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Productivity and Constraints in Tilapia Fish and Freshwater Prawn Aquaculture in Fiji

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Productivity and Constraints in Tilapia Fish and Freshwater Prawn Aquaculture in Fiji Final report for Mini-project MS0507: Productivity and constraints in tilapia fish and freshwater prawn aquaculture in Fiji James Teri 1 Tim Pickering 1 1 University of the South Pacific 1 Abstract buy feed; finance should be more accessible for pond construction and feed purchase; avoid a cul- The pace of development in Fiji freshwater aqua- ture of dependency by farmers upon services giv- culture has been slower than expected. The main en for free by government; foster a private-sector objective of this study was to find out reasons for led approach to establishment of a medium-scale this, by gathering evidence on farm performance, industry based upon a “satellite farms” concept, and on farmers’ perceptions of problems. Fiji’s and; collaboration between stakeholders (govern- freshwater focus is currently on tilapia Oreochro- ment departments, farmers association, regional mis niloticus, and prawn Macrobrachium rosenber- and international organisations, donors, and educa- gii aquaculture. Representative freshwater aqua- tion and research institutions) should be further culture farm case studies were selected, to gather encouraged and strengthened. data on actual farm and farmer performance in “real world” conditions. Farmers were also inter- Background viewed to assess their perceptions about con- straints to progress. The freshwater aquaculture sector in the Pacific All observations and measurements of soil and Island Nations (PINs) is a recent development, with water quality fell within acceptable ranges, and most potential in larger island nations with abun- there was no evidence that farm quality is a source dant freshwater resources, though there is some of problems among these case studies. Evidence potential in nations with limited freshwater avail- was found, however, that many farmers lack tech- ability. Fiji and Papua New Guinea are key leaders nical competence, which needs to be addressed among the PINs (excluding New Zealand and Aus- by education and training. Farmers that have gone tralia), with basic institutional frameworks in place through some training are doing well. It was also and existing hatchery and growth-out technolo- found that infrastructure and support to farmers gies, and available supporting industries. pose constraints, for example timeliness of tilapia There are high expectations for development of fry deliveries, shortage of prawn post-larvae, the inland aquaculture industries, but they have been cost of feed, and the limited reach of Extension slow to get off the mark and the possible reasons services and advice to farmers. Farmers that are for this are varied and complex. The production located close to support services are doing well. conditions, constraints and incentives totally dif- Access to markets was a constraint for producers fer among commercial and rural (subsistence) op- of live tilapia who wish to sell in bulk, but market- erations. Unlike commercial scale operations that ing was not a problem for prawn farmers. much affected by wider economic and political In Fiji there is huge potential for small-scale fresh- conditions, rural aquaculture operations are con- water aquaculture to develop, and for farmers to tained within a different set of socio-economic improve their livelihood. Some tilapia farms are factors. capable of becoming larger-scale commercial operators but are constrained by current depen- Fiji Freshwater Aquaculture dence upon the limited live-fish sales outlets. For Fiji to reach its potential, the following recom- Fiji has a land territory of 18, 272 square kilometer mendations should be adopted: Extension support (Department of Fisheries, 2004), with two major and advice to farmers should be improved; there Islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, and it is on these should be tilapia product development (frozen, fil- two main islands that freshwater aquaculture de- leted, smoked) to add value and diversify market- velopments are concentrated (Fig 1). The Depart- ing options; additional market outlets for live tila- ment of Fisheries (DoF) within the Ministry of Fish- pia should be established; there should be more eries and Forests (MFF) has been the lead agency farmer training on fish/prawn culture and feed- in development and promotion of freshwater ing practices; more prawn PL production is badly aquaculture in Fiji. The Aquaculture section of this needed; better feed formulations are needed to department operates the Naduruloulou Research increase quality (e.g. less fines) and lower the cost; Centre as a pivotal point of research, training and the green-water method of tilapia should be pro- promotion for Freshwater Aquaculture in Fiji. moted for those who are unable or unwilling to 2 Figure 1. Distribution of freshwater farms (indicated by red-diamond symbols) on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Initial development of Fiji freshwater aquaculture chicken/duck sheds; stemmed from introduction of Mozambique tilapia 3. Ornamental (Koi carp, gold fish); and O. mossambicus in the 1950s, but it was not until the mid 1970s that the potential for inland aqua- 4. Grass carp for river re-stocking as river-weed culture was realized. Conventional aquaculture in biological control. Fiji was instigated with establishment of the Nadu- ruloulou Research Centre in 1975, and was off the Culture Species ground in the 1980s with initiation of the rural pi- The range of species that is currently cultured is lot project based upon a superior species, the Nile limited to tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus, O. tilapia O. niloticus (DoF, 2004, 1998). niloticus), Giant Malaysian freshwater prawn Mac- robrachuim rosenbergii, Asian carps (grass carp, big Sector goals head carp) and ornamental species (gold fish and The overriding goals devised by the MFF (DoF) are koi carp). Nile Tilapia and prawn M. rosenbergii are to ensure food security and contribute to poverty the two dominant species cultured for food or for alleviation, and to bring export revenues (DoF, sale in the domestic markets. 1995, 2004). Much effort in development has been directed into rural subsistence aquaculture, The Rural Programme where significant proportions (59%) of the popula- From 1975 to mid 1987, freshwater aquaculture tion are residing with limited employment oppor- was part of the Government development plan. tunites. The Rural Freshwater Aquaculture Programme was The sector comprises four development pro- initiated in 1982, with assistance from the US Peace grammes (DoF, 2002): Corps, and aimed to supplement protein require- ments in the rural sectors using tilapia O. niloticus 1. Tilapia (O. niloticus); (Vereivalu, 1989).Twenty seven farms were initially 2. Polyculture (M. rosenbergii, O. mossambicus, established and to date, just above three hundred Grass Carp) and integrated farming with farms are recorded to have been established. The 3 programme development strategy has seen the Objectives method of culture evolve from monoculture to The purpose of the study was to find out why polyculture and into integrated farming practices freshwater aquaculture development in Fiji has (DoF, 2002). The development model of the sec- been slower than expected. Possible problem ar- tor is a central system of state control, with the eas could be: (1) Farm quality (soil chemistry, water DoF (Naduruloulou) controlling the fry-supply, quality, local climate, etc); (2) Farmer quality (com- harvesting and marketing. petence, training); (3) Infrastructure and support Unlike tilapia, prawn production and supply of quality (technical advice, supply of feed, fry, etc); post larvae to farms have been inconsistent. This or (4) Access to markets. The objectives were to is due to technical and staffing setbacks in hatch- gather and analyse data from each of these areas ery operations, and priorities within government in of the Fiji freshwater aquaculture sector and use resources allocation (Fiji Fisheries Division, 1992). Ef- this data to identify constraints to development. forts to commercialize this commodity have been Farm case studies were selected and monitored to slow in coming. Despite the technicality involved in assess actual farm performance in “real world” culture (compare to tilapia), there have been farm- conditions, and the farmers were interviewed to ers successfully involved in monoculture of the assess their own perceptions about constraints to species. Twenty three small-holder farms were re- progress. corded to been supplied with M. rosenbergii post- This report describes the current status of the larvae in 2006, and a total of 150,000 post-larvae Fiji Freshwater Aquaculture sector, identifies con- (DoF data) were supplied. straints and impediments to progress for which An indication of the potential for medium-scale evidence was found, and makes recommendations commercial production is given by the recent con- to overcome these constraints. version to prawns of a derelict tilapia farm in Navua, now operated by Dairy Farms Fiji Ltd., in partnership Methods with a team from the University of the South Pa- cific (USP). This should increase confidence in the Study Sites sector and bring investors from the private sector and abroad, which have been slow to get involved. Eight case studies of tilapia and prawn farms were The number of inland farms in Fiji has increased, and selected in consultation with the DoF (Naduru- estimated to number just above 300, with 197 ti- loulou Research Centre), and represented a cross lapia and 23 prawn farms recorded to have received section of farm types (Household, Institution, fry/PL in 2006 from the Naduruloulou Research community/clan, coastal and interior). A further Centre (DoF data). In 1999, a record of 268 subsis- two farms (at Montfort and Naduruloulou) were tence and 16 commercial tilapia farms was reported stocked and operated by USP staff experienced in by FAO (2002). A survey done by Secretariat of the culture of both prawns and tilapia, to set a bench- Pacific Community (SPC) and DoF in 2004, found mark for production using “best practice” against 34% farms of the 167 farms surveyed were ex-farm- which the case-study farm performances could be ers, 46% practicing, and 20% intending farmers (SPC compared. Of the total of ten farms monitored, Data, Unpublished).
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