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REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 1 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 2 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 3 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 1 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 2 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 3 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL: LOS DILEMAS PARA AMÉRICA LATINA REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 4 Editores: ANTONI ESTEVADEORDAL Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Washington, D.C. RAMON TORRENT Observatorio de la Globalización, Universitat de Barcelona Contribuciones de: ROBERTO BOUZAS Profesor de la Universidad de San Andrés e investigador del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina) FERNANDO GONZÁLEZ VIGIL Profesor de la Universidad del Pacífico, Perú ALEJANDRO JARA Embajador de Chile ante la OMC BERNARDO KOSACOFF Director de la oficina de la CEPAL en Buenos Aires WONHYUK LIM Investigador principal. Korea Development Institute PEDRO DA MOTTA VEIGA FUNCEX y Ecostrat Consultores FÉLIX PEÑA Director del Núcleo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero y del Instituto de Comercio Internacional de la Fundación BankBoston ADRIÁN RAMOS Investigador principal. Oficina de la CEPAL en Buenos Aires SANDRA RIOS Ecostrat Consultores y profesora de la Universidad Pontificia Católica de Río de Janeiro ROBERT SCOLLAY Coordinador del Foro Comercial CCEP, profesor asociado de Economía y director del APEC Study Centre de la Universidad de Auckland, Nueva Zelanda JAIME ZABLUDOVSKY Consultor. Embajador de México ante la Unión Europea (1998-2000) y jefe del equipo mexicano para la negociación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre México y la Unión Europea Interrogar la actualidad Serie América Latina REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 5 ANTONI ESTEVADEORDAL Y RAMON TORRENT (eds.) REGIONALISMO GLOBAL: LOS DILEMAS PARA AMÉRICA LATINA REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 6 Diseño de la cubierta: Joaquín Monclús © 2005 para cada uno de los trabajos: Roberto Bouzas, Antoni Estevadeordal, Fernando González Vigil, Alejandro Jara, Bernardo Kosacoff, Wonhyuk Lim, Pedro da Motta Veiga, Félix Peña, Adrián Ramos, Sandra Rios, Robert Scollay, Ramon Torrent, Jaime Zabludovsky. ©Fundació CIDOB, 2005 Elisabets, 12, 08001, Barcelona http://www.cidob.org e-mail: [email protected] Distribuido por Edicions Bellaterra, S.L. Navas de Tolosa, 289 bis, 08026 Barcelona www.ed-bellaterra.com Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos. Impreso en España Printed in Spain ISBN: 84-87072-53-4 Depósito Legal: B. 40.232-2005 Impreso por Hurope, S.L., Lima, 3 bis. 08030 Barcelona REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 7 Índice Presentación, Narcís Serra,9 Introducción, Antoni Estevadeordal y Ramon Torrent, 11 PRIMERA PARTE Visiones estratégicas del regionalismo global ¿Globalización o fragmentación de la integración en América Latina?, Sandra Rios, 17 La ventana europea: retos de la negociación del Tratado de Libre Co- mercio de México con la Unión Europea, Jaime Zabludovsky, 45 Las virtudes de la promiscuidad: la apertura comercial de Chile, Alejan- dro Jara, 89 SEGUNDA PARTE Perspectivas sectoriales del regionalismo global La globalización de la integración y el «nuevo regionalismo»: ¿adónde conducen las negociaciones del ALCA?, Roberto Bouzas, 125 El Mercosur frente a los acuerdos y las negociaciones sobre servicios e inversiones, Pedro da Motta Veiga, 147 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 8 8 Regionalismo global: los dilemas para América Latina TERCERA PARTE Las políticas domésticas y los nuevos desafíos del regionalismo global Las políticas de competitividad en Argentina, Bernardo Kosacoff y Adrián Ramos, 191 Inversión extranjera directa y acuerdos comerciales preferenciales: re- flexiones preliminares aplicadas al caso de América Latina, Fernando González Vigil, 219 Algunos desafíos políticos e institucionales que plantea la globalización de la integración: el caso de los países socios del Mercosur, Félix Peña, 245 CUARTA PARTE Perspectivas extrarregionales y multilaterales del regionalismo global Globalización e integración regional en Asia oriental, Wonhyuk Lim, 273 Globalización e integración: una perspectiva multilateral, Robert Scollay, 293 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 9 Presentación La Fundació CIDOB organiza, desde 2003 y con la colaboración del Santander Central Hispano, un seminario anual con el objetivo de im- pulsar un debate sobre la evolución de las políticas públicas en América Latina. La edición de 2004 ha dado lugar a la publicación de este libro, que recoge las ponencias de gran parte de los autores que participaron en el seminario «La globalización de la integración en América Latina: nuevos enfoques». Después de publicar las conclusiones de la edición de 2003 bajo el título Descentralización y políticas sociales en América Latina, el Pro- grama América Latina de la Fundació CIDOB prosigue, a través de la realización de seminarios como éste, con su voluntad de impulsar el de- bate en profundidad sobre temas de relieve, actualidad y repercusión en la región. Asimismo, los objetivos del Programa pasan por el fortaleci- miento de las capacidades de Cataluña y España como actores interna- cionales para el estudio de los procesos de desarrollo y consolidación democrática de Latinoamérica, y por el fomento del intercambio de co- nocimientos y experiencias entre la sociedad civil y las instituciones de dicha región y Europa. Uno de los procesos más determinantes y presentes en América La- tina es, precisamente, el que este libro se propone estudiar: la integra- ción regional y su interrelación con la globalización. Desde su nacimiento en las décadas de los sesenta y setenta y des- pués de una interrupción de dichos procesos en los ochenta, el regiona- lismo en América Latina recuperó su esplendor en los años noventa, mo- mento en que la globalización empezaba a mostrarse como un fenómeno imparable. Este libro y su precedente seminario pretenden dar respuesta REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 10 10 Narcís Serra a los interrogantes que se plantean a raíz de la combinación de ambos fenómenos. Aparte de su análisis teórico y sectorial, la obra también aborda las consecuencias de la globalización de la integración sobre las políticas domésticas y su encaje en procesos extrarregionales y multila- terales. Quisiera, finalmente, agradecer a los coordinadores de la edición de este seminario, Antoni Estevadeordal y Ramon Torrent, el esfuerzo dedicado a este proyecto, a la vez que animo al Programa América Lati- na de la Fundació CIDOB a continuar profundizando en el debate sobre la evolución de las políticas públicas en América Latina. NARCÍS SERRA Julio de 2005 REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 11 Introducción Desde principios de la década de los noventa, acompañando a la acelera- ción del proceso de globalización de las relaciones económicas interna- cionales, ha tenido lugar un resurgimiento espectacular del regionalismo en todo el mundo. En Europa, tras el proceso de aplicación del Acta Única para profundizar el mercado interior, se han sucedido las reformas institucionales (en particular la puesta en marcha de la Unión Monetaria) así como los procesos de ampliación a nuevos miembros. En las Améri- cas, el proceso de regionalización, de amplia tradición histórica con los movimientos integracionistas de los años sesenta y setenta, resurgió nue- vamente con gran ímpetu durante la década de los noventa. A mediados de esta década, el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TL- CAN) entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México, el acuerdo Mercosur en- tre Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay, y el lanzamiento de las nego- ciaciones del ALCA en la Cumbre de Miami de 1994 marcaron el gran punto de inflexión en el proceso de integración del continente. En Asia, después de una larga tradición de cooperación regional en temas no eco- nómicos, los países han abordado también el regionalismo desde el ámbi- to estrictamente comercial y económico. Finalmente, en África el regio- nalismo sigue siendo cada vez más una piedra angular en las relaciones intrarregionales. En los últimos años, las iniciativas de carácter interre- gional han ido adquiriendo también una relevancia creciente. Así, hoy en día es casi imposible estar al corriente del sinnúmero de acuerdos comerciales y de integración que de forma bilateral o regional están dominando la agenda de negociaciones comerciales entre países, en detrimento en parte de la agenda multilateral. Existen muchas posibles explicaciones para este resurgimiento de la integración regional, pero el REGIONALISMO GLOBAL 21/7/10 08:47 Página 12 12 Antoni Estevadeordal y Ramon Torrent motivo principal parece ser la búsqueda de instrumentos adicionales de política por parte de los países para hacer frente al proceso de globaliza- ción y de competencia mundial. Así, la dimensión regional se ha ido transformando en uno de los componentes más importantes y dinámicos dentro del abanico de políticas que están al alcance de los países para atender los desafíos y oportunidades del proceso de globalización. Sin embargo, la agenda de la integración regional no puede (o no debe) prosperar sin un sistema multilateral vigoroso, que regule el co- mercio mundial y los acuerdos regionales que cada vez dejan sentir más su influencia sobre él. Culminar con éxito las negociaciones de la Agen- da
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