A New Layered Silicate with an Original Type of Siliconðoxygen Networks O
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Annual Report 2010
Annual Report 2010 THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Annual Report 2010 The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Annual Report 2010 ISBN: 978-0-902701-09-0 © The Macaulay Land Use Research Institue, September 2010 Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH Tel +44 (0) 1224 395000 Fax +44 (0) 1224 395010 macaulay.ac.uk A SCOTTISH CHARITABLE COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE - REGISTERED IN EDINBURGH – No SCO16190 REGISTERED OFFICE: MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, CRAIGIEBUCKLER, ABERDEEN, AB15 8QH SCOTLAND, CHARITY No: 11922, VAT REGISTRATION No: GB 266 8932 11 THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Executive Editor Professor Richard Aspinall Associate Editor Clare Neely Scientific Editors Dr Dick Birnie, Professor Colin Campbell, Dr Tony Craig, Dr Bob Ferrier, Dr Pete Goddard, Professor David Miller, Dr Robin Matthews, Professor Bill Slee Technical Editors Carol Bisset, Dr Andy Midwood Graphics and Production John Brown, Pat Carnegie Photography David Riley 3 4 THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute is an international centre for scientific research and consultancy on the: l Economic, social and environmental consequences of rural land uses l Impacts of potential changes in policy, management, climate and pollution for the management of natural resources, and sustainable rural development Our research provides new and impartial knowledge that contributes to environmental and rural development policy, both in Scotland and internationally and we are committed to ensuring that this knowledge is shared and effectively communicated to all interested parties. We are internationally recognised as a leader in land use research and we transfer our skills and experience through collaborations within over 40 countries worldwide. -
Infrare D Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Department of Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Department of Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Firs t editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natura l Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apar t fro m any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d unde r the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patent s Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any for m or by any means , withou t the prio r permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n onl y in accordanc e wit h the term s of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e wit h the term s of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the term s state d here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on thi s page. -
Macphersonite Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Macphersonite Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic, pseudohexagonal. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. Crystals are commonly pseudohexagonal, thin to tabular on {010}, to 1 cm. Twinning: Common, lamellar and contact, composition plane {102}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {010}, perfect. Fracture: Uneven. Hardness = 2.5–3 D(meas.) = 6.50–6.55 D(calc.) = 6.60–6.65 May exhibit a bright yellow fluorescence under SW and LW UV. Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Colorless, white, very pale amber. Luster: Adamantine to resinous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; Y = c; Z = a. Dispersion: r> v,moderate. α = 1.87 β = 2.00 γ = 2.01 2V(meas.) = 35◦–36◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P cab. a = 10.383(2) b = 23.050(5) c = 9.242(2) Z = 8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Argentolle mine, France; may show preferred orientation. 3.234 (100), 2.654 (90), 3.274 (50), 2.598 (30), 2.310 (30), 2.182 (30), 2.033 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) SO3 6.6 7.65 7.42 CO2 8.8 8.47 8.16 CuO 0.1 CdO 0.1 PbO 83.4 83.59 82.75 + H2O 1.3 1.93 1.67 Total 100.3 101.64 100.00 (1) Leadhills, Scotland; by electron microprobe, average of ten analyses, CO2 by evolved gas analysis, H2O by TGA; corresponds to (Pb4.08Cu0.10Cd0.07)Σ=4.25(S0.90O4)(C1.09O3)2(OH)1.58. (2) Argentolle mine, France; corresponds to Pb4.06(S1.03O4)(C1.04O3)2(OH)2.32. -
STRONG and WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS of TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS and THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth a Dissertati
STRONG AND WEAK INTERLAYER INTERACTIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS AND THEIR ASSEMBLIES Tyler William Farnsworth A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Scott C. Warren James F. Cahoon Wei You Joanna M. Atkin Matthew K. Brennaman © 2018 Tyler William Farnsworth ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Tyler William Farnsworth: Strong and weak interlayer interactions of two-dimensional materials and their assemblies (Under the direction of Scott C. Warren) The ability to control the properties of a macroscopic material through systematic modification of its component parts is a central theme in materials science. This concept is exemplified by the assembly of quantum dots into 3D solids, but the application of similar design principles to other quantum-confined systems, namely 2D materials, remains largely unexplored. Here I demonstrate that solution-processed 2D semiconductors retain their quantum-confined properties even when assembled into electrically conductive, thick films. Structural investigations show how this behavior is caused by turbostratic disorder and interlayer adsorbates, which weaken interlayer interactions and allow access to a quantum- confined but electronically coupled state. I generalize these findings to use a variety of 2D building blocks to create electrically conductive 3D solids with virtually any band gap. I next introduce a strategy for discovering new 2D materials. Previous efforts to identify novel 2D materials were limited to van der Waals layered materials, but I demonstrate that layered crystals with strong interlayer interactions can be exfoliated into few-layer or monolayer materials. -
Shin-Skinner January 2018 Edition
Page 1 The Shin-Skinner News Vol 57, No 1; January 2018 Che-Hanna Rock & Mineral Club, Inc. P.O. Box 142, Sayre PA 18840-0142 PURPOSE: The club was organized in 1962 in Sayre, PA OFFICERS to assemble for the purpose of studying and collecting rock, President: Bob McGuire [email protected] mineral, fossil, and shell specimens, and to develop skills in Vice-Pres: Ted Rieth [email protected] the lapidary arts. We are members of the Eastern Acting Secretary: JoAnn McGuire [email protected] Federation of Mineralogical & Lapidary Societies (EFMLS) Treasurer & member chair: Trish Benish and the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies [email protected] (AFMS). Immed. Past Pres. Inga Wells [email protected] DUES are payable to the treasurer BY January 1st of each year. After that date membership will be terminated. Make BOARD meetings are held at 6PM on odd-numbered checks payable to Che-Hanna Rock & Mineral Club, Inc. as months unless special meetings are called by the follows: $12.00 for Family; $8.00 for Subscribing Patron; president. $8.00 for Individual and Junior members (under age 17) not BOARD MEMBERS: covered by a family membership. Bruce Benish, Jeff Benish, Mary Walter MEETINGS are held at the Sayre High School (on Lockhart APPOINTED Street) at 7:00 PM in the cafeteria, the 2nd Wednesday Programs: Ted Rieth [email protected] each month, except JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, and Publicity: Hazel Remaley 570-888-7544 DECEMBER. Those meetings and events (and any [email protected] changes) will be announced in this newsletter, with location Editor: David Dick and schedule, as well as on our website [email protected] chehannarocks.com. -
Structural Changes Accompanying the Phase Transformation
American Mineralogist, Volume 90, pages 1641–1647, 2005 Structural changes accompanying the phase transformation between leadhillite and susannite: A structural study by means of in situ high-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction LUCA BINDI1,2,* AND SILVIO MENCHETTI1 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via La Pira 4, Firenze, Italy 2Museo di Storia Naturale, sezione di Mineralogia e Litologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via La Pira 4, Firenze, Italy ABSTRACT To study the temperature-dependent structural changes accompanying the phase transformation leadhillite ↔ susannite and to verify the close structural relationships between heated leadhillite and susannite, a leadhillite crystal has been investigated by X-ray single-crystal diffraction methods within the temperature range 25–100 °C. The values of the unit-cell parameters were determined at 25, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 75, 79, 82, 85, 90, 95, and 100 °C. After the heating experiment the crystal was cooled over the same temperature intervals and the unit-cell dimensions were determined again. The values measured with both increasing and decreasing temperature are in excellent agreement, indicating that no hysteresis occurs within the temperature range examined and that the phase transformation is completely reversible in character. Analysis of the components of the spontaneous strain shows only normal thermal expansion up to 50 °C and that the structural distor- tions leading to the topology of the heated leadhillite take place in the temperature range 50–82 °C. Our study conÞ rms that the crystal structure of heated leadhillite is topologically identical to that of susannite and that the slight structural changes occurring during the phase transformation leadhillite ↔ susannite are mainly restricted to the sulfate sheet. -
A. LIVINGSTONE,L G. RYBACK,2 EE FE]ER3 and CJ
A. LIVINGSTONE,l G. RYBACK,2 E. E. FE]ER3 and C. J. STANLE0 1 Royal Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EHIIJF 242 Bell Road, Sittingbourne, Kent 3 Department of Mineralogy, British Museum, Cromwell Road, London S W75BD SYNOPSIS Mattheddleite, a new lead member of the apatite group with sulphur and silicon totally replacing phosphorus, occurs as tiny crystals «0,1 mm) forming drusy cavities in specimens from Leadhills. Opti cally, the mineral is colourless in transmitted light and is uniaxial with w2·017 and El·999. X-ray powder diffraction data are similar to the synthetic compound lead hydroxyapatite and may be indexed on a hexagonal cell with a 9·963 and c 7·464 A (the cell volume is 642 A3). The 3 calculated density is 6·96 g/cm . The strongest lines in the powder pattern are [d, (1) (hkl)]: 2·988 (100) (112,211), 4·32 (40) (200), 4·13 (40) (111), 2·877 (40) (300), 3·26 (30) (210). Single crystal Weissenberg photographs are close to those of pyromorphite, space group p~ / m. Chemically, mattheddleite does not contain S and Si in the expected 1: 1 ratio, and the ideal formula may be expressed as Pb2o(Si04h(S04)4CI4' The infrared spectrum is very similar to that of hydroxyellestadite. Associated minerals are lanarkite, cerussite, hydrocerussite, caledonite, leadhillite, susannite, and macphersonite. The mineral is named after Matthew Forster Heddle (1828-1897), a famous Scottish mineralogist. INTRODUCTION In the course of examining minerals associated with macphersonite from Leadhills Dod, Strathclyde region, (Livingstone & Sarp 1984) at the Royal Museum of Scotland, a creamy white lining to a small cavity in quartz was found to consist primarily of tiny glassy crystals, the X-ray powder pattern of which could not be identified. -
Mattheddleite Pb20(Sio4)7(SO4)4Cl4 C 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Hexagonal
Mattheddleite Pb20(SiO4)7(SO4)4Cl4 c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6=m: As hexagonal prisms, up to 3 mm, forming radiating rosiform aggregates. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On 0001 , or a parting. Hardness = n.d. D(meas.) = n.d. f g D(calc.) = 6.96 Dull yellow °uorescence under SW UV. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Creamy white to pinkish; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Adamantine. Optical Class: Uniaxial ({). ! = 2.017(5) ² = 1.999(5) Cell Data: Space Group: P 63=m: a = 9.963(5) c = 7.464(5) Z = [0:5] X-ray Powder Pattern: Leadhills, Scotland. 2.988 (100), 4.32 (40), 4.13 (40), 2.877 (40), 3.26 (30), 3.41 (20), 2.072 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) SiO2 7.65 7.91 PbO 83.60 83.99 Cl 2.40 2.67 SO3 6.00 6.03 O = Cl 0.54 0.60 ¡ 2 Total 99.11 100.00 (1) Leadhills, Scotland; by electron microprobe, average of two analyses; corresponds to Pb20:28Si6:90S4:06O44:34Cl3:66: (2) Pb20(SiO4)7(SO4)4Cl4: Occurrence: Lining cavities in quartz which contain other oxidized lead minerals. Association: Lanarkite, cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite, hydrocerussite, caledonite, leadhillite, susannite, macphersonite. Distribution: From Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland. In England, from the Brae Fells, Red Gill, and Roughton Gill mines, Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria. In Wales, from Dyfed, at the Esgair Hir mine, Bwlch-y-Esgair, Ceulanymaesmawr and the Darren mine, Penbont Rhydybeddau. Name: For Matthew Forster Heddle (1828{1897), Scottish mineralogist. Type Material: Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, GY 721.34; The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1985,178. -
ISBN 5 900395 50 2 UDK 549 New Data on Minerals. Moscow
#00_firstPpages_en_0727:#00_firstPpages_en_0727.qxd 21.05.2009 19:38 Page 2 ISBN 5900395502 UDK 549 New Data on Minerals. Moscow.: Ocean Pictures, 2003. volume 38, 172 pages, 66 color photos. Articles of the volume are devoted to mineralogy, including descriptions of new mineral species (telyushenkoite – a new caesium mineral of the leifite group, neskevaaraite-Fe – a new mineral of the labuntsovite group) and new finds of min- erals (pabstite from the moraine of the Dara-i-Pioz glacier, Tadjikistan, germanocolusite from Kipushi, Katanga, min- erals of the hilairite group from Khibiny and Lovozero massifs). Results of study of mineral associations in gold-sulfide- tellyride ore of the Kairagach deposit, Uzbekistan are presented. Features of rare germanite structure are revealed. The cavitation model is proposed for the formation of mineral microspherulas. Problems of isomorphism in the stannite family minerals and additivity of optical properties in minerals of the humite series are considered. The section Mineralogical Museums and Collections includes articles devoted to the description and history of Museum collections (article of the Kolyvan grinding factory, P.A.Kochubey's collection, new acquisitions) and the geographical location of mineral type localities is discussed in this section. The section Mineralogical Notes includes the article about photo- graphing minerals and Reminiscences of the veteran research worker of the Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Doctor in Science M.D. Dorfman about meetings with known mineralogists and geochemists – N.A. Smoltaninov, P.P. Pilipenko, Yu.A. Bilibin. The volume is of interest for mineralogists, geochemists, geologists, and to museum curators, collectors and amateurs of minerals. EditorinChief Margarita I .Novgorodova, Doctor in Science, Professor EditorinChief of the volume: Elena A.Borisova, Ph.D Editorial Board Moisei D. -
C T Ll H I a T & a H L Crystallography in Art & Archaeology
Warwick Physics Colloquium Wed. App,ril 29, 2009 CtllhCrystallography iAt&in Art & AhArchaeo logy Eric Dooryhée Institut Néel - CNRS Grenoble (FR) acknowledgment: P. Martinetto, J-L. Hodeau, M. Anne. Néel Institute (formerly Laboratory of Crystallography) PWltP. Walter, J. CtiCastaing, G. TiTsoucaris, LLLe Louvre www.neel.cnrs.fr Past Employment June 2009 NSLS II powder diffraction (US) 2001-2008 senior scientist fellowship (Néel Institute, FR) 1996-2000 powder diffraction (ESRF, FR) 1990-1995 high energy ion research center (GANIL, FR) 1988-1989 post-doc powder diffraction (SRS Daresbury, UK) ≤1987 graduated in Paris Research • powder diffraction (SRS, ESRF, SOLEIL, neutrons ILL) • epitaxial thin films/multilayers of oxides (ferroelectric, relaxor, magnetic) •cultura l her itage (“SR/crys ta llograp hy in Ar t an d Arc haeo logy ”) • colour fixing in analogues of Maya Blue and lacquer hybrid pigments www.neel.cnrs.fr SR2A : Synchrotron in Art and Archaeology Diamond Light Source is pleased to announce their involvement in Artweeks, the Oxfordshire visual arts festival… Diamond continues to be involved in arts projects to demonstrate the links between science and art … SOLEIL : the Heritage and Archaeology Liaison Office (HALO) pppprovides support to access all the s ynchrotron beamlines of the facility. • Art/Science interface : a long story where crystallography should play a central/leading role (societal impact) “The lack of communication between the sciences and the humanities — the "two cultures" of modern society — is a major obstacle for solving the world's problems”. D. P. Barash, C.P. Snow: Bridging the Two-Cultures Divide, The Chronicle of Higher Educ. 52, B10 (2005) C.P. -
Raman Spectroscopy of Lead Sulphate-Carbonate Minerals-Implications for Hydrogen Bonding
This may be the author’s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Frost, Raymond, Kloprogge, Theo, & Williams, Peter (2003) Raman Spectroscopy of Lead Sulphate-Carbonate Minerals-Implications for Hydrogen Bonding. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 12, pp. 529-542. This file was downloaded from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/22155/ c Consult author(s) regarding copyright matters This work is covered by copyright. Unless the document is being made available under a Creative Commons Licence, you must assume that re-use is limited to personal use and that permission from the copyright owner must be obtained for all other uses. If the docu- ment is available under a Creative Commons License (or other specified license) then refer to the Licence for details of permitted re-use. It is a condition of access that users recog- nise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. If you believe that this work infringes copyright please provide details by email to [email protected] Notice: Please note that this document may not be the Version of Record (i.e. published version) of the work. Author manuscript versions (as Sub- mitted for peer review or as Accepted for publication after peer review) can be identified by an absence of publisher branding and/or typeset appear- ance. If there is any doubt, please refer to the published source. https://doi.org/10.1127/0028-3649/2003/2003-0529 Raman spectroscopy of lead sulphate-carbonate minerals – implications for hydrogen bonding Ray L. Frost •••, Peter A.