Grant, were two more adelphia along Perkiomen Creek between Penny-British brigades, two squadrons of dragoons, packer'sMills and Trappe. Accordingly, heand the 1st Battalion of the Light Infantry regi- put the bulk of his remaining forcesome 9,000 -ment. Farther to the east, covering the Old York 10,000 troops at Germantown, five miles aboveRoad approach, was a New York Tory unit, Philadelphia, covering thelikely avenuesofthe Queen's Rangers. On the Germantown Road approach from Washington's position. at Mount Airy was an outpost consisting of the Three such routes converged a short distance2nd Battalion of the Light Infantry, backedup south of Germantown. Running close to thehalf a mile to its rear by the 40th Regiment of banks of the Schuylkill River was the Mana-Foot (later designated the Queen's Lancashire tawny, or Ridge, Road. A mile or so to its eastRegiment), under Colonel Thomas Musgrave. was the Germantown Road. About the sameA detachment of the 1st Battalion of the Light distance still farther east was the Skippack Road,Infantry was posted as a picket near Lukcns' which crossed the Bethlehem Pike (connectingMill. As a reserve, two battalions of the 1st Regi- at its southern end with the Germantown Road)ment of Foot Guards (the modern Grenadier to intersect northeast of the village with theGuards) were located near the center of the Old York Road, leading thence to Philadelphia.main line, a little over a mile southeast of Market Germantown itself was a two-mile-long ham-Square. let of stone houses from Mount Airy, on the On the Perkiomen, the ill-trained Americans north, along the Germantown Road to an in-were underfed and poorly clothed; many were tersectioncalled Market Square.Extendingbarefoot; and they had been defeated and out- southwest from the Square was Schoolhousemaneuvered. Nevertheless, their morale was Lane, running a mile and a half to the pointgood and they were still full of fight. According- where Wissahickon Creek empties through aly, when Washington learned that numerous steep gorge into the Schuylkill. To the east ofdetachments had weakened the enemy force Market Square, Church Lane stretched anotherat Germantown, he was confident that he could mile and a half to Lukens' Mill, where it con-attack it successfully. verged with Meeting House Lane and, as Lime- The plan he adopted was ambitious, contem-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 38 1 151 .ess Map 1 Or' s. e), Antrecon Attack plan Amrican Approach O p* Amrican Assault Positions I=1 h Peck et; British Deployed UnitsEir Direction of Assault ed couriers were to assure coordination of timing

0 X between the columns; and for identification in Wes the darkness of early morning, each man was to wear a piece of white paper in his hat. Sullivan's column made itsmarch without

O difficulty and was in position on schedule. Time passed, however, and there was no word from the other forces. Unknown to Washington, both x0SeSencei /Oil Greene and Smallva, xi had got lost. Smallwood's mission was notparticularly significant, and Greene relatively little weight was placed on Armstrong's "flounaky Sen share of the operation, but Greene's role was

RIOSTOWN LUKENS." vitallyimportant.However,notwithstanding, MILL the lack of a report from Greene, Washington assumed that Greene was at his assigned position and at the scheduled time ordered Sullivan to Next? SQVA launch his assault. The leading element of Sullivan's column GeneralThomasConway'sbrigadestruck the picket at Mount Airy just as the sun was rising. There was a sharp fight,in which the plating a coordinated assault by four separateBritish 40th Foot hurried up to reinforce the columns aiming at a double envelopment. (MAPLight Infantry battalion,but the Americans drove the enemy before them. (MAP 12;, The 1) One column, consisting of Pennsylvania militia LightInfantry, running low on ammunition, under General John Armstrong, would movewas covered by Musgrave as it and part of the down the Manatawny Road to slip past the Jaegers40th fell back to schoolhouse Lane. Musgrave at the mouth of the Wissahickon to get into theand six of his companiessome 120 men British left rear. Another column, made up ofthen found themselves cut off, so they raced Maryland and New Jersey militia under General William Smallwood, was to proceed down the to the cover of a nearby stone mansion (its owner, Skippack Road to the Old York Road, whichformer provincial Chief Justice , it was to follow to get behind the British right.was in prison in Fredericksburg, Virginia, as General John Sullivan, with the Continentala suspected Tory), barricadeditsdownstairs troops of his own division and that of Generaldoors and windows, and manned the upstairs. Anthony Wayne, and followed by the reserve division under General Lord Stirling, would turn south off Skippack Road at Whitemarsh Church and follow the Bethlehem Pike to Chest- nut Hill, where he would storm down the Ger- mantown Road against Howe's center. The fourth column, under General Nathanael Greene and comprising Greene's and General Adam Stephen's divisions and General Alexander Mc- Dougall's brigade (all Continentals), would follow Smallwood down the Skippack Road as far as Limekiln Road, where it would turn south to hit the British right flank on Church Lane. Wash- ingtonhimselfwould accompanySullivan's force. All columns were to reach their jump- off positions (two miles froth the British pickets) by 2 A.M. on October 4, halt until 4 A.M., and then start moving forward so as to strike the British outposts simultaneously at 5 A.M. Mount-

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 38

I 5 2 and General William Maxwell's brigade was ordered out of reserve to surround the building. Lieutenant William Smith went forward toward the house with a surrender demand, but was shot down, mortally wounded, despite the flag of truce he carried. Then field-pieces were brought up to lay a barrage to cover an infantry assault. But the stone walls of the house were proof against the three-pound cannonballs, and the assaulting infantrymen were scythed away by the British fire. Those few who reached the house were bayonetted as they tried to force their way through the doors and windows. Finally, volunteers went forward to try to set fire to the house with bundles of flaming straw, but none survived to reach his goal. During all this, Greene's column to the north had finally got back on the right road and had By this time, Sullivan's entire column hadmade contact with the British picket at Lukens' deployed, with Wayne's division left of the Ger-Mill. Deploying with Stephen's division on the mantown Road, Conway's brigade extending toright, Greene's in the center, and McDougall's its right, and Sullivan's own division still farther brigade on the left, it drove in the picket and to the right. The going over open fields, ob-started rolling up the British right flank. Per- structed by fences and occasional brooks, washaps because of the fog, and certainly because not easy. To make matters vastly worse, almostof the confusing orders Stephen gave (a court- as soon as the sun had risen it was obscured by martial later cashiered him for having been a dense fog, soon thickened by gunsmoke, sodrunk), his division veered right from its assigned that visibility was severely limited. Neverthe-line of advance and followed Meeting House less, the Americans by-passed the strongpointLane instead of converging with the rest of Musgrave had established and pushed rapidlyGreene's force on Market Square and making on toward Market Square. (MAP 3) contact with Wayne's left flank. Suddenly, dimly Meanwhile, Armstrong's column had appearedthrough the fog, Stephen's men caught sight in front of the Jaeger picket at the river. Althoughof the rear of a deployed line to their left front this force limited itself to firing a few rounds of light-caliber cannon shot, it did preoccupy Chosioul the Hessians on Howe's left flank. Toward the o tor center, the British moved into the stone houses along Germantown Road and opened a steady Mop 4 Arni

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 38 3 I 5

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and fired into it. The troops they attacked re- Aivini Airy turned their fire, but began to show signs of con- fusion. (MAP 4) VW: And well they might, for these men were not British troops, but Wayne's Continentals. Already running low on ammunition, hearing the outbreak of heavy firing from the Chew house, and being suddenly attacked from the rear, they believed they were about to be cut off. Their assault, which was on the verge of smashing the British center, came to an abrupt halt,anddespitetheir commander's frantic efforts they began to fall back. Their withdrawal left Conway's left flank unsupported, and his men, pressed by the British opposing them, also began to withdraw, soon followed by Sullivan's division. At this juncture, General Francis Nash,Americans' extreme right, orders from Wash- commanding a North Carolina brigade whichington finally sent Armstrong's militia moving had been detached from the reserve to reinforceto the rear. Smallwood, who had never reached Sullivan, was mortally wounded. the battlefield, withdrew as well. (MAP 5) On the north, McDougall's brigade had also Taking up the pursuit, part of the British gone astray, leaving Greene's left flank exposedmoved north after Greene and the rest north- to an attack by the Queen's Rangers and thewest, following Sullivan's column. On both routes, Guards of theBritish reserve. But Greene'sthe pursuit continued for so_Ae nine miles, but division continued its drive down Church Lane.was called off due to the bad roads and the The 9th Virginia, leading the division, burstrear-guardactionsorganized alongthe way into Market Square and men began cheer-by Wayne's artillerymen and the cavalry under ing in triumph. Until this noise gave their presencethe Polish volunteer, Count Casimir Pulaski. away, they had been hidden by the fog, but now There was no panic, but the American troops the British nearby closed in and opened fire.had had enough. They continued their retreat There was a desperate fight for a few minutes.in good order, halting only when they had passed The Virginians suffered heavy casualties; finally,Perkiomen Creek. They had lost 1,073 officers when they were completely surrounded andand men killed, wounded, and missing (the Britisn every officer from the colonel down had beenadmitted to 521 officers and men killed and wounded, they surrendered. wounded) and they had failed in their objective. The British assault on tilt, 9th Virginia de-But a hard core of determined men remained, veloped into a general counterattack as theto see further fighting at Whitemarsh, to en- two British brigades on the left of Market Squaredure the cold and starvation of Valley Forge, were ordered into the fight and Cornwallis arrivedand to form the nucleus of sustained resistance withreinforcements who haddouble-timedthat would bring final victory at Yorktown. from Philadelphia. The advance was slowed Germantown was unquestionably an American but not halted when General James Agnew,defeat, but its near success, combined with the at the head of his 4th Brigade, was killed byvictory of the American army under G a civilian sniper named Hans Boyer, firing fromHoratio Gates at Saratoga barely two weeks behind the wall of the graveyard of the Men-later, on October 17, nad a major impact on nonite Meeting House. European thinking. Taken together, the two Greene, learning that Sullivan's column wasevents comprised a factor of no mean significance retreating and that he now stood alone againstin bringing about the alliance with France which the whole British force, ordered his men tocontributed so substantially to the eventual withdraw, but they fell back fighting. On theoutcome of the war.

Published b the Communwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Histora.al and Museum Commissiun, Harrisburg, 1974. Text by John B. B. Trussell, Jr.; edited by Donald H. Kent and William A. Hunter.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 38 C 11 IF IFIU IlD II C II-1 CI GIFFORD Pinchot, America's first profes-name "conservation" to the movement for the sionally trained forester, rose to national preservation and wise use of all natural resources. prominence as a conservationist and political pro- They observed what they considered to be the gressive under the patronage of President Theo-recklessexploitationoftheseresources dore Roosevelt. Equally noteworthy was hisfor private profit, and they predicted that un- electionti ice as Republican governor ofless scientific management of resources was Pennsylvania. As a politician he fought for wiserrequired, America would fail to meet its future use of natural resources and for fuller justice needs. Under Pinchot, the Forest Service added for the average citizen. millions of acres to the His struggle for reform, nationalforests,con- particularly with leaders trolledtheiruse,and in his own party, made regulated their harvest. him a center of con- Roosevelt's Republican tinual controversy. successor, President Pinchot, born to Taft,lackedenthusi- wealth on August11, asmforgovernment 1865,athisfamily's ownership of land. summer home in Con- This was one of the necticut, chose to earn questionsthatdivided hisampleinheritance Roosevelt and Taft by working for the bet- in 1912, and led to the terment of society. After formation of thePro- studyingatYale,he gressive party, with furthered his education Roosevelt asitspresi- ataFrenchforestry dential candidate. Pin- school, where he learned chot supported the new thevalueof selective party, which proposed rather than unrestrained such radical reforms as harvestingofforests. the regulation of child In 1898, Pinchot was . labor, a minimum wage appointed chief of the forwomen,andun- Gifford Pinchot during his second Division ofForestry employment insurance. term as governor. (later the Bureau) of the After Roosevelt's defeat, U.S. Department of Agriculture, a recognitionPinchot strove in vain to keep the party from of his advanced training in forestry and the dissolving. need to protect American forests. In 1905, the In 1914, Pinchot ran for the United States Bureau was given control of the national forestSenate as a Progressive against the incumbent, rese-ves, and was renamed the Forest Service.Boles Penrose, who managed the Republican President Roosevelt, a fellow Republican whomorganization in Pennsylvania. Pinchot cam- Pinchot greatly admired, allowed him considera-paigned for women's right to vote, prohibition ble independancc in the administration of theof the sale and use of alcoholic beverages, a grad- Service. Pinchot in turn imparted to his staff a uated income taxa tax to be determined by the spirit of diligence and a sense of mission. ability to pay; workers' compensation for in- It was Roosevelt and Pinchot who gave thejuries on the job; recognition of labor unions

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 39

5 for collective bargaining; and other radical-for- the-time reforms. During his unsuccessful campaign, Pinchot married Cornelia Bryce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent family, and they had a son, Gifford Bryce Pinchot. Mrs. Pinchot's boundless energy and crusading spirit matched her husband's. She addressed housewives demanding the vote IAL and factory workers and miners seeking justice; she marched in picket lines; and she presided as hostess at frequent receptions. Mrs. Pinchot not only campaigned for her husband but un- successfully sought election three times to Con- gress and once to the governorship. After his campaign, Pinchot promoted American involvement inthe European war and opposed President Wilson's neutrality. The Progressives had returned to their old parties, and Pinchot, who was in opposition to the Presi- dert, reluctantly wined the Republicans. Upon Wilson's re-electionin1916, Pinchot turned from national to State politics. In 1920, Governor Sproul appointed him 4 Commissioner of Forestry,in which position he initiated administrative changes and refused to grant political patronage. His goal, however, was the governorship, where he believed he would have greater opportunity tobring about the reforms he proposed. His campaign for that office, in 1922, concentrated on reforms Mrs. Pinchot waves after addressing an assembly that ct aid arouse the greatest popular support of miners in Uniontown, April, 1934. government reorganization and economy, en- forcement of prohibition, and regulation of public utilities. To achieve a broader electoral baseporters as well as hardening his opponents. He be- and gain the support of Joseph Grundy, presi-gan his administration by tightening State spend- dent of thePennsylvania Manufacturers' As-ing. Typically, he took but a portion of his salary. sociation and a political power in the State,He persuaded the Assembly to pass an adminis- he played down some of his earlier proposalstrative code. This standardized salaries and gave for rek rm. Aiding him too was the fact thatthe Governor power to reorganize the executive Republican leaders were divided over a replace-branch of government and reduce duplication ment for party chief Boles Penrose, who had by combining 139 agencies into fifteen depart- recently died. ments and three commissions. A pension system Pinchot won a close election. The new Gover-was also introduced, to be financed by the em- nor, however, had no intention of being absorbed ployees and the State. by the bosses, through what he termed Gathering public support through the adop- the "amoeba treatment," and stubbornly per-tion of these measures, the Governor made sisted with his reforms, often annoying his sup- further proposals. He asked the Assembly to pass

2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 39 i legislation to enforce the federal prohibition of alcoholic beverages. Only one billpassed, however, and money for enforcement had to be obtained from the Women's Christian Temper- ance Union, since the Legislature would not appropriate the funds. Always a strong adversary of the public utili- ties, he proposed now that the Assembly con- nect electric companies into a tightly regulated State-wide system with combined facilities. This would forestall the creation of private mo- a "opolies, lessen the cost of electricity for the user, and extend service to all, particularly to farmers. The Governor's plans were dashed when utility lobbyists defeated nineteen of his 1. bills in Assembly. The miners of coal struck twice during his first term of office. The first strike, in1923,lasted only a week due to Pinchot's decisive arbitration. The strike of1925con- tinued for six months and again Pinchot's force- ful mediation was necessary. President Coolidge, cautious about government intervention in such a matter, remained aloof. Annoyed by the in- activity of the President, Pinchot called both sides for daily meetings. finally achieving a com- promise. The Governor retired from office at the end Governor Pinchot swings a pick to begin the pav- of his term, having improved the efficiency ing of twenty thousand miles of Pinchot roads. and economy of State government. His enthusiasm had affected his subordinates, creat- ing an esprit de corps among them. the newspapers, radio, and the mail. Although Following another unsuccessful attempt to the House passed three bills to regulate rates, make him the Republican candidate for the U.S. the Senate sided with the utilities and the pro- Senate, the Pinchots took a seven-month cruise posals were defeated. He also placed his own of the South Seas. Pinchot, author of several men on the Public Serv.ce Commission, which books, wrote one about the voyage. (The scien- In then sought to control, and through it the tists aboard the ex-governor's schooner found utilities. P:nchut believed in "the principle of a new species of fish, which they named binth- Theodore Roosevelt that it is the dutyf a public osema pinchoti.) servant to do whatever the public good requires In1930,Pinchot won election to a second term unlessis directly forbidden by Law." as governor. There he battled for the regulation The DepressionhitPennsylvaniaseverely, of public utilities,relief furthe unemployed, and by1931there were almost a million Li- and construction of paved roads to "get the employed. The Governor took a personal con- farmers out of the mud." For two years, he and cern for the needy. Before taking office the Assembly fought over the utilities issue. The he founded a committee on unemployment. Governor went straight to the people throozhHe gave more immediate assistance also, such

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No.39 3

157 as to a wofflan who was jailed and fined $17.90 Pressureexertedby Pinchot and President for killing a w 3oupecker to feed her children. Franklin D. Roosevelt caused the company Realizing that State aid would not be suffici- to recognize the union. ent to curb the effects of the Depression, he With Pinchot's approvgl, aspecialsession was one of the first of the governors to decide of the Assemb'y ratified the Twenty-first Amend- that federal aid was needed. Pinchot gave a ment to the federal Constitution, which repealed moralistic tone to the relief effort as he con- theprohibitionamendment. TheAssembly tinually urged State and federal governmentsalso established the Liquor Control Board, a to aid the deprived. In response, President State monopoly for the sale of liquor. Hoover and the Congress established the Re- During his last year as governor, Pinchot, construction Finance Corporation to assist banks forhe third time, ran unsuccessfully for the and businesses, and eventually extended direct Republican nomination for election to the U.S. aid to the states. State and federal funds for the Senate. As usual, he received little assistance unemployed were distributed on a non-partisan from the leaders of his party, whom he had basisby the PennsylvaniaState Emergency greatly annoyed by supporting the economic Relief Board. recovery programs of Democrat Franklin Roose- Governor Pinchot recognized other neglected velt. During the last three months of his term, groups in Pennsylvania. Women, Jews, and blacks the Governor was confined to a New York City were included inhis administration. "Pinchot hospital and Mrs. Pinchot ineffect became Roads" were promoted for the benefit of thethe acting governor. In 1938, he bid again for farmer to transport his product to the consumer. the nomination for governor, but the Republican Economical, but adequate, means were devised voters overwhelmingly defeated him. He was to pave twenty thousand miles of road. A limited seventy-two. amount of machinery was used so that rhore In his remaining years, the ex-governor gave work could be given to the unemployed. Thisadvice to the President, wrote a book about was probably the accomplishment for which his life as a forester, and devised a fishing kit Pinchot was best remembered. to be used in lifeboats during World War II. In 1933, the bituminous coal miners at U.S. On October 4, 1946, he died, age eighty-one, Steel's "captive mines" struck. The mine owners of leukemia. The Pinchots' mansion, Grey refused to recognize the United Mine Workers Towers, in Milford, has been given to the U.S. union, despite federal law requiring collective Forest Service to serve as a museum .,n.:1 train- bargaining. The National Guard was called in ing center for foresters. but admonished by Pinchot to remain neutral.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Histurit-al and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1976. Text by Patricia E. Bixler; edited by Harold L. Myers.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 39 .I5 .1 11 r wR

I

V. ;CH /Art,

Courtesy Cooper Square Publishers The And Hartley's Expedition

D ROBABLY no episode of the Revolutionarythe inhabitants were Tories. Butler had detailed 1 War caused more horror and outrage amonginformation from Tories who had fled, and he Americans than the so-called "Wyoming Mas-could count on aid from those who had not. sacre" on July 3, 1778. As early as February, 1778, therefore, Butler The , a twenty-five-mile stretchbegan sending small raiding parties to collect along the Susquehanna River's North Branch,up-to-date information and put the settlerson was claimed by both Pennsylvania and Cobnec-edge. The growing danger brought many of the ticut, but since late 1775 the Connecticut factioninhabitants into one or another of the valley's had been in control, with men from the valleyforts. serving in Connecticut Continental regiments Chief among these, southtonorth, were and holding office in the Assembly at Hartford.Wilkes-Barre Fort, a substantial installation on It was also a large grain-producing area. This,the left bank of the river; Forty Fort, another with the good communications the river provided strong defense, across the river and about three to more poilous areas downstream, made themiles farther north, Wintermoot's Fort (actually, valley, despite being on the frontier, an impor-only a stockade around the house of the Winter- tant source of provisions for the American army.moot family, who were suspected of being Tor- But the same river led upstream into territoryies), three or four miles upstream from Forty dominated by the Iroquois, operating under theFort, Jenkins' Fort, another stockaded house New York Tory, Major , as allies ofsome three miles above Wintermoot's; and Pitts- the British. And from Butler's viewpoint, Wyo-ton Fort, consisting of three blockhouses, located ming was an attra:tive target: its productivitydirectly across the river from Jenkins' Fort. To made its destruction worthwhile; with Connec-hold these defenses, the men of the valley had ticut too remote to protect it and Pennsylvaniabeer, organized into the 24th Connecticut Mili- unwilling to help a settlement which rejectedtia Regiment, under Col. Nathan Denison. Also Pennsylvania jurisdiction,itwas vulnerable;on hand were one Continental company and el- and the river made it accessible. There was theements of two others, and Col. added advantage that considerable numbers of(no relation of John Butler), a loyal leader on

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 40 1 159 leave from his own regiment, the 3d Connecti-out scouts from Forty Fort in an unsuccessful cut Continentals. effort to determine the size and location of the On June 27, Major Butler started from Tiogaenemy force. Neither s!de learned much of its down the North Branch with about six hundredopponent. Indians and one hundred Tory Rangers. This Even so, on the morning of July 3, Major But- approach was undetected until late on June 30,ler sent a message to Denison, demanding that when thirteen men and boys, working in corn-all forts, all Continental troops, and all public fields about five miles upstream from Jenkins'stores in the valley be surrendered, with the mi- Fort, were suddenly attacked. Eight were killedlitiamen being placed on parole not to fight for or captured but the others escaped and spreadthe rest of the war. In return, he guaranteed the the alarm. safety of all inhabitants. Denison stalled for time, By next morning, some four hundred militiasaying that he first had to consult with Zebulon under the joint command of Denison and Zebu-Butler, and sent orders for his militiamen to re- Ion Butler marched from Forty Fort to the corn-assemble. By noon, some 375 men had gathered, field where the attack had occurred. They sur-although the garrison at Pittston Fort had been prised and killed two Indians there, but met nounable to cross the river (the enemy had taken other enemy. all the boats) and some men from the southern Meanwhile, Major Butler had secretly madeend of the valley had not arrived. contact with local Tories, who guided force Denison and Zebulon Butler wanted to wait to a wooded campsite less than a mile fromfor reinforcements known to be on the way, but Wintermoot's Fort. Later that day, he sent anthe others insisted on attack. They could see officer to the fort to demand its surrender. Mestcolumns of smoke where abandoned houses to of the people inside, promised that their livesthe north were burning, and they argued that would be spared, favored capitulation, so the mi-the whole valley could be devastated while they litia lieutenant in command gave in. waited. Colonel Denison gave in to the demands, On the following morning (Jui5 21, Butler sentand soon almost the whole garrison started out. an officer to demand the surrender of Jenkins' Still considering it rash to attack, Denison and Fort. As it was defended by only eight men, itsZebulon Butler halted on good defensive ground commander also capitu'Ited. Throughout theat Abraham's Creek, a mile or so northeast. rest of the day, Ranger an Indian parties roamedAnother argument occurred, with the two colo- the upper part of the valley, while Denison sentnels' prudence being castigated as cowardice. Stung, they agreed to proceed, advancing toward Wintermoot's Fort. There, the force deployed in a line that stretched northwest from high ground above the river, on the right, for three hundred or four hundred yards. No troops were held out as a reserve. Denison was in charge on the left, Zebulon But- ler on the right. Major John Butler had already made his dis- positions. Setting both Jenkins' and Wintermoot's forts afire, he put his Rangers behind a log fence extending in a westerly direction from a point above Wintermoot's Fort. The Indians concealed themselves in a swamp beyond the western end of the fence. Advancing toward the log fence, the Ameri- cane salted to fire three volleys, moving forward of .tach, meeting little resistance. When they halted for a fourth volley, however, the Tories behind the fence opened fire. The Indians in the swamp soon followed and the action became general. After half an hour, when the Indians

2 ASti'ORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 40 tiers left in haste, some going downriver, others strikingoverlandtowardEastStroudsburg. These, especially, suffered great hardship as they fled through the wilderness, some dying of ex- haustion or starvation. Although Major Butler started' his main force'back to Tioga on July 8, some Indians stayed behind, terrorizing the re- maining inhabitants. Faced with further threats, the last settlers left on July 18. The attack had devastated the area and forced its virtual depopulation. In the battle, the mili- tia had been crushed and no quarter had been Zebulon Butler given, but no massacre of the population took were about to work around the American leftplace afterwards. Great loss of property and flank, Denison shouted orders for the companiesmuch suffering had occurred. Clearly, however, at that end of the line to fall back and form atrefugees t7.aggerated the facts, thus adding to right angles to the rest of the force. Either be-the wave of horror that swept through other cause they heard only the words "fall back" orparts of the frontier. In response, Col. Thomas because such a maneuver was too complex forHartley was ordered to move his Continental untrained militia in the midst of battle, many regiment to Sunbury, and over a thousand Penn- men were plunged into confusion, crowding insylvania militiamen were ordered to reinforce on the other troops. The whole force quickly him. broke, and the men began to run away. By August 1, Hartley was at Sunbury, but only The Indians pursued relentlessly. Men werea fraction of the promised militia actually joined killed as they ran or when they halted and triedhim there. On August 4, Col. Zebulon Butler and to surrender. According to Major Butler's re- 112 troops were back at Wilkes-Barre Fort, now port, the Indians took 227 scalps, but Colonelbeing called Fort Wyoming. In succeeding weeks, Denison reported 301 killed. Major Butler ad-settlers began returning, and Butler's force grew mitted having only three killed and eight wounded,slightly, but small-scale Indian raids within short accounts by other Tories and Indians place theirdistances of the fort continued. Hartley, with losses somewhat higher, although nowhere nearbarely two hundred men, was charged with pro- the eighty the Americans claimed. tecting a frontier stretching from Wyoming to Early on July 4, Major Butler met Colonelthe Allegheny. This was an impossible defensive Denison, demanding surrender on the original task, and he soon decided that he must take the terms. To give Zebulon Butler and the otheroffensive, creating a diversion which would lead Continentals time to leave so that they would not be carried off as prisoners, Denison delayed replying until afternoon. Even though he then told Major Butler that all the Continentals were gone, the Tory grant ;d the same terms, also agreeing to use his "utmost influence" to protect private property. Butler further advised Deni- son to destroy Forty Fort's seven-barrel whiskey stock before the Indians arrived. The formal surrender took place late that af- ternoon. Almost at once the Indians began loot- ing. Major Butler answered Denison's protests by saying that he could not control the Indians, but he did ask Denison to supply a list of items taken so that compensation could be made. Depredations continued through the next three days, with the Indians threatening the lives of inhabitants as well as robbing them. Many set-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 40 3 161 NEW YORK Chemuna. IPEDIN5VILVAN11A The force was too weak to attack Chcmung, 1-i°1---Se,or.92eA4QueenEsflicesTown so it paused nextdayonly long enough to burn Sq127 Sheshequin Tioga and the nearby Indian village called Queen Esther's Town before starting down the Nord) ASe,o1.28 , SepZ25 .wyolusing Branch. After camping overnight at Sheshequin, Se,o424 LSsepte.29 it crossed to the left bank of the riveron Sep- goo" tember 28 and marched to Wyalusing. Sep/23A. `,iSeot30 Se,a22 By now, rations were exhausted, so themorn- Sepal /A. ing of September 29 was devoted to slaughtering captured cattle and cooking the meat. When the P2 column left at noon. about seventy men boarded Ft. captured canoes while the rest proceededon aidtePeany foot. 7ore, sysi (0311 Almost immediately, the advance guard came under attack, but soon brushed the enemy aside. Another attack occurred thirty minutes later, 0 5 10 20 and this also was beaten off. Then, at about 2 MILES P.M., a major assault was launched against the Sunbury AulleykRorde A oce.5 Engagements rear guard. Undetected, Hartley led part of the Campthles._...... main body inland to some high ground, from which he could encircle the Indians. Then the men in the canoes landed and struck from the the Indians to stop raiding in order to guard their own villages. opposite direction. The enemy, almost com- pletely surrounded and taken by surprise, soon Accordingly, on September 21, he started frombroke and fled, leaving ten dead from a force Fort Muncy, on the West Branch of the Susque-Hartley estimated at almost two hundred. The hanna, following the Sheshequin Patha routeAmericans lost four killed and ten wounded. that was so difficult that troops had to cut a new The rest of the move to Wyoming, which was trail as they went. Autumn rains turned thereached on October I, was uneventful, although streams into raging torrents. Colonel Hartleythe troops knew that Indians were following reported, however, that his men overcame allclosely (indeed, on October 3, three men who obstacles "with great Resolution and Fortitude."had ventured a short distance from Fort Wyom- They struck north along toing were killed and scalped). Hartley leftsome its source. then turned northeast to follow To-of his men to reinforce Zebulon Butler andre- wanda Creek. From that point, they were in hos-turned to Sunbury, arriving on October 5, having tile territory. However, they me, no resistancecovered almost three hundred milesintwo until September 26. when the nineteen-man ad-weeks, moving over difficult terrain and much vance guard stumbled onto about an equal num-of the time deep in enemy territory. ber of Indians. Both groups were surprised, The Indian threat had not been eliminated. but the Americans fired first. One Indian wasHartley warnedthe Pennsylvania authorities killed and the rest fled. that unless reinforcements were sent quickly, With the column's presence discovered, Hart-"You may have your Frontier much lower down ley hurried his men along. At Sheshequin, theythan you expect"but some reprisal had been found and freed fifteen captives the Indians hadexacted for the Wyoming raid, and the Indians taken in raids, then pushed on to Tioga, arriv-had been shown that they too were vulnerable. ing "much fatigued" after dark. Here theycap-It would take the Sullivan Expedition the follow- tured an Indian who said there were almosting summer, carried out on a much larger scale, eight hundred Tories and Indians at Chemung,to bring the war home to the Iroquois, but an only twelve miles away. effective if small beginning had been made.

Published by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, PennsylvaniaHistorical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, 1976. Text by John B. B. Trussell, Jr.; edited by Harold L. Myers.

4 HISTORIC PEND.SYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 90 162 I1

The Sullivan and Brodhead Expeditions

AFTER the Battle of Monmouth. on June28, tinental regiments at Easton. Pennsylvania. and ..1778. cons entional combat between Britishmarch to Wyoming. then, carrying his supplies and American forces in the Revolutionary Warby boats and pack-horses. move up the North came for a time to an almost complete standstill. Branch of the Susquehanna to Tioga Point (mod Howes er, unconventional operationsIndian andern Athens. Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, five reg- Tory raiding against outlying settlements alongiments. under Brig. Gen. James Clinton. would the Pennsylvania and New Yorkfrontiers- gather at Otsego Lake, the source of the North greatly intensified. There were fierce attacks onBranch. and proceed downstream to join Sul- Pennsylvania's Wyoming Valley (July 3. 1778) livan. Then all sixteen regiments would advance and New York's Cherry Valley (November 10-into the Finger Lakes region, burning and de- 11, 1778). and small-scale assaults became al-stroying on the %i1), finally turning west to the most continuous. Settlers fled, crops went un-Iroquois town of Genesee. The plan's final ele- harvested and unplanted, andthe Americanment was for Col. Daniel Brodhead, 8th Penn- army lost important sources of provisions. sylvania Regiment. to lead a smaller force from Consequently. early in 1779. George Washing- Fort Pitt up the Allegheny Riser. If feasible, he ton began planning a major campaign against thewould continue into New York and contact Sul- principal Indian enemy. the "Six Nations" oflis an's column. At Schism's discretion, the en- the Iroquois. As an old Indian-fighter. he knewtire force could then return, or it could go on to that this foe was elusive and, therefore, not read-attack . the British headquarters ily vulnerable to defeat in battle, but the Indiansdirecting the Tory and Indian raids. Washing- could be reached through destruction of theirton's intentions were clear. He said that "The im- fields and villages, in a "scorched earth" opera-mediate objective is then (the Iroquois') total tion which would reduce their capability to con-destruction and devastation." so that "the coun- tinue raiding, shake their confidence intheirtry may not be merely oserrun, but destroyed." Tory allies, and make them dependent on the Because the operation involved movement far Britishfor subsistence. Further, a successfulinto wilderness regions. it required vast supplies inland campaign deep into encmy -dominatedand extensis, transportation facilities. In fact. territory would provide abasisforclaimingWashington started ordering these logistical ar- American sovereignty over more than the east-rangements to be initiated as early as February. ern seaboard when peace was eventually estab-hoping to see the campaign begin in May. But lished. when Sullivan arrived at Easton. on May 7, he The plan finally adopted had four pal,s. Maj.ran into delays. Only a fraction of the cattleto Gen. John Sullivan would assemble eleven Con- be driven along for fresh meat) and the neces-

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 91 1 sary pack-horses had been collected. Flour and On that same day, Colonel Brodhead left Fort salt meat stocks were grossly inadequate, andPitt for his part of the campaign. With six hun- much of what was available had z,poiled. Thedred men, he went up the Allegheny to the mouth boats that were supposed to be waiting at Wy-of Mahoning Creek, then struck overland, ap- oming had not even been built. Finally, the only proximately due northward, reaching the Al- link between Easton and Wyoming was a traillegheny again sometime around August 18. As which was impassable for wagons or cannon.the twenty-three-man advance guard continued Sullivan immediately put three regiments toup tht.river, it suddenly met thirty to forty In- work building a road. He also set about procur- di ns, moving downstream in canoes, who made ing such provisions aad livestock as were locallyfor shore to give battle. In the fight which fol- available, while persistently bombarding the sup- lowed, three soldiers wei Tightly wounded, ply departments at Philadelphia with complaintsfive Indians weriz killed, rom fleeing. On the and demands. Not until June 23, after the newnext day, the whole force moved on to Bucka- road was completed, did he march to Wyoming. loons (near modern Youngsville), where the pro- More than another month passed before thevisions for the mum . jouriey were left, guarded supply build-up permitted the force to begin itsby a small breastwork and one company of sol- movement. On July 31, however, numberingdiers. T1- - remainder advanced to Conewango over 2,300 men, with 1,200 pack-horses and 700 (modern Warreni. From there, instead of follow- to 900 cattle, accompanied by 120 boats, it started ing the curving river, they took a shorter, more upstream. The narrow trail,attimes leadingdirect line which brought them again to the Al- along the face of mountains which dropped pre- legheny where eight villages known as the "upper cipitously to the river, made for hard going and,Seneca towns" were located. They found these according to one participant, "gave inconceir deserted, and spent the next three days demolish- able Embaressments to the Troops." Never-ing the houses and destroying an estimated five theless, the army reached Tioga Point on Au-hundred acres of corn. gust 11. Meanwhile, on August 13, Sullivan had )0ed

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2 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 41 16 ,4 nental Troops commanded by the most active Rebel Generals." Still, Sullivan had grounds for genuine concern, as he had only twenty-seven days' provisions for his men; many of his officers doubted that the expedition could proceed far enough to be effective without risking starva- tion. Also, at the start the troops found them- selves in rough terrain, their movement made agonizingly difficult by the cannon and ammu- nition wagons. One soldier's diary noted that "Such Cursing, Cutting and Diging, over seting Wagons, Cannon and Pack Horses into the river &c is not to Be Seen Every Day." On August 29, the force ran nto substantial enemy resistance. Colonel By ler had gathered only four hundred Indians and three hundred Tory Rangers, and wanted to limit operations to harassing raids until more warriors could 'le accumulated, but the Indians insisted on making, a stand. Just below tie Indian village of New- John Sullivan town (near modern Elmira, New York) they built and manned a breastwork extending eastward from the Chemung River, with another body of with part of his force northward to the Indianwarriors posted some distance inland, on a hill. town of Chemung. His advance guard was Pm- Sullivan's leading brigade, consisting chiefly bushed, losing seven killed and thirteen wounded, of Pennsylvania Continentals under Brig. Gen. but the troops burned the town and Destroyed Edward Hand, easily discovered the breastwork. the surrounding crops before returnitn to TiogaWh le Hand kept the enemy preoccupied with Point to wait for General Clinton's zolumn tommketn , Sullivan brought up the artillery and arrive. Sullivan, knowing that Indians were hov-sent two brigades swinging to the right to turn ering nearby and being unsure of their numbers, the enemy left flank. The cannon were to remain on August 16 sent a nine hundred-man forcesilent for thirty minutestime enough, Sullivan eastward to contact Clinton and esevt him tobelieved, for these brigades to move into posi- Tioga. tion and then open fire, with allAmerican Clinton's five regiments, having lef. Otsegotroops converging simultaneously. As the engage- Lake on August 9, met this escort on Ai'gust 19. ment developed, the flanking brigades were The combined force reached Tioga Point threeslowed by a swamp and were not ready to at- days later, welcomed by a thirteen-gun salute and tack when the artillery opened up. They hada "a Band of Musick which played Beautiful."brisk fight before driving the Indians off the hill, Final preparations were completed, and on Au-but the Indians behind the breastwork wereter- gust 26 a column of about four thousand men,rified by the cannon fire and fled, manyscatter- several hundred cattle, over a thousand pack-ing to their home villages. American losseswere horses, and nine cannon started north. Stayingfour dead and thirty-nine wounded. Enemycas- behind to garrison the base camp were 250 sol-ualties are uncertain, but the bodies of eleven diers, the women and children who had accom-warriors were found, and Butler admitted thviing panied the army, and the civilian boatmen. two Tory Rangers killed. Sullivan's force was impressive, particularly for Butler reported that "The Consequences of the time and even more so for the region. Thethis affair will,Ifear, be of the most serious Tory Lt. Col. John Butler, whose scouts werenature", and, indeed, he was never again able keeping the Americans under constant obser-to rally enough Indians to oppose Sullivan's fur- vation while he tried to rally Indians to opposether movement. As for the Americans, one offi- Sullivan's advance, reported tohiss,,periorscer write in his journal that "No army can have that "They are some Df the best of the Conti-higher spirits than ours resulting from victory

HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET Ne. iI 3 1f5 rectly in front of the advancing army. Stumbling into this ambush from the rear. Boyd's detach- ment sprung the trap. Nine scouts escaped, Boyd and one soldier were captured. and therest were killed: but the shooting alerted Sullivar and Butler's plan was thwarted. ',"ith this de- velopment, Butler abandoned all resistance plans and withdrew to Fort Niagara. On September 14, the Americans moved to Genesee, where they found the bodies of Boyd and the soldier capture(' the previous day. Both men had been horribly tortured. and their bodies hideously mutilated. It was with fierce enthusi- and a consciousness of superiority.- Accordir%-asm. therefore. that the troops burned the town ly. Sullivan had a receptive group of soldiers forand destroyed the acres of crops around it, the the proposal he felt compelled to make. point task taking until noon on the following day. ing out the dwindling of supplies, he asked the Also on September 14. Colonel Brodhead's men to agree to accept half rations, saying thatexpedition completed its operation. From the the difference could be made up from vege-upper Seneca towns, this force had moved back tables now ripe in abandoned 'Indian ftdds. anddown the A;:egheny. following the river to Ve- promising that the men would be paid the valuenango. moving thence to Fort Pitt. As it pro- of the rations that were not issued. The proposalceeded, it devastated the cultivated areas and was unanimously accepted. the towns it had passed on the way up. Many of Delaying only to destroy the crops and villagesthe men, Brodhead reported. were "barefooted all abandoned which they passed, the troo and naked- but "they disdained to complain- and advanced up the east side of Seneca Lake. Turn-he had lost **neither man nor Beast.- He con- ing west at the northern end of the lake, theycluded that "I have a happy presage that the came on September 7 to Canadasega (moderncounties of Westmoreland, Bedford & Northum- Geneva). At this poatt, despite the vegetablesberland. ..will experience the good effect." the men gathered. one participant .,journal As for Sullivan's force, its return march was said that t1-.c troops were suffering -hungry bel- uneventful. Detachments fanned out to devas lies and hard Duty now which I think we may tate the west side of Seneca Lake and both sides call hard times." Some officers thought that theof Cayuga Lake. Having reassembled at the Che- force should turn back. but Sullivan decided tomug% River. the troops ;ached Tioga Point on push on to Genesee. To make the advance eas September 30. moved down, iver to Wyoming ier, however, on September 11 he established an by boat, then mad. d to Easton, which they advance depot at a village called Honeoye, leav-reached on October 15, at which time the regi- ing the sick, the provisions needed for Cie re-ments dispersed to their home stations. turn march. and most of the livestock with a Sullivan reported the destruction of forty In- fifty-man guard. dian towns and at least one hundred sixty thou- Although no attacks had occurred, signs ofsand bushels of corn. His force, and Brodhead's Indians were numerous. Expecting resistance.on a smaller scale, had struck a severe blow. on the night of September 12 Sullivan sent A By September 20, over five thousand Indians had twenty-six-man scouting party under Lt. Thomasfled to Fort Niagara, where they had to be fed Boyd, of the 1st Pennsylvania Regiment, to re- from sparse British supplies. Indian ;aiiing would connoiter ahead. Sullivan's caution was justified, resume, but never again on the scale reached in for between the time Boyd moved out and the 1778 and the first half of 1779. More important, time he started back on the morning of Sep-the unity which had marked the Iroquois Con- tember 13, Butler with at least six hundred In- federation's activitie, had been permanently de- dians and Tory Rangers had laid an ambush di- stroyed.

Published by the Communwedith ol Pennsylvania. PennsylvarnHimont...II and Museum Commission. Harrisburg. 1976, lem by John B. B. Trussell. Jr.: edited by Harold L. Myers.

4 HISTORIC PENNSYLVANIA LEAFLET No. 41 Int)