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FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Crustacea: Decapoda) AQUACULTURE in FIJI: IMPROVING CULTURE STOCK QUALITY

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FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium Rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Crustacea: Decapoda) AQUACULTURE in FIJI: IMPROVING CULTURE STOCK QUALITY FRESHWATER PRAWN Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) (Crustacea: Decapoda) AQUACULTURE IN FIJI: IMPROVING CULTURE STOCK QUALITY by Shalini Singh A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Marine Science Copyright © 2011 by Shalini Singh School of Marine Studies Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific July, 2011 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my sponsors, the Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and The University of the South Pacific (USP), for providing the opportunity to study for my master’s degree. My sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. William Camargo (USP), Professor Peter Mather, Dr. Satya Nandlal, and Dr. David Hurwood (Queensland University of Technology - QUT) whose support, encouragement and guidance throughout this study is immensely appreciated. I am also very grateful to the following people for critically editing my thesis: Prof. Peter Mather, Dr. Satya Nandlal, Dr. William Camargo and Dr. Carmen Gonzales. Thank you all for your enormous support and guidance, which led to the successful completion of the project. I thank you all for allocating time from your very busy schedules to read my thesis. I would also like to thank the Fiji Fisheries Freshwater Aquaculture Section, particularly Naduruloulou Research Station, the staff for their immense effort and assistance, particularly in the hatchery and grow-out phases which could not have been successfully carried out without your support. I acknowledge the support, and assistance provided by ACIAR Project Officer Mr. Jone Vasuca and Kameli Lea for their immense effort during this project. Thank you for all the hard work while conducting fieldwork at Naduruloulou. I would also like to thank Dr. Simon Hodge of the Biology Department at USP for his suggestions, advice and assistance in carrying out the statistical analysis and data presentation in this thesis. I deeply appreciate the support and assistance provided by my families and friends. I am deeply thankful to my parents and my brothers for their assistance in providing transportation during my fieldwork to Naduruloulou Research Station especially in the weekends. I would also like to acknowledge the support provided by Temalisi Koroi, Monal Lal, Parnesh Kishore, Emmanuel Ram, Vinod Kumar, Avinash Singh and many others who have helped me in successfully carrying out my studies. i Abstract A comparative growth trial of the giant freshwater prawn (GFP), Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) was conducted to evaluate the most suitable strain from three (Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia) high performing stocks to be introduced in the Republic of Fiji as a means to improve local culture stock quality. Advanced postlarvae (PL) of each strain (130 from Indonesia, 250 from Malaysia and 300 from Vietnam) were reared to maturity, under quarantine conditions, in separate tile-lined cement tanks at the Fiji Fisheries Naduruloulou Research Station. Berried females from each exotic strain and from the local strain (Fijian-control) were selected randomly and PL was generated in a single hatchery cycle for strain evaluation trials. PL (PL 8 to 10, average weight range of 0.01-0.02 g) were stocked at a density of 5 PL/m2 into 12 earthen ponds (4 strains x 3 replicates), and grown for 147 days (d) while being fed with a locally produced (29 percent protein) sinking pellet at a set ratio to mean body weight. No significant difference (P = 0.083) was observed for mean final body weight among strains (Fiji 25.89 ± 0.57, Vietnam 26.86 ± 2.59, Indonesia 24.66 ± 1.68 and Malaysia 23.38 ± 1.18 g). However, a significant difference was observed among the different morphotype stages (P = 0.001). Survival ranged from 69 to 84 percent, but no significant difference (P = 0.05) was evident among strains (Fiji 69 ± 14, Vietnam 84 ± 7, Indonesia 79 ± 2 and Malaysia 75 ± 5 percent). Specific growth rate (SGR) ranged from 4.84 - 5.28 percent (Fiji 4.87, Vietnam 4.89, Indonesia 4.84 and Malaysia 5.28 percent), food conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.86 - 2.75 (Fiji 2.42 ± 0.64, Vietnam 2.75 ± 0.41, Indonesia 2.44 ± 0.42 and Malaysia 1.86 ± 0.67 percent), sex ratio ranged from 1:1.0 - 1:1.7 and marketable prawn (>20 g) ranged from 56 - 70 percent (Malaysia 56 ± 34, Fiji 59 ± 40, Indonesia 62 ± 10 and Vietnam 70 ± 27 percent). In this study physical water quality parameters (temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen) showed no significant difference among ponds or strains. Results showed that there was no significant difference in mean growth performance among the strains (Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Fiji) when environmental factors were suitable for growth. While not significant, the Vietnam strain was the top ranked strain based on final survival, mean body weight gain, evenness of different morphotype and sex and percentage marketable ii prawn. The Indonesian strain was ranked second just below the Vietnamese strain. While the Malaysian strain was ranked third, when compared to the Fijian strain however, selection of strain should also consider the hatchery phase because this strain performed the poorest in the hatchery. This study provides baseline data for establishing an informed choice on strains options to take into future and to identify a superior strain for the local culture industry. Additional experiments on larval development and growth performance among the four strains with appropriate replication need to be conducted at other sites to allow genotype by environment (G x E) effects in Fiji to be assessed in a comprehensive manner. Keywords: Freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, strain evaluation, Fiji, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia iii Abbreviations and acronyms ACIAR - Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research d – Day D.O. – Dissolved oxygen FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization FCR – Food conversion ratio GFP – Giant Freshwater Prawn G and E (G x E) – Genotype by environment h - Hour JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency kg – Kilogram LRT – Larval rearing tank MT – Metric tons MFF – Ministry of fisheries and Forest mg/L – Milligrams/Liter Ne – Effective population size iv NRS – Naduruloulou Research Station PICs – Pacific Island Countries PL – Post larvae ppt – Part per thousand QUT – Queensland University of Technology SAS – Sigatoka Agricultural Station SGR – Specific growth rate SPC – Secretariat of Pacific Community SPIFDA – South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency TF – Tebara Farms Ltd t – Tons UNDP – United Nations Development Programme USP – University of the South Pacific v Table of Contents Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………….i Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..ii Abbreviations and acronyms……………………………………………………………..iv Table of Content…………………………………………………………………………vi List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………ix List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………xi Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 World aquaculture production ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Regional status of aquaculture in the Pacific .............................................................. 2 1.3 Brief history of aquaculture in Fiji .............................................................................. 5 1.4 Global status of M. rosenbergii culture ....................................................................... 6 1.4.1 M. rosenbergii introduction in the Pacific ............................................................ 7 1.4.2 M. rosenbergii culture in Fiji ................................................................................ 9 1.5 Problems confronting GFP industry in Fiji ................................................................. 10 1.6 Development of high performing GFP culture lines ................................................... 12 1.7 Why culture GFP? ...................................................................................................... 13 1.8 Objectives of the study ................................................................................................ 13 1.9 Thesis overview........................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2 Literature Review…………………………………………………………..15 2.1 Nomenclature and morphology……………………………………………………...15 2.2 Distribution of M. rosenbergii……………………………………………………….16 2.3 Biology……………………………………………………………………………….17 2.3.1 Food habitat……………………………………………………………………..17 2.3.2 Life cycle and larval development……………………………………………...18 2.3.3 Hygiene and diseases………………………………………………………….. 19 2.3.4 Water quality management……………………………………………………...20 vi 2.3.5 Growth and Molting ............................................................................................. 21 2.4 Larviculture of M. rosenbergii .................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Green water culture ............................................................................................. 22 2.4.2 Clear water culture .............................................................................................. 23 2.5 Grow-out, harvesting and marketing ........................................................................... 23 Chapter 3 Comparative grow-out trials of four GFP strains in earthen pond ......... 26 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................
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