Annual Report 2010

THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Annual Report 2010 The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Annual Report 2010

ISBN: 978-0-902701-09-0

Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH

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A SCOTTISH CHARITABLE COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE - REGISTERED IN EDINBURGH – No SCO16190

REGISTERED OFFICE: MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, CRAIGIEBUCKLER, ABERDEEN, AB15 8QH

SCOTLAND, CHARITY No: 11922, VAT REGISTRATION No: GB 266 8932 11 THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Executive Editor Professor Richard Aspinall

Associate Editor Clare Neely

Scientific Editors Dr Dick Birnie, Professor Colin Campbell, Dr Tony Craig, Dr Bob Ferrier, Dr Pete Goddard, Professor David Miller, Dr Robin Matthews, Professor Bill Slee

Technical Editors Carol Bisset, Dr Andy Midwood

Graphics and Production John Brown, Pat Carnegie

Photography David Riley

3 4 THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute

The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute is an international centre for scientific research and consultancy on the: l Economic, social and environmental consequences of rural land uses l Impacts of potential changes in policy, management, climate and pollution for the management of natural resources, and sustainable rural development

Our research provides new and impartial knowledge that contributes to environmental and rural development policy, both in Scotland and internationally and we are committed to ensuring that this knowledge is shared and effectively communicated to all interested parties.

We are internationally recognised as a leader in land use research and we transfer our skills and experience through collaborations within over 40 countries worldwide. A Times Higher Education survey recently ranked the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute as being the second most influential Scottish institution in the fields of environmental and ecological sciences, and ranked in the top 20 UK institutions in these fields.* These rankings are based on data from the Thomson Reuters Essential Science Indicators which covers journal articles published between January 2000 and February 2010.

The majority of our research is commissioned by the Scottish Government, but we also provide research and consultancy services to a wide range of organisations involved in natural resource management.

In addition to our core research programmes we provide research and consultancy services to a wide range of organisations. Although many of these are primarily involved in natural resource management we also provide specialist commercial analytical services for industrial sectors as diverse as oil and gas, and food. Our extensive state-of-the-art laboratory facilities test more than 50,000 samples a year and earn an additional £1 million annually from commercial analytical work.

Last year the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute competitively won over £5 million in new research contracts from projects totalling nearly £16 million.

The Institute’s founder Dr T.B. Macaulay *http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=412625&c=1 5 Board of Governors

Chairman: Michael Gibson

Eric Baird Shireen Chambers Professor Brian Clark Professor Nigel Curry

Helen Dickinson Julia Brown Bob Kay Dr Laura Meagher

Dr George Paterson Franceska van Dijk Professor Alan Werritty

6 Contents

Board of Governors 6

Contents 7

Chief Executive’s Introduction 8

Chairman’s Introduction 9

Scientific Research Themes: l Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality 10 l Managing Water Resources 20 l Understanding Biodiversity 30 l Changing Landscapes 38 l Society and Countryside 50 l Local Responses to Climate Change 60

Analytical Group 68

Partners and Partnership Projects 70

International Research Projects and Collaborations 72

Macaulay Scientific Consulting Limited 76

Research Station News 78

Open Doors 2009 84

MLURI in the Media 88

Events and Seminars 94

The 33rd Macaulay Lecture 96

Education and Outreach 98

Summary Financial Statements 100

Grants Awarded 104

Publications 108

Editorial Responsibilities 130

Staff List 131

Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Connections 136

7 Chief Executive’s Introduction

generation and planning, long-term growth in our income. This has changes in Scotland’s soils, among allowed us to make new investments. other topics. This Report contains a For example, we have invested in series of examples of this inter- our world class laboratory facilities, disciplinary research. These examples including an increase in our Scanning all reflect our broad-based inter- Electron Microscope (SEM) capability. disciplinary approach which combines The new SEM has already been used physical, biological, social and economic for analysis of ash from Eyjafjallajökull sciences. The research we carry out in Iceland. We also continue to invest The Macaulay Land Use Research is directly relevant to contemporary in our research stations and soils data Institute is now in its 80th year. Founded social, economic and environmental as parts of the long-term foundation in 1930 by Dr. T. B. Macaulay as the issues and represents our concern to of the Institute. Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, provide primary scientific evidence and later expanded in 1987 through supporting the development of public From our relatively small beginnings merger with the Hill Farming Research policy and for the wider public good. 80 years ago, the Macaulay Land Use Organisation, the Institute’s original Our research is relevant not only in Research Institute is now a major mission was to support the develop- Scotland, but also in the UK, EU and international research and consultancy ment of agriculture and promote internationally. business with a staff of around 300. rural livelihoods in Scotland. I hope In the financial year covered by this that you will agree that we have not only Our commitment to communication of Report, income was around £14.9 remained true to our roots but also have science and scientific understanding is million with an overall surplus of £0.9 come a long way over those 80 years. another key element of our approach. million. The competitive strength of We aim to get our research into the the Institute is reflected in us recently The need for science that supports places where it can make a differ- winning £5 million worth of new our original mission is perhaps even ence. This is shown clearly by both our research contract income. With a real stronger today. Global and regional education and outreach activities and year on year decline in our income from population growth and environ- the shifting balance of our publications. the Scottish Government this trend for mental and economic changes have As in any leading scientific organisation increased external income through made achieving the productive use peer-reviewed scientific articles remain research, consultancy and commercial and management of land and water a core requirement, but we also contracts will need to continue to resources critical to meeting social, recognise that other activities are increase into the future. A strong environmental and economic priorities. needed in terms of relationship build- performance from our trading company We must find ways of achieving high ing and personal communications with Macaulay Scientific Consultancy Ltd levels of production without compro- our many and diverse stakeholders. is an important part of our future mising environmental quality. The financial viability. work of the Institute remains dedicated In addition to carrying out research to providing scientific insights that we are also responding to changes in The Macaulay Land Use Research help us to meet these national and the ways we work, in the ways we are Institute is a quality brand. It is a international priorities. funded, and in the ways that we engage business in good heart. We look forward with society. The Scottish Government to a successful future where our research Over the period covered in this remains our largest customer and continues to make a real and positive Annual Report, Institute staff have been partner but we are also active in impact. I hope that you will enjoy actively involved in interdisciplinary contract research, consultancy and reading this Annual Report. research that informs policy and guides commercial work. Our funding reflects management decisions and options in this range of activity – and the success of areas as diverse as land use, climate our staff in diversifying the income base change, river basin planning and water of the Institute. As a result, and despite Richard Aspinall management, recreational use of the general economic situation, the last Chief Executive Scotland’s landscapes, renewable energy several years have seen significant

8 Chairman’s Introduction

Government to frame future policy and to understand the implications of it for its citizens and businesses. Finally the world class facilities in our laboratories provide analytical services to a wide range of commercial customers and the solutions based approach of many of our scientists makes them much sought after as consultants both This is a very exiting time for the nationally and internationally. Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. The imminent prospect of joining with The Macaulay’s scientists are at the the Scottish Crop Research Institute heart of this work, but they would not be will lead to a new institute, the able to function effectively without the biggest of its kind in Europe and a highly skilled and dedicated support force to be reckoned with throughout staff who provide the essential the world for research into food, land infrastructure for them. Neither do use and climate change; a real asset for our scientists work in a vacuum; the Scotland and the UK where already Macaulay Land Use Research Institute there are other organisations express- has an extensive network of ing an interest in affiliating with it. collaboration and partnership, ensuring That the Macaulay Land Use Research that we can harness the finest minds and Institute is at the centre of this initiative organisations to help with our work, is testament to the quality, reputation some of this involving Institute alumni and relevance of the work carried out, now to be found dispersed throughout and of the expertise of the staff, here at the world. Craigiebuckler in Aberdeen. I have been both proud and privileged The science undertaken seeks to answer to be a part of the Macaulay Land Use many of the world’s biggest questions, Research Institute over the last seven especially those around climate change. years, the last five as Chairman of High class research is undertaken the Board of Governors. It has been to consider the implications on our stimulating and exhilarating to be soil, water and biodiversity providing involved in such a vibrant organisation solutions on how society and industry and the commitment and support of can adapt to change. Change is not how- the Board and senior staff have been ever singular. Technological progress, essential to progress it to its current energy needs and societal considerations status. There are challenging times are all looked at in a truly inter- ahead but the formation of the disciplinary and multidisciplinary way new institute and the agenda being that makes the Macaulay Land Use followed by the Institute are I believe Research Institute unique. These in its best interests. I am convinced solutions are not just theoretical; our that the name and reputation of research stations provide a platform the Macaulay Land Use Research to test and examine the implications Institute will remain well known and of the research and ultimately to respected for some time to come. demonstrate solutions to a wider forum of stakeholders. Our scientists play a key Michael Gibson role in providing the evidence used by Chairman

9 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality Colin Campbell

Our focus on Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality requires us to clearly understand how each of the individual aspects of soil health respond to different pressures, and define useful thresholds beyond which soil function is impaired. Knowing how soil properties change between areas or over time is also essential for understanding the response of soils to these threats. Our research provides scientific evidence on the sustainable management of a range of soil / land-use combinations in Scotland.

The aims of our research are to: l Improve understanding of the role and function of soils in: The development and maintenance of ecosystem resilience Contributing to sustainable rural landscapes Maintaining ecosystem health and services l Develop methods to detect and ameliorate threats to soil quality from climate change, pollution and changing land use

Contributing Authors: Rebekka Artz, Inge Aalders, Helaina Black, Jeff Bacon, Steve Chapman, Lorna Dawson, Klaus Glenk, Steve Hillier, Rupert Hough, Jack Lennon, Allan Lilly, David Lumsdon, Eric Paterson, Pete Millard, Andy Midwood, Jean Robertson, Neil Sang, Charlie Shand, Brajesh Singh, Martin Sommerkorn, Marc Stutter, Andy Taylor and Willie Towers. 10 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

Context and Rationale

Soils perform a variety of functions soils have elevated levels of organic and determine the ecological status of that are essential for life on Earth. matter. Some of our soil characteristics our soils. The multifunctional aspects These include the production of food, are common to other northern temper- of soil mean it is valued in different fibre and forage, protecting our food ate and boreal areas of the planet and ways by different interests. Knowledge chain, air and water by filtering, this, combined with our innovative of the societal value of soils (including storing and transforming elements, science, mean our work has an inter- their non-market benefits) is required regulating our climate through green- national significance and relevance. to determine the long-term sustain- house gas exchange and providing ability of soil management, and habitats for biodiversity. Consequently, The functioning of soils is strongly evaluate how policy instruments might soils are central to the sustainability of influenced by the soil organic matter be deployed to enhance the value of soil landscapes, ecosystems, and the liveli- content. Sustainable management of to society. hoods of people and communities. To soil thus requires process-based knowl- ensure the sustainability of soils, we edge of the formation, loss and turnover Our goals are therefore to improve need to understand what constitutes of soil organic matter and of plant-soil basic understanding of the role and a healthy soil in terms of its functions interactions. Many of the ecosystem function of soils in the development and its resistance and resilience to services provided by soils depend upon and maintenance of ecosystem pressures and stress. The balance of the functioning of the soil micro-biota function and resilience, in contributing functions and the value of soil to society which remains poorly understood and to sustainable rural landscapes, and depend on its place in the landscape. largely unexplored. Understanding in maintaining ecosystem health and how diversity and functioning will be services. We are developing methods Soils in Scotland differ from those in affected by changes in land manage- and approaches to detect and amelio- the rest of the UK due to the different ment and environmental conditions is rate threats to soil from climate change, geological parent material, the cool wet important to predict responses to man- pollution and land use and manage- climate, and different land use and agement and environmental change. ment, and seek opportunities to use our vegetation. There is a greater propor- Such work may provide important new knowledge to enhance soil’s function tion of soils with organic surface layers biological indicators of soil status and and value. or peat. Even our agricultural mineral allow us to monitor loss of biodiversity

11 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

Scientific activities sampled between 1978 and 1988; we N revisited a subset of these at 20km Scotland’s soil resource – intervals (NSIS-2) (Figure 2). In addition status and threats to collecting fresh bulk samples on the In 2006, the report ‘Scotland’s soil basis of profile morphology (as in resource – current state and threats’ NSIS-1), we also collected surface (Figure 1) was produced for the samples on a fixed depth basis by auger Scottish Government by the Macaulay and cores to compare different sampling Land Use Research Institute and methodologies. Fresh soil samples are the University of Stirling (Towers et also being collected for testing new al., 2006). This remains one of the high throughput molecular biology key documents guiding the Scottish technologies and gaps in data on key Government’s development of soil attributes such as bulk density are being policy. The report provided a summary addressed. NSIS-1 samples contained of the current status of our soils and in the National Soils Archive at the the first qualitative assessment of Macaulay Land Use Research Institute the relative importance of a range of are being re-analysed using updated threats to soil quality in a specifically analytical techniques to ensure Scottish context. A key conclusion like-with-like comparisons (Potts et was the lack of trend data from which al., 2009). We are also investigating the evidence of change in, and damage to, short range (4–32 metres) variability our soils might be determined. of key properties in the uppermost soil Figure 2 Location of NSIS-2 resampling sites horizon (Figure 3).

Figure 1 ‘Scotland’s soil resource – current state and threats’ Our research is helping to address this gap (Lilly et al., 2008). In 2009, we completed the field resampling of a subset of the National Soil Inventory of Scot- land (NSIS-1) sites. These sites, at 10km Figure 3 An NSIS–2 resampling site showing the location of the central profile pit. intervals across the country, were first Inset shows a typical podzolic soil under Scots pine showing classical sequence of horizons. 12 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

A key outcome of the Status of ‘Raw’ biophysical Scotland’s Soils Report was the information identification and description of the current information and data sets on ‘Ecological Assessment’ ‘Socio-economic Assessment’ soils in Scotland. These data sets are Soil functions ‘Human values’ stored in a variety of media (database, GIS, paper documents) and links between them are often established Ecosystem Services ‘end-products’ using manual data processing. We are building a conceptual model Figure 4 Framework for linking soil functions and human values to ecosystem services of the information to design a more integrated database. The data collected standing and framework, which enables their understanding of the biophysical during the NSIS-2 resampling and their the integration of their disciplinary relationships and soil processes related NSIS-1 equivalents are ideal test data for views. We have examined the relation- to mitigation practices. the design of this new database which ship between soil functions, a central will underpin much of our new soil concept in soil science, and the concept Soils, carbon stocks and climate information system. of ecosystem services (Figure 4). change As the organic matter content of soils Valuation of soils Another direct link between soils and plays a crucial role in determining Compared to air and water, soil receives end products consumed by society is its intrinsic quality and ability to the least public attention despite the release and storage of greenhouse supply the ecosystem goods and its pervading role in our lives. In gases from soils. In this case the link to services expected of it, knowledge of addition to its ecological functions human wellbeing is straightforward, factors determining and regulating its (described above) the nature of soils although the science behind it is not. occurrence become very significant. shapes our landscapes and provides For example, it is uncertain if some the basis for our built infrastruc- practices to sequester carbon in soil ture and housing. Because we rarely would have a positive net effect due ‘consume’ soil per se, the value of soil to increased releases of other green- is often implicit in the value we place house gases (Glenk et al., 2009). upon these goods and services (Glenk et Consequently we made soil carbon al., in review). Consequently, the value sequestration the subject of a Scotland- of soil is more easily quantified if wide survey among members of the the value can be directly attributed to public. In addition to assessing the the properties and functioning of amount respondents were will- Figure 5 The average depth of peat in Scotland is 2 metres soil, e.g. in food production. It being to pay for a programme that comes more difficult to value soil reduces net emissions of green- In a European, and indeed worldwide, when soil and its functioning are house gases from Scotland, we context, the soils of Scotland contain one out of many physical and biotic accounted for the scientific uncertainty above average levels of organic matter environmental elements that act by allowing for the possibility that (Figure 5), and consequently carbon (C), together to produce the diverse end this programme may actually fail to making them significant in regulating products we use, enjoy and consume deliver climate change mitigation bene- climate change. The carbon stock is one e.g. above ground biodiversity or the fits. While the influence of delivery -un which may potentially decrease, thus provision of playing fields. At the certainty on preferences for mitigation contributing to the nation’s net carbon Macaulay Land Use Research is useful information for decision dioxide emissions, or may be encour- Institute, soil and social scientists makers, it also implicitly places a value aged to increase, thus contributing to have been working together and have on the work of soil scientists who aim the efforts to mitigate climate change. developed a common language, under- to reduce the uncertainty by improving An added complexity is that the carbon 13 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

content of soil itself may be subject to towards more positive soil C manage- tight coupling that exists between the impacts of future climate change, ment we should avoid the cultivation the deposition of organic carbon with increased temperature accelerating of semi-natural and permanent grass- compounds from plants and the organic matter decomposition and land soils to avoid C loss and a land use decomposition of soil organic matter altered precipitation patterns pro- change from arable to grassland or semi- that is mediated by soil microbial moting either reduced sequestration natural land would be beneficial in communities. These methods are through drought or increased erosion terms of C sequestration. being applied in important Scottish through intense rainfall events. ecosystems such as peat bogs but also Measuring carbon dynamics internationally in forest systems in Current efforts have focused on in plant-soil-microbial systems New Zealand and Canada (Figure 6). determining the C stock of soils in Soil and atmospheric carbon pools Future research will focus on identify- Scotland, particularly those in areas are dynamic, with exchanges between ing the drivers and biological processes characterised by soils with an them mediated by the biological governing the net carbon balance of upper organic layer, the organo- activities of plants and soil microbial soils and on further developing and mineral and peatland soils communities (Paterson et al., 2007). refining the methods for use in field- (Chapman et al., 2009). Using archived Microbial decomposition of soil based studies. data on peat depths across Scotland organic matter results in CO2 emissions and information from the Scottish soils from soil that are ten times greater than information database, we have deter- those from human use of fossil fuels, mined the peatland C stock to be but for ecosystems in equilibrium this 1,620 meta tonnes (Mt), which loss of carbon is balanced by inputs to represents 53% of the Scottish total soil from plants (Millard et al., 2007). carbon store. We were able to use It is now recognised that land use and information collected during the climate change each have the potential NSIS-2 on peat bulk densities to improve to alter the balance of these very large on the accuracy of this estimate. Inde- fluxes of carbon into and out of soil, Figure 6 Field application in Scotland pendent data collected during the previ- either feeding-back to, or mitigating of new system for detecting isotopic differences in CO2 emissions to estimate ous NSIS-1 at points across the country current trajectories of, increasing atmo- relative contributions of plant and soil provided validation of this value. spheric CO2 concentration. organic matter to C fluxes

Since this peatland carbon stock value In our research we have developed a Soil Biodiversity represents more than 100 times suite of novel stable-isotope approaches Soils harbour the greatest concentration Scotland’s current annual carbon for quantitative tracking of carbon of biodiversity on the planet: a gram of dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy fluxes in plant-soil-microbial systems: soil may contain hundreds of metres of generation, its integrity and preser- (i) continuous isotopic labelling of fungal hyphae, and tens of thousands vation are critical. Negative impacts plants; (ii) stable-isotope probing of of bacterial species (Figure 7) and it such as drainage, soil disturbance and microbial biomarkers (Paterson et al., is this biodiversity that underpins cultivation, over-grazing, afforestation 2008); and (iii) isotopic partitioning the ecological functions of soil (Osler of deep peats and atmospheric pollu- of carbon sources contributing to et al., 2007). One of the greatest tion could all threaten this resource. soil CO2 efflux (Midwood et al., constraints in researching this Actively growing peatlands have the 2007; Millard et al., 2008). The key biodiversity is the small-scale hetero- potential to sequester nearly 3% of advance from previous methods is that geneity of the organisms’ resources current C emissions from the energy carbon fluxes into, through and out (space and nutrients). The identification production sector in Scotland. Similar of soil can now be quantified, rather of spatial patterns in soil is therefore arguments apply to the organo- than simply described qualitatively. crucial to monitoring and under- mineral and mineral soils, primarily Using these approaches in combination, standing soil biodiversity and the under grassland. Therefore, to move we have been able to demonstrate the Macaulay Land Use Research

14 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

Natural, high priority ecosystems such compositional descriptors such as pH as peatlands and native Scots pine and C which on their own offer limited woodlands are actively investigated insight into how different soils to determine their sustainability and respond to management and environ- potential threats. The conservation of mental change. We aim to create a new soil biodiversity within these systems, paradigm by describing soil attributes in particular of internationally threat- with higher resolution methods that ened fungal species, is a major research describe the physico-chemical and theme (Koljalg et al., 2005). The roles biological complexity in order to better of soil biodiversity in the restoration of predict how soils may respond to future degraded soil systems, in particular change (Lumsden & Fraser, 2005). peatland systems, are also central to our activities (Artz et al., 2007, 2009). Several methods that produce multi- The group is also active in research into variate profiles of the : (i) mineralogical the importance of soil biodiversity in composition (quantitative X-ray diff- maintaining the health of agricultural raction, (XRD) Figure 9); (ii) organo- Figure 7 Fungal fruiting body above ground. soils and in the role of soil microbes in mineralogical composition (Fourier A gram of soil may contain hundreds of metres of fungal hyphae climate change and future mitigation Transform Infra Red spectroscopy) and strategies. Research also focuses on soil biomarkers (alkanes and alcohols) Institute is actively involved and method development (Ritz et al., 2009; profiled by gas chromatography, internationally renowned within this Saari et al., 2007; Van der Linde 2008), (iii) mass spectrometry and DNA field. Our work focuses on organism with a view to anticipating future fingerprinting are being used to obtain detection and identification, their demands from end-users and policy more detailed descriptors of the soils of multifaceted functions and how makers. Scotland. diversity and function are affected by the activities of people. Capturing the complexity of soil composition Using cutting-edge molecular tech- Soils are often rightly described as nologies (Figure 8), research questions complex systems due to their compo- encompass a wide range of organisms sitional complexity and high spatial and ecosystems, examining their variability at micro-environment, field, roles in organic matter turnover and and landscape levels. Soils and the Figure 9 X-ray diffraction pattern of soil nutrient cycling (Singh et al., 2008; databases that encompass most of our showing peaks that are used to identify Macdonald et al., 2008a, 2008b). knowledge are largely based on simple different mineral components

1. Rhizoscyphus ericae contiq CAACGCCAACGGCCAACGAAGAGGCACCCTGAAYGATAT-CGACTACGTCGCG (2 isolates) 2. Meliniomyces variabilis contiq CGCTCAGGATATTCAACGATGAGCTTATCTGGCCAACTGATTACAATGTTGTTC (4 isolates) 3. Phialocephala fortinii CAACGGTAACGGTCAATACAGAGGCTACATCAATGGCAT-CGACTACGTTCCCC contig (2 isolates) 4. Lachnum spartinae lac1 CGTTGCTGACGATCCAAAGCATTCCTCTCACCGTCAAGTTCAAC-ACG-AGCGA 5. Myroconium species lac1 CTCTCATGATCGCAAACGGAGAAAGTCCTTTTCCCACAGACTACAACGTGGTTC 6. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum lcc2 CACTCCAAGTATTCCGAAACGAATCCCTCTTCCCAACAGACTACAACGTCGTTC 7. Sclerotinia minor lcc2 CGCTCCAAGTATTCCGCAACGAATCAATCTTCCCAACAGACTACAACGTCGTTC 8. Botryotinia fuckeliana lcc2 CTCTCAAGATTTTCAACAACGAGACAATCTTCCCAACTGATTACAACGTTGTCG

Figure 8 Novel DNA sequences of the laccase genes of fungal species that colonise ericaceous shrubs (1–3) compared with the laccase (lac1 or lcc2) sequences of related plant pathogenic and other fungi (4–7) can aid the identification of unique (highlighted) coding regions useful for microarray probe design for specific species.

15 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

These approaches can be related Dirt, Death, DNA and Detection to functional properties such as A trace of dirt on your shoe could link you to a footprint at a scene of crime, or long term nutrient supply capacity a patch of muck on a spade could guide police investigators to a clandestine grave… (Andrist-Rangel et al., 2007) and soils These are just some examples of where our understanding of soil, provided by capacity to bind and release pollutants robust scientific research, has now led to the development and direct application of (Lumsdon & Fraser, 2005) and nutrients soil forensics in real life crime. Guiding police intelligence and providing evidence (Shand et al., 2008). are the two main areas of the criminal justice system where soil forensics can play a key role. These methods are being applied to soils from our National Soils Archive Research at the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute has focused on under- and a new soil DNA archive created standing how we can use the multiple signatures of soil to help either find a likely during the re-sampling of the location for an ‘unknown’ soil sample or associate or dis-associate soil on an object Nationals Soils Inventory (Figure 10). or person with a particular scene. From a search perspective we have developed prototype software-based comparison and geographic information system (GIS) tools, capable of comparing a forensic soil sample to a soil property database, providing map outputs which geospatially provenance such samples. From an evidential perspective, our understanding on variability in mineral, organic and soil DNA signatures and the impact of transfer and mixing on items such as footwear (Figure 11) and fabric has led to improved and more relevant methodological approaches (Macdonald et al., in press, Mayes et al., 2009).

We have also researched how the waxy surfaces of plants, which consist of Figure 10 Minus 80°C freezer being used to complex mixtures of aliphatic compounds, are incorporated into the soil, leaving store soil DNA samples from NSIS–2 a complex organic signature. The mix of marker compounds persists in the soil for The soils database at the Macaulay thousands of years. Soil DNA, (Figure 12 and Figure 13) as characterised by DNA Land Use Research Institute is being fingerprinting, also provides a signature reflecting the vegetative and soil habitat re-configured to accept these multi- suitable for soil organisms to survive. Research demonstrates that such novel variate datasets and explore the utility, biochemical and molecular analysis (organic) complement the mineralogical discriminating ability and relationships (inorganic) information. to soil functions.

Even though some of these methods provide more information than conventional methods they are also capable of higher throughput and may therefore be very suitable for soil monitoring and field site characterisation where large numbers of samples are needed.

These methods have also been applied to environmental and criminal forensic investigations to solve issues such as the provenance of archaeological artefacts, crime scene evidence and source apportionment in environmental pollution incidents. Figure 11 Soil forensic sampling of footwear sample

16 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

Figure 12 DNA extracted from soil, cleaned and stained with a dye, fluoresces under UV light

Figure 13 DNA fingerprints of three soils showing differences in fungal (blue) and bacterial (green) profiles measured using multiplex TRFLP (Singh et al., 2006)

17 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

Future directions and challenges

As the wider value of soils is testing their utility to detect several recognised we are finding our expertise important human pathogens, and is increasingly useful in new areas such using our DNA archive of the soils of as human health and criminal and Scotland to examine the spatial patterns environmental soil forensics. While and associations of pathogens (e.g. Scotland has generally fertile soils enteric pathogens capable of surviving capable of producing high yields of in the soil environment) with soil and excellent quality produce, there are land use. many soils that are deficient in one or more micronutrient and this The extensive data on soils held at the requires that we understand fully the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute implications of this for food quality has value in epidemiological studies and security. We have started new and there are unique opportunities for work on measuring and mapping development in this area in relation to soils in terms of trace elements status beneficial and detrimental effects of soil and linking this with other soil in the environment. We are currently property data to datasets on human exploring links between the occurrence and animal health. As the inherent of childhood asthma and local soil potential of soils to provide nutrients is properties with colleagues at the dependent on our base geology we are University of Aberdeen Medical School. developing ways to use our knowledge of the mineralogy of soils to predict In all our efforts to understand soil and micronutrient status. its many important roles, participation from land managers, policy makers, However, convincing evidence for and the public is centrally important. associations, both beneficial and non- Such interactions help development of beneficial, between soil and human proactive management strategies and health is scarce. In many instances, tools that enhance the natural, cultural modelling approaches have been used and socio-economic value of soils. We to estimate exposures to soil con- have formed new partnerships with taminants and this often informs stakeholders in consultative groups so policy directives and other legislation. that we can co-construct the research In the future, we aim to investigate required for the future. suspected links between soil and human health further via collaborations with the medical and occupational health scientists. Our soils data provide a unique resource that can be used to map the distribution of disease incidence in relation to the distribution of soil factors. The methods we have developed for exploring soil biodiversity are also suitable for detecting bacterial pathogens of humans and we are also now 18 Assessing and Enhancing Soil Quality

References KOLJALG, U., LARSSON, K. H., MAYES, R.W., MACDONALD, L.M., POTTS, J. M., CHAPMAN, S. J., ABARENKOV, K., NILSSON, R. H., ROSS, J., & DAWSON, L.A. (2009). TOWERS, W., & CAMPBELL, C. D. ANDRIST-RANGEL, Y., ALEXANDER, I. J., EBERHARDT, U., Discrimination of domestic garden (2009). EDWARDS, A. C., HILLIER, S., & ERLAND, S., HOILAND, K., soils using plant wax compounds as Comments on ‘Baseline values and OBORN, I. (2007). KJOLLER, R., LARSSON, E., markers. In: Criminal and Environ- change in the soil, and implications Long-term K dynamics in organic PENNANEN, T., SEN, R., mental Soil Forensics (eds. K. Ritz, for monitoring’ by R.M. Lark, P.H. and conventional mixed cropping TAYLOR, A. F. S., TEDERSOO, L., L.A. Dawson & D.R. Miller), Springer, Bellamy & G.J.D. Kirk. European systems as related to management VRALSTAD, T., & URSING, B. M. Chapter 29, pp. 463–47. Journal of Soil Science, vol. 60, no. 3, and soil properties. Agriculture (2005). pp. 481–483. Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 122, UNITE: a database providing web- MIDWOOD, A. J., GEBBING, T., no. 4, pp. 413–426. based methods for the molecular WENDLER, R., SOMMERKORN, M., RITZ, K., BLACK, H. I. J., identification of ectomycorrhizal HUNT, J. E., & MILLARD, P. (2006). CAMPBELL, C. D., HARRIS, J. A., ARTZ, R. R. E., ANDERSON, I. C., fungi. New Phytologist, vol. 166, Collection and storage of CO2 for & WOOD, C. (2009). CHAPMAN, S. J., HAGN, A., no. 3, pp. 1063–1068. C-13 analysis: an application to Selecting biological indicators for SCHLOTER, M., POTTS, J. M., & separate soil CO2 efflux into root- monitoring soils: A framework for CAMPBELL, C. D. (2007). LILLY, A., BELL, J., HUDSON, G., and soil-derived components. balancing scientific and technical Changes in fungal community NOLAN, A., & TOWERS, W. (2008). Rapid Communications in Mass opinion to assist policy develop- composition in response to Detecting changes in Scotland’s Spectrometry, vol. 20, no. 22, ment. Ecological Indicators, vol. 9, vegetational succession during soil resource. Eurosoil 2008. Soil- pp. 3379–3384. no. 6, pp. 1212–1221. the natural regeneration of cutover Society-Environment, Conference peatlands. Microbial Ecology, vol. 54, Proceedings, Vienna, Austria, MILLARD, P., MIDWOOD, A. J., SAARI, T. A., SAARI, S. K., pp. 508–522. 25–29 August 2008. HUNT, J. E., WHITEHEAD, D., & CAMPBELL, C. D., ALEXANDER, I. J., BOUTTON, T. W. (2008). & ANDERSON, I. C. (2007). ARTZ, R. R. E., REID, E., LUMSDON, D. G. & FRASER, A. R. Partitioning soil surface CO2 efflux FragMatch - a program for the ANDERSON, I. C., CAMPBELL, C. D., (2005). into autotrophic and heterotro- analysis of DNA fragment data. & CAIRNEY, J. W. G. (2009). Infrared spectroscopic evidence phic components, using natural Mycorrhiza, vol. 17, no. 2, Long term repeated prescribed supporting heterogeneous site gradients in soil delta C-13 in an pp. 133–136. burning increases evenness in the binding models for humic sub- undisturbed savannah soil. basidiomycete laccase gene pool stances. Environmental Science & Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 40, SHAND, C. A., WILLIAMS, B. L., in forest soils. FEMS Microbiology Technology, vol. 39, no. 17, no. 7, pp. 1575–1582. & COUTTS, G. (2008). Ecology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 397–410. pp. 6624–6631. Determination of N-species in MILLARD, P., SOMMERKORN, M., soil extracts using microplate CHAPMAN, S.J., BELL, J., LILLY, A. & MACDONALD, C., CAMPBELL, C., & GRELET, G. A. (2007). techniques. Talanta, vol. 74, no. 4, DONNELLY, D. (2009). BACON, J., & SINGH, B. (2008a). Environmental change and carbon pp. 648–654. Carbon stocks in Scottish peatlands. Multiple profiling of soil microbial limitation in trees: a biochemical, Soil Use and Management, vol. 25, communities identifies potential ecophysiological and ecosystem SINGH, B. K., NAZARIES, L., pp. 105–112. genetic markers of metal-enriched appraisal. New Phytologist, vol. 175, MUNRO, S., ANDERSON, I. C., sewage sludge. FEMS Microbiology no. 1, pp. 11–28. & CAMPBELL, C. D. (2006). GLENK, K., COLOMBO, S., Ecology, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 555–564. Use of multiplex terminal restriction BLACK, H.I.J., TOWERS, W., & OSLER, G. H. R. & fragment length polymorphism for WATSON, C. (2009). MACDONALD, L., SINGH, B., SOMMERKORN, M. (2007). rapid and simultaneous analysis of Estimating the benefits of THOMAS, N., BREWER, M., Toward a complete soil C and N different components of the soil re-accumulating carbon in Scottish CAMPBELL, C., & DAWSON, L.A. cycle: Incorporating the soil fauna. microbial community. Applied and soils. Oral presentation at the (2008b). Ecology, vol. 88, pp. 1611–1621. Environmental Microbiology, vol. 72, British Soil Science Society Spring Microbial DNA profiling by multi- no. 11, pp. 7278–7285. Conference Predicting the Future plex terminal restriction fragment PATERSON, E., GEBBING, T., ABEL, C., for Highly Organic Soils, Edinburgh, length polymorphism for forensic SIM, A., & TELFER, G. (2007). TOWERS, W. GRIEVE, I.C. HUDSON, G. May 2009. comparison of soil and the influ- Rhizodeposition shapes rhizo- CAMPBELL, C.D. LILLY, A. ence of sample condition. Journal of sphere microbial community struc- DAVIDSON, D.A. BACON, J.R. GLENK, K., TOWERS, W., Applied Microbiology, vol. 105, no. 3, ture in organic soil. New Phytologist, LANGAN S.J. & HOPKINS D.A. (2006). WATSON, C.A., & BLACK, H. I. J. pp. 813–821. vol. 173, no. 3, pp. 600–610. Scotland’s Soil Resource – Current (in review). State and Threats. Environmental Ecosystem services or soil func- MACDONALD, L.M., RITZ, K., PATERSON, E., OSLER, G., Research Report 2006/01, Scottish tions? A closer look at the inter- SINGH, B.K., HILLIER, S., DAWSON, L. A., GEBBING, T., Executive, Edinburgh. face between natural and social ROBERTSON, A.H.J., MAYES, R.W., SIM, A., & ORD, B. (2008). ISBN 0 7559 6260 5. sciences. European Journal of Soil CAMPBELL, C.D., & DAWSON, L.A. Labile and recalcitrant plant Science. (in press). fractions are utilised by distinct VAN DER LINDE, S., ALEXANDER, I., Biochemical and molecular analysis microbial communities in soil: & ANDERSON, I. C. (2008). to complement mineral based Independent of the presence of A PCR-based method for detecting forensic geoscience approaches roots and mycorrhizal fungi. the mycelia of stipitate hydnoid in distinguishing urban land-use Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 40, fungi in soil. Journal of types. Journal of Forensic Science. no. 5, pp. 1103–1113. Microbiological Methods, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 40–46.

19 Managing Water Resources Bob Ferrier

Our focus on Managing Water Resources is unique in the UK because it includes socio-economic research as well as the biophysical science of catchments. We address problems such as the way society uses water resources and the cost of changing current practices. Understanding the catchment means understanding the processes within and between ecosystems (upland, lowland and coastal).

The aims of our research are to: l Improve understanding of the effects of land use and climate change on water quality and quantity, and ecological functioning l Inform policy and provide evidence-based guidance for management and enhancement of water resources

Contributing Authors: Kirsty Blackstock, Philippa Booth, Malcolm Coull, Grant Davidson, Benoit Demars, Sarah Dunn, Martyn Futter, Klaus Glenk, Rachel Helliwell, Wendy Kenyon, Simon Langan, Manuel Lago, Hamish Moir, Marc Stutter, Kevin Urama and Andy Vinten. 20 Managing Water Resources

Context and Rationale

Water catchments are the critical revaluation of the Nitrates Directive provide syntheses and information to spatial unit at which to understand etc.) with further recent legislation assist decision-makers. This strength- the link between processes within and such as the Climate Change Bill and the ens the evidence base on which sound between ecosystems (uplands, low- Marine Bill which have direct relevance policy and practical solutions for land lands and coastal) and their inherent to the water environment. and water management can be devel- soil and biodiversity elements. Central oped in global, national, regional and to this linkage is the hydrological The Macaulay Land Use Research local contexts. cycle, which connects the atmosphere, Institute’s Catchment Management biosphere, and geosphere. Combined, Programme provides knowledge, The programme is based on interdisci- these influence water quality, avail- evidence, and advice for the improve- plinary interactions between scientists ability and quantity, and provide a ment and maintenance of environ- from different backgrounds to gain an feedback mechanism to regulate many mental quality in support of imple- understanding of physical, chemical, ecosystem services. mentation of the Water Framework ecological and socio-economic systems. Directive (WFD) and other waters- The strategic liaisons with socio- The underpinning biogeochemical based legislation in Scotland. It is also economic research in particular address reactions, as well as the fate of nutri- complementary to land-based ini- the human dimensions of water quality ents, pollutants, and microbial con- tiatives such as the Scottish Rural and water resource use, building taminants, are strongly influenced Development Plan (SRDP), as every capacity and providing tangible by land management, human inter- land use decision is also a waters solutions to applied problems. vention and increasingly by climate decision. change. These changes in turn have an Participation of regulators, end-users impact on both the quality and ecology Our research involves the development and other stakeholders is an important of surface, ground, and coastal waters. of innovative approaches to measuring, component of our development of monitoring, manipulating and model- principles for water resource manage- There is an increasing raft of legislation ling biophysical and socio-economic ment as part of wider sustainable directed at catchments and water processes arising from land and water development strategies. policy (e.g. Water Framework, Bath- management. The research contributes ing Waters, Habitats Directives and directly to the development of tools, to

21 Managing Water Resources

N Scientific Activities quantity and quality entering streams, (Figure 2) and this may be especially Understanding processes important for stream ecosystems Biogeochemistry during critical summer periods of Analysis of long term data collected baseflow with consequences for water at multiple sites has allowed us to treatment for human consumption Carbon density investigate the complex spatio- (Stutter et al., in press). kg m-2 0 – 5 temporal responses of Dissolved >5 – 10 >10 – 15 Organic Carbon (DOC) to environ- Transport processes >15 – 20 mental change in different catchments. In order to predict how catchments > 20 Annual mean DOC concentrations will respond to future changes in land show both rising and decreas- use and climate there is a need for a ing trends (Figure 1). The most fundamental understanding of key significant increases of 8% per year physical processes that describe how (p<0.01) occurred in a podzolic soil at water and pollutants are transported Glensaugh (Angus), whereas a similar from the land to surface- and ground- soil at Sourhope (Borders) had water bodies, at relevant spatial and Figure 2 Locations of the three Environmental Change Network ( ECN) study sites overlaid declining subsoil DOC 2% per year temporal scales. We have focussed onto a base map of carbon density in UK (p<0.05), (Stutter et al., 2009). on how natural hydrochemical and surface soils isotopic tracers in water can be used in Our knowledge linking soil processes conjunction with hydrometric data (Figure 3) suggests that groundwater and catchment water flow paths to the to help to understand flow pathways, in this catchment is a mix of ages but nature of stream DOC is strengthened mixing processes, and residence times that some may be from 20–30years old by our understanding of DOC of water in soils. (Dunn, 2009). compositions. End-member mixing analysis from Glensaugh has high- Dating of groundwater samples from This has implications for short-term lighted that subsoil flow paths the Lunan catchment, a lowland mitigation of N pollution through contribute ~70% of stream flow. Sub- agricultural catchment, using disolved altered land management practices. In soils may be highly influential on DOC atmospheric trace gases (SF6 and CFC) addition, the contribution of ground-

Figure 1 Annual mean DOC concentrations in soil solutions at selected UK Environmental Change Network sites: Glensaugh, Angus (Blue squares); Sourhope, Borders (Green); Moorhouse, N England (Brown)

22 Managing Water Resources

Stream Metabolism (WSM) measure- of this is that as stream temperature ments (whole ecosystem respiration increases due to climate changes, the and photosynthesis). In a recent CO2 flux from rivers to the atmosphere manipulation experiment, treated waste will increase, creating a positive feed- water was redirected to a stream. The back loop that remains to be quantified. results showed that the treated effluent promoted heterotrophy (respiration The impact of physical alteration of increased by 50%), but not autotrophy water courses can have major impacts on (no change in gross primary produc- freshwater ecology. In order to address tion). Our results indicate that WSM the consequences of these it is important can be used as a direct measure of eco- to know: i) what key habitats with- system function (Demars and Friberg, in riverine systems are being used Figure 3 SF6 and CFC tracers in groundwaters 2008). and exploited by different ecological water to the river is also likely to affect elements and ii) whether future the catchment scale response to changes In a changing world it is critical to restoration gives rise to improved eco- in land management and climate establish the effect of warming on logical function in terms of both pro- change. stream ecosystem metabolism, cess and habitat availability. To answer particularly in relation to carbon these questions, repeat surveys of the Ecological processes balance. Stream metabolism assess- use of different in-stream habitats and In order to specify environmentally ment provides stream ecosystem their spatial connectedness has been appropriate thresholds for ecosystem respiration rate (ER) and gross primary conducted and analysed for returning protection it is important to identify productivity (GPP), from which the net Atlantic salmon (Figure 5). what are the most relevant ecological ecosystem production (NEP) can be indicators for pollutants. Additionally, calculated (NEP=GPP-ER). we need to identify which pollutants are most important in relation to eco- Thirteen groundwater fed streams logical response. In order to address located in Icelands’ Hengill geother- these issues, we have undertaken a mal region were selected to evaluate number of studies on: i) the relation- the effect of temperature on carbon ship of molecular community structure dynamics. Although the individual of biofilm composition to changing streams have similar hydrochemistry, pesticide and trophic status, and they have a summer temperature range ii) the relationships of macrophytes to of 5–25°C. The analysis highlighted nutrients, and invertebrate responses that NEP was negatively related to Figure 5 Regressions between spawning to changing water quality. In both temperature (Figure 4). The implication frequency and excess shear stress. Open squares – downstream river section cases our results showed that other (R2 = 0.90, P < 0.001, n = 15); closed squares – up- factors (e.g. alkalinity, CO2, geomor- stream river section (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001, n = 23); heavy black curve – overall regression for phology, site connectivity and site entire data set (R2 = 0.67, P < 0.001, n = 38); dashed factors (flow, temperature)) dominate curve for upstream section, thin black curve for responses independent of trophic downstream section. (Moir, H.J. et al. in press). status (Vinten et al., 2007; Demars & The results indicate that highly utilised Edwards, 2009; Demars & Tremolieres, sites are those with a low energy 2009). regime and there is a composite effect of distance from suitable holding As an integrated part of our research we habitat such as a large pool or distance have developed skills and improved the Figure 4 Response of the net ecosystem from the main stem (Moir et al., in methodology for undertaking Whole production to temperature press).

23 Managing Water Resources

Protecting water through causing a problem. Phosphorus in septic National resource assessment managing land tank and sewage treatment work There are over 8,000 lochs in Scotland The Lunan Water in Angus, along with effluent are also extremely important. with an area greater than 1ha. Of these, the Cessnock Water in Ayrshire, are Effluent from these sources is highly less than 400 are monitored on a routine the focus of a partnership approach bioavailable and therefore could be basis. Excessive nutrient inputs to between the Macaulay Land Use a greater relative source of pollution. surface waters can result in Research Institute, SEPA and SAC Work to date has shown that address- eutrophication, a process resulting in known as the Monitored Priority ing such reactive sources is probably increased plant growth and impaired Catchments project. The project is of equal importance to dealing with water quality. Phosphorus is the nutrient working to demonstrate sustainable, sources from agriculture. Preventing that is most likely to be limiting to plant cost-effective approaches to managing septic tank discharge into streams can growth in standing waters. Depending water that could be replicated in catch- make the difference in rural streams on their trophic status, or the amount ments facing similar issues. between meeting Good Ecological of nutrients they contain, lochs can be Status (GES), Figure 7 (green, post classified as oligotrophic – when they Of primary importance is defining 2003) and failure red, pre 2004). Public have low nutrient levels, mesotrophic – where and how nutrients are trans- awareness programmes educating rural when they have moderate levels or ported from land to water. Figure 6 residents about the impacts of eutrophic – when they have high levels shows desk estimates of sources for septic systems are being well received. of nutrients. While there will be some Phosphorus (P) values which will be A short presentation on the Lunan MPC amount of nutrients naturally entering established through the monitoring. can be found at macaulay.ac.uk/water/ a loch, human activity can increase the The work indicates that it is not just presentation290409.pdf inputs of nutrients and migrate a loch agricultural sediment losses that are towards an eutrophic or enriched state. © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. MLURI 100019294 2009 100019294 MLURI reserved. rights All Copyright. © Crown

Figure 6 Modelled P source apportionment in the Lunan catchment (SEPA)

24 Managing Water Resources

Figure 8 shows the modelled trophic TDP (ug/1) GES Threshold status for each of the more than 8,000 Fail Pass Scottish lochs based on modelled phosphorus concentrations. Concen- trations were estimated using the OECD/PLUS system which simulates

TΔP phosphorus concentrations as a function of land cover, human wastewater inputs and in-lake attenuation. It is clear from the map of modelled trophic status that there are strong regional patterns in loch water quality. Almost all lochs in the northwest part of the country and the Highlands are classi-

DATE fied as oligotrohic. Many lochs in the Figure 7 Phosphorus monitoring data relating to cessation of septic tank discharges to streams Central Belt are classified as eutrophic (SEPA) as a result of high human inputs. Many lochs in the northeast of the country are also classified as eutrophic as a result of pressures from agriculture and large human populations (Futter et al., 2008 N and 2009).

Understanding costs and values Water has a number of competing uses from which individuals and society derive value.

Society’s allocation of water use between different uses can be informed by understanding these values explicitly or implicitly.

Efficient standard setting for water quality can be established in the light of understanding about relative values. Value can be judged using private and social cost data to inform when a standard is (dis)proportionate in terms of implicit costs and benefits. Standard-

Current Modelled Trophic Status setting derogations ideally aim to reach Ultra Oligotrophic socially optimal decisions through Oligotrophic Mesotrophic a combination of explicit cost and Eutrophic benefit curves, financial affordability Hyper Eutrophic tests, and integrated value mapping Figure 8 Modelled trophic status of standing waters in Scotland (which considers neo-classical welfare 25 Managing Water Resources

economics, environmental ethics and and public engagement but also iii) how to understand better the inter- social psychology). Work on P mitigation challenges regarding representation linked governance networks at different (often the water quality factor and legitimacy. As part of this, we spatial and temporal scales. The limiting achievement of Good Eco- have been working with Area Advisory outcomes of the research focus on logical Status) shows that there is scope Groups (AAG) and the National improving implementation of plans to increase nutrient use efficiency, but Advisory Group (NAG) to investigate through developing more effective that the social value of this mitigation issues that facilitate or hinder the institutions. may be low except in marginally eu- active involvement of stakeholders. trophic loch catchments (Vinten et al., Working collaboratively with four Area 2008). The health benefit:mitigation Similarly our work on floods has and National Advisory Groups, we are cost ratio (based on willingness-to-pay) identified stakeholder preferences for evaluating the River Basin Management of preventing bathing water contamina- natural rather than engineered Planning (RBMP) process in Scotland. tion from livestock has also been found solutions to management and the Initial findings suggest that there to be low (Johnson et al., 2008). However, potential for conflict between are tensions between inclusion, integra- since single use estimates of value may different farm based and catchment tion, efficacy and efficiency, reflecting be unreliable, choice experiment and based approaches (Kenyon, 2007). A different policy logics within the benefit transfer methods for assessing new European Union funded project – WFD, whereby adaptive management multi-use valuation of loch and river Aquarius: Farmers as Water Managers has been combined with prescriptive water bodies are now underway. More- – will address the technical, social, eco- timelines and technical standards. These over, focus group discussions with nomic and legal constraints to enabling tensions include public versus private members of the general public have farmers to mitigate diffuse pollution interests (inclusion); difficulties in strongly indicated that procedural whilst managing high and low flows. combining regulatory, market and aspects were seen as essential to achiev- The ability to manage land adaptively, voluntary mechanisms (integration); ing good water management (Lago and in ways that protect water quality and and multiple definitions of success Glenk, 2009). water resources, will be particularly (efficacy) – achieving GES by 2015 is not important under increasing climate stakeholders top priority – whilst work- Making planning effective variability. ing with limited resources (efficiency). Determination of ecosystem resilience These tensions work differently at vari- and recovery, and scenarios of future Effective institutional and governance ous scales. Because locally salient issues change in aquatic environments have arrangements are key elements for often ‘disappear’ at a national level, it been incorporated into an inter- successful mitigation of water quality may be harder to achieve inclusion and disciplinary approach to elucidate pressures. Our research is develop- integration by strategic planning, “catchment futures”. In particular, we ing an interdisciplinary approach although it appears a more efficient have used model output as a tool for to understanding the causes and process (Figure 9) (Blackstock, 2009). dialogue to scope adaptation strategies consequences of diffuse pollution with catchment based stakeholders and other pressures on water bodies and Efficiency to deliver cost-effective water quality the role of planning and stakeholder improvements and we have investigated engagement in helping to mitigate this Inclusion Integration how local scale Best Management pollution. This research is aimed at Ideal Practices (BMP) such as farm ponds responding to theoretical and meth- Local National and other on the ground measures can odological challenges for multi-level Efficacy? successfully attenuate pollution bur- natural resource management (NRM), Figure 9 Tensions arising at different spatial dens. At a larger spatial scale, the WFD such as: i) how to stimulate social scales within the RBMP process River Basin Management Plan (RBMP) learning through evaluation; ii) how process exemplifies the shift to multi- to link stakeholder involvement with scale governance, providing not only the achievement of social, economic opportunities for wider stakeholder and environmental objectives and

26 Managing Water Resources

This work has built on the complet- America and Africa. For example, helped develop policy initiatives ed analysis of inter-agency working in many African countries the links amongst existing water resource man- for implementing the WFD (online between water resource management, agement programmes to rational guidelines available at macaulay.ac.uk/ the conservation of biological diversity, competing pressures (Urama et al., projects/203078_checklist.pdf). sustainable employment and working 2008). For further information see the practices are poorly understood. The INTREPID Policy Brief at macaulay. Simultaneously, a framework for good INTREPID project (funded through ac.uk/INTREPID/PolicyBrief.pdf practice has been developed based on EU INCO-DEV programme) was (Figure 11). an international literature review and specifically designed to address the analysis of eight UK Integrated Catch- interlinked challenges in the Mara ment Management (ICM) planning basin, one of the most vulnerable and processes. This research illustrates how ecologically important river basins pre-existing issues and the wider in sub-Saharan Africa (Urama and context will influence how primary Davidson, 2008) (Figure 10). The land and supplementary principles for good is a trans-boundary river basin hosting practice processes are linked to out- most of the endangered wildlife species comes, and the different judgements of and some of the poorest populations in what constitutes success (Marshall et the sub-region. The institutional, geo- al., in press). political, socio-economic, biophysical and global drivers of sustainable natural International relevance resource management in Kenya and Our research extends well beyond Scot- Tanzania also present different types land, offering insights and knowledge of challenges to transboundary and into catchment management issues in international coordination in river other contexts in Southeast Asia, South basin management. INTREPID has Figure 11 Bordering on a water crisis. Policy Brief for the Mara River Basin

In Brazil, future policy making in the Pantanal wetland has been enhanced in a collaborative project through Aberdeen Centre for Environmental Sustainability (ACES) funded by the Leverhulme Foundation. The project focuses on the prediction of the extent and nature of the seasonal flood wave which inundates the wetland. The dynamics of nutrient transport from rural and urban sources, and subsequent ecological stress is being identified through engagement with local landowners and stakeholders (aces.ac.uk/PantanalInternational Network.htm).

Figure 10 Mara basin, one of the most vulnerable and ecologically important river basins in sub-Saharan Africa

27 Managing Water Resources

Furthermore, staff from the Catch- l Developing our capacity in management plans, local flood risk ment Management and International microbial analysis to quantify risk management plans and projects, which Development Groups are taking the to ground-waters and private water will all have to complement existing lead in shaping a new Scottish Govern- supplies from septic tanks and RBMP, and learn from their implemen- ment initiative called Water Scotland. diffuse agricultural sources of tation. Water Scotland is a network of more organic pollution than thirty key organisations from l Using advanced probe technology We will continue to work closely with across Scotland with expertise in the for real time data monitoring, in stakeholders to assess the biophysical water sector. It will offer a gateway collaboration with Biomathematics and socio-economic opportunities and and one-stop shop to the wealth of and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), constraints for implementing General experience and capability which to continue the development of Binding Rules, and best management Scotland has to offer in water for the advanced methods for the analysis practices in catchments. international development banks and of high resolution time series to donor agencies. Further details on determine the role of extreme event We totally depend on water as a central Water Scotland can be found at contributions to annual fluxes and feature of our global heritage, so it is in macaulay.ac.uk/aboutus/water_scot- the potential impact on ecology the interest of all people with an inter- land.pdf l Evaluating potential conflicts est in the water environment to work between catchment management together to protect and preserve our Future directions and for power generation and the waters and to ensure equity in all challenges conservation of designated species. aspects of the water cycle and how we interact with it. The water cycle is the Our work will continue to place Much of the work on practical most important of all earth system pro- emphasis on ecological functioning measures is being delivered through cesses supporting life on this planet. of catchments under pressure from the Monitored Priority Catchments Its use by humans must acknowledge anthropogenic emissions from diffuse Project. A rotation simulation model this fact. Our ever increasing demands pollution and engineering impacts on (LandsFACTS), will be applied in the place an enormous pressure on the hydromorphology. We will concentrate Lunan catchment and the effects on freshwater environment and on water on: the identification and functioning diffuse pollution of changing land resources worldwide. With changing of catchment hot spots of pollutant use capability resulting from climate lifestyles, the rise in global population generation; the potential pollutant change, as well as economic drivers, and the uncertainty of future climate attenuation and biodiversity reservoir will be explored. change, we all need to look carefully at roles of riparian areas, wetlands and our attitude to water and the way it is other restoration options. Integrated research will focus on used and managed. whether Catchment Management Key developments planned include: Plans can be used as implementation From mountain top to sea and from l Improving our understanding of measures, or work in parallel with hydrology to human behavior, under- the role of different forms of RBMPs, and develop ways to minimise standing the bigger picture of how we phosphorus and suspended solids the disconnection between national and manage our land and water together in impairing ecological function local scale activities. The adaptive at a catchment scale is the route to in relation to achieving Good nature of the plans will be assessed, successful and sustainable water Ecological Status (GES) both in light of concerns over climate management. l Identifying functional change; and the need to respond to indicators of GES in relation to integration with other policies e.g. the For further information on our diffuse pollution and hydro- forthcoming Floods Bill. The research approach to cathment management morphological pressures as evaluating RBMP is relevant to the please view “Water Under Pressure”, a multiple stressors forthcoming Bill, which proposes a short film available at macaulay.ac.uk/ three tier system of area flood risk videos/wup

28 Managing Water Resources

References FUTTER, M., FERRIER, R.C., URAMA, K., & DAVIDSON, G. (2008). BAGGALEY, N., ANDERSON, H., Bordering on a water crisis: the need & COOKSLEY, S. (2009). for integrated resource management Blackstock, K.L. (2009). Phosphorus in Scottish surface in the Mara River Basin. Policy Brief Between a rock and a hard place: waters. Knowledge Scotland KTE for Integrated Trans-boundary River incompatible objectives at the Event, SEPA, Stirling, 29 May 2009. Management Policy Development heart of river basin planning? (2009) Project (FP6-043784). European Water Science and Technology, 59, JOHNSON, E.K., MORAN, D., Commission, Sixth Framework pp. 425–431. & VINTEN, A.J.A. (2008). Programme. A framework for valuing the health DEMARS, B.O.L., & FRIBERG, N. benefits of improved bathing water URAMA, K., DAVIDSON, G. (2008). quality in the River Irvine catch- & LANGAN, S. (2008). Whole stream metabolism and ment. Journal of Environmental Towards an Integrated Trans- nutrient cycling: field manipulations Management, 87, pp. 633–638. boundary River Management Policy in lowland and upland Scotland, Development in Semi-Arid River UK. North American Benthological Kenyon, W. (2007). Basins. Proceedings of a pan- Society 56th Annual Meeting, Utah, Evaluating flood risk management African Stakeholder Policy Forum, Salt Lake City, 25–30 May 2008. options in Scotland: A participant Arusha, Tanzania, 11–14 March 2008. led multi-criteria approach. DEMARS B.O.L., & EDWARDS A.C. Ecological Economics, 64, pp. 70–81. VINTEN, A.J.A., ARTZ, R.R.E., (2009). SINGH, B.K., LANGAN, S.J., Distribution of aquatic macrophytes LAGO, M., & GLENK, K. (2009). WATSON, H., COOK, Y., TAYLOR, C., in contrasting river systems: a Measuring public preferences for ABEL, C., THOMAS, N., & REID, E. critique of compositional-based water quality improvements. Lessons (2007). assessment of water quality. for the implementation process of Assessing the potential of stream Science of the Total Environment, the EC Water Framework Directive microbial biofilm community analysis vol. 407, pp. 975–990. in Scotland. Knowledge Scotland to identify impacts of agricultural Policy Briefing. pollution on water quality. 11th DEMARS, B.O.L., & TREMOLIERES, M. International Conference on Diffuse (2009). MOIR, H.J., GIBBINS, C.N., Pollution and the 1st Joint Meeting Aquatic macrophytes as BUFFINGTON, J.M., WEBB, J.H., of the IWA Diffuse Pollution and bioindicators of carbon dioxide in SOULSBY, C., & BREWER, M.J. (2009). Urban Drainage Specialist Groups, groundwater fed rivers., 2009 A new method to identify the Belo Horizonte-MG, 26–31 August Science of the Total Environment, fluvial regimes used by spawning 2007. 407, pp. 4752–4763. salmonids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, VINTEN, A.J.A., BOOTH, P., Dunn, S.M. (2009). vol. 66, pp. 1404–1408. MCLEOD, M., URAMA, K., LAGO, M., Hydrological pathways, mixing and MORAN, D., & JONES, M. (2008). transit times and their relevance to STUTTER, M., LUMSDON, D., A potential framework for national water quality. Invited seminar FUTTER, M., & WATSON, H. (2009). and local scale cost:effectiveness and presented at Unite INRA Sol et Dissolved organic carbon release cost:benefit analysis of phosphorus Agronomie et Spatialisation, from UK organic soils in response pollution mitigation of surface Rennes, April 2009. to fourteen years of environmental freshwater bodies. SAC/SEPA change. In: Predicting the Future for Biennial Conference Agriculture FUTTER, M.N., BAGGALEY, N.J., Highly Organic Soils, British Society and the Environment VII Land BROWN, I., COULL, M.C., DUNN, S., of Soil Science, Spring Conference, Management in a Changing FERRIER, R., FOZZARD, I., & Edinburgh Conference Centre, Environment, Edinburgh, HELLIWELL, R.C. (2008). Heriot-Watt University, 5–7 May 26–27 March 2008. Uncertainties and sensitivities in 2009. modelled Scottish loch phosphorus concentrations. IWAM Meeting. STUTTER, M.I., LUMSDON, D.G., Bath, UK. BILLETT, M.F., LOW, D., & DEEKS, L.K. (In press). An evaluation of variability in soil organic C in a representative UK upland catchment: implications for C databases and modelling. Soil Science Society of America Journal.

29 Understanding Biodiversity Pete Goddard

Our focus on Understanding Biodiversity requires a clear appreciation of how the major causes of environmental change impact our natural heritage, both now and in the future. Changes will be affected due to global environmental change or as a result of policy and economically-driven land-use change.

The aims of our research are to: l Improve understanding of biodiversity, especially the factors, processes, and drivers which influence interactions within and between populations, species, and ecosystems l Investigate the extent to which biodiversity controls the function and resilience of ecosystems and the delivery of ecosystem services

Contributing Authors: Colin Beale, Andrea Britton, Rob Brooker, Alison Hester, Glenn Iason, Ben Moore, Scott Newey, Robin Pakeman and Stewart Rhind.

30 Understanding Biodiversity

Context and Rationale

A range of ecological and related environment. The management of wild Our work is carried out in Scotland sciences provide the framework and domestic herbivores is also still and internationally and we engage for understanding the biological one of the most important global and with a wide range of stakeholders to limits to sustainable land use and domestic drivers of vegetation and deliver focussed advice and support, for the responses of natural systems to associated biodiversity change, as well example in relation to land management perturbations, including changes in as affecting the productivity of the decisions. Participation from land land management and climate. Ecology herbivores themselves. managers, policy makers and the public is the science of interactions between is centrally important in prioritising living organisms and their biotic and Many areas of land which have issues and assisting the development abiotic environment and is key to our conservation protection are fragmented, of proactive management strategies understanding of biodiversity, the and the importance of spatial and and tools that conserve and enhance types of living organisms in any system, landscape ecological factors to the the biodiversity and cultural and their functioning and the services they conservation of constituent species socio-economic value of our natural provide. and their habitats varies with species heritage. We present some examples of characteristics, particularly their our work in a range of environments We aim to: dispersal ability. These factors are and at different scales; this provides a l Understand the ecological particularly acute for environments glimpse of how we are tackling major processes that shape biodiversity which are strongly affected by global national and international challenges and the functioning of natural environ-mental change or as a result of ranging from biodiversity conservation and semi-natural habitats and policy and economically-driven land and management to carbon trade-offs landscapes use change. as one increasingly important facet of l Improve our understanding of ecosystem goods and services. interactions between ecological and human social processes l Facilitate application of this understanding in sustainable land management, including conservation and enhancement of biodiversity l Provide science-based predictions of the responses of key systems to alternative policies, policy driven land-management scenarios and other environmental changes

There are very few, if any, natural environments remaining in Scotland, or elsewhere in Europe, where anthropogenic influences have not profoundly shaped the communities now present (Figure 1). Such influences include the input of pollutants and the partitioning of land between the main rural uses of agriculture, forestry and recreation which affect biodiversity in the wider Figure 1 Commercial forestry activities 31 Understanding Biodiversity

Scientific Activities the summer of 2007 on the National However, there appears to be no Trust for Scotland’s Balmacara Estate. win-win situation that maximises Biodiversity: carbon trade-offs in On the same areas, three indicators of carbon sequestration and maximises land use systems carbon dynamics were assessed; above- biodiversity. All transitions resulted in Until recently, the impacts of agri- ground net primary production, litter a decrease in species richness in at least cultural change have been seen as a decomposition rate (assessed as the rate two of the groups, but the indicators of trade-off between productivity and bio- of breakdown of standard litter) and carbon dynamics suggest that three of diversity. Now there is growing recog- litter quality (assessed as community- the four transitions would be beneficial. nition that agriculture and other land weighted leaf dry matter content which Developing land use management for uses deliver a range of ecosystem goods is inversely related to litter turnover) for the benefit of biodiversity will become and services and there is a need to hay and traditional meadows. more complicated as other ecosystem balance production and conservation. goods and services are taken into The provision of ecosystem services Almost all the potential transitions account and the resulting trade-offs may or may not be optimised alongside resulted in a drop in species richness, identified and made. biodiversity. A study of biodiversity the largest losses being in vascular and ecosystem function in a crofting plant richness after abandonment and Drivers of biodiversity change, landscape is used to illustrate the bee species richness after conversion to conservation and restoration potential trade-offs between bio- pasture or abandonment. Silage had a One of Scotland’s foremost assets is diversity and carbon sequestration higher productivity than the meadows, the biodiversity of its natural and (Pakeman & Stockan, 2009). and the pasture and abandoned sites semi-natural systems. Changes in land had significantly poorer litter quality use such as those described above, Traditional hay-cropping is now a (higher leaf dry matter content) than pollution and climate threaten the greatly restricted land use (Figure 2) the other land uses. There were no sustainability of key Scottish habitats only occurring in some areas. The fate differences in the decomposition rate and species (Figure 3), (Pakeman et al., of land previously used for hay includes between sites which indicates that 2009). The internationally important silage making, conversion to pasture, changing management from meadows uplands of Scotland are home to abandonment and winter grazing. to silage, pasture or abandonment may some unique, but fragile habitats. Biodiversity assessments of ground increase the amount of carbon entering Management of biodiversity requires beetles, bees and vascular plants were the system. a robust, predictive understanding of made on these land use types during

Figure 2 Traditional hay meadow

32 Understanding Biodiversity

actual and potential impacts of the also predict that a warming climate main drivers of change, to inform the will lead to a further loss of important development of management options mountain lichen species and reduce the to conserve and enhance our natural uniqueness of many different habitats. heritage. Protecting and managing biodiversity in a changing environment Looking ahead, our understanding requires: of the relative sensitivity of different l Knowledge of past and present Scottish ecosystems to predicted future impacts of different drivers on a environmental changes is crucial in range of key habitats Figure 3 Scottish primrose (Primula scotica) relation to planning decisions. We l Understanding of how these drivers a Scottish endemic plant continue to deliver advice and protocols affect ecosystem dynamics for conservation and restoration of a l Prediction of potential future range of different habitats and species, impacts to inform management and based on the results of our experimental, mitigation measures monitoring and modelling research in l Knowledge of the impacts of habitat the context of environmental change. fragmentation on genetic, as well as species diversity, and how this The biodiversity of Scots pinewoods affects habitat/species resilience Naturally-occurring chemicals also and responses to further environ- have the potential to influence Figure 4 Experimental plots mental change biodiversity. Native Caledonian pine- chemistry, soil physical properties and woods cover less than 1% of their By using experimental and modelling below-ground biodiversity, although former range in Scotland and are listed approaches at a range of spatial many of these changes have been for protection under the EU Habitats and temporal scales – from small poorly understood (Dawson et al., 2009; Directive. The remaining woodland experimental plots (Figure 4) to analysis Mitchell et al., 2010). fragments present a major conservation of UK and world wide biodiversity issue. Like other coniferous trees, patterns, and from single seasons We are also quantifying how key Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) contains through to 50-year changes – we aim Scottish habitats have responded to terpenoid secondary metabolites. to provide information to underpin human impacts in the recent past, Metabolite concentrations are strongly conservation policy responses to natural informing our understanding and heritable, and known to be biologically and human-induced changes in our predictions of future change. Some active against many herbivores, path- environment (Beale et al., 2009; Britton upland habitats have undergone major ogens and other organisms. Their et al., 2009). Current research focuses changes in a relatively short time period, concentration varies widely between particularly on woodlands, moorlands with important implications for species individual trees within a population and montane habitats, examining how and habitat conservation. Pollution but how does this variation influence different drivers and their interactions at current rates is causing nitrogen the biodiversity of associated species? affect habitat biodiversity and ecosystem accumulation in plants and soils, which The extent to which monoterpenes function. For example, the drive to contributes to biodiversity loss, with mediate interactions with their species re-establish areas of native woodland lichens and mosses particularly affected and pinewood assemblages, including across Scotland, which has fuelled the (Britton et al., 2009; Britton & Fisher, invertebrates and ground flora, has been debate about the ‘best’ balance between 2010). Saturation of upland areas will investigated using experimental and moorland and woodland habitats as result in harmful amounts of excess inductive approaches (Iason, 2009). We both are designated in the European nitrogen leaking into our rivers, thereby have found evidence for avoidance of Habitats Directive. Tree colonisation reducing water quality for both wildlife pine monoterpenes by species as diverse causes changes in vegetation and and people. Through experimental as slugs (which are important seedling wildlife, but also changes in soil work in mountain heath regions we herbivores) and Capercaillie (which

33 Understanding Biodiversity

Figure 5 Explaining the biodiversity of Scots pine 34 Understanding Biodiversity

are rare and which browse extensively Learning about biological responses However, very recent observations on pine needles). At the level of the to anthropogenic environmental by a number of collaborating groups whole pine ecological community, the pollutants have shown that the foetuses of sludge- species richness of soil mites, crown Endocrine disrupting compounds exposed ewes exhibited: i) altered invertebrates and ground flora are (EDCs) are generated primarily, but foetal testis structure, such that all influenced by the monoterpene not entirely, by human actions and their sperm production as adults composition of the individual Scots manufacturing processes. They are pre- was likely to be compromised and pine. As a foundation species (Figure 5) sent in a wide range of man-made ii) altered expression of multiple and in the UK an iconic conservation compounds including detergents, foetal ovarian genes of fundamental issue, the chemical variation among plastics, tooth fillings, food can linings, importance to normal function. Scots pine determines many of the pine’s electrical goods and soft furnishings but Changes have also been reported in ecological interactions and associated are also generated by the combustion of offspring behaviour and adult ewe bone biodiversity, and is a major influence on fossil fuels and by waste incinerators. structure (Rhind et al., 2010). Ongoing its extended phenotype. Conservation They include multiple chemical classes investigations suggest possible disrupt- of the genetically-based phytochemical but all have the capacity to interfere ion of foetal and adult mammary diversity of Scots pines would probably with the normal hormonal systems structure and function and foetal lead to greater community biodiversity. in animals of all groups, including thyroid and uterus structure. While Because chemically and ecologically both vertebrates and invertebrates. these observations concern sheep, similar coniferous forests comprise Accordingly, they have the capacity to they have much wider implications the Boreal forest biome which covers disrupt normal physiological function, for human health and ecosystem approximately 11% of the land surface to compromise reproduction, reduce sustainability because they indicate of the earth, the consequences of this animal populations and reduce bio- that the combined actions of multiple research may be very far reaching. diversity and ecosystem sustainability. environmental pollutants, each at very low (environmental) concentrations According to genetic studies, Scots Previously, environmental concentr- can severely perturb animal physiology, pine populations differ relatively little. ations of these chemicals have not reproductive capacity and, potentially, However, few studies have considered generally been considered to be a the health and sustainability of variation in characteristics that problem because environmental con- populations. determine whether the trees are centrations of individual chemicals are adapted to their local environment. The usually well below the concentrations Sustainable use of biodiversity – a nature and extent of variation between known to cause physiological dis- national and international dimension 21 populations of Scots pine in their ruption. Initial observations showed The sustainable use of biodiversity growth and bud-burst characteristics that, relative to controls, sludge- generates passionate views both as well as in the chemical profiles of the exposed sheep exhibited minimal in the scientific and conservation ecologically important monoterpenes increases in tissue concentrations of communities, and more widely are currently being compared. This EDCs, suggesting that physiological across society. This is particularly work is in progress and is using the effects, following exposure, were so in Scotland, where a strong natural climatic variation between the highly unlikely. More recent results sporting heritage has led to large west (warm and damp) and east (cold have shown that foetal tissue levels are areas of the uplands being managed and dry) of Scotland at the National generally, but not always, lower than for shooting, stalking and fishing. Trust for Scotland’s Inverewe Gardens in the ewe, with the pattern depending Today, however, there is public and at the site in Aberdeen, respectively on the class of compound involved; perception that such management is at (see map within Figure 5). since the foetus is considered to be the odds with conservation, animal welfare most sensitive stage of development, and recreational use of wilderness these observations suggested that areas. physiological effects were even more unlikely (Rhind et al., 2009).

35 Understanding Biodiversity

With such potential for controversy, it is essential that uses of wildlife resources are underpinned by a strong science base to help ensure that appropriate management decisions are taken (Perez-Espona et al., 2009; Gilbert, 2010; Harrison et al., 2010). The science base must also incorporate ecological relationships – such as the effects of parasites and predators on the population dynamics of harvested species. For example, mountain hare populations are under threat from Figure 6 Red deer stag habitat loss, climate change and over- exploitation (Newey et al., 2009). Our with experimental studies of the effect search teams are well placed to make a work on mountain hare population of weather on grazing behaviour, has major impact in this developing field. dynamics has shown that 50% of shown that the number of calves per mountain hare populations are cyclic hind decreases in rainy winters and Future directions and and show regular changes in density that the number of calves per hind at challenges every 5–15 years, but the reasons for the end of the winter is greater in the these fluctuations are unclear. Parasites west of Scotland compared to east We have particular strengths and and food supply can cause population of the Great Glen. In many places in capacity in depth in areas such as cycles and we are working to provide Scotland, reproduction rates of deer are understanding the functioning of a better understanding of the role of found to decrease as numbers increase, species, habitats and ecosystems and disease and nutrition (Townsend et al., indicating that many populations have the management of biodiversity change. 2009). We have shown that removing exceeded the capacity of their available The examples given here reflect research parasites in winter has no impact on habitat. needs and aspirations outlined in a survival or condition of mountain wide range of policy documents and hares but improves female breeding We also have some evidence that deer large-scale research programmes such success the following summer. are moving to graze areas previously as Living With Environmental Change occupied by sheep. This may have (LWEC). Our work will continue to Natural and social scientists in the impacts on vitally important habitats provide an evidence-base for protection Macaulay Land Use Research Institute and we are investigating possible and enhancement of Scotland’s natural have an expanding portfolio of projects changes on biodiversity as a result of heritage and underpin relevant strategic related to the sustainable use of wildlife altered grazing impacts on heather. plans/policies that use biodiversity as we recognise social dimensions of Increasingly, we are also working in change as a monitor of progress. Our wildlife use and management (Irvine et the international arena – particularly determination to engage with a wide al., 2009). Much of our work is based in in Africa and China – and our Scottish range of stakeholders from inception Scotland and focuses on our most iconic research is relevant to the global target (co-construction) of research activities species – red grouse, mountain hares, of sustainable use. to delivery of a wide range of end red deer (Figure 6) – and the role that products is essential to ensure that their management systems play in Recent success with RCUK and Euro- we tackle contemporary issues in a delivering both biodiversity targets and pean grants provides considerable socially-relevant way. rural sustainability. Our work on factors added-value to Scottish Government controlling the numbers of Scottish funding. With global research agendas deer through long-term monitoring increasingly focusing on the Ecosystem of body condition at larders, together Approach, our interdisciplinary re-

36 Understanding Biodiversity

References: Gilbert, L. (2010). Mitchell, R.J., Hester, A.J., Rhind, S.M., Evans, N.P., Altitudinal patterns of tick and Campbell, C.D., Chapman, S.J., Bellingham, M., Sharpe, R.M., BEALE, C.M., LENNON, J.J., host abundance: a potential Cameron, C.M., Hewison, R.L., Cotinot, C., Mandon-Pepin, B., & GIMONA, A. (2009). role for climate change in & Potts, J.M. (2010). Loup, B., Sinclair, K.D., Lea, R.G., European bird distributions still regulating tick-borne diseases? Is vegetation composition or soil Pocar, P., Fischer, B., show few climate associations. Oecologia, 162, 217–225. chemistry the best predictor of van der Zalm, E., Hart, K., Proceedings of the National Academy the soil microbe community? Schmidt, J.-S., Amezaga, M.R., of Sciences, USA, 106, E41–E43. Harrison, A., Newey, S., Plant and Soil. Published online. & Fowler, P.A. (2010). Gilbert, L., Haydon, D.T., Effects of environmental BELLINGHAM, M., MCNUTT, C.R.E., & Thirgood, S. (2010). MOORE, B.D., IASON, G.R., SIM, D.A., pollutants on the reproduction FOWLER, P.A., RHIND, S.M., Culling wildlife hosts to control BEATON, J.K., & REID, S.A. (2008). and welfare of ruminants. COTINOT, C., SHARPE, R.M., disease: mountain hares, red Patterns and Implications of chemical Animal 4, 1227–1239. & EVANS, N.P. (2009). grouse and louping ill virus. diversity in Caledonian pinewoods. Exposure to a cocktail of Journal of Applied Ecology. British Ecological Society Annual RHIND, S.M., KYLE, C.E., MACKIE, C., environmental chemicals in sewage Published online. Meeting, Imperial College, London, & MCDONALD, L. (2009). sludge: effects on foetal and post 2–7 September 2008. Accumulation of endocrine pubertal pituitary gonadotrophs in Iason, G. (2009). disrupting compounds in sheep sheep., Proceedings of the British Mediation of the extended phenotype NEWEY, S., POTTS, J., IASON, G., fetal and maternal liver tissue Endocrine Society, Harrogate, of Scots pine by plant secondary BAINES, D., HARRISON, A., following exposure to pastures March 2009. Endocrine Abstracts, metabolites. Research Seminar, RAMSAY, S., DUNCAN, M., treated with sewage sludge. vol. 19, pp. 249. University of Lyon, France. CASTILLO, U., & THIRGOOD, S. (2009). Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Development of a reliable method for vol. 11, pp. 1469–1476. BRITTON, A.J., BEALE, C., IRVINE, R.J., FIORINI, S., estimating mountain hare numbers. TOWERS, W., & HEWISON, R.L. (2009). MCLEOD, J., TURNER, A., Scottish Natural Heritage Interim Townsend, S.E., Newey, S., Biodiversity gains and losses: VAN DER WAL, R., ARMSTRONG, H., Report. Thirgood, S.J., Matthews, L., evidence for homogenisation YEARLEY, S., & WHITE, P.C.L. (2009). & Haydon, D.T. (2009). of Scottish alpine vegetation. Can managers inform models? PAKEMAN, R.J., & NOLAN, A.J. Can parasites drive population Biological Conservation, vol. 142, Integrating local knowledge into (2009). cycles in mountain hares? pp. 1728-1739. models of red deer habitat use. Setting sustainable grazing levels for Proceedings of the Royal Society of Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 46, heather moorland. Heather Trust London, Series B, 276, 1611–1617. Britton, A.J., & Fisher, J.M. (2010). pp. 344–352. Annual Report 2009. Terricolous alpine lichens are sensitive to both load and Pakeman, R.J., Leps, J., LITTLEWOOD, N.A., PAKEMAN, R.J., concentration of applied nitrogen Kleyer, M., Lavorel, S., & WOODIN, S.J. (2009). and have potential as bioindicators Garnier, E., & VISTA Isolation of habitat patches of nitrogen deposition. consortium. (2009). limits colonisation by moorland Environmental Pollution, 158, Relative climatic, edaphic and Hemiptera. Journal of Insect 1296–1302. management controls of plant Conservation, vol. 13, pp. 29–36. functional trait signatures. BROOKER, R.W., MATESANZ, S., Journal of Vegetation Science, 20, MARRIOTT, C.A., HOOD, K., VALLADARES, F., & KLOTZ, S. (2009). 148–159. Influence of long-term changes in FISHER, J.M., & PAKEMAN, R.J. (2009). climate and in species composition Pakeman, R.J., & Stockan, J. Long-term impacts of extensive on the spatial pattern of a semi- (2009). grazing and abandonment on the arid plant community. Journal of Biodiversity: carbon trade- species composition, richness and Vegetation Science, vol. 20, offs in crofting sytems. diversity of agricultural grassland. pp. 299–310. Scotland’s Changing rural Agriculture, Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Policy and Action Needs, Environment, vol. 134, pp. 190–200. DAWSON, L.A., HESTER, A., ROSS, J., SNH Battleby, Perth, 13th May 2009. HOOD, K., GWATKIN, R., POTTS, J., Mitchell, R.J., Campbell, C.D., BELL, J., & SOMMERKORN, M. (2009). Chapman, S.J., & Cameron, C.M. Perez-Espona, S., P Carbon dynamics in heather (2010). erez-Barberia F.J., moorland – impact of tree The ecological engineering Goodall-Copestake, W.P., establishment. Predicting the impact of a single tree species Jiggins C.D., Gordon, I.J., Future for Highly Organic Soils, on the soil microbial community. & Pemberton, J.M. (2009). British Society of Soil Science Spring Journal of Ecology, 98, 50–61. Genetic diversity and population Conference, Edinburgh Conference structure of Scottish Highland red Centre, Heriot-Watt University, 5–7 deer (Cervus elaphus) populations: May 2009. a mitochondrial survey. Heredity, 102, 199–210.

37 Changing Landscapes David Miller

Our focus on Changing Landscapes requires us to develop and apply innovative methodologies that integrate the social, economic and biophysical components of land use systems. We use concepts from the emerging field of socio-ecology, which synthesise ideas from political ecology, environmental ethics, ecological economics, and theoretical ecology, as well as research on common property institutions and indigenous knowledge and experience. Methodologies are based on a combination of modelling approaches and stakeholder involvement. A wide variety of modelling approaches are used including agent-based modelling, farming-systems modelling, biophysical modelling, and visualisation techniques.

The aims of our research are to: l Understand how social, economic and biophysical processes interact to influence and drive landscape change l Develop and test tools for evaluation of options for sustainable land management with particular relevance to policy-making

Contributing Authors: Inge Aalders, Kirsty Blackstock, Iain Brown, Katrina Brown, Nick Gotts, Keith Matthews, Robin Matthews, Jane Morrice, Maria Nijnik, Gary Polhill and Neil Sang. 38 Changing Landscapes

Context and Rationale

The emerging area of sustainability potential which are subject to change or human factors’ (Council of Europe, science (Clark, 2007) synthesises ideas due to climate change. Our research 2003) is central to our research and about the services, functions and outputs and outcomes are designed its policy context. With this we also capacities of multi-functional land to contribute scientific understand- note that approaches to sustainability uses, plus factors enabling resilience to ing to public policy, and to inform the are best addressed through informed undesirable change, economic, social Scottish Government’s strategic aims public participation. Our research in and environmental interactions, and of sustainable economic growth in a Changing Landscapes aims to make the ability of land systems to influence greener, healthier, fairer, wealthier and stakeholder engagement a central part responses of socio-economic and smarter Scotland. of understanding landscape change and environmental systems to change to the contribution of advice on adaptive (Aspinall & Hill, 2007). Significant Our research aim is to understand responses to policy. It also underpins within this is the recognition that how social, economic and biophysical with our role as a Scottish centre for different elements of the landscape have processes interact to change urban and assessing scenarios of climate change their own dynamics, and are sensitive rural landscapes, and to provide in- with respect to the landscape and rural to different pressures and time periods sights into priorities for rural economic communities. over which change may take place development, social justice and sustain- (Aspinall, 2009). The work on land- ing natural heritage. Methodologies The programme of research has increas- scape change develops and applies developed to achieve this understanding ingly been informed by discussions innovative methodologies that integrate are based on stakeholder involvement with stakeholders about the planned the social, economic and biophysical that identifies needs for evaluating Land Use Strategy for Scotland, and components of land-use systems. sustainable land management relevant the two studies undertaken as part of to policy-making. the Scottish Government Rural Land In Scotland, pressures for change Use Study (Miller et al., 2009; Slee et al., include the need to meet future The definition of landscape offered by 2009). This provides an important con- demands for housing, food and energy the European Landscape Convention text for the further development of the security, all linked to demographic as ‘an area, as perceived by people, research on changing landscapes. change. These are all set in the con- whose character is the result of the text of the biophysical constraints and action and interaction of natural and/

39 Changing Landscapes

Scientific Activities

Land capability and scenarios of change The development of integrated spatial frameworks which take account of the capability and function of land systems provides one means of relating the demand and supply of land to strategic decisions over land use. Agricultural land use, for example, contributes to the production of food, fuel and fibre, as well as offering cultural and environmental services. Figure 1 Changes in frequency of drought conditions in Scotland, with consequences for future farming practices

The development of methods for down- mines how best to employ complex (Aberdeenshire), a series of alternative scaling outputs from regional climate computer-based tools and allows us to land-use futures have been developed, models (RCM) has enabled the explore the spatial expression of trade- using the LandSFACTS toolkit comparison of how well such models offs and their possible implications for (macaulay.ac.uk/LandSFACTS/), characterise conditions for the past. other services provided by farmland. supported by empirical evidence from The results highlight that the use of analysis of current trends based upon data without downscaling can lead to Our work recognises that Decision the Integrated Administration Control erroneous conclusions on the nature Support is a much wider concept than System (IACS). Figure 2 shows three of the challenges that may face land the production of recommendations such scenarios for the Tarland basin. managers (e.g. Rivington et al., 2008). for specific courses of action. The key to success in Decision Support lies not Using down-scaled data has allowed us in technological sophistication, but in to present model outputs in a more the salience, credibility and legitimacy readily understandable way. For of the process within which it is used example, Figure 1 shows changes in the (Matthews et al., 2008). The LADSS frequency of years in which drought toolkit provides the basis for integrated conditions might be experienced, assessments of farm scale options, such leading to likely changes in farming as support of organic agriculture, as practices. carried out within EU FP6 project Agri- GRID (macaulay.ac.uk/agrigrid/). At a farm-scale, case studies provide a better understanding of the trade-offs Other factors influencing change between multiple objectives that in agricultural areas include socio- are made by managers. The Land economic targets or constraints Allocation Decision Support System for land use. By combining socio- (macaulay.ac.uk/LADSS/) is a spatial economic understanding with the farm-scale systems model with loose- changing biophysical constraints rep- coupled components of cropping resented by the Land Capability for systems, livestock systems, resource Agriculture (LCA), scenarios of future Semi-natural Woodland scheduling and budgeting, and agricultural land use can be developed. Improved grassland Arable material/financial accounting. It is Working in the Lunan water-catch- Figure 2 Scenarios of future land uses underpinned by a design which deter- ment (Angus) and the Tarland area in the Tarland basin, eastern Scotland 40 Changing Landscapes

Other approaches to modelling changes in land management exploit heuristics, such as Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs). This approach has demonstrated that, with a limited amount of detail in the land manager’s decision making process, land capabilities data and BBN’s ability of inference, it is possible to explore effectively the impact of different personal circumstances on the land- use decision-making process (Aalders, N 2008).

Land systems and adaptive responses to change As land systems evolve over time, apparently stable systems can suffer surprising, catastrophic and irreversible changes. Analysis is being carried out which uses spatial databases of land ownership, use and management to assess the resilience of Scotland’s farming system by looking at changes in patterns of rotations, the number and size of businesses and the diversity of enterprises. These GIS databases and associated maps support a wide range of policy-relevant assessments, particularly of alternative options for CAP and related payments. The outputs from this research, which draws on ideas from the Resilience Alliance provide essential support to Scottish Government in its Figure 3 The number of changes within individual land parcels between 2000 and 2004 deliberations on payments to land managers. Figure 3 shows the number of indicator sets, to include those which metabolism methods, which have changes within individual land parcels recognise the cross-scale and cross- significant potential to improve the between 2000 and 2004, based on the sectoral flows of materials and money, characterisation of social-ecological IACS data for Scotland as part of a and that take into account outcomes systems, identify issues, evaluate test of resilience by studying trends in in terms of resource distributions and alternative future scenarios and support sustainability of Scotland’s farming equity. Methods are being developed ongoing adaptive management. These systems. and applied which take a systemic are being tested in the RERAD research approach to sustainability assessment, on Sustainable Farming Systems, and In a broader context of decision- deriving system characterisations within an EC FP7 project on ‘Synergies making for sustainable land manage- that are comparable between both the in Multiscale Inter-Linkages of Eco- ment, there is a requirement for tools intensity and extent of resource use. Social Systems’ (SMILE, tse.fi/EN/ which go beyond the use of ad hoc One approach is in the use of social- research/units/Pages/smile.aspx).

41 Changing Landscapes

The involvement of stakeholders in the With the University of Aberdeen, tools Related research incorporates economic process of research is a central tenet of are being developed for social instruments, such as taxes (‘sticks’) the work. The work is at the interface simulations which take advantage or incentives (‘carrots’) aimed at of science policy and science practice. of semantic grid technology. These reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emis- A new initiative seeks to elicit mental tools will enable large-scale social sions and the impact that this may have models of sustainability using quali- simulation experiments, involving on farmer livelihoods (Matthews and tative and visual methods. Different tens of thousands of model runs, Bakam, 2007). This will then consider conceptualisations act as a barrier to with metadata support backed up by the challenge of implementing such communication and limit effective automated reasoning. The ontologies schemes and issues such as transaction cooperation between researchers, stake- used by these tools integrate provenance costs and the aggregate behaviour holders and policy makers. This is an of social simulation with more of land managers (see also Local element of the applied systems research traditional qualitative and quantitative Responses to Climate Change page 40). which is focusing on the pre-analytical methodologies in social science to The agent-based modelling technol- phase, with particular attention paid explicitly represent evidence bases for ogy, therefore, offers a valuable set of to agreeing the issues and scope of policy-making. tools for exploring future land uses analysis, a frequently neglected and (Matthews et al., 2007). vital part of sustainability science.

Social simulation of land use and change Investigations of the complex dynamics of land-use change under stylised scenarios have considered the interplay of heuristic decision-making approaches and their impact on the landscape (Gotts & Polhill, 2009) (Figure 4). These have used cutting- edge agent-based modelling technology to simulate land-use change (Polhill et al., 2008), coupled with a species meta- community model, to analyse the effects of different government-funded land manager incentive schemes on biodiversity. The research has been undertaken in collaboration with a number of partners to take advantage of developments in qualitative methodology and computing science. As part of the EU CAVES project, a qualitative methodology has been developed for testing assumptions in model enhance- ments (Polhill et al., 2010).

Figure 4 Scenarios of alternative outcomes of decision-making in a hypothetical landscape

42 Changing Landscapes

Landscape values, experiences and Software tools have been developed to especially visual, non-visual and preferences embed perspective view(s) of a land- mobile aspects – has demanded an Current land use and scenarios of scape into land-cover maps, enabling innovative methodological approach. change, however derived, can be the visual impact of landscape changes In support of this, new techniques of evaluated in terms of their capacity for to be measured in a manner more akin mobile and visual ethnography have multiple land functions or ecosystem to human experience (Sang et al., 2008). been developed, specifically the ‘ride- services (e.g. in a project develop- This has also led to the development of along’ and headcam video. Different ing a Model Ecosystem Framework). new theories of landscape perception ways of combining them with Amongst these services are those which that relate to the topology of the view, established qualitative techniques (e.g. are related to the visual landscape, now being tested according to a frame- semi-structured interviews, participant including aesthetics and perceptions work which draws on the expertise of observation) have been tested for of function, requiring the development environmental psychology and land- collecting and analysing visual, aural of scenarios of future land use to be scape architecture, in collaboration with and observational data. The results expressed in three dimensions. the Swedish University of Agricultural illustrate the importance of movement Sciences (Ode, Hagerhall & Sang, 2010). through the landscape in relation to The visual quality of the landscape is an people’s experience. important factor in Scotland’s economy, The definition of landscape to which as well as the social and physical well- this science area follows recognises that To understand better the most being of its population. Such qualities values, experiences and preferences important criteria of stakeholder can be local in nature; that is, the visual for current, and future, landscapes perspectives and major factors quality of an area is not a simple product are wider than how people react to influencing public attitudes to features of the overall land-cover distribution, changes in the view. How do different in the landscape, a Q-method was but the net impression of its appearance individuals and groups value land- developed, specifically on the place of from many individual locations as scapes? How do such values relate to woodlands and other nature landscape one’s perspective changes Ode & their socio-economic and cultural components in rural landscapes. The Miller (in press). Each perspective background and the specific practices results suggest that people recognise can provide a view onto a small sub- through which they experience land- the necessity of improving landscapes set of land-cover types, and provides a scapes? A study of a range of walkers and conserving biodiversity, in the specific juxtaposition of these. For and mountain bikers has shown that context of a multi-functional future example, forested hillsides with grazed particular mobilities, or ways of moving for the countryside (Nijnik & Mather, valley floors could appear to be blanket through landscapes, affect the ways 2008). The results of current research, forest from some viewing angles. The in which those (and other) landscapes addressing stakeholder evaluation of development and testing of a frame- are valued. Modes of movement involve the status and prospects for biodiversity work for visual landscapes (the Visu- various aspects of identity, social conservation in managed woodlands, Lands Framework, developed in the EU dynamics, and sensory and emotional indicate that occupation, education and VisuLands project) has shown how experience. Being a pedestrian, a cyclist, work experience influence stakeholder people’s preferences are influenced by or a pedestrian with a pram or a dog attitudes and perceptions. They also indicators of elements of landscape all result in a change in the experience recognise the scope for associated new character, such as visual diversity of landscapes and in turn the values employment opportunities, including and perceived naturalness (Ode et al., attached to them (Brown et al., 2008). consequences for tourism and 2009). However, as the viewing posi- This underlines the limitations of recreation. tion changes, actual landscape change carrying out landscape evaluations and apparent landscape change can be from a generalised and static position. A complementary approach to analyse significantly different, a fact which is which ecological-economic values difficult to monitor with existing map- Capturing the multi-faceted nature people place across inanimate natural based indicators. of landscape experiences and values – components of landscapes is the CV

43 Changing Landscapes

Method (contingent valuation tech- Mapping, monitoring and spatial assessments of the extent of different nique of “willingness to pay”). The planning types of land cover to be derived. In results (tested in the Ukraine) provide To enable the relationship of measured particular, the tools used have included evidence that the value of landscapes or modelled change with respect to neural networks for the classification of (including monetary terms) is influ- potential impacts on future land- land cover, with interpretation of the enced by the presence of rocks, water- scapes to be determined, assessments associated reporting of uncertainty of falls, mountains and lakes, features of biophysical and social resources are classification success (Aitkenhead & associated with contributing to a sense undertaken to provide baseline spatial Aalders, 2008). Similar tools have been of place, and that these natural land- data at a range of geographic scales. In deployed for the monitoring of gross scape components are considered rural areas, exploiting remotely-sensed change, such as that due to the Tsunami important by people (Nijnik et al., data sources such as SPOT5, ETM+ and in south-east Asia in 2006 (Aitkenhead 2008). These results show comparability high resolution aerial imagery enables et al., 2007). between public and stakeholder preferences, and demonstrate a consensus Open Space Accessibility: Distance from Dwellings to Parks & Gardens, Playspaces, Playing Fields, Golf among stakeholder groups on the Courses, Green Corridors, Semi-natural Greenspaces, N necessity of proper integration of Amenity Greenspaces > 0.1Ha woodlands with other land uses in rural Leith Walk & Leith landscapes in Scotland. (NPA 12) Figure 8

The importance of woodland has also been identified with respect to public preferences for urban greenspaces. In a study which used visualisation techniques to communicate different scenarios of the composition of urban greenspace, the results showed significant relationships between preference and factors such as access, the spatial arrangement of vegetation cover and the presence of people (Laing et al., 2009). The mapping of access to different types of greenspaces, with respect to demographic characteristics of the population, can then be used as an input to planning urban land use and the adequacy of the type and quality of provision of greenspaces (Figure 5).

Distance to Open Spaces This work is being combined with that on visual ethnography for the 0 – 150m 150 – 300m investigation of the contribution of 300 – 450m greenspace to human health and well- 450 – 600m being within a Scottish Government 600m – 900m > 900m funded study, GreenHealth. Open Spaces

Figure 5 Accessibility of greenspaces in Edinburgh

44 Changing Landscapes

In collaboration with BioSS, new tools, values and reported with respect to the teristics of landscapes can then be used such as ‘R’, are linked to spatial data national Landscape Character Assess- to support a discourse about future use for the exploration of estimates of ment. Figure 6 shows the distribution of Scotland’s land. classification accuracy and statistical of different types of woodland cover in models used to explore alternative Scotland and proportions of broadleaf Managing future landscapes for classification schemes (e.g. Poggio & and coniferous woodland with respect multiple demands Soille, 2009). These tools enable the to landscape character units. A key element of the European Land- maintenance of core datasets at the level scape Convention, which reflects the of the region or case-study area. Their Such datasets are inputs to the planning aspirations of the Rio Summit and is ongoing exploitation progressively of prospective land use at a national now embedded in public policies in provides coverage of substantial areas level, such as for renewable energy, Scotland (e.g. PAN 85 on Community of Scotland. using rule-based assessments, devel- Engagement in Planning), is the engage- oped in association with stakeholders ment of all parts of society in the process Geographic databases provide inputs to such as local authorities (e.g. Figure 7 of planning. Research in this topic has the analysis of changes in the elements overleaf). been carried out in close collaboration of the character of the landscape in with public bodies, including the two Scotland, with features identified The mapping and interpretation of Scottish National Parks. It comprises a from the research into preferences and land resources with respect to charac- number of different strands that

N N

Ratio of Coniferous to Broadleaved 0 0.01 –10 10.01 – 25 Percentage 25.01 – 50 on unit 50.01 – 100 0 100.01 – 500 0.01 – 5 500.01 – 1000 5.01 – 10 1000.01 – 2500 10.01 – 25 2500.01 – 5000 25.01 – 50 5000.01 – 7500 50.01 – 75 Coniferous only 75.01 – 100 Broadleaved only

Figure 6 Distribution of woodland in Scotland with respect to landscape character units

45 Changing Landscapes

together consider how best to manage our landscapes in ways that adapt to change and take account of multiple demands. In particular, the work has focused on how adaptive management and planning is practiced.

One piece of research is looking at how the Cairngorms National Park Plan was developed and is being implemented, with particular focus on the process of engaging diverse stakeholders. Findings suggest there is a hierarchy regarding which types of stakeholders are involved, these are difficulties in remaining both nationally and locally relevant, these are difficulties in enabling actions that balance environmental protection with economic and social development and different opinions about the role and governance of National Parks. This work uses the same methodology as work on River Basin Management Planning (see page 20 on Managing Water Resources), and their findings combine to support the literature on barriers to integrated spatial planning. Complementary work has looked at the role of indicators, especially for sustainable tourism, in N supporting an adaptive management cycle.

Work by McCrum et al., (2009) has illustrated the importance of the ‘neglected step’ in indicator selection Figure 7 Classification of the potential for wind energy across Scotland and development, whereby the values underlying choices are made transparent and discussed. This indicator application of sustainability appraisal work has also highlighted the tools in the Cairngorms National Park, importance of putting tourism in the within the EC-funded SMILE project. wider rural context, something being These research activities require explored further in research looking collaboration with key stakeholders at the agri-tourism providers and con- and their organisations, and in so do- sumers across Scotland (Flanigan et al., ing are delivering improved policy and submitted). The planning and indicator implementation. research supports work on the

46 Changing Landscapes

Figure 8 An audience discussing options for future land uses in the Virtual Landscape Theatre in Killin, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park

In the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs shows an audience discussing options bodies through the good practice work- National Park, a new five-year develop- for future land uses in the Virtual shop series run by Scottish Natural ment plan is under preparation. Landscape Theatre. Heritage and the Scottish Government. In collaboration with the schools (Figure 9 overleaf). within and in the vicinity of the Park, Issues raised included perceived and the Park Authority, a programme inconsistencies in public policy (e.g. of events was specifically designed to forestry production and biodiversity obtain the views of young people in objectives), conflicts between new and around the Park. the Virtual Land- development and landscape character, scape Theatre (macaulay.ac.uk/land- and between tourism services and scapes) was used as a forum in which community needs. to elicit the aspirations and concerns of audiences, drawn from geogra- As part of a programme of knowledge phy classes, to future options for land exchange, dissemination events were use, using computerised 3D models of held to communicate feedback on the the landscapes around the Park (Ball protocols, tools and application to et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2009), and stakeholders with a remit to facilitate electronic voting facilities used for planning (e.g. Planning Aid Scotland), recording audience responses. Figure 8 commercial companies and public

47 Changing Landscapes

Figure 9 Feedback to Scottish Government on results and utility of tools for public participation using the Virtual Landscape Theatre

Future directions and challenges

To support societal responses to meet- To undertake the research in the broad ing the challenges of global change, area of sustainability science, a final whether progressive changes in adapt- challenge for the coming few years is ing and mitigating to a changing to maintain effective interdisciplinary climate, or changing economic circum- research teams and stakeholder stances (e.g. the 2008/09 finance crisis), engagement which are able to work an increasing emphasis is placed on constructively through a number of involving stakeholders from different evolving research cycles. domains to participate in the research, and develop the level of co-learning within the research. Scientific challenges include the linking of drivers of change to process and function, and gain- ing a better understanding of issues of scale and uncertainty in relation to both its propagation through steps in the analysis, and its communication to different target audiences.

48 Changing Landscapes

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Aspinall, R.J., Barnes, A., social simulation models of land use GIS, Bayesian and evolutionary (2009). Blackstock, K.L., Buchan, K., change. Journal of Artificial Societies algorithm methods. Journal of Narrative scenarios, mediating Hawes, C., McCrum, G., and Social Simulation, vol. 11, no. 2. Environmental Management, vol. 90, formalisms, and the agent-based McKenzie, B., Matthews, K., pp. 236–250. simulation of land use change. Miller, Dave., Renwick, A., POLHILL, J.G., SUTHERLAND, L.A. In Squazzoni, F. (ed.) Epistemo- Smith, M., Squire, G. & Toma, L. & GOTTS, N.M. (in press). AITKENHEAD, M.J., LUMSDON, P. logical Aspects of Computer (2009). Using qualitative evidence to & MILLER, D.R. (2007). Simulation in the Social Sciences. Changing land use in rural Scotland: enhance an agent-based model- Remote sensing-based neural net- Second International Workshop, Drivers and decision-making. ling system for studying land use work mapping of tsunami damage EPOS 2006, Brescia, Italy, October Rural Land Use Study 1. Scottish change. Journal of Artificial Societies in Aceh, Indonesia. Disasters, vol. 31, 5–6, 2006. Revised Selected and Government Social Research. and Social Simulation, 13(2), 10. pp. 217–226. Invited Papers. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 5466. Berlin: MILLER, D.R., VOGT, N., POGGIO, L. & SOILLE, P. (2009). ASPINALL, R.J. (2009). Springer. pp. 99–116. BRONDIZIO, E., NIJNIK, M. Land cover detection with Global Land Project: Major scientific & FIORINI, S. (2009). unsupervised clustering and hierar- questions for coupled modeling of LAING, R., DAVIES, A.M., MILLER, D., Integrating analytical and chical partitioning. International land systems. 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Environment and Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 149–159. Planning B, vol. 35, pp. 504–520. NIJNIK, M. & MATHER, A. (2008). BROWN, K.M., DILLEY, R. & MATTHEWS, R.B. & BAKAM, I. (2007). Analysing public preferences for Slee, B., Bergman, H., MARSHALL, K. (2008). A combined agent-based and woodland integration with other Brown, I., Huband, S., Using a head-mounted video biophysical modelling approach to land uses in rural landscapes in McCracken, D., Renwick, A., camera to understand social worlds address GHG mitigation policy issues. Scotland. Landscape and Urban Sutherland, L.A., Thomson, S. and experiences. Sociological In: Proceedings of MODSIM 2007 Planning, vol. 86, pp. 267–275. & Reed, M. (2009). Research Online, vol. 13, no. 6. International Congress on Model- Rural Land Use Study Project 2: ling and Simulation (eds D. Kulasiri ODE, Å., FRY, G., TVEIT, M., Realising the potential contribu- CLARK, W. (2007). & L. Oxley), Modelling and MESSAGER, P. & MILLER, D. (2009). tions of Scotland’s rural land to Sustainability Science: A room of Simulation Society of Australia Indicators of perceived naturalness delivering sustainable economic its own. Proceedings of the National and New Zealand, Christchurch, as drivers of landscape preference. growth. Technical Report No.9. Academy of Sciences of the United New Zealand, 10–13 December Journal of Environmental Scottish Government Social Research. States of America, vol. 104, no. 6, 2007. Management, vol. 90, pp. 375–383. pp. 1737–1738.

49 Society and Countryside Bill Slee

Our focus on Society and Countryside requires physical and social scientists to work together to develop tools and methods that have broad applications across a wide range of research activities and that help to link science addressing human impacts and policy-making with environmental systems. This will help to provide objective information both for land management and for policy that meets sustainable development objectives while balancing benefits for society, economy and environment.

The aims of our research are to: l Understand economic, social, and environmental interactions and how these interactions influence, and are influenced by environmental change l Promote healthy and vibrant societies and environments

Contributing Authors: Inge Aalders, Koen Arts, Bedru Balana, Kirsty Blackstock, Iain Brown, Katrina Brown, Kevin Buchan, Tony Craig, Rachel Dilley, Jill Dunglinson, Diana Feliciano, Stefano Fiorini, Anke Fischer, Alana Gilbert, Klaus Glenk, Sally Huband, Justin Irvine, Gillian McCrum, Keith Marshall, Keith Matthews, David Miller, Maria Nijnik, Guillaume Pajot, Sharon Phillip, Sebastian Selge, Heather Smith, Lee-Ann Sutherland, Mike Rivington, Willie Towers, Kevin Urama, Julie Urquhart, Andy Vinten, Kerry Waylen and Yan Xu. 50 Society and Countryside

Context and Rationale

Our approach to researching inter- approaches are used to achieve this, Collaboration with stakeholders actions between society and country- particularly with regard to how people routinely underpins our work and side is rooted in different branches of and groups perceive and interact both reflects the strong emphasis that we social, economic, and environmental with each other and with the natural place on knowledge exchange. Our science, and in developing inter- resource base of rural areas. We seek research involves active collaboration disciplinary projects and programmes to understand the decision-making with the Scottish Government, nation- that explore society and countryside as processes of rural households in the al parks, local councils and a range of coupled human and natural systems. use and management of the environ- institutions and individuals from all ment and natural resources, the sectors to create a knowledge-informed Our goal is to understand the complex functioning of the rural economy, response to contemporary land use and multiple changes in rural societies, the inter-relationships of urban-rural challenges. economies and environments. A areas, and the dynamics within rural range of qualitative and quantitative areas themselves.

Figure 1 Multi-functional land use 51 Society and Countryside

ScientificActivities of climate change through reduced content and change development using emissions or renewable energy pro- Q-methodology and contingent valu- The centrality of rural land use in our duction, address questions of food and ation methods to complement the work fuel security, and stimulate economic method of aggregated ecological Socio-economic dimensions of rural growth in rural landscapes that support indexes (MAEI). The results demon- land use management are assuming an vibrant communities (Slee et al., 2009). strate that landscape scale, and increasingly prominent place in policy The extent to which multiple goods land cover interactions with society discourse because of growing concerns and services can be provided through provide a base for land use develop- about the impacts of climate change, complementary and synergistic ment. potential food scarcity and a need to land use systems comprise a major develop renewable energy systems. research project funded by the Scottish A great deal of work on forestry and Government with participation from multifunctionality is also under- We have been working with SAC and SAC and the University of Aberdeen. taken at an international level, with others to develop a better understand- collaboration with Canadian, Dutch, ing of land management decision Multifunctionality, post- Ukrainian, Austrian, German, Finnish making across rural Scotland productivism – or both? and Portuguese teams. This inter- (Miller et al., 2009). Whilst a wealth There has been an extensive debate national research includes studies of of typologies exist to explain the about the key characteristics of the innovation systems in the forest sector, motivations and behaviours of farm- contemporary multifunctional coun- particularly those associated with non- ers, there is little to no informa- tryside and the extent to which ‘post- wood products (Rametsteiner et al., tion about the similarities and dif- productivism’ is a defining feature. 2009). ferences across different land uses. Increasingly the idea of multifunc- This ignores the fact that increas- tionality is being developed using the We are also investigating the mean- ingly, rural land is multi-function- concept of ecosystem services and we ings farmers and crofters attach to al (Figure 1, page 51). Additionally, have been working on this topic in their livelihoods in farming and croft- the complex ownership and manage- relation to sustainable forest manage- ing and to specific land and livestock ment arrangements for rural land do ment and ecosystem services in both management practices (Figure 2). This not fall neatly into different sectors, the Ukraine and Scotland (Nijnik & research shows clear contrasts with but comprise multiple holdings and Mather, 2008). Multifunctionality is the meanings attached to land man- enterprises that combine agriculture, also central to the sustainable management activities that are directed forestry, access and land-based gement of native forests in Scotland. towards biodiversity conservation. tourism, renewable energy and nature The extent to which the public goods Previous work has hypothesised that conservation. Our expertise in mixed associated with multifunctional for- farmers can accrue cultural capital, methods and our interest in under- estry can be and are supplied by private measured as social standing amongst standing institutions and individual woodland owners is also the subject of their peers and a sense of pride behaviour allow us to explore these research. and self-esteem, from conventional complexities and add to the existing productivist farming activities. Activi- knowledge base and understanding Research funded by the Scottish ties directed at biodiversity conserva- of Government, agencies, groups and Government is exploring the develop- tion may not generate cultural capital individuals. ment of a decision support tool to if they are at odds with the meanings integrate ecological, socio-economic attached to conventional farming There is a growing demand to under- and aesthetic aspects of woodland practices. Our research is testing these stand better the contemporary pressures development in rural landscapes, and conclusions by interviewing farmers on rural land, not least with respect develop knowledge of non-market and crofters that work high nature to whether Scottish rural land use is evaluation of nature components of value farm and croft land, using semi- well-placed to respond to demands landscapes. This has involved quan- structured interviews to survey for adaptations that reduce impacts tifying public attitudes to landscape farmers’ and crofters’ beliefs and

52 Society and Countryside

own participatory video project. Members of the Cairngorm Local Out- door Access Forum are working with the Access and Recreation section of the Cairngorms National Park Authority to produce a short film that shows how contentious issues are viewed, debated and resolved. This project hands responsibility for the context and the content of the material produced to the participants.

Stakeholders, governance and new institution building There are many examples of institution building in Scotland, some arising from the devolution settlement, some from European policy changes. Amongst these, the distinctive Scottish National Parks and groups that develop river basin management planning provide Figure 2 Livestock management two interesting examples that indicate attitudes related to the nature value of Property rights and access in rural the importance of institutions in their holding and length of engagement Scotland management and development of in biodiversity conservation. The outcomes of the very significant sustainable landscapes, communities, reforms of access laws in the Land and environments. To complement our work on forestry Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 consti- and agriculture, we are conducting tute a significant research topic for As new institutions emerge, they research to improve understanding of understanding changed relationships not only need to establish their own agri-tourism through examinations between society and Scotland’s country- credentials with stakeholders but of tourist and provider perspectives side. One strand of research has also integrate with other overlapping in Scotland (Blackstock et al., 2008; focused on how people react to the and established institutions. We are Phillip et al., 2009; McCrum et al., new access legislation on the ground. researching how and why the stated 2009). An early outcome from this Methods based on using head-cameras desire to move towards a more research has been the development of a to record landscape use are providing systemic, collaborative and adaptive conceptual typology for defining agri- invaluable insights into how people use mode of planning and governance in tourism. Empirical research is now and understand the landscape during integrated water resource manage- underway to determine stakeholder recreational activities (Brown et al., ment and spatial planning is currently perceptions, motivations and expecta- 2009). We have also worked with the frustrated. Given the emphasis on tions associated with agri-tourism. Our Countryside and Community Research joined up management within the research on tourism in rural landscapes Institute in Gloucestershire to under- River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) is also investigating the neglected step take a Scottish Natural Heritage- the Scottish Planning Act (2006) and of understanding the implicit determi- funded review of access trends in current policy, it is timely to explore nants, helping to shape the development Scotland (Curry & Brown, 2010). the relationship between RBMP and and use of indicators in tourism. the new structure plans in Scotland Knowledge Exchange work has (Blackstock, 2009). facilitated stakeholders running their

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The distinctive objectives of Scotland’s peoples’ ways of arguing for certain downturn, there are compelling National Parks and close working management options are by no means reasons for developing a better under- arrangements between the Macaulay arbitrary, and structurally are very standing of the impacts of policy and Land Use Research Institute and the similar to those of experts. This sug- price shocks in the rural economy. Cairngorms National Park Authority gests a clear opportunity for greater make the Cairngorms area a major collaboration between the public and Because so much of Scotland’s rural research platform (Figure 3). We have policy-makers (Lienhop & Fisher, 2009; land is agriculturally less favoured it developed research on stakeholder White et al., 2009). is unsurprising that some of the major interactions with the implementation policy debates surround hill and upland of the Cairngorms National Park plan. To investigate social representations of areas. Our research is exploring what biodiversity and attitudes towards its may happen to the Scottish rural econ- management, we have a set of studies omy if different forms of flattening of focusing on local biodiversity issues, European farm payments are imple- including: mented. This has potentially profound l Management of species seen locally implications for the hill and upland as problematic areas. This work was an element of l Changes in species populations the Institute’s participation in the Figure 3 Entrance to the Cairngorms National l Habitat management, e.g. grouse Royal Society of Edinburgh’s inquiry Park moors and woodland restoration into the Future of the Hills and Islands. The research draws on a combination l Management of protected areas We have also contributed to consulta- of data sources and methods to provide such as the Cairngorms National tions relating to the future of hill farm multiple perspectives on planning Park support schemes in Scotland and at EU and management of the Park and the level. development and implementation of Some of these studies were part of the the Park plan. EU FP6 funded ALTER-Net Network Crofting has also been a headline of Excellence, which included Scottish issue recently with the Shucksmith Research continues on integrated and other European study sites. A focus Commission of Inquiry reporting in catchment management, particularly in of our work has been on social repre- 2008. The Institute was commissioned the River Dee catchment and the Lunan sentations of and attitudes towards the to investigate relationships between Water, as well as in other catchments. management of non-native species. crofting and population retention Internationally, we have recently (Figure 4). Our key findings were that completed an EU funded project on Closely related to this we have also ex- the research hypothesis, that crofting integrated catchment management in plored the social dynamics of conflicts tenure has impeded population reten- east Africa. over species management, specifically tion, was not supported, and that the hen harrier and red grouse. We are also proportion of crofts in a parish does not Attitudes to nature, biodiversity and exploring the role that ideas of wilder- appear to have a statistically significant natural events ness play in modern conservation impact on change in parish population. Public attitudes to biodiversity man- policies, and the factors influencing Thus there appears to be no signifi- agement have often been dismissed co-operation in conservation activities cant quantitative impact of crofting on as uninformed, volatile and ‘ad-hoc’, in developing countries (Marshall et al., population change, either positively or and thus not worthy of serious consid- 2007). negatively. eration in the policy process. We have explored the rich conceptual contexts Policy reform the rural economy and Well-being and social inclusion in which ideas of biodiversity and, rural livelihoods Addressing social exclusion is a key ultimately, public attitudes towards Given the major upheavals in the aim of government policy and there is biodiversity management are embed- global economy with raw material price a strong emphasis on participation in ded. Our research suggests that lay- shocks followed by global economic the labour market as the key to social

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Climate change, alternative energy and rural development Regional climate models provide an overview of possible climatic conditions for different forecasts of Global Climate Change. These models are of a relatively coarse resolution and are not informative at local scales and for individual land managers. We have developed methods for down-scaling the outputs from regional climate models so that they can be used to support local case studies and stakeholder workshops on adaptation. Our work has shown that using data from climate models without downscaling can lead to erroneous conclusions Figure 4 The drift from the land on the nature of the challenges that inclusion. Modelling labour market after controlling for individual land managers are facing. Significant participation in order to better under- characteristics such as education and progress has also been made in stand what has an effect on participation employment, living in a remote rural or defining and presenting agro-meteoro- is an important step towards form- an accessible rural area increased the logical metrics to communicate climate ing policies that address increasing likelihood of reporting a higher self- change consequences to land managers. participation in the labour market assessed health status. effectively (Scott et al., 2007). We have Research at the Institute has also The land use sector in Scotland is a explored labour market participation contributed to understanding of the relatively large emitter of greenhouse in remote rural areas and urban areas well-being of rural communities. We gases, both from soils and from the to identify whether remote rural labour carried out an empirical application of livestock systems that predominate markets had a different effect on - par the recently published measurement over large parts of the country. This ticipation than urban labour markets. framework A Wellbeing Framework sector, however, also has the potential Our work has shown that, after control- for Scotland (Forward Scotland, 2008). to mitigate climate change through ling for individual characteristics such Indicators of well-being (and appro- the adoption of certain land uses and as age and education, living in a remote priate proxies) were applied to the Loch measures that promote certain land rural area increases the chance of being Lomond & Trossachs National Park and management practices. The overall aim in work compared to living in an urban discussed with groups of local residents is to enhance the carbon sequestra- area for both males and females. to examine perceived effectiveness tion potential in our soils. Soil carbon of the indicators in representing sequestration has been the subject for a There is a perception that health tends both community well-being and Scotland-wide survey among members to be better in rural than urban areas. drivers of change in well-being. of the public. In the survey, we also However, those living in rural areas Particular attention was given to the introduced ideas that such measures face a number of disadvantages relative capacity for assessing change and may have biodiversity benefits, but to their urban counterparts which drivers of change experienced by rural could decrease employment oppor- may have an adverse effect on health. communities related to three funda- tunities. Early results provide useful We have looked at health in rural mental areas of Scotland’s rural life information on the public perception of and urban areas to see if there is a and well-being: agriculture, cultural this issue. health premium attached to living identity, and the natural environment in either area. The results show that, and sustainable use of resources.

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We are examining ways in which carbon offset schemes. These all may case study areas across Europe, includ- policy to address climate change offers improve the cost-effectiveness of land- ing in the Cairngorms National Park. new opportunities for rural develop- use based strategies. ment with the emphasis on renewable The assessment and management of energy and land use-based mitigation The particular role of forestry in climate positive and negative externalities from strategies. Renewable energy could be change mitigation in the UK was land use systems remains a continuing a new economic activity in rural parts explored in our contribution to the challenge. Blackstock et al, (2009) have of Scotland. Waterpower, wood energy, Read report (Nijnik et al., 2009). explored the particular challenges of wind and other systems (e.g. anaerobic behaviour changes to reduce diffuse digestion) offer new energy sources An alternative perspective based on pollution and Balana et al, (2010) have that can replace or supplement other environmental psychology is also being taken an economic perspective on the sources. We have evaluated strategies applied to the imperative to move to particular challenges caused by diffuse that link energy demand at local scales a low carbon rural economy. We are pollution. There remains a major (e.g. for small, remote communities or investigating the individual and challenge in accurately measuring these schools) with new local energy sources. collective behaviour of rural commu- environmental goods and ‘bads’ and This would re-localise energy genera- nities and the extent to which people this has been addressed by Barkmann tion through taking advantage of local are: i) aware of climate change, and et al, (2009) and in work by Spash et al, energy generation capacity. In addition ii) willing to engage in action to miti- (2009). to climate change mitigation, this gate climate change. This work gives an strategy should generate additional im- important understanding of how values We are also drawing on ideas from the pacts including: heritage conservation are shaped and how people are prepared Resilience Alliance to explore both how (for example, the use of old watermills to act, this insight having a vital role in land use systems evolve over time and has significant potential for energy informing interventions. why apparently stable systems suffer generation), diversification of incomes surprising, catastrophic and irreversible for farmers, new job opportunities, Environmental stewardship and land changes. Our analysis uses spatial and a reduction of the reliance on fossil management databases of land ownership, use and fuels. A strong case can be made that research management to assess the resilience of that underpins decisions on sustain- Scotland’s farming systems by looking We are examining the use of different ability should go beyond the use of ad at changes in patterns of rotations, the policy mechanisms to explore the hoc indicator sets and develop methods number and size of businesses, and the scope for climate change mitigation, in that recognise both the cross-scale diversity of enterprises. The databases response to the Kyoto Protcol and in and cross-sectoral flows of materials and GIS maps we maintain and man- relation to carbon taxes and cap-and- and money, and that take into age also support a wide range of policy trade (Xu, 2009; Nijnik & Bizikova account outcomes in terms of resource relevant assessments, particularly of 2008). distributions and equity. As part of the alternative options for CAP and related EU Framework 7 programme SMILE payments (Figure 5). A second component of this research project, we are developing and applying addresses land-based climate change methods that take a systemic We continue to develop capacity to mitigation strategies (Pajot, 2008). approach to sustainability assessment undertake case-study based analysis of Farming is a significant contributor to using social metabolism methods. trade-offs between multiple objectives greenhouse gas emissions in Scotland This approach has potential to markedly in farm-scale integrated assessment and options to reduce emissions have improve the characterisation of social- studies. This uses the Land Allocation been assessed from an economic ecological systems, identify issues, Decision Support System (LADSS) perspective. Cooperative solutions to evaluate alterative future scenarios as the basis for integrated assessment reduce the costs of mitigation have also and support ongoing adaptive manage- processes. LADSS is a spatial farm- been considered, as has the possible ment at practical and local scales. The scale systems model with components role of carbon trading mechanisms and work is being carried out in exemplar that represent cropping systems, live-

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Key findings released in a comprehensive programme of research into rural land use in Scotland include:

l Scotland’s rural land delivers a huge range of benefits including income and employment, strong and resilient communities, food, fuel and energy, and carbon sequestration

l The specific pressures likely Figure 5 Arable farmland to face Scotland in the short stock systems, resources scheduling, that results from interactions with and longer-term, including the resources budgeting and material/ their peers. In combination with other key importance of climate change financial accounting. LADSS was modules of the collaborative project l previously applied in assessment of this work will contribute to the identi- The parts of Scotland in which options for support of organic agricul- fication of possible growth trajectories those pressures are most likely ture within EU FP6 project AgriGRID. for organic agriculture in England. to occur, with intermediate quality land under most pressure Work funded by RELU with colleagues In a RELU-funded project we are from competing demands at the Universities of Leeds, Cranfield, analysing the development of effective, l Sussex, Cambridge and Manchester informed, inclusive, collaborative Examples of how land managers brings together disciplinary perspec- and sustainable management of wild are successfully dealing with tives from sociology, economics, deer using a multi-scalar case study these competing demands geography, ecology and soil science to approach. This allows analysis of the l address the impact of organic farming complexity of responses to changes in The increasing involvement of on the ecological, hydrological, socio- the ecological and socio-political land- communities in rural land use economic and cultural characteristics scapes of British countryside. decisions of their localities and regions. The study seeks to identify the causes of Food and rural development l Information, training and different degrees of spatial concentra- The food system in Scotland has been skills development is crucial to tion in organic farming found across under close scrutiny in recent years, ensuring that rural Scotland is Britain. We have assessed matched not least because of the association equipped to meet fresh pairs of farms situated in landscapes of between food and health. We have challenges high, medium- and low-density organic been exploring the discourses evident farming. The Institute’s research in in the recent Scottish Government the SCALE project addresses the food consultation. Food production development have been completed development of organic subcultures: remains highly important to rural and the Institute was represented as a the socio-cultural dynamics of organic economies through both farming and member of a Scottish Government farming in areas of high and low food processing. Recent volatilities committee chaired by Professor Annie organic farming density. The neigh- in world food markets have turned Anderson exploring the scope for bourhood effect is of specific interest – attention to food security issues. Two developing, with the food industry, a the shifting cultural perceptions of European-funded projects looking means of driving forward healthier and organic farming by farmers themselves at sustainable food chains and rural more sustainable food choices. 57 Society and Countryside

Rural Land Summit logical developments, or diversification Future Direction and Staff from the Institute presented into renewable energy. Inequality of the Challenges key findings from a comprehensive availability of information is a potential programme of research into rural concern, and constraint on the uptake The wide range of research and knowl- land use in Scotland to over 150 of new opportunities, and pressures on edge transfer activities reflect our delegates and stakeholders, including land use. central concern with the many people Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs who depend on Scotland’s rural land for Richard Lochhead, at Scotland’s Rural land has a pivotal role in gener- their livelihood and wellbeing, includ- first ever Land Use Summit held in ating well-being for people in Scotland ing urban based residents who visit the Inverness on 9th November 2009. The and more widely. This is because land countryside, as well as the land manage- links between different types of land has many values: as a provider of food, ment community. Nurturing sustain- use and their competing demands were fibre and energy and its vital role in able land management activities as well discussed at the summit, highlighting important supporting, regulating and as ensuring the efficiacy of institutions the wide range of economic, social cultural ecosystem services. and policies to support the delivery of and environmental benefits which multiple ecosystem services is likely to Scotland’s rural land delivers. Because so many of the values of rural be of pivotal importance in meeting the land are not captured effectively by major global challenges of climate In partnership with several other markets, getting the right balance in change and achieving food and energy research organisations, the Institute land use is a challenging task. By better security in the years ahead. led two of the three research projects: understanding the causes of land use Project 1: Changing land use in rural conflict and by learning from good Scotland – drivers and decision making examples of complementarities in and Project 2: Realising the potential practice, the Rural Land Use Study contributions of Scotland’s rural land provides the evidence-based founda- to delivering sustainable economic tions on which a stronger Scottish land growth which comprised the Rural use strategy can be built. Land Use Study, originally launched at the Institute on 26 September 2008. Findings from the Study will help These projects focused on the drivers inform a wide range of policies, in and decision-making processes for particular the Land Use Strategy, where land use and change in Scotland, and Scotland is leading the way. the potential contributions of rural land to the Scottish Government’s overarching purpose of delivering sustainable economic growth.

Our research revealed the increasing role that local communities have in decisions relating to land use. This is through their direct management of land, and the increased consideration given to local communities by both public and private land managers. Of particular importance is the increased professionalism required by land managers to inform their choices about financial support mechanisms, techno-

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References CURRY, N., & BROWN, K.M. (2010). NIJNIK, M., & BIZIKOVA, L. (2008). RAMETSTEINER, E., WEISS, G., Differentiating outdoor recreation: Responding to the Kyoto Protocol OLLONQVIST, P., SLEE, B. (eds.) BALANA, B., LAGO, M., VINTEN, A., evidence drawn from national through forestry: a comparison of (2009) SLEE, B., BAGGALEY, N., surveys in Scotland. Journal of opportunities for several countries Policy integration and coordination: CASTELLAZZI, M., GUILLEM, E., Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure in Europe. Forest Policy and the case of innovation and the forest FUTTER, M., & STUTTER, M. (2010). and Events, vol. 2, pp. 29–50. Economics, vol. 10, pp. 257–269. sector in Europe. Publications Office Cost-effective analysis of land of the European Union, management options for LIENHOOP, N., & FISCHER, A. (2009). NIJNIK, M., & MATHER, A. (2008). Luxembourg, 199 pp. enhancing water quality: the case Can you be bothered? The role Analysing public preferences for ISBN: 978-92-898-0049-5. of buffer strips for P mitigation. of participant motivation in the woodland integration with other International Society for Ecological valuation of species conservation land uses in rural landscapes in WHITE, R.M., FISCHER, A., Economics (ISEE) 11th Biennial measures. Journal of Environmental Scotland. Landscape and Urban MARSHALL, K., TRAVIS, J., WEBB, T.J., Conference, Advancing Planning and Management, vol. 52, Planning, vol. 86, pp. 267–275. DI FALCO, S., REDPATH, S., & Sustainability in a Time of Crisis, pp. 519–534. VAN DER WAL, R. (2009). Oldenburg and Bremen, Germany, PAJOT, G. (2008). Developing an integrated con- 22–25 August 2010. MARSHALL, K.B., WHITE, R., Renewable energy and the portfolio ceptual framework to understand & FISCHER, A. (2007). costs of electricity generation in the biodiversity conflicts. Land Use BARKMANN, J., DEVRIES, K., Conflicts between humans over UK. Proceedings of the 10th World Policy, vol. 26, pp. 242–253. DIETRICH, N., GLENK, K., wildlife management: on the Renewable Energy Congress, GEROLD, G., KEIL, A., diversity of stakeholder attitudes Glasgow, Scotland, 19 –25 July XU, Y. (2009). LEEMHUIS, C., & MARGGRAF, R. and implications for conflict 2008. Carbon tax or cap-and-trade: (2008). management. Biodiversity and a computable general equilibrium Confronting unfamiliarity with Conservation, vol. 16, PHILLIP, S., BLACKSTOCK, K.L., analysis of China. International ecosystem functions: the case for pp. 3129–3146. & HUNTER, C. (2009). Energy Workshop, Venice, an ecosystem service approach to What is agritourism? Perspectives 17–19 June 2009. environmental valuation with MCCRUM, G. S., BLACKSTOCK, K.L., from five types of agritourism stated preference methods. & HUNTER, C.J. (2009). provider. ESRS Congress, WG 1.6: Ecological Economics, vol. 65, Sustainable tourism indicators Tourism in a Rural Setting: pp. 48–62. in Scotland: What should we be Opportunities and Challenges, considering? Tourism Geographies, Vaasa, 17–21 August 2009. BLACKSTOCK, K.L. (2009). vol. 11, pp. 408–418. Between a rock and a hard place: SCOTT, A., CARTER, C., BROWN, K., incompatible objectives at the MILLER, D.R., SCHWARZ, G., & WHITE, V. (2009). heart of river basin planning? SUTHERLAND, L.A., MORRICE, J.G., Seeing is not everything: Exploring Water Science and Technology, ASPINALL, R.J., BARNES, A., the landscape experiences of vol. 59, pp. 425–431. BLACKSTOCK, K.L., BUCHAN, K., different publics. Landscape DONNELLY, D., HAWES, C., Research, vol. 34, pp. 397–424. BLACKSTOCK, K.L., INGRAM, J., MCCRUM, G., MCKENZIE, B., BURTON, R., MILLS, J., BROWN, K.M., MATTHEWS, K., MILLER, D., SCOTT, A., GILBERT, A., & GELAN, A. & SLEE, B. (2009). RENWICK, A., SMITH, M., SQUIRE, G., (2007). Understanding and influencing & TOMA, L. (2009). The urban-rural divide: myth or behaviour change by farmers to Rural land use study 1: Drivers and reality? SERG Policy Brief, No.2. improve water quality. Science of decision-making. Final Report, ISBN 0-7084-0671-8 the Total Environment. Published RERAD, Scottish Government. online SLEE, B., BERGMAN, H., BROWN, NIJNIK, M., BEBBINGTON, J., I., HUBAND, S., MCCRACKEN, D., BLACKSTOCK, K.L., WHITE, V., PAJOT, G., & SLEE, B. (2009). RENWICK, A., SUTHERLAND, L.A., MCCRUM, G., SCOTT, A., & Forestry and climate change: THOMSON, S. & REED, M. (2009). HUNTER, C. (2008). A socio-economic perspective. Rural Land Use Study Project 2: Measuring responsibility: an In: Combating Climate Change – Realising the potential appraisal of a Scottish National a role for UKforests. An Assessment contributions of Scotland’s rural Park’s sustainable tourism of the Potential of the UK’s Trees and land to delivering sustainable indicators. Journal of Sustainable Woodlands to Mitigate and Adapt economic growth. Technical Report Tourism, vol. 16, pp. 276–297. to Climate Change. (eds. Read, No.9. Scottish Government Social D., Freer-Smith, P.H., Morison, J., Research. BROWN, K.M., DILLEY, R., Hanley, N., West, C., Snowdon, P. & MARSHALL, K. (2009). and Broadmeadow, M.) SPASH, C., URAMA, K., BURTON, R., Using a head-mounted video The Stationery Office, Edinburgh. KENYON, W., SHANNON, P., & camera to understand social worlds HILL, G. (2009). and experiences. Sociological Motives behind willingness to pay Research Online, vol. 13, no. 6. for improving biodiversity in a water ecosystem: economics, ethics and social psychology. Ecological Economics, vol. 68, pp. 955–964.

59 Local Responses to Climate Change Tony Craig and Robin Matthews

Our focus on Local Responses to Climate Change demands an understanding of climate change at scales from local to global and development of techniques that both downscale climate projections and prepare metrics of weather and climate with meaning for land management practices and land decisions. We also require understanding of individual and societal response to change.

The aims of our research on Local Responses to Climate Change are to: l Improve our understanding of the impacts of changing climate on land use, natural resources, and people l Provide information that can assist in developing adaptive mechanisms and capacity to ensure sustainable development through effective policy and land use management

Contributing Authors: Innocent Bakam, Helaina Black, Iain Brown, Tony Craig, Anke Fisher, Klaus Glenk, Nick Gotts, Keith Matthews, Mike Rivington, Lee-Ann Sutherland and Willie Towers. 60 Local Responses to Climate Change

Context and Rationale

In the Scottish Executive’s Climate whilst articulating the need for embedded in. On the other, we are also Change Strategy (Scottish Executive, appropriate local responses. Local contributing in many areas related to 2006a), the need to move to a low- responses to climate change can appear the attempts to find ‘responses’ in the carbon economy by 2050 is emphasised, parochial in the face of such large- face of such a complex picture. and, recognising that some climate scale problems. The need to understand change will occur even if emissions are ‘local responses to climate change’ Although the picture is complex, many successfully reduced, some of the adap- creates something of a conundrum for of the local solutions offered in the face tive responses that might need to be science. of global climate change are relatively supported are outlined. Subsequent simple. A key challenge lies in under- policy documents for the forestry and How does applied science avoid standing the relationship between the agriculture sectors have also been becoming entrenched in the science of environmental and human ‘responses’ published (Scottish Executive, 2006b; climate change in isolation from the ‘real to climate change. Much of the on- Scottish Executive, 2006c) both of which world’? How can the research questions going scientific work across the Institute acknowledge the contribution of these which drive the science be framed in continues to help build our under- sectors as both sources and sinks of such a way that there is a strategic match standing of the current and future greenhouse gases (GHGs). Similarly, the with the needs of policy? Similarly, how response of bio-physical processes to Scottish Biodiversity Strategy (Scottish do attempts to bridge the ‘gap’ between changes in climatic conditions, includ- Executive, 2004) explicitly recognises science and society reconcile the ing the impact of climate change on the threat of potential shifts in species’ methodological differences between local biodiversity, hydrology, and soil range. In addition, the Scottish the natural and social sciences? characteristics. Other ongoing work Government proposed in June 2007 a is focused more on understanding the target for reduction of GHG emissions Since it was established in November human dimensions of climate change, of 80% by 2050, and studies are 2007, the climate change research theme including the integration of this knowl- currently underway to evaluate possible at the Macaulay Land Use Research edge at household, farm, community means by which this target can be Institute has made significant progress and national levels. Recognising the achieved. However, the implications of in this area. The variety of related complexity of the problems to be tack- these GHG reduction targets for other scientific activities has continued to led, our climate change research is policy initiatives such as the Rural flourish, and the transfer of knowl- organised into an inter-disciplinary Development Programme, Water edge from this science has gained a and cross-cutting theme, drawing on Framework Directive, (future) Floods significant momentum over the last expertise from the five Science Groups: Directive, Biodiversity Action Plans, year, along with the development of Ecology, Soils, Catchment Manage- Soils Strategy and Spatial Planning appropriate partnerships with key ment, Socio-Economic Research and Guidance need to be clarified, as do institutions nationally and internation- Integrated Land Use Systems. the ways in which they will all be ally. implemented by stakeholders. The increasingly interdisciplinary One of the key issues relating to the group of both natural and social science of climate change is the rather scientists at the Institute make us ideally overwhelming nature of the problem. situated to explore many of the complex The various IPCC reports, European research questions related to climate Directives, the national implementation change. On one hand, we continue to of these Directives, and other such contribute to the mounting scientific policy frameworks all reinforce the evidence base on the impacts of climate message that climate change is a global change on the various ecosystem problem that requires a global solution, services that human systems are 61 Local Responses to Climate Change

Scientific Activities average climate data from 1958–1978. and will assist in the provision of an The Land Capability for Agriculture enhanced evidence base for its impacts. Work at the Institute focuses largely dataset has been used extensively as a The potential impact of climate change on the impacts of climate change on decision aid by policy-makers, planners on riparian ecosystems is currently the ecology, soils, hydrology and land and land managers. In analysis using being examined through an assessment use of Scotland. For example, there is more recent climate data (1981–2000) of the relationships between vegetation, significant effort studying the likely (Brown et al., 2008) we have identified climate and the thermal regimes of impacts of climate change on changes some subtle changes in the LCA, with streams. Many surface waters are in species distribution at multiple a small increase in areas of prime land currently recovering from nutrient spatial scales, a key aspect of which is (classes 1–3) in eastern Scotland. The enrichment from atmospheric deposi- identifying uncertainties associated LCA climate parameters were projected tion (S, N). The potential implication with such change, rather than simply into the future using the national (UK- of climate change on the recovery of making predictions of species re- CIP02) climate change scenarios, show- these systems is being examined using distribution in response to climate ing that climate constraints for many a space-for-time substitution method. change. areas of southern and eastern Scotland will be relaxed, but wetness remains Research has also focussed on under- Work is also ongoing to assess the the key constraint in western Scotland. standing the human response to both stock of carbon (C) in soils and peats The future climate projections would mitigation and adaptation strategies. across Scotland so as to characterise suggest that by the latter half of this Much of this work has focussed on the this potentially vulnerable C pool. century, the proportion of prime agri- human response either at the national In collaboration with the University of cultural land (i.e. Classes 1 to 3.1) will level, focussing on issues such as flood Aberdeen, the ECOSSE model of C turn- increase from 5.7% to 19% of Scotland risk management, and soil carbon over, has been developed specifically to and a fundamental change in agricul- sequestration (see Box 1 and Box 2, describe processes in the organic soils tural management would be required, page 64) or at the local community prevalent in Scotland. Other detailed possibly requiring a transition towards level. Recent work at the local modelling studies include an investi- new farming systems for some areas. community level has examined gation of climate change impacts on Figure 1 shows the comparison of the peoples’ attitudes to various renewable dissolved organic matter in soils and original LCA and that by 2050, under a energy options in their local area, and rivers, and, in collaboration with SAC, Medium-High GHG emission scenario. also looked at the various factors that on N2O emissions from agricultural are likely to predict individual engage- soils. Together with SCRI, we are also A stakeholder workshop highlighted ment in local community carbon analysing the potential impacts of priorities for the evolution of this work. reduction initiatives. altered precipitation patterns on both The findings have major implications drought and water-logging, and, under for land-use planning and management However, other work focussing on more severe conditions, the implica- and informed discussions at the launch local responses to climate change has tions for increased risk of soil erosion. event for the Scottish Government a more international flavour. Such More detailed process-based field Land Use Summit, in November 2009. work includes emissions from tropical research is characterising the C flux A more detailed study is underway, deforestation (see Box 3, page 65) and within arable, grassland, woodland, including consideration of local soil- the research being undertaken on gov- moorland and peatland ecosystems. climate interactions (e.g. drought risk, ernance, lifestyles and energy demand wetness factors). (see Box 4, page 66), which is looking at In the 1970s we developed The Land mechanisms at different levels of scale, Capability for Agriculture (LCA) as a Long term data collected from the and in different regional contexts to classification system for grading the Environmental Change Network (ECN) reduce energy-related emissions from agricultural quality of land (classes 1–7). provides invaluable information for private households. It is based upon physical limitations: detecting changes in water quality climate, soil and topography, and used brought about by climate change, 62 Local Responses to Climate Change

Original LCA By 2050 N N

More Prime Land

Class 6 Land becomes Class 5

More Prime Land

Class 1 Class 3 + 2 Class 5 Class 2 PRIME Class 4 + 1 Class 6 Class 3 + 1 Class 4 + 2 Class 7

Figure 1 Comparison of the original LCA and that by 2050, under a Medium-High GHG emission scenario (a) Original LCA; (b) By 2050 under a Medium-High emission scenario of UKCIP08

Public preferences for flood risk policy measures Box 1

Public preferences for adaptation strategies in response to Climate change climate change were investigated by means of a Scotland- Winter/Spring Summer wetter drier wide survey that involved face-to-face interviews (n=1000). Public attitudes and economic preferences for two different potential impacts hypothetical policy options that were designed to address on river flows risks from flooding and low flows in the context of climate change were explored. One of these options was a soft engineering scheme that would contribute to sustainable flood management, while the other option involved council insurance against damages to public infrastructure. more frequent high flows more frequent low flows

higher demand for water Preferences and attitudes were set in relation to process-and outcome-related values, such as efficiency, solidarity and risk of flooding risk of water shortage increases increases safety, which provides us with a better understanding of the factors underlying public views on policy options.

63 Local Responses to Climate Change

Other work is focused on assessing (PALM) which links human decision- way we conduct research. We need to the impacts of climate change on making to soil carbon, nitrogen and embrace appropriate interdisciplinary farming systems management units, water dynamics, in an attempt to under- cooperation, forge new trans- using the farm scale decision stand the complex feedbacks between disciplinary research programmes, support system (LADSS) developed human and biophysical processes. and continue to respect and grow at the Macaulay Land Use Research individual scientific expertise and Institute. This work has included Future directions and knowledge. Climate change is a complex the development of an approach challenges scientific and political territory, which, using Hadley Centre Regional Climate in order to break new ground, requires Model daily data (linked to the UK- The various strands of research threaded a strong link between the natural and CIP02 scenarios) for site specific impact together under the cross-cutting theme social sciences. This is no simple track assessments, and which is evaluating of climate change all help to strengthen to follow, but as the snapshot of research the effect of uncertainty in the climate the knowledge base necessary in order here shows, we have already begun to data on the decision-making processes to design appropriate local responses make considerable progress along this of farmers (see Box 5, page 66). We are to climate change. The future research track. also developing and using the spatially- programme necessary for these large explicit People and Landscapes Model challenges involves a fresh look at the

Values + Preferences for Box 2 measuring soil carbon

The land use sector in Scotland, deliver climate change mitigation compared to other parts of the UK, benefits. In the survey, we also intro- LOWLAND CO2 UPLAND is a relatively large emitter of green- duced ideas that such measures may house gases, both from soils them- have biodiversity benefits, but could selves and from the livestock systems decrease employment opportunities. that predominate over large parts of Almost 650 members of the public the country. This sector however, also were interviewed face to face using has the potential to mitigate against a mixture of text and visual aids climate change through the adoption (Figure 1). The results and implications of certain land uses and measures that of the survey are still being analysed promote certain land management but early indications are that they will practices. The overall aim is to enhance provide useful information on the the carbon sequestration potential in public perception of an issue that our soils. is literally hidden from view. NEW FARMING PRACTICES In this context, we made soil carbon While the influence of delivery sequestration the subject of a Scotland- uncertainty on preferences for wide survey among members of the mitigation is useful information for wider public. In addition to assessing decision makers, it also implicitly places the amount respondents were willing a value on the work of soil scientists STORE CARBON IN SOILS to pay for a programme of measures who aim to reduce the uncertainty by improving their understanding to reduce net emissions of greenhouse Figure 1 Public surveys require novel gases from Scotland, we accounted techniques to help stimulate engagement of the biophysical relationships and for the scientific uncertainty by soil processes related to mitigation allowing for the possibility that this practices. programmme may actually fail to

64 Local Responses to Climate Change

REDD-ALERT: Evaluating global level climate policy options and their local level implementation Box 3

There are now discussions within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to try and develop ways to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). A suggested mechanism is to reward countries that demonstrate a decrease in deforestation rates below a baseline based on average historical deforestation rates. However, it is unclear how these national-level rewards will overcome many pressures at the local level leading to deforestation, including the need to produce food, sustain livelihoods, and develop economies. Understanding these local impacts of international climate change policies is one of the key objectives of the REDD-ALERT Project.

For more information: redd-alert.eu

65 Local Responses to Climate Change

Box 4 Agro-meteorological Box 5 indicators project

GILDED (Governance, Infrastructure, Lifestyle Dynamics and Energy An important issue in addressing Demand) is a three year collaborative research project funded through climate change issues is how the European Union Framework Seven, running from December 2008-2011. It is led information is communicated to by the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute in partnership with the Potsdam stakeholders. A series of workshops Institute for Climate Impact Research (Germany), the Institute for Political was organised around Scotland Science of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the University of Groningen at which land management (the Netherlands) and The Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, v.v.i. stakeholders were shown graphs Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. This research will be undertaken depicting different agro-meteorolog- by a multidisciplinary team: sociologists, psychologists, geographers and agent- ical indicators derived from observed based modellers working together to address the complex issues of household weather data and the downscaled consumption, and responses to climate change. future projections. Indicators include such things as the dates The overall goal of GILDED is to identify socio-economic, cultural and political on which a phenomenon occurred, changes which could bring about a reduction in carbon-intensive energy demand i.e. the start and end of the growing from the household sector, in urban and rural communities across the EU. The season, the last spring frost, the end focus of the project is on household consumption as a lens for understanding of field capacity etc. The aim was to energy use patterns. Investigating individuals’ lifestyle choices and their under- find out what form of representation standing of energy issues will provide insights into patterns of energy-related was most useful, and also to behaviours characterising emergent lifestyle types, and the particular drivers stimulate debate on the impacts impacting on consumption decisions. The social, cultural and political contexts in of the projected future climate on which these behaviours are embedded will be addressed through analysis farming systems and what of the structural factors and actors (from local to EU level) including governance adaptation strategies could be networks, physical environments, and materialised and institutionalised transport developed. Participants were able and provisioning networks. This combined ‘top down’ and ‘bottom-up’ to interpret complex representations perspective on household consumption will be utilised to inform the analysis of of information and to discuss their an energy-reduction initiative in each case study region. Principles derived from perceptions of how the climate has these studies will be utilised to structure agent-based models of policy implemen- changed already and what they tation and change response. Resultant policy recommendations will describe the envisage as possible adaptation necessary changes at systemic level that need to be initiated in order to develop options. an environmentally-friendly European model of energy policies that respond to the expectations and needs of European cities and rural communities. For more information: macaulay.ac.uk/LADSS/ For more information: climate_change.html gildedeu.org

66 Local Responses to Climate Change

PRICE, R., THORNTON, S. References & NELSON, S. (2007). The social cost of carbon and BLACKSTOCK, K., COULL, M., the shadow price of carbon: what DUNGLINSON, J., FISCHER, A., they are, and how to use them FUTTER, M., GLENK, K., in economic appraisal in the UK. MARSHALL, K., & SMITH, H. (2009). Economics Group, Department for Stakeholder engagement in river Environment, Food and Rural basin management planning. Affairs, London. 22 pp. Knowledge Scotland KTE Event, SEPA, Stirling, 29 May. RIVINGTON, M., MATTHEWS, K.B., BUCHAN, K., MILLER, D.G., BROWN, I., TOWERS, W., & RUSSELL, G. (2009). RIVINGTON, M., & BLACK, H. I. J. Investigating climate change im- (2008). pacts and adaptation options using The influence of climate change integrated assessment methods. on agricultural land-use potential: Aspects of Applied Biology, vol. 93, adapting and updating the land pp. 85–91. capability system for Scotland. Climate Research, vol. 37, no. 1, Scottish Executive, (2004). pp. 43–57. Scotland’s Biodiversity: It’s in Your Hands. Scottish Executive, Craig, T. (2009). Edinburgh, Scotland. pp. 65. Understanding household carbon reduction behaviours in rural SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE. (2006a). communities. ABSORB Newsletter, Changing our Ways: Scotland’s March 2009, p.13. Climate Change Programme. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, GOTTS, N.M., SUTHERLAND, L.A, Scotland. pp. 113. CUDLINOVA, E., KOVACH, I., REUSSWIG, F., STEG, E.M., SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE (2006b). & CARNEGIE, P. (2009). A Forward Strategy for Scottish The GILDED Project – Governance, Agriculture: The Next Steps. infrastructure, lifestyle dynamics Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, and energy demand: European post- Scotland. pp. 32. carbon communities. International Scientific Congress on Climate SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE (2006c). Change, Copenhagen, 10–12 March The Scottish Forestry Strategy. 2009. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, Scotland. pp. 86. MATTHEWS, R., BAKAM, I., & MUHAMMED, S. (2007). Stern, N. (2007). Global climate change: climates The Economics of Climate Change: of the future, choices for the The Stern Review. Cambridge present. Keynote paper presented at University Press, Cambridge. African Technology Policy Studies pp. 692. Conference on Science, Technology and Climate Change Adaptation in Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 19–22 November 2007.

PAJOT, G., SLEE, B., & CRAIG, T. (2009). Community level response to climate change in rural Scotland. IARU Conference Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges Decisions, Copenhagen, 10–12 March 2009.

67 Analytical Group Andy Midwood

With a team of highly experienced staff and extensive state-of-the-art laboratory facilities, substantial resources are available at Craigiebuckler to carry out environmental analyses related to plants, soils, water, gas and sediments.

68 Analytical Group

Our Services Collaborative Research

More than 50,000 samples are tested Collaborative research forms an import- each year, of varying complexity, ant aspect of our work and involves supporting both the Institute’s research colleagues based in Universities and programmes as well as generating other research institutes. Within the external income. UK we have collaborative links with the University of Aberdeen, includ- With a commitment to quality the ing Oceanlab, their sub-sea research laboratory has been ISO17025:2005 facility, Lancaster University and The accredited since 1998. The Analytical University of Dundee. Worldwide we Group is audited annually by the United have partners in Sweden, Germany, Kingdom Accreditation Service to Switzerland, France, Moldova, New ensure continued compliance with this Zealand, USA, Canada, China and standard. A requirement of our accred- Africa. itation is the participation in various inter-laboratory trials. These currently A typical example of the type of work include AquaCheck, Contest and undertaken for collaborative projects FAPAS schemes, as well as numerous is compound-specific isotope analysis. informal schemes. This involves the analysis of phospho- lipid fatty acids (PLFAs), a group of Our schedule of accreditation covers compounds which can be used to a wide variety of methods and much that our in-house expertise separates characterise the microbial population of our work is traceable to recognised Macaulay Analytical from many of our in soils. international and national standards, competitors. Our client list, however, achieved through the use of certified is not restricted to the oil and gas reference materials, which in turn industry and we undertake work for ensures validation of our methodolo- environmental consultants, the food gies. Working in collaboration with the industry, geoscientists, Scottish Envi- Macaulay Soils European Commission’s Joint Research ronment Protection Agency and Local Analysis of soils for a wide range Centre: Institute for Reference Materials Authorities. of clients from private gardeners to and Measurements in Belgium, we have farmers and professional landscape been involved with the characterisation Working in partnership with design companies is provided by of a number of new certified reference Isotopic Ltd we deliver high MacaulaySoils.com. Analysis of soil materials and testing the stability/ precision radiogenic isotope pH, nutrient status (NPK) organic homogeneity of existing stocks. analysis aimed at oilfield matter, nitrate status, electrical exploration. This work utilises our conductivity, elemental concentration Our multi-disciplinary capabilities two thermal ionisation mass spectro- including trace elements, and total enable us to offer a wide variety of meters and is used to improve carbon and nitrogen are offered. specialist commercial analytical understanding of reservoir layering, services with the external income stratigraphy, reservoir provenance, For more information: generated by the Analytical Group reservoir characterisation and reservoir macaulay.ac.uk/analytical providing a key income stream for compartmentalisation. the Institute. Often analytical work undertaken for the Aberdeen-based oil & gas sector is non-routine and involves ‘problem samples’. It is here 69 Partners and Partnership Projects

The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute hosts staff from a number of different organisations and is a partner in many projects and initiatives. These include:

Aberdeen Centre for Dee Catchment East Grampian Coastal Environmental Partnership Partnership (EGCP) Sustainability (ACES) The River Dee is considered to be the EGCP is a voluntary group of ACES brings together natural and social best example of a large natural high- individuals, with representatives from scientists to carry out inter-disciplinary land river in Scotland. The catchment is local authorities, industry, conserva- research on environmental sustain- relatively unusual in the UK in that it tion bodies, recreation and tourism ability. Founded in 2007, ACES achieves contains predominantly upland, semi- groups, local residents and many others this by building from the strengths of natural land use but has isolated areas who have an interest in the future well- two high-profile research institutions – of significant pressures on water and being of the local coast. the Macaulay Land Use Research habitat quality related to agriculture Institute and the University of Aberdeen. and urbanisation. The East Grampian Coastal Partner- ship was set up to aid in the delivery of For more information: The Dee Catchment Partnership is an Integrated Coastal Zone Management aces.ac.uk independent association of agencies, in the area between Kinnaird Head, organisations and individuals commit- Fraserburgh and the mouth of the River ted to the wise and sustainable use of North Esk, by St Cyrus. the catchment’s rivers, tributaries and lochs, as well as the habitats and species For more information: they support. egcp.org.uk/

For more information: Biomathematics & theriverdee.org/ Statistics Scotland (BioSS) BioSS undertakes research, consultancy and training in mathematics and statistics to improve science and society through an understanding of variation, uncertainty and risk.

BioSS works closely with agricultural, environmental and biological research organisations in Scotland, plays a leading role in collaborative research programmes with UK universities and is one of the leading European groups in its field.

For more information: bioss.ac.uk

70 Partners and Partnership Projects

Global Land Project Grampian Squirrel Group The Ørskov Foundation Profound changes in the Earth’s land The Grampian Squirrel Group’s aim is The Ørskov Foundation is a charity set surface are underway – mainly due to to maintain Grampian as a core area up to promote sustainable development the activities of people. The goal of the for red squirrels in the UK. Squirrel for the poorest rural communities in Global Land Project is to understand monitoring programmes collect the world. these changes, and how they affect information on the distribution of red humans and the environment. and grey squirrels, allowing areas of This is achieved through the integration importance to be identified where of agricultural education with com- For more information: habitat management or grey squirrel munity projects. Sharing knowledge, globallandproject.org/ control may be beneficial to the goal experience and information are of protection and conservation of red key factors to enable people and com- squirrels. munities to find their own solutions to the complex problems they face and For more information: move towards self-sufficiency on their grampiansquirrelgroup.co.uk own terms.

For more information: orskovfoundation.org/

Water Scotland The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute is currently helping to shape a new government initiative called The North East Scotland Local Water Scotland that is currently being Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) coordinated by Scottish Development LBAP takes action to conserve International. Water Scotland will important species and habitats for our offer a gateway and one-stop shop to benefit and for future generations. the wealth of experience and capability which Scotland has to offer in water for LBAP is a partnership of local authori- the international development banks ties, environmental, forestry, farming, and donor agencies. land and education agencies, businesses and many individuals with a common For more information: interest in conserving biodiversity in macaulay.ac.uk/waterscotland North East Scotland.

For more information: nesbiodiversity.org.uk/

71 International Research Projects and Collaborations

The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute is involved in many international collaborative projects, often leading or co-coordinating the research. These include:

BESSA (Building Ecosystem Biodiversity in Chilean Building natural resource Service Research Capacity in Temperate Rainforests monitoring capacity in Semi-Arid Africa) This multidisciplinary project funded Ethiopia’s key Afro-montane To help address poverty alleviation by the Darwin Initiative is developing ecosystems in semi-arid Africa. The objective of capacity for biodiversity conservation Co-ordinated by researchers from the this project is to establish a network in the temperate rainforest region Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, of researchers and a research agenda of southern Chile. The ongoing this Darwin Initiative assists countries focused on developing methodologies research is analysing the influence of that are rich in biodiversity but poor and tools to analyse trade-offs and fragmentation of primary forests on in financial resources to implement synergies between different ecosystem biodiversity. The partner organisations the Convention on Biological Diversity services. This work is part of the dir- are the Macaulay Land Use Research through the funding of collaborative ected research programme Ecosystem Institute, Wildlife Conservation projects which draw on UK biodiversity Services and Poverty Alleviation (ESPA), Research Unit, University of Oxford, expertise. The project is a partnership funded by the Natural Environment Fauna Australis, Pontificia Universidad between the Macaulay Land Use Research Council, the UK Department Católica de Chile and Corporación Research Institute, the University for International Development and Nacional Forestal, Chile. of Aberdeen, the Ethiopian Wildlife the Economic and Social Research Conservation Authority, Wondo Council. Led by the Macaulay Land Use For more information: Genet College of Forestry and Natural Research Institute, BESSA is a partner- temperaterainforests.net/en/ Resources, Oromia Agricultural and ship between the School of Biological Rural Development Bureau, Amhara Sciences – the University of Aberdeen, Parks Development and Protection Environmental Sciences Department Authority, Bale Mountains National – the University of York, the World Park, Simien Mountains National Park, Agroforestry Centre, the University Guassa Community Conservation of Pretoria Centre for Environmental Area, Abune Yoseph Community Economics and Policy in Africa, and Conservation Area, Forum for the the Biomechanical and Environmental Environment and Frankfurt Zoological Engineering Depart-ment – Jomo Society. Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya. For more information: macaulay.ac.uk/CAMP/ For more information: bessa.macaulay.ac.uk/

72 International Projects

GILDED (Governance, HUNTing for sustainability North Hunt: Sustainable Infrastructure, Lifestyle HUNTing for Sustainability is Hunting Tourism in Northern Dynamics and Energy an interdisciplinary international Europe Demand) research project financed by the North Hunt is a three year international GILDED is a three year collaborative European Union Framework Seven project funded by the European research project funded through Programme, looking into the wider Regional Development Fund which European Union Framework Seven meaning of hunting in the 21st century. aims to support the development of Programme, running from December The project is being co-ordinated from sustainable hunting tourism to diversify 2008-2011. Led by the Macaulay Land the Macaulay Land Use Research the economic activities of peripheral Use Research Institute in partnership Institute with partners from Frankfurt regions in Northern Europe. Running with the Potsdam Institute for Climate Zoological Society, Imperial College, from May 2008 to December 2010, Impact Research in Germany, the London, Instituto de Investigación North Hunt involves a partnership Institute for Political Science of the en Recursos Cinegéticos, Spain, of ten organisations: the University Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Norwegian Institute for Nature of Helsinki, Ruralia Institute and the University of Groningen in the Research, Tanzania Wildlife Research Haapavesi Vocational School, Finland; Netherlands and The Institute of Institute, Umeå University, Sweden, the Swedish University of Agricultural Systems Biology and Ecology, Academy the University of Aberdeen, the Sciences and Umea and Rural Business of Sciences of the Czech Republic, University of Barcelona, the University Development Ltd; the Research Centre the goal of the project is to identify of Ljubljana, Slovenia, the University of of the University of Akureyri, Iceland, social, economic, cultural and political Stirling and the University of Zagreb. the Icelandic Tourism Research Centre changes which could help rural and The project runs from January 2009 to and Umhverfisstofnun; the Macaulay urban households in Europe consume June 2012. Land Use Research Institute and the less energy. University of Aberdeen, Department For more information: of Geography and Environment, and For more information: fp7hunt.net/ Newfoundland and Labrador Outfitter’s gildedeu.org/ Association, Canada.

For more information: north-hunt.org/en/forsida/

73 International Projects

REEF (Reproductive Effects of RETPEC REDD-ALERT Environmental chemicals in This European Commission Sixth (Reducing Emissions from Females) Framework INCO-DEV funded Deforestation and Degradation REEF is an European Union-funded programme which started in through Alternative Landuses in research project which will improve March 2007 and will end in 2011, Rainforests of the Tropics) our understanding of how environ- is investigating the biophysical and REDD-ALERT is a European Union mental chemicals and endocrine- socio-economic impacts of policy- Framework Seven project which aims disrupting compounds endanger driven land use change in China’s to document the social, cultural, reproduction and foetal development semi-arid regions. Range enclosure, economic and ecological drivers of in the female. In addition to the livestock intensification and nomadic forest transition and conservation Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, settlement are being implemented and analyse the local impacts of the project involves the University of by the Chinese government at a scale potential international climate change Aberdeen, Martin Luther University, involving millions of people and vast policies on greenhouse gas emissions, Germany, the French National areas of land. The rationale is to restore land use and livelihoods. Led by the Institute for Agricultural Research, the degraded land, prevent desertification Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, University of Milan and the University and improve pastoral welfare. the project involves three European of Nottingham. partners: The Université Catholique de Coordinated by the Macaulay Land Louvain, Belgium, Vrije Universiteit, For more information: Use Research Institute the project Amsterdam, and Georg August abdn.ac.uk/reef/ involves the Chengdu Institute of University of Göttingen, Germany; Biology, China, the College of Pastoral four international CGIAR research Agriculture Science and Technology, institutes: World Agroforestry Centre China, Qinghai Academy of Animal (ICRAF) and ASB Partnership for and Veterinary Science, Tibet Academy the Tropical Forest Margins, Kenya; of Agricultural and Animal Sciences, Centre for International Forestry the University of Oxford, the University Research, Indonesia; International of Tromsø, Norway and the University Institute of Tropical Agriculture, of Leipzig, Germany. Nigeria and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Colombia plus For more information: four national research institutes: retpec.eu/ Indonesian Soils Research Institute, Indonesia; Research Centre for Forest Ecology and Environment, Vietnam, Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement Cameroon and Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria Peru.

For more information: redd-alert.eu/

74 International Projects

SMILE (Synergies in Multi-scale JANEEMO is an innovative 3-year The JANEEMO project reduces Inter-Linkages of Eco-social project to develop a sustainable biofuels livelihood vulnerability, builds thriving systems) programme in the Lower Shire district enterprises and delivers income Funded by the European Union of Chikwawa in Southern Malawi. generation, food security and renewable Framework Seven Programme the energy. The approach is delivered at the project will further develop and apply Three tree species, Jatropha, Neem household level and encourages wider the tools developed in previous work and Moringa – collectively known as enterprise and trade beyond the village carried out by the project partners JANEEMO – are being grown by helping to builds local skills, knowledge in a FP6 DECOIN project to analyse farmers on land not suitable for food and natural resources. the trade-offs and synergies between crops and as living fences around different aspects of sustainable develop- households and fields, helping to The project is being led by the ment. Assessment takes place between: protect soils from wind and soil erosion Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, economic and environmental aspects; and livestock damage. and is supported in Scotland by economic and social aspect; social Climate Futures, a multidisciplinary and environmental aspects, and The trees all have multiple uses: their carbon management and climate between all three objectives. The oil-rich seeds can be processed to communication agency. project consortium consists of Turku produce oil for cooking and lighting, or School of Economics – Finland Futures turned into soap; the residue from this For more information: Research Centre, University of Naples, process can then be used to produce janeemo.org/ Institute of Environmental Science and biogas for cooking; and then finally as Technology – University of Barcelona, an agricultural fertiliser. In addition, Amsterdam University, the Macaulay extracts from the Neem and Moringa Land Use Research Institute, Institute trees have important nutritional as well for Economic Forecasting, Romania as medicinal uses. Moringa leaves have and Statistics Finland. more Vitamin C than oranges; more Iron than spinach and more Vitamin A For more information: than carrots and Neem is considered an smile-fp7.eu/ effective insect repellant.

75 Macaulay Scientific Consulting Limited

Macaulay Scientific Consulting Limited (MSCL) is the trading company of the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, and advertises a wide variety of services performed by the Institute. Our portfolio of project work is diverse and, through the strength of our core competency as a scientific research-based company, we collaborate with conventional environmental consulting firms as partners and subcontractors. We also provide specialist laboratory analytical services to the oil and gas, environmental and food sectors and a range of research, consultancy and data services to UK and international public and private sector customers in land and environmental management, spatial planning and renewable energy.

76 Macaulay Scientific Consulting Limited

Annual Report 2008–09 Operating Environment Outlook

The nature and diversity of our Despite the financial downturn, we projects has allowed us to weather the expect that we will continue to work for UK’s economic downturn through a number of agencies such as Scottish consistent workflow. We appreciate that Natural Heritage and others to under- the business environment will continue take environmental/site assesments and to remain unsettled, particularly with make long term change predictions. regard to the outcomes and impacts of We have been engaged in work with public spending reviews on our public Scottish Enterprise and Scottish Devel- sector client base and tightened spend opment International, and anticipate within our private sector customers. that these good working relationships Nonetheless, UK Government figures will continue to grow in the future. suggest that the national growth rate for renewable energy consulting is like- We have promising new technologies ly to reach over 6%, with environmental and services in the process of commer- consulting and monitoring products cialisation, with attendant activities and services expected to grow 2.5% concerning intellectual property, patent over 2009/2010. A slight dip is fore- planning and consideration of appro- cast in following years but growth in priate business models to take concepts these sectors is still well above annual to market. This is a 5 to 10 year-long inflation. This is encouraging, in that series of activities that will require it signals that we are responding us to interact with a wider range of appropriately to Scottish and UK-wide stakeholders than we have in the policy and legislative drivers, although past, including seeking investment at we will need to be vigilant in forward appropriate times. Our membership of planning. various professional business fora and partnership in the Genomia Fund and the Rainbow Seed Fund will greatly assist us in accessing specialist advice and assistance.

For more information: macaulay.ac.uk/mscl

77 Research Station News

The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute’s Glensaugh Research Station is situated at the eastern end of the Grampians and adjoins the Fettercairn-Cairn o’ Mount road.

The research station comprises 865 hectares (ha) of semi-natural plant communities, 60ha of predominantly rotational grassland and 88ha of permanent pasture. The predominantly rotational grassland is reseeded with perennial ryegrass and white clover mixtures every 7 – 10 years. This provides grazing for the crossbred ewe flock, swards for experimental work, silage for winter feeding and aftermath grazing for finishing lambs.

78 Management Ethos 6 – 17 October 2008 identify heterozygous carriers of the The “big job” of the moment is the Thoka gene for future breeding, and The primary land use activity at submission of our Rural Priorities grant homozygous animals (which are Glensaugh is commercial livestock application, covering the wind turbine, incapable of breeding) for removal farming. In line with industry trends, woodland planting, public access trail from the flock. From the farm’s point of recent years have seen a reduction and dyke rebuilding. view this clears the way to dispose of in stocking density and a correspond- As well as planning the grant work unproductive stock prior to winter and we are also looking at other projects for also determines which animal will/will ing reduction in inputs. The farm’s 2009. The replacement of our farm water not be mated in November. management team is committed to tank is on the cards. Finally, the photograph shows developing the sustainable future of The long awaited arrival of the Luing part of the dyke which we are hoping Glensaugh’s resource base, reducing cows (our hill breed) allowed us to rebuild under the grant scheme; reliance on purchased inputs and to start the Scottish Government this short section runs alongside the securing future energy supply. funded cattle grazing study. Lodge garden and we are using it as A period of benign weather has allowed a “dry run” for the bigger job further the cows to settle in and so far our down the field. While it is proving Long-term Measurement and electric fencing has been respected and difficult to get this work to score “high” Monitoring of Change there have been no mix ups. The photo- on paper, in reality it ticks many boxes: graph shows a group of Limousin cross uses only natural materials available on Glensaugh Research Station is one of cows (our lowland breed) wearing their site, creates livestock shelter, forms a the 11 UK sites in the Environmental radio tracking collars. They are probably useful microhabitat and above all is not accustomed to the moorland pleasing to the eye. The building in the Change Network (ECN). Measurements vegetation. background is the Lodge, the rear part are being made of the long-term of which we hope to renovate in time for changes in dry and wet aerial deposi- next year’s field season. tion, water quality, soil characteristics, vegetation and wildlife. The ECN is sponsored by several UK government departments and agencies, and the Scottish Government and its agencies. 20 – 31 October 2008 Sustainable Future The pre-winter destocking of Glensaugh continues with the recent sale of 43 suck- Recent work has focused on securing a led calves. Improved prices for finished source of renewable electrical power for cattle have strengthened demand for 3 – 14 November 2008 the site and a 50kW wind turbine has stores. Three cull cows have also been We are about to start another production been commissioned, part funded by the sold. Although young, these failed the year as our Texel tups (rams) will shortly Johnes disease blood test and are be- be introduced to the flock of crossbred Scottish Government Rural Priorities ing removed from the herd. This costly ewes. In advance of this we have had grant scheme (SRDP). Restoration of disease is thought to be transmitted by our entire sheep flock dipped. This very the farm’s own water supply will also rabbits (as well as other bovines) and our important operation safeguards against be completed during 2009, ending the successful efforts to reduce the rabbit the spread of sheep scab (a highly reliance on mains water. SRDP funding population might reduce its incidence in infectious disease caused by a skin will also assist in the planting of nine future years. burrowing mite) and also kills sheep Our cattle grazing experiment con- ticks and other ectoparasites. The dip- hectares of new woodland, bringing tinues to run smoothly. The four groups ping has been carried out later than shelter and biodiversity benefits as well of six cows have now been moved in usual this year because our contractor as creating a potential fuel source. rotation and we are half way through has been held up with potato harvest- the second two week observation pe- ing. The potato harvest has been one of The following newsletters (on follow- riod. The experiment will end on 19 the most difficult ever due to wet ground ing pages) have been compiled by Farm November. The long awaited blood test conditions and has tied up men and results for the Thoka Cheviot flock have machinery for much longer than usual. Manager, Donald Barrie and offer an arrived. The purpose of this exercise Scanning cows has just been insight into a year (October 2008 – was to genotype the breeding stock to completed and most are once again September 2009) at Glensaugh.

79 The planning application for the wind turbine project is also coming together, as hurdles like noise and flicker have been overcome. It looks as if all consents could be in place early in 2009, which will be a very busy year if all our projects go ahead. Javier Perez-Barberia is setting up an interesting experiment on an exposed site overlooking the Slack Den. Two confirmed in calf. Dovetailed into the model animals (a sheep and a deer) will scanning operation was a Department be built, containing monitoring equip- and enjoyed fairly benign but not of Agriculture cattle ear tag check ment to determine heat loss through atypical autumn weather. Thanks to being carried out as part of our whole their skins. The Glensaugh staff recently all who participated and assisted in its farm cross compliance inspection. A built a fence round the plot; many quips smooth running. successful check of tags and passports about how this was to stop the “animals” has brought the inspection to a close. from escaping, and questions about 15 December 2008 – Our autumn experimental pro- whose job it would be to feed them at 16 January 2009 gramme continues to run smoothly. the weekend! The darkest days of the year have co- The cattle grazing study is now its third incided with the early onset of winter. quarter. The sheep in the grazing experi- Regular night frosts have been a feature ment have been gathered and dipped; of recent weeks and Loch Saugh has meanwhile their GPS collars have been been frozen over for some time. temporarily removed to allow data to On the farm we are continuing to sell be downloaded and batteries changed. from our small remaining pool of lambs Work is about to get underway in the old and cast ewes, most of which have been deer plots on Cairn Henney where the finished on our field of forage rape. In tree browsing behaviour of six hinds will January a number of Cheviot ewes will be observed. In the Animal House a met 1 – 12 December 2008 be moved to the Roslin Institute for crate experiment is under way involv- Glensaugh had an early taste of winter further study, by which time our sheep ing the feeding of a controlled diet to a when a cold northerly outflow brought numbers should have reached their group of 16 blackface lambs; this as an snow showers and 48 hours of sub zero seasonal low. adjunct to the WP 2.5 grazing study. temperatures. As we are not yet into our Our wind turbine planning applica- Finally our annual forage analysis winter routine we were “caught on the tion may be determined soon; we have has been carried out by SAC. The results hop”, with cows still out on the hill and now submitted the last of the were returned with a complementary no winter feeding regime in place. The documents requested by the planners, letter suggesting that our analysis was photograph shows our yearling heifers a series of photomontages of the pro- one of the better ones for the area. A out in the Slack Den, covered in snow posed development which have been significantly better fermentation seems after foraging in the rushes. This group prepared for us and demonstrate how to have been obtained by fine tuning of youngsters, none of which are in calf, our small turbine looks in the environ- how we seal the pit. While normally un- will have to fend for themselves for some ment. enthusiastic about competition farming, time to come, but we have brought in- During 2008 we have run some inter- this year we might be tempted to enter a calf cows inside or on to feed sites for esting experimental projects and have sample into the annual North of Scotland winter feeding. continued to maintain and develop Grassland Society silage competition. Tup time (mating) for our crossbred Glensaugh’s infrastructure base. Use- ewes is all but over and we have now ful groundwork has been done for the 17 – 28 November 2008 gathered our Blackface ewes for tupping. We are continuing to de-stock in advance Meanwhile the Blackface hoggs (ewe of the onset of winter. Fattening sheep lambs retained for breeding) have been (lambs and cast ewes) are now running housed and are receiving a ration of on a mixture of forage rape and stubble hay and concentrate. Snow at tup time turnips. A supplement of concentrate is unusual, but ewes in fit condition feed is also on offer, the aim being to sell will easily stand these conditions and as many as possible before Christmas. forage for grass beneath the snow-cover. This quieter period of the year allows The cattle grazing experiment has time for maintenance and improvement now ended and the cows have been projects. disposed of. This project ran well

80 future development of the site and the with the management of the site and the hill, or to ground from which the Institute has demonstrated its commit- the livestock feeding systems. This is a snow has been blown clear, often requir- ment to developing Glensaugh for the reflection on the attention to detail of ing routes to be dug through the deeper longer term. We’re looking forward to everyone who works at Glensaugh. drifts. Storm feeding of hill sheep is only a busy and constructive 2009. ever a stopgap measure and ewes are 2 – 13 February 2009 still expected to forage for themselves. 19 –30 January 2009 Winter livestock work dominates and we Molasses-based mineral blocks are also 2009 has opened on a high note as our have started our vaccination programme used to supplement the diet of the hill planning work in 2008 begins to bear against the blue tongue virus (strain 8), ewes; their usefulness is open to debate fruit. but strain 1 has appeared in continental because ewes congregate round them We have received confirmation from Europe so vaccination could become and their grazing patterns are disrupted. SGRPID that our grant application has part of the annual routine. been approved, which will provide sup- Planning consent has now been port funding towards the wind turbine, obtained for the wind turbine and a woodland planting, drystone dyke repair contract is being fine tuned with a view and public access trail and interpreta- to it being erected in May/June. A man- tion. The first three items fit well with agement consultant has been appointed our philosophy of setting Glensaugh up to undertake the woodland establishment work. One of the traditional winter jobs of hill farmers and shepherds is mole catching. These burrowing mam- These arguments would have been mals multiply rapidly in our artificially well understood by the shepherds who enriched environment and cause contributed essays to “Herding a Hill considerable damage to pasture if not Hirsel” which was edited by my late controlled. In recent years control has great grandfather and published in 1929. been limited to a small area of the farm While the basic common sense in hill (Agroforestry site) and has been done sheep management has not changed by an outside contractor. We are now much over the years, the time allowed for a sustainable future while the public doing this work “in house” and are for carrying out the annual routine has access proposal will provide a means of achieving reasonable success. The warren been cut drastically as shepherds’ flocks managing visitors to the property, who of tunnels suggests that the moles have have increased from 600 by a factor of at we hope will want to come to find out had a fairly free hand up till now. least two. more about what we are doing as well as Trapping is satisfying work and there is The pregnancy scanning of ewes is a enjoying our local environment. considerable skill in knowing where to recent technological innovation which The drystone dyke pilot project (see place traps in a veritable maze of tunnels has assisted management by allowing photo) was completed on the day we and galleries. carriers of multiple foetuses to be segre- received the good news about the grant gated and receive preferential manage- application. The dyke replaces an earlier ment. The crossbred flock was scanned (and long time ruined) dyke on the same recently, indicating a potential lamb crop alignment. As well as providing shelter to of over 200% and many sets of triplets. livestock and the garden it has used up While lambing is still some seven weeks a lot of land gathered stone dumped at away, the 2009 production year has al- random along our field boundaries. The ready begun; two cows calved this week, style of the new dyke is “Borders”, reflect- both to our new Limousin bull, Butler. ing the origin of the builder (it should be familiar to those of you who knew 16 – 27 March 2009 Sourhope), excepting the three mid 16 – 27 February 2009 Calving is in full swing and we are courses of roughly dressed granite which Glensaugh has experienced its first approaching the half way stage. Once is more characteristic of the north-east. prolonged period of snow cover since again cows are calving without diffi- Our third piece of good news was February 2001. This has added to the culty and milking well, reflecting their notification from the North of Scotland winter feeding routine with hay being body condition and nutritional status. Grassland Society that we have been offered to some of the Blackface ewes Pregnancy scanning of ewes is now com- awarded second prize in the pit section which have been blown off their own plete. Results indicate that a potential of their annual silage competition. The ground. There is no free lunch for these lamb crop of over 200% exists in the analysis of our silage was very good this animals and efforts are being made to crossbred flock, and while this will not year, and the judges were also impressed help them return to their own parts of be achievable in practice we are satisfied

81 that conception rates have been good burned off, as well as some small areas the crossbreds. Ewes with single lambs and pre-natal losses have been low so of new growth. The purpose of burning a are returned to the hill within a few days far. little of the new growth is to improve the of giving birth. The contract for the erection of age structure of the sward and is analo- On the hill there are visible signs the wind turbine is presently being gous to the premature felling of conifers of new growth and heather burning negotiated. A series of technical meet- in a first generation forestry plantation. In finished on 15 April. The season ended ings were held to discuss logistical our heather, the target age for burning is well with a fail-safe north east wind details and agree a timeline for the about ten years. If we maintain our pres- and dry conditions allowing us to burn works. Delivery of the wind turbine is the ent efforts all old growth should be gone into new areas and further expand our largest component of our SRDP grant in about another five years, by which scheme. The other parts include the time twelve years will have elapsed since public access trail and woodland plant- we commenced systematic burning in ing. 2002. While the sward structure is not yet Planting trees should be an annual ideal it improves every year. event and although we have no big schemes for 2009, we are continuing to in-fill the Birnie Burn native woodland with oak and ash, and are also planting hedges of beech, box and yew in and around the garden at Glensaugh Lodge. area of managed moorland. The photo- Trees are a very important asset in our graph shows the burning pattern on the windswept environment, and we have Cairn hill; this year’s fires are the black an on-going commitment to plant more. patches. A large area of rank old growth Photographs from the past indicate sub- 13 – 24 April 2009 was burned close to the top of the Cairn stantial shelter belts to the north of the We are at the peak of the crossbred o’ Mount which can be seen in the top agricultural heart of Glensaugh, almost lambing, with ewes lambing at about left of the photograph. entirely lost to two world wars; their one per hour. This will soon tail off as We recently hosted a visit from a reinstatement is a worthwhile objective. the lambing will not end until late April. group of Aberdeen University biological Meanwhile many ewes are now at grass sciences students. The theme of the with their new-born. Calving has also visit was animal husbandry and welfare gone with a rush, as only six now remain which we are well placed to talk about uncalved with over a month to go be- and have much to be proud of. A fore the nominal end date of the calving discussion about sheep husbandry took period. A “tight” calving pattern is what place in the lambing shed and there we have been working towards over the were some convenient lambs to hand years. The main benefit is being able to to borrow from their mothers to use for produce large batches of evenly-grown illustration. calves, but it is also important to bear in 30 March – 10 April 2009 mind that the labour requirement is also 11 – 22 May 2009 Preliminary investigation work is under reduced; it is more efficient to be busy The calving of our blue grey cows is way in advance of the construction of for a short period than for the job to drag over; cow L1 was last to calve, requiring our wind turbine. A geotechnical survey on for months. minor assistance and can be seen in the is being carried out to determine the photograph a few moments later dis- composition of the underlying bedrock playing bovine ‘motherly love’. Both (which is reported as “sound”) although mother and calf are now doing fine. laboratory analysis is required to give Lambing is now also nearly over. The us a complete report. The photograph crossbred ewes have finished and the shows the subcontractor’s drilling rig majority of the Blackfaces have lambed. as the second of two cores are drilled The Cheviots (Thoka flock) are about half seven metres into the underlying rock. way through. Deer will begin to calve The results of the survey will influence soon, and meanwhile the 2008 deer calf the design of the foundation slab and 27 April – 8 May 2009 crop has been weighed and tagged and ultimately the cost of the project as a Our first lambing (crossbreds) is virtually the majority have been sold. whole. over and we are now into our second A week of fine weather allowed us to (blackfaces). The “blackies” as they are do some useful heather burning on the known colloquially are lambed out of Cairn hill. Further old growth has been doors and require less supervision that

82 8 – 19 June 2009 as frustrating as making a start and floating vegetation was sucked out by We have entered the quiet post lamb- being rained off. After cutting most of vacuum tanker, which should keep things ing interlude. Crossbred ewes and our crop a thunderstorm gave us 27mm under control for another few years. It lambs have been dosed for worms and of rain in little over an hour. Our under- is a good reminder that when we build moved off our silage fields. These fields standing contractor allowed a 48 hour infrastructure we have to remember have been rolled, fertilised and will be layover by which time the crop had dried to maintain it, and that left to nature ready to cut in about six weeks from sufficiently for us to ensile it. It should everything we build will eventually be now. All our cows are now outside, and produce a high quality feed with little colonised by vegetation and ultimately have been weaned off silage as grass or no effluent. The weather improved destroyed. growth rates have increased to meet sufficiently for us to contemplate making A more pleasant job was the their considerable demands. The bulls our fifth and final field into hay. Modern completion of the new water tank are now running with the cows and are bale wrapping technology allows a fall [below]. The overflow (which also being watched closely to ensure that back option and we eventually decided doubles as a garden feature for Bows they are serving cows. Our oldest bull, to bale and wrap the crop as “haylage” Cottage) discharges about 8,000 litres Perry, is now in his tenth year (about 70 which will have a dry matter content of of water per day into the drainage in human years) and a new bull has been around 60%. system of the adjoining field. Now that purchased to replace him. Our new water tank has been installed we have more water than we need the A significant event in Kincardine- and is now full. The tank is filled from the next challenge is to bring this up to a shire has been the reopening of bottom, which is possible because of the potable standard and switch our Laurencekirk railway station which is pressure in the feed pipe. In theory this domestic supplies on to this system. only seven miles from Glensaugh. should keep the water in the tank, which Glensaugh Lodge will be the first Laurencekirk was once a thriving service is continually welling up from below, to go, where we already enjoy the centre and has not entirely lost this role. fresh and prevent stratification. When benefits of unlimited irrigation water in The station is a significant and positive the tank eventually overflowed it came the garden. gain to Laurencekirk and the wider as a huge relief and put paid to many community. suggestions that the scheme wouldn’t work – “trying to make water run uphill, etc.”, but common sense and an O Grade in Physics carried the day. One of the threads of our Rural Development scheme is to improve and encourage public access. The development of our informal public access trail is continuing and work should be completed in the autumn. 31 August – 11 September 2009 We are now all back to work and press- 20 – 31 July 2009 ing ahead with seasonal stock work and We are working through one of the various maintenance projects. year’s busiest periods. Shearing our All of our crossbred lambs were sheep coincides with silage making and weaned in early August and a small a continuing maintenance programme. number have now been sold. We are Shearing is now almost complete now weaning our Blackface lambs, which as we work through the Blackface flock. will be sold in mid September. At the same time as shearing we dose Part of the red deer husbandry routine the lambs for worms, apply a topical is the de-antlering of our five stags. This insecticide and run all our animals 3 – 14 August 2009 is done for safety reasons, to prevent through the footbath, setting the flock We are in the “quiet” holiday period when injury to humans and to other deer. The up for the final month before weaning in cattle and sheep are grazing contentedly, penning of the stags (much prone to early August. silage is all made and living should be posturing) can be a nerve wracking The making of good silage requires easy. Against this backdrop summer job, but once in the handling crate the us to predict the weather for about four maintenance is continuing. The des- removal of the antlers is an easy task and days ahead and this is always fraught ludging of the waste water lagoon is done using a bone saw. with difficulty. Failing to make a start after about fifteen years of service in anticipation of bad weather, only to was a necessary but unpleasant For more information: have a succession of dry days is almost task. A mixture of rotten leaves and macaulay.ac.uk/glensaugh

83 Open Doors 2009

On Saturday 6th June, the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute opened its doors to offer members of the public, representatives from partner organisations and friends and relatives of staff and students an opportunity to visit the Institute, find out about our research programmes, discover the range of work we undertake in our research laboratories and facilities, and explore our grounds.

Insect trails, storytelling and a wildlife detective course were available for younger visitors with all visitors able to undertake a self-guided arboretum tour of the estate and grounds and tour an internal exhibition.

The internal exhibition was arranged into six hubs, each of which covered a different area of our work.

84 Open Doors 2009

Health and Environment Hub Visitors to this Hub were able to discover how the environment, and our general surroundings, affects us.

Current research focuses on understanding the environment and measuring and monitoring the health of our soils and water.

We also conduct research on what nature means to people. We believe that better environmental policies require a better understanding of public views on the natural environment.

Analysing our Environment Hub Visitors to our state-of-the art laboratory facilities were able to discover what analysis can reveal about the environment; from understanding how Scotland’s soils may respond to climate change to fighting crime, and searching for oil under the North Sea.

85 Open Doors 2009

Future Climate: Future Environment Hub The study of the impacts of climate change and how we can best adapt to it requires an integrated approach by many scientific disciplines. A shared understanding of the specific climate change challenges relative to a particular sector is a vital National Soils Archive foundation to achieve support for changes to The National Soils Archive is a long term store of current policies and practices. representative soil samples from all over Scotland. The soil samples are a reference to the state of the soils in the past Current work at the Macaulay Land Use Research and are used to test new analyses and to check if soils are Institute looks at the relationships between climate changing over time. change, people and the environment. Many visitors to this Hub were surprised to learn that soil Visitors to this Hub were able to enter our Climate is alive – in fact there are more living things in just one Controlled Growth Rooms which allow us to alter teaspoon of soil than there are people on the planet. the heat, light and atmosphere to study how plants grow in different climates. This is important as the Like all living things, soil can become unwell and even die trees, crops and plants we grow in Scotland might if it is not looked after properly. This would be bad news for change in the future due to climate change. us because soils play a crucial role in almost every aspect of our lives. If we didn’t have healthy living soil we wouldn’t have food to eat, or freshwater to drink.

86 Open Doors 2009

Future Landscape Hub Transport, housing, energy and flood prevention are issues that affect us all, and imaginative solutions to these will need to come from a wide range of ideas. If we are to succeed, new planning and sustainable development policies require the full understanding and involvement of local people.

Visitors to this Hub were able to participate in a simulated planning decision process using our Virtual Landscape Theatre.

Younger visitors were also able to participate in planning policies by playing Pipe Dreams to decide if land should be used for crops, forestry, natural vegetation or livestock.

Biodiversity: Nature’s Network Hub Scotland’s natural heritage can be best protected and enhanced through the evidence provided by research.

We need to understand what biodiversity is present, and what regulates interactions within and between species, as well as between species and their environment. We also need to determine how biodiversity might be impacted by climate change and how it can best be conserved and managed.

Visitors to this Hub were able to discover some of our research work using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars to monitor foraging and ranging behaviour in livestock and social behaviour in reindeer and some of our work relating to insect conservation.

If you missed the event, more photographs taken at Open Doors along with several exhibition posters are available at: macaulay.ac.uk/OpenDoors2009/

87 MLURI in the Media

A regular presence is maintained in both local and national broadcast and printed media to promote the Institute’s scientific output and enhance our profile and reputation.

Newspaper articles reproduced with kind permission from: Aberdeen Evening Express, Deeside Piper and Herald, Donside Piper and Herald, Inverurie Herald, Scottish Daily Record, Shooting Times & Country Magazine, The Courier, Dundee, The Daily Telegraph and The Scotsman.

88 MLURI in the Media

Media Coverage 2009 Aberdeen Evening Express Seminar to explore public 3 February 2009 interpretations of country- The Daily Telegraph Kids asked to snap up scenic side access rights 22 January 2009 winner Research into how we perceive our Red deer at risk from mating Pupils are being invited to take photos right to roam the countryside will come with imported Japanese breed of North-east towns and countryside. under the spotlight at a seminar at the Scotland’s wild red deer may be lost if Also reported in the Aberdeen Press & University of Aberdeen today. Legisla- Journal, 10 March 2009 and 25 March 2009 they continue breeding with a foreign tion introduced in 2003 has given the species, scientists warned yesterday. people of Scotland what are considered Inverurie Herald to be some of the best countryside The Scotsman 5 February 2009 access rights in the world and mean that people have greater freedom in using the 22 January 2009 Pupils challenged to ‘Alien’ threat to iconic red countryside. Research by the Macaulay capture some Moments Land Use Research Institute in deer in Time Aberdeen has focused on the challenges Scotland’s most iconic animal is under Schoolchildren in the area are being this legislation has brought with it. In threat because it is breeding with an challenged to photograph a local scene particular, the affect it has had on how alien species, scientists have discovered. to preserve it on record for future Also reported on BBC News Online and in the walkers and mountain bikers using the Scottish Daily Mail, 22 January 2009 generations. The Macaulay Land Use same space of countryside interact with Research Institute in Aberdeen this one another. Shooting Times week launched a Moments in Time Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, 4 March 2009 and on STV News Online, 29 January 2009 competition which invites youngsters in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire to 5 March 2009 Red-sika hybrids are on capture a view of their town, city or the up the countryside to demonstrate how Knowledge Scotland Research reveals worrying evidence people in the North east lived and A novel approach to keeping policy of cross-breeding between these deer worked in the early part of the 21st makers in touch with the latest research species. New research has revealed century. on food, health, environment and rural the extent to which Scotland’s sectors was launched this week. The indigenous red deer are breeding ‘knowledgescotland’ programme is with non-native Japanese sika Aberdeen Evening Express designed to help scientists work more deer. Scientists at the University of 5 February 2009 effectively with government and others Edinburgh studied the DNA of 735 School News planning Scotland’s future. deer from the Kintyre region. The Schools have been invited to enter a Reported in Scottish Farmer, 7 March 2009 research which was funded by the landscape photography competition. Natural Environment Research Inverurie Herald Council and the Macaulay Institute, BBC Reporting Scotland 12 March 2009 was published in the journal 26 February 2009 Molecular Ecology on 20 January Capture a Moment in Time Dr Lorna Dawson explains the pitch and showed for the first time the for Institute competition invasion at Aberdeen Football Club’s cross-breeding between red and sika The Macaulay Land Use Research Pittodrie Stadium by ‘leather jackets’ deer. Institute is challenging primary and the larvae of the Crane Fly, or Daddy secondary school children in the area Long-legs. to get their camera out and capture a ‘Moment in Time’.

89 MLURI in the Media

BBC Radio Scotland ‘Out of Doors’ Seminar to explore methods Scottish Daily Record 22 March 2009 to prevent agricultural 21 May 2009 Solving the jelly mystery pollution CSI: Forfar Have you seen blobs of a strange jelly- Research into the design and imple- Dr Lorna Dawson uses skills she learnt like substance appearing across the mentation of land and agricultural on father’s potato farm to help capture countryside? Dr Andy Taylor discussed management strategies to improve criminals. what it could be…! water quality and reduce treatment costs will be highlighted at a seminar Donside Piper & Herald New Members Elected to at the Macaulay Land Use Research 22 May 2009 Macaulay Institute’s Board of Institute tomorrow. A world without oil or gas Governors Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, Pupils at Aboyne Academy have been Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, 25 April 2009 given a unique insight into a world in Aberdeen today announces the without oil or gas by learning more appointment of seven new members to Inverurie Herald about the new biomass boiler on their its board of governors. 14 May 2009 doorstep. Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, Climate change experts meet 7 April 2009 in North east Aberdeen Evening Express Experts in climate change gathered in 23 May 2009 International Scientists Aberdeen recently to discuss how best Malawi shoot for director Gather in Aberdeen for First to measure green-house gas emissions An Aberdeen research centre has Plant Interaction Conference in North east Scotland. chosen a BAFTA nominated director to Also reported in the Aberdeen Press & Ecology experts from across the globe shoot a film in Malawi. Journal, 30 April 200, 1 May 2009 and 2 May are gathering in Aberdeen today for 2009. Also reported in the Turriff & District The Scotsman the first ever international conference Advertiser, 8 May 2009 on positive plant interactions. The 23 May 2009 two day event, The British Ecological Scots scientists join global Society (BES) Symposium 2009: Scottish north-east under microscope in GILDED enquiry on forests’ carbon Facilitation in Plant Communities, emissions has been organised jointly by the project Scots scientists will travel to Society and the internationally The EC 7th Framework Programme Indonesia next week to take part in renowned, Aberdeen-based Macaulay project GILDED, (Governance, Infra- the first meeting of a group investi- Land Use Research Institute and will structure, Lifestyle Dynamics and gating carbon emissions from tropi- take place at the University of Aberdeen Energy Demand: European Post-Car- cal rainforests. The researchers from from 20–22 April 2009. bon Communities) has been launched. the Macaulay Land Use Research Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, 20 April 2009 18 May 2009 Institute will be taking part in the Reducing Emissions from Defor- estation and Degradation through Best Selling Local Crime Reducing Greenhouse Gas Alternative Land uses in Rainforest Author to Meet With Real- Emissions from Rainforests of the Tropics (Redd-Alert) project. Life CSIs Scientists from the Macaulay Land Crime fiction will come face to face Use Research Institute are travelling to Aberdeen Evening Express with science fact on the evening of 5th Indonesia next week to take part in the June as the work of local crime writer first meeting of a group investigating 30 May 2009 Stuart MacBride is put under the carbon emissions from tropical rain- Institute opens doors to microscope by a group of real-life CSIs. forests. Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, public The Macaulay Land Use Research A science centre is opening its doors to 21 May 2009 Institute is inviting you to delve into the public. the science behind fictional crime when it presents, Murder, Mystery & Microscopes. Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, 21 April 2009

90 MLURI in the Media

Aberdeen Evening Express Inverurie Herald BBC Radio Scotland 30 May 2009 11 June 2009 15 August 2009 Top authors to visit Aberdeen Two speakers at Oldmeldrum Jason Owen discusses how to get the The works of north-east crime writer Rotary most from your soil as part of National Stuart MacBride will be under the The two speakers for the evening were Allotment Week. spotlight at the Macaulay Land Use Grant Davidson from the Macaulay Research Institute at Craigiebuckler, Institute and Rotarian Bob Ørskov, Institute Confirms Tragic where three of Scotland’s leading who came to enlighten members about Death of Professor Simon forensic experts will reveal the science the work of the Ørskov Foundation. Thirgood behind the stories. It is with great regret that the Macaulay Deeside Piper & Herald Land Use Research Institute can confirm Aberdeen Evening Express 3 July 2009 an employee has died while working in 2 June 2009 A century of changes at Muir Ethiopia. Professor Simon Thirgood, Date with success for young of Dinnet 46, from Aboyne, Aberdeenshire died snappers Historic and contemporary photo- at the weekend when the building he Youngsters at three North-east schools graphs of the Muir of Dinnet formed was in collapsed following a storm. have snapped their way to success in a part of an exhibit investigating land- photography competition. The pupils scape change at the Royal Highland BBC Scotland ‘Out of Doors’ were all winners in the Macaulay Land Show at the weekend. Recent research 4 September 2009 Use Research Institute’s Moments in by the Macaulay Land Use Research Fungal Forays Time contest. Institute in Aberdeen aims to reveal Autumn is a great time to learn more the type and extent of changes in the about fungi with many organised walks Aberdeen Evening Express Scottish landscape over the past throughout Scotland. Fungi plays a 3 June 2009 century. vital role in keeping soil healthy, pro- 5 THINGS YOU MUST DO viding plants with the nutrition they 1. MURDER, MYSTERY AND Aberdeen Based Students need, and they are attracting more and MICROSCOPES Win Bursary to Attend more of us out to the great outdoors. The science behind the stories with British Science Festival Dr Andy Taylor talks about some of the crime writer Stuart MacBride and three fungi found in Scotland and explains Two Aberdeen based students have the dangers they can pose. of Scotland’s leading forensic experts. battled it out against other science 5. MACAULAY OPEN DOORS DAY loving students to win a bursary to Dundee Courier and Advertiser Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, attend this year’s British Science 25 September 2009 Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, fun and Festival, one of Europe’s largest science educational activities including insect festivals. Aiming to count country’s trails, face painting, goo making, role Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, worms playing and story-telling. 28 July 2009 SCRI and Aberdeen’s Macaulay Land Also reported in the Aberdeen Citizen, Use Research Institute are joining 3 June 2009 and the Aberdeen Press & BBC Radio Scotland Journal, 4 June 2009 forces to conduct a study on Scot- 5 August 2009 tish farms which may help scientists The Daily Telegraph Prof Steve Albon Comments understand how climate change is 6 June 2009 on Improved Pass Rates for affecting the earthworm population. Standard Grade and Higher Cuttings Aberdeen Evening Express Open doors day, 10.30am – 4.30pm, Science Examinations 26 September 2009 Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, “I am greatly encouraged by the news Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen. Free soil and that Scottish pupils have improved their Survey of earthworm water analysis, fun children’s activities. pass rates in science subjects this year. population Youngsters are the future of science Researchers from the North-east are to Aberdeen Evening Express in Scotland and it’s important that we count earthworms in a bid to learn how 6 June 2009 support and develop these skills all climate change affects their population. Open Day the way through higher and further Also reported on BBC News Online education.” and in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, 25 September 2009 and the Glasgow Herald, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen. 26 September 2009

91 MLURI in the Media

Getting away with murder at Dundee Courier & Advertiser Smart Science Boosts the Robert Gordon University 7 October 2009 Economy In a society where crime fiction is one SCRI and Macaulay to form Pioneering work on human gut dis- of the best audience pullers for film, TV ‘super institute’ orders potentially worth billions, the and paperback, it’s no surprise that an The Scottish Crop Research Institute development of livestock vaccines and opportunity to find out about the per- (SCRI) and the Macaulay Land Use grazing systems to benefit farming, fect murder is proving so popular in the Research Institute (MLURI) have DNA fingerprinting tests to improve North-east of Scotland. agreed to merge to form a ‘super water quality and the use of 3-D imagery Around 300 members of the public institute’ capable of competing on the to inform planning assessments. are expected to attend a sold out international stage. These are just a few ways the Scottish ‘Murder, Mystery and Microscopes’ Also reported in the Dundee Evening Government’s Science Institutes event which is taking place as part of Telegraph, 6 October 2009, the Glasgow transform knowledge into innovative TechFest at Robert Gordon University. Herald, 7 October 2009 and Donside Piper, products and support Scotland’s 30 October 2009 and on BBC News Online, Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, economy – as highlighted in a report 28 September 2009 6 October 2009 and STVNews Online, 7 October 2009 published today. Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, The Scotsman 9 October 2009 Dundee Courier & Advertiser 29 September 2009 7 October 2009 Scots scientists researching Dundee Courier and Advertiser Vital role on agri-science 9 October 2009 CO2 levels win £500k grant Co-operations already exists between Scottish scientists have been awarded New ‘super institute’ the Scottish Crop Research Institute a grant of almost £500,000 to discover attracts another research at Mylnefield, Invergowrie, and the whether climate change could have an Macaulay Land Use Research Institute. ally impact on carbon dioxide being released Who said finding the perfect Prodded by the Scottish Government, from Europe’s soils. career isn’t science? Also reported in the Aberdeen Press & both organisations have agreed to combine their resources. Science-based toys such as chemistry Journal, 28 September 2009 sets are a huge hit with children, and have been for years. So why is it that Science Institutes Join Forces The Scotsman 7 October 2009 so many grow out of their interest in The Scottish Crop Research Institute science? (SCRI) and the Macaulay Land Use Plan to create Scots science If you like travelling around Research Institute have agreed in powerhouse is unveiled the world, meeting interesting principle to unite, strengthening Two of Scotland’s leading science people and making a difference Scotland’s rural-environmental re- institutes are to join forces to to the planet then perhaps a career in search capacity and further enhancing create Europe’s foremost centre for science could be for you. Bob Ferrier, their international competitiveness. research into food, land use and a hydrochemist at the Aberdeen- It will be the first institute of its kind climate change, it was revealed based Macaulay Land Use Research in Europe and the new organisation yesterday. Institute has done just that. is expected to create an international Reported in the Aberdeen Press & office to reinforce its global presence. Journal, 13 November 2009 Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, 6 October 2009, 7 October 2009 and 10 October 2009

92 MLURI in the Media

The Scotsman Register for coastal green BBC Reporting Scotland 6 November 2009 tourism event 8 December 2009 Butterflies and beetles blow Local residents and businesses with an Jeff Wilson and Steve Hillier feature in hot and cold as climate interest in the coast are invited to the a story on Macaulayite East Grampian Coastal Partnership’s change makes mark The Scotsman Butterfly species that usually like Annual Seminar. The meeting is free 9 December 2009 warmer climates south of the Border to attend and will be held on 24th have been found in growing numbers November at the Macaulay Land Use Ever wondered if there’s life in parts of Scotland, a 15-year study Research Institute in Aberdeen. on Mars? has shown. Scientists believe that some Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, Samples of a rare bright mineral are species of butterflies are migrating 19 November 2009 now being tested by scientists from north as climate change causes warmer the Nasa space agency in the search temperatures. BBC Radio Scotland ‘Out of Doors’ for clues about the possibility of life Also reported on Environment Times online, 28 November 2009 on Mars. The compound, named 9 November 2009 Rachel Helliwell, Alison Hester and Macaulayite by the scientists at Justin Irvine interviewed at a workshop Aberdeen’s renowned Macaulay Land The Scotsman held to explore impacts on biodiversity Use Research Institute who first iden- 18 November 2009 in the uplands. tified the rare rock, could be the same New flood warming system type of mineral which gives Mars its planned Celebrating World Soils Day: distinctive colour. Communities hit by devastating flood- Institute announces completion of Also reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, Irish Sun, Metro Scotland, Scottish ing earlier this month could be the national soil sampling project Daily Express and Scottish Daily Mirror, and focus of a new study aimed at improv- Results of a national inventory of Scot- on BBC News Online, Cryptozoology Online, ing warnings systems ahead of bad land’s soils will provide scientists with DailyIndia.com and Northsound1.com, 9 weather. invaluable evidence on climate change. December 2009, and in the International The Macaulay Land Use Institute Business Times, 10 December 2009, Wales on Dundee Courier & Advertiser has completed a national soil sampling Sunday, 13 December 2009 and Inverurie 18 November 2009 project which it will use to compare Advertiser, 18 December 2009 £60,000 flood warming study with samples taken 25 years earlier Research into ways of improving flood from the same locations to investigate BBC 2 ‘Landward’ warnings have been ordered by the the impact of climate change on our 18 December 2009 Scottish Government. The £60,000 soils. Dr Simon Langan talks to Dougie project by the Macaulay Land Use Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, 1 December 2009 and the Scottish Farmer, Vipond about the Institute’s flood Research Institute, Aberdeen, will 12 December 2009 risk management research. study the best way of getting flood warnings to the public, local authorities and emergency services. Event to highlight land based Institute raises money for waste management solutions cancer charity Aberdeen Evening Express Research into potential land based Staff from the Macaulay Land Use 18 November 2009 waste management solutions will be Research Institute presented a ‘E-mails and texts could warn highlighted at an event today when cheque for nearly £1,200 to Friends of residents of floods’ waste management practitioners from ANCHOR, a cancer care charity in Also reported in the Aberdeen Press across the north of Scotland meet Aberdeen. The money was raised during & Journal, the Glasgow Herald, the Paisley at a Chartered Institution of Wastes a Quiz Night held at the Institute and Daily Express, and Public Servant Scotland, Management seminar hosted by the was presented to Friends of ANCHOR and on teletext and BBC News Online, Aberdeen based Macaulay Land Use fundraising manager, Fiona Pearson, 18 November 2009 Research Institute. during a visit to the Institute. The seminar, ‘Too good to (be) Waste’ Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, will examine issues derived from the 23 December 2009 Zero Waste agenda. In particular, the policy, legislative and practical considerations of putting products derived from waste to land will be highlighted. Reported in the Aberdeen Press & Journal, 1 December 2009 93 Events and Seminars

As part of our commitment to sharing our knowledge and scientific output, many of the events that we organise or attend bring together experts and interested organisations from across Scotland, as well as internationally, to hear and discuss our research findings and their implications.

Information exchanges offer Government, Local Authorities, landowners and communities an opportunity to make use of our evidence-based policy in understanding the potential of land and informing decisions on how land is used in the future.

* All the listed events were held at the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Aberdeen unless stated.

94 Events and Seminars

Participation in Events 2009 5 June 2009 31 October 2009 Murder, Mystery & Microscopes: ‘Today’s Geography – Tomorrow’s 12 February 2009 Unearthing the science behind crime World’ ‘Happy Birthday Darwin’ fiction The Scottish Association of Geography A presentation by Dr Lucy Gilbert, Teachers’ Annual Conference Ecological Epidemiologist. 6 June 2009 Edinburgh Open Doors 20 – 22 April 2009 Members of the public were invited to 9 November 2009 British Ecological Symposium 2009 visit the Institute to find out about our Rural Land Summit University of Aberdeen research programmes, the work we Inverness This was the first ever international undertake in our research laboratories In September 2008, Rural Affairs meeting dedicated to the rapidly and facilities, and explore our grounds. Cabinet Secretary Richard Lochhead expanding field of facilitation (positive launched a comprehensive review of plant-plant interactions) in plant com- 25 – 28 June 2009 land use in Scotland to map out sug- munities. ‘A century of change in the Scottish gested uses for rural land across the landscape’ country and ensure every part of it is 30 April 2009 Royal Highland Show being put to best use, whether through Visitor Seminar: Ingliston, agriculture, tourism, housing, industry, ‘Mitigating agricultural and moor- Edinburgh forestry, renewable energy or a variety land water pollution in drinking of other ways. water supply catchments in northern 3 September 2009 England’. Rural Law Conference: Land Reform This work has culminated in a Rural Paul Kay, the University of Leeds in Scotland: 10 Years of a Scottish Land Use Summit which brought Parliament together experts and interested 5 – 7 May 2009 University of Aberdeen organisations from across Scotland to ‘Predicting the Future for Highly hear and debate the findings and their Organic Soils’ 5 – 10 September 2009 implications. Information coming from British Society of Soil Science Spring Murder, Mystery & Microscopes: the research and the summit will pro- Conference Heriot-Watt Campus, Unearthing the science behind crime vide an evidence base for Government, Edinburgh fiction local authorities and communities British Science Festival to make use of in understanding the 21 May 2009 University of Surrey, potential of their land and informing Visitor Seminar: ‘From Turning the Guildford their decisions on how it is used. Tide to the Durham Heritage Coast’ Niall Benson, Project Manager for the 26 September 2009 11 November 2009 Durham Heritage Coast, visited the Murder, Mystery & Microscopes: Science and the Parliament Institute to discuss his work regenerat- Unearthing the science behind crime Our Dynamic Earth, ing an interesting piece of coastline in fiction Edinburgh North East England. Techfest, An opportunity for the science and Aberdeen political community to come together 5 June 2009 to discuss some of the key issues facing 33rd TB Macaulay Lecture: ‘Living on 7 – 8 October 2009 us today. a Shrinking Planet: Challenges and Science Policy Success Opportunities for Sustaining Global Our Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh Land Use’ Two day conference and workshops For more information on future events: macaulay.ac.uk/events Professor Jonathan Foley, University of organised by SCRI and the Moredun Minnesota Research Institute supported by Land use has generally been considered RERAD as part of the Knowledge a local issue, but is becoming a force Scotland initiative. of global importance. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and the long-term capacity of the biosphere to provide necessary goods and services. 95 The 33rd Macaulay Lecture

Professor Foley, Director of the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota, was warmly welcomed to the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute to give the 33rd Macaulay Lecture.

His work focuses on complex global environmental systems and their interactions with human societies. He and his students have contributed to our understanding of large-scale ecosystem processes, global patterns of land use, the behaviour of the planet’s climate and water cycle, and the sustainability of our biosphere.

96 The 33rd Macaulay Lecture

global water consumption. In the last shrinking global stockpiles of grains. 40 years: Increasing populations, a preference for l The amount of land allocated to meat over a more vegetarian diet and agriculture has grown by almost 12% increased use of petroleum have led to l 10% more agricultural land is an increased vulnerability for global intensively irrigated food supplies. l Fertiliser use has grown 700% However, there is a growing aware- Although there has been a marked ness of the need to link food, water and decrease in the number of types of energy use and to value assets that have The presentation,‘Living on a Shrinking crops grown throughout the world, the previously been ignored in economic Planet: Challenges and Opportunities volume of crops grown specifically for calculations, such as the value of land for Sustaining Global Land Use’, animal feed is rising and, in the last six for flood prevention, mitigating natural addressed the challenges of managing years, more food has been consumed disasters and storing carbon, plus the trade-offs between immediate human worldwide than was grown resulting in role of pollinating species. needs and the long-term capacity of the Earth to provide food, clean water, and to regulate the climate.

Land use has generally been considered a local issue, but is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to land resources are driven by needs for food, fibre, water and shelter for six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by increased energy, water and fertiliser consumption, and by biodiversity loss. These changes have increased human consumption of the planet’s resources, but undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater, regulate climate, and restrict infectious diseases.

Land use and agriculture play an important role in climate change. Agricultural emissions account for one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, and almost 85% of total

Professor Foley planning a Rowan tree, Sorbus aucuparia, to commemorate his visit to the Institute

97 Education and Outreach

The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute is committed to sharing our knowledge and scientific output to all interested parties. We see communication as an opportunity for learning and development and have produced many educational resources in partnership with students, teachers and educational advisors to provide resources suitable for both the classroom and individual studies.

Some materials are specifically tied to the curriculum whilst others provide useful information for both teachers and students from primary school age to undergraduate level.

98 Education and Outreach

TheBiosphere: Soils and Succession has Macaulay Videos currently comprises Macaulay Maps been written to meet the requirements three educational DVDs which have A range of soil maps, computer models of the Higher Geography curriculum. been commissioned by the Macaulay and other products are available to Consisting of four separate modules, it Land Use Research Institute to provide provide guidance on sustainable soil is designed to be used as a teaching aid an educational resource to stimulate management. in the classroom and can also be used debate on climate change, explain by students for individual study. the complex relationships between us Coloured Soil Maps and our precious water resource, and Soil maps are available at either The Countryside Change Toolkit is an outline how our Virtual Landscape 1:50,000, or 1:63,360 (“inch to mile”) interactive visual activity for 8-13 year Theatre helps people to explore land- scale. These are coloured for easy read- olds. It includes modules on renewable scapes of the past, present and future. ing of soil types. They are suitable for energy and woodlands that demon- small scale applications, e.g. farm plans, strate how short and long term changes The Machair is a digital classroom building work. in the landscape might look. resource for the Higher Geography Rural Land Resources course. This Uncoloured Soil Maps Exploring Scotland is aimed at second- provides all the necessary information Uncoloured soil maps are available at ary pupils through to undergraduates. to teach this section of the curriculum either 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 scale. These This resource helps students discover or can be used for self-study and are suitable for applications where more about the natural resources of was developed in partnership with colour would be a distraction. The Scotland and the relationship between Learning and Teaching Scotland. 1:25,000 scale is suitable for small areas soil and the Scottish landscape. where maximum detail is required. For more information: Future Landscape Workshops are macaulay.ac.uk/education Land Capability for Agriculture Maps aimed at primary and secondary pupils These maps cover the principal agri- studying Geography. The workshops cultural areas of Scotland. The sheet introduce pupils to topics of rural lines conform to the Ordnance Survey land resources, the role of citizenship Landranger series. in development planning, competing demands for the use of rural land- Soil and Land Capability for scapes, and inter-relationships and Agriculture Maps conflicts of interest which exist in Large scale soil maps are available at different environments. 1:250,000 scale. These cover large areas and are suitable for education, strategic Grazing, Bugs and Birds (GRUB) planning or study. Similar maps are demonstrates how sheep and cattle available for forestry. grazing affects upland wildlife, and is aimed at family audiences. It is available Soil Series Description Sheets on loan to organisations involved in Soil series description sheets provide communicating science to the public. summaries of the soil properties and related environmental factors for The Knowledge Reservoir is an many of the more extensive or locally educational resource which outlines important soil series shown on the the importance of water. Catchment 1:50,000 (coloured), 1:63,360 (coloured) Management can also be explored in and 1:25,000 (uncoloured) soil maps. our game, ‘Pipe Dreams’. For more information: macaulay.ac.uk/maps

99 Summary Financial Statements for year ended 31 March 2009

The Macaulay Group financial statements comprise those of the Institute, the Macaulay Development Trust (MDT), the MacLagan Trust Fund and the three wholly owned subsidiaries of MDT: Macaulay Scientific Consulting Ltd (MSC), Macaulay Research Consultancy Services Limited (MRCS) and Macaulay Enterprises Limited (MEL).

MSC commenced trading on 1 April 2008, taking over the business of MRCS and MEL, both of which ceased trading on that date and have become dormant.

The following figures for the Institute have been extracted from the full Board of Governors’ Report and Financial Statements of the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute for the year ended 31 March 2009.

100 Summary Financial Statements

Income & Expenditure The Institute returned a strong financial performance in the year to 31 March 2009, reporting an operating surplus of £750k for the year before exceptional items and an overall surplus of £932k. This compares with an operating surplus of £476k and an overall surplus of £989k the previous year.

Table 1 Summary Income & Expenditure Account Year to 31 March 2009 2008 £,000 £,000 Income Grants from RERAD 10,189 9,766 Research grants and contracts 1,876 1,603 Research stations 428 527 Income from related parties 1,226 279 Other income 1,160 1,076 14,879 13,251

Expenditure Scientific salary costs 6,148 5,991 Research expenditure 2,412 1,853 Research stations 583 693 Other costs 4,986 4,238 14,129 12,775

Operating Surplus 750 476 Exceptional gain on withdrawal 18 334 from Sourhope research station Gain on asset sales 19 2 Investment income 145 177 Surplus for the financial year 932 989

101 Summary Financial Statements

During the year to 31 March 2009, income from Scottish Government rose by 4% while income from external sources rose by 17%. The exit from the research station at Sourhope reduced research station income by 19%. Overall, operating income rose by 12%.

Expenditure rose by 11%, with the bulk of the increase in direct research costs. During the year the Institute employed 274 staff (2008: 273) and supervised 60 PhD students.

£150 £583 £1,071 £10,189 4% 7% 1% £428 69% £6,148 3% 42%

Grants from RERAD £4,016 £2,965 Research grants 28% Scientific salary 20% and contracts costs Research stations Research expenditure Amortisation of capital grants to Depreciation match depreciation Overheads and Other income other expenditure £1,122 8% Research stations

£2,524 18% Graph 1. Income breakdown 2008/09 (£,000) Graph 2. Expenditure breakdown 2008/09 (£,000)

The Institute has shown a significant improvement in overall financial performance over the last 4 years, as summarised in Table 2.

Table 2 Graph 3. Income and Expenditure 2006/07 – 2008/09 Income and Expenditure Summary Performance 2006 2007 2008 2009 £16,000 2006–2009 £,000 £,000 £,000 £,000 £14,000 Total Income 10,841 11,969 13,764 15,061 £12,000 Total Expenditure 10,835 11,677 12,775 14,129 £10,000 Reported surplus 6 292 989 932 £8,000 £6,000 £4,000 £2,000

Institute Institute Institute Institute 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9

Total Income Total Expenditure Surplus for the year

102 Summary Financial Statements

Balance Sheet Fixed assets are shown on the balance sheet at valuation. In the year to 31 March 2009, the Institute net assets rose by £14.9 million. £14 million of this is due to the 5 yearly revaluation of the land and buildings originally gifted to the Institute by its benefactor T. B. Macaulay. The valuation is on a depreciated replacement cost basis. The historic cost of the revalued assets after depreciation was £9 million.

Table 3 Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Balance Sheet for the year ended 31 March 2009 2009 2008 £,000 £,000 Fixed Assets Tangible assets 25,031 10,857 Investments 77 144 25,108 11,001

Current Assets Stocks 303 271 Debtors 1,187 1,362 Cash at bank and in hand 6,133 3,996 7,623 5,629 Creditors: amounts due within 1 year (3,965) (2,727) Net Current Assets 3,658 2,902 Total Net Assets 28,766 13,903

Capital and reserves Endowment funds 166 248 Restricted funds 25,031 10,857 Unrestricted funds 3,569 2,798 28,766 13,903

103 Grants Awarded

In 2008–09 the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute competitively won over £5 million in new research contracts from projects totalling nearly £16 million, including £1.8 million from the European Commission, £129,000 from the European Regional Development Fund, £73,000 from the Swedish University of Agricultural Science and £61,000 from Unilever.

The tables outline the project title, the awarding body, the timescale of the project and the project leader.

104 Grants Awarded

Grants awarded for projects during 2009

PROJECT TITLE START DATE END DATE Funding Body Project Leader SMILE FP7 - Management Activities 01 Jan 2008 31 Dec 2011 European Commission Dr Keith Matthews Farmer as Water Manager under 01 Jan 2009 31 Dec 2011 European Regional Dr Keith Matthews Future Climate Regimes Development Fund REDD-ALERT Reducing Emissions 01 Jan 2009 31 Dec 2011 European Commission Dr Robin Matthews from Deforestation and Degradation REDD-ALERT Reducing Emissions 01 Jan 2009 31 Dec 2011 European Commission Dr Robin Matthews from Deforestation and Degradation - Management Support for Additional Knowledge 05 Jan 2009 30 Jun 2010 RERAD (Rural & Dr Dick Birnie Exchange Activities Environmental Research and Analysis Directorate) Acidification & Eutrophopication Soil 26 Jan 2009 30 Jun 2009 Scottish Environmental Dr Helaina Black indicators Protection Agency Deer populations and trends in 26 Jan 2009 06 Apr 2009 Deer Commission for Prof Steve Albon Scotland Scotland Rural SuDS 26 Jan 2009 30 Apr 2009 Environment Agency Dr Lisa Avery Prioritising SAPs & HAPs by LBAP area 30 Jan 2009 30 Jun 2009 SNH Prof Robin Pakeman in Scotland JMT Carbon Project 01 Feb 2009 31 Jul 2009 JMT Prof Bill Slee Rural Land Use Study: Project 2 01 Feb 2009 31 Jul 2009 RERAD Prof Bill Slee Spey CMP Appraisal & Development 01 Feb 2009 30 Jun 2009 Cairngorms National Park Dr Susan Cooksley Authority Stumps and invertebrate and fungal 01 Feb 2009 31 May 2009 Swedish University of Dr Andy Taylor diversity Agricultural Sciences FWP Contractor Survey 15 Feb 2009 30 Apr 2009 SNH Dr Simon Langan Rural Land use study: Project 1 16 Feb 2009 30 Nov 2009 RERAD Prof David Miller Cumnock Sustainable Urban 23 Feb 2009 30 Sep 2009 Jacobs UK Ltd Andrew Nolan Extension: Soils and Agricultural Assessment for Environmental Impact Assessment Impact of climate change on soil 01 Mar 2009 30 May 2009 Joint Nature Conservation Dr Helaina Black functions Committee The role of deer carcasses for 01 Mar 2009 20 Mar 2009 JMT Dr Justin Irvine biodiversity Making deer choices: Public 09 Mar 2009 15 Mar 2009 RERAD Dr Justin Irvine perceptions of wildlife management Social Science – Climate Change – 09 Mar 2009 01 Dec 2009 Forestry Commission Dr Maria Nijnik Forestry Impacts of biomass and bioenergy 24 Mar 2009 26 Jul 2009 Scotland & Northern Philippa Booth crops Ireland Forum for Environmental Research Building natural resource 01 Apr 2009 31 Dec 2012 Department for Dr Simon Thirgood monitoring capacity in Ethiopia's key Environment, Food & Rural Afro-montane ecosystems Affairs (DEFRA)

105 Grants Awarded

PROJECT TITLE START DATE END DATE Funding Body Project Leader Cultural landscapes of tourism and 01 Apr 2009 31 Dec 2012 Norwegian Forest and Neil Sang hospitality Landscape Institute GS Soil-European Soil Information 01 Apr 2009 31 Mar 2012 European Commission Dr Allan Lilly International Consortium of Scottish 01 Apr 2009 31 Mar 2012 RERAD Dr Brajesh Singh Soil Genomics National Ecosystem Assessment – 01 Apr 2009 31 Mar 2010 RERAD Prof Steve Albon Expert Panel Behaviour for Well-being, 30 Apr 2009 29 Apr 2010 Economic and Social Dr Simon Thirgood Environment & Life Research Council NE Scotland Climate Change 01 May 2009 31 May 2009 RERAD Prof Bill Slee Partnership PolicyGrid II: Supporting 01 May 2009 30 Apr 2012 Economic and Social Dr Gary Polhill Interdisciplinary Evidence Bases for Research Council Scientific Collaboration and Policy Making EDC in Dog Testes 01 Jun 2009 31 Mar 2011 University of Nottingham Dr Stewart Rhind Expert workshops on carbon stocks 01 Jul 2009 31 Oct 2009 RERAD Dr Steve Chapman in Scottish peatlands NEA: Scotland Synthesis 01 Jul 2009 01 Feb 2011 World Conservation Prof Richard Aspinall Monitoring Centre Soil Corrosivity 01 Jul 2009 31 Aug 2009 Cranfield University John Bell Murder, Mystery and Microscopes 15 Jul 2009 31 Jul 2010 Scottish Government Prof David Miller Report writing for pot trials run for 29 Jul 2009 12 Aug 2009 Helius Energy Plc Dr Eric Paterson Helius Energy in 2008 Climate Change Education Pack for 01 Aug 2009 31 Mar 2010 RERAD Grant Davidson Scottish Schools River Dee pearl mussel 01 Aug 2009 10 Apr 2010 SNH Dr Susan Cooksley population:linking macrohabitat data with distribution LFA EU Criteria: analysis of potential 03 Aug 2009 11 Sep 2009 RERAD Willie Towers impact on Scotland's LFA Defra Climate Change Impacts On 01 Sep 2009 28 Feb 2011 Cranfield University Dr Helaina Black Soil Biota Feasibility study: translocation of 01 Sep 2009 28 Feb 2015 SNH Dr Rob Brooker species in northern or montane environments Cooper Report 01 Oct 2009 02 Oct 2009 Helius Energy Plc Dr Eric Paterson Ecohydrological self organisation in 01 Oct 2009 30 Sep 2012 RERAD Dr Sarah Dunn temperate hillslopes Farming Outside the Fence? An 01 Oct 2009 30 Sep 2012 RERAD Dr Lee-Ann Sutherland Analysis of Legal and Policy Supports for Non-Commercial Farming in Scotland Impacts of small scale hydro on rare 01 Oct 2009 31 Mar 2010 SNH Dr Benoit Demars bryophytes and lichens

106 Grants Awarded

PROJECT TITLE START DATE END DATE Funding Body Project Leader Stream bank Management, 01 Oct 2009 30 Sep 2012 RERAD Dr Marc Stutter Retention and Transport of Phosphorus (SMART-P) Beaver Monitoring 10 Oct 2009 15 Jun 2014 SNH Dr Ben Moore Photomontages for Damhead 12 Oct 2009 16 Oct 2009 Flower Properties Ltd. Margaret McKeen Renewables Proposal Soils & LCA of Hazelbank Quarry 12 Oct 2009 06 Nov 2009 J W H Ross & Co John Bell Extension Confidence in Compost QMS 18 Nov 2009 24 Nov 2009 The Waste and Resources Dr Rupert Hough Workshop Action Programme Aquatic Carbon Fluxes from UK 01 Jan 2010 03 Feb 2011 Scotland & Northern Dr Marc Stutter Peatlands Ireland Forum for Environmental Research Evidence gaps in GHG and C flux from 01 Jan 2010 30 May 2010 Joint Nature Conservation Dr Rebekka Artz UK peatlands Committee UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 01 Jan 2010 31 Mar 2011 HR Wallingford Ltd Dr Iain Brown WRAP editing 04 Jan 2010 01 Feb 2010 The Waste and Resources Dr Rupert Hough Action Programme REstoration, protection and 01 Feb 2010 31 Jan 2014 European Commission Dr Rachel Helliwell management of European FRESHwater ecosystems in a world of global change MGT Activities REstoration, protection and 01 Feb 2010 31 Jan 2014 European Commission Dr Rachel Helliwell management of European FRESHwater ecosystems in a world of global change MGT Activities REstoration, protection and 01 Feb 2010 31 Jan 2014 European Commission Dr Rachel Helliwell management of European FRESHwater ecosystems in a world of global change MGT Activities FAO Soil Biodiversity Website 01 Mar 2010 01 Nov 2010 Food and Agriculture Dr Rebekka Artz Organization Subcontract to CEH for Defra Soils 01 Apr 2010 01 Sep 2010 DEFRA Dr Helaina Black Review

107 Publications

Our science is communicated to the wider scientific community through the publication of peer-reviewed papers which highlight our work. This communication forms the basis of the documentation of scientific knowledge and we are proud that for the last five years, the number of ISI papers published has shown a consecutive year on year increase.

We also engage with both scientific and non-scientific audiences through the presentation of conference papers and posters, technical reports and popular articles.

The following pages list ISI refereed journals, reviewed papers, book and book chapters, conference posters, technical reports, book reviews and popular articles published during 2009, along with a list of oral presentations and submissions.

108 Publications

ISI Refereed Journals

Aalders, I., Ball, B., Black, H. I. Baggaley, N. J., Mayr, T., Blackstock, K. L. (2009). Chapman, S. J., Bell, J., J., Campbell, C. D., Griffiths, B., & Bellamy, P. (2009). Between a rock and a hard place: Donnelly, D., & Lilly, A. (2009). Hopkins, D., Hough, R. L., Lilly, A., Identification of key soil and terrain incompatible objectives at the Carbon stocks in Scottish peatlands. Mckenzie, B., Rees, R. M., properties that influence the heart of river basin planning? Soil Use and Management, vol. 25, Sinclair, A., Towers, W., spatial variability of soil moisture Water Science and Technology, pp. 105–112. & Watson, C. (2009). throughout the growing season. vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 425–431. Considerations for Scottish soil Soil Use and Management, vol. 25, Coleby, A. M., Aspinall, P. A., monitoring in the European no. 3, pp. 320–332. Blackstock, K. L., Ingram, J., & Miller, R. A. (2009). context. European Journal of Soil Burton, R., Mills, J., Brown, K. M., Public attitudes and participation in Science, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 833–843. Bakam, I. & Matthews, R. B. (2009). & Slee, B. (2009). wind turbine development. Journal Emission trading in agriculture: a Understanding and influencing of Environmental Assessment Policy Artz, R. R. E., Reid, E., study of design options using an behaviour change by farmers to and Management, vol. 11, no. 1, Anderson, I. C., Campbell, C. D., agent-based approach. Mitigation improve water quality. Science of pp. 69–95. & Cairney, J. W. G. (2009). and Adaptation Strategies for Global the Total Environment, doi:10.1016/j. Long term repeated prescribed Change. vol. 14, no. 8, p. 755. scitotenv.2009.04.029. Creamer, R. E., Bellamy, P., burning increases evenness in the Black, H., Cameron, C. C., basidiomycete laccase gene pool Baker, K. L., Langenheder, S., Bodeker, I. T. M., Nygren, C. M. R., Chamberlain, P., Harris, J., in forest soils. FEMS Microbiology Nicol, G. W., Ricketts, D., Taylor, A. F. S., Olson, A., Parekh, N., Pawlett, M., Ecology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 397–410. Killham, K., Campbell, C. D., & Lindahl, B. D. (2009). Poskitt, J., Stone, D., & Ritz, K. & Prosser, J. I. (2009). Class II peroxidase-encoding genes (2009). Aspinall, R. J., Miller, J. A., Environmental and spatial are present in a phylogenetically An inter-laboratory comparison & Franklin, J. (2009). characterisation of bacterial wide range of ectomycorrhizal of multi-enzyme and multiple Calculations on the back of a community composition in soil fungi. ISME Journal, vol. 3, no. 12, substrate-induced respiration climate envelope: addressing the to inform sampling strategies. pp. 1387-1395. assays to assess method geography of species distributions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, repeatability in soil monitoring. Letter to Proceedings of the National vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 2292–2298. Britton, A. J., Beale, C., Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol. 45, Academy of Sciences on the paper: Towers, W., & Hewison, R. L. no. 6, pp. 623–633. Beale, C., Lennon, J.and Gimona, A. Beale, C. M., Lennon, J. J., (2009). Biodiversity gains and losses: (2008) Opening the climate envelope & Gimona, A. (2009). evidence for homogenisation Cummings, S. P., reveals no macroscale associations European bird distributions still of Scottish alpine vegetation. Gyaneshwar, P., Vinuesa, P., with climate in European birds. show few climate associations. Biological Conservation, vol. 142, Farruggia, F. T., Andrews, M., PNAS, 105, vol. 106, no. 16, Proceedings of the National pp. 1728–1739. Humphry, D., Elliott, G. N., pp. 14908–14912. Academy of Sciences, USA, Nelson, A., Orr, C., vol. 106, no. 16, p. E41–E43. Brooker, R., Callaway, R. M., Pettitt, D., Shah, G. P., Avery, L. M., Williams, A. P., Cavieres, L., Kikvidze, Z., Lortie, Santos, S. R., Krishnan, H. B., Killham, K., & Jones, D. L. (2009). Bellingham, M., Fowler, P. A., C. J., Michalet, R., Pugnaire, F. I., Odee, D., Moreira, M. N. S., Heat and lime treatment as an Amezaga, M. R., Rhind, S. M., Valiente-Banuet, A., Sprent, J. I., Young, P. W., effective control method of Cotinot, C., Mandon-Pepin, B., & Whitham, T. G. (2009). & James, E. K. (2009). e-coli O157:H7 in organic wastes. Sharpe, R. M., & Evans, N. P. (2009). Don’t diss integration: A comment Nodulation of Sesbania species Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, Exposure to a complex cocktail on Ricklef’s disintegrating by Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) no. 10, pp. 2692-2698. of environmental endocrine communities. American Naturalist, strain IRBG74 and other rhizobia. disrupting compounds disturbs vol. 174, no. 6, pp. 919–927. Environmental Microbiology, vol. 11, Babulo, B., Muys, B., Nega, F., the KiSS-1/GPR54 system in ovine no. 10, pp. 2510–2525. Tollens, E., Nyssen, J., Deckers, J., hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Brooker, R. W. & Mathijs, E. (2009). Environmental Health Perspectives, & Callaway, R. M. (2009). Degabriel, J. L., Moore, B. D., The economic contribution of forest vol. 117, no. 10, pp. 1556–1562. Facilitation in the conceptual Foley, W. J., & Johnson, C. N. resource use to rural livelihoods in melting pot. Journal of Ecology, (2009). Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Bergfur, J., Johnson, R. K., vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 1117–1120. The effects of plant defensive Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 11, Sandin, L., & Goedkoop, W. (2009). chemistry on nutrient availability no. 2, pp. 123-131. determine reproductive success in Effects of nutrient enrichment Brown, K. M., Dilley, R., a mammal. Ecology, vol. 90, no. 3, on C and N stable isotope ratios & Marshall, K. (2009). Baggaley, N. J., Langan, S. J., of invertebrates, fish and their Using a head-mounted video pp. 711–719. Futter, M. N., & Potts, J. M. (2009). food resources in boreal streams. camera to understand social worlds Long-term trends in Hydrobiologia, vol. 628, no. 1, and experiences. Sociological Degabriel, J. L., Moore, B. D., hydroclimatology of a Scottish pp. 67–79. Research Online, vol. 13, no. 6, Marsh, K. J., & Foley, W. J. (2009). mountain river. Science of the Total www.socresonline.org.uk/13/6/ The effect of plant secondary Environment, vol. 407, no. 16, 1.htm. metabolites on the interplay pp. 4633–4641. between the internal and external environments of marsupial folivores. Chemoecology, doi:10.1007/s00049-009-0037-3.

109 Publications

Degabriel, J. L., Moore, B. D., Elliott, G. N., Chou, J. H., Fraser, M. D., Davies, D. A., Garnett, M. H., Hartley, I. P., Shipley, L. A., Chen, W. M., Bloemberg, G. V., Vale, J. E., Nute, G. R., Hopkins, D. W., Sommerkorn, M., Krockenberger, A. K., Bontemps, C., Hallett, K. G., Richardson, R. I., & Wookey, P. A. (2009). Wallis, I. R., Johnson, C. N., Martinez-Romero, E., & Wright, I. A. (2009). A passive sampling method & Foley, W. J. (2009). Velazquez, E., Young, J. P. W., Performance and meat quality of for radiocarbon analysis of soil Inter-population differences in the Sprent, J. I., & James, E. K. (2009). native and continental cross steers respiration using molecular sieve. tolerance of a marsupial folivore Burkholderia spp. are the most grazing ryegrass/white clover Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 41, to plant secondary metabolites. competitive symbionts of improved pasture or semi-natural no. 7, pp. 1450–1456. Oecologia, vol. 161, no. 3, Mimosa, particularly under rough grazing. Livestock Science, pp. 539–548. N-limited conditions. vol. 123, pp. 70–82. Geberts, J., Singh, B. K., Pan, Y., Environmental Microbiology, & Bodrossy, L. (2009). Demars, B. O. L. & vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 762–778. Friberg, N., Christensen, J. B., Activity and structure of Edwards, A. C. (2009). Olafsson, J. S., & methanotrophic communities in Distribution of aquatic macrophytes Eveborn, D., Gislason, G. M. (2009). landfill cover soils. Environmental in contrasting river systems: a Gustafsson, J. P., Relationships between structure Microbiology and Environmental critique of compositional-based Hesterberg, D., & Hillier, S. and function in streams contrasting Microbiology Reports, vol. 1, assessment of water quality. (2009). in temperature: possible impacts of pp. 414–423. Science of the Total Environment, XANES speciation of P in climate change on running water vol. 407, no. 2, pp. 975–990. environmental samples: an ecosystems. Freshwater Biology, Gimona, A., Messager, P., assessment of filter media for vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 2051–2068. & Occhi, M. (2009). Demars, B. O. L. & on-site wastewater treatment. CORINE-based landscape indices Tremolieres, M. (2009). Environmental Science and Frogbrook, Z. L., Bell, J., weakly correlate with plant species Aquatic macrophytes as Technology, vol. 42, no. 17, Bradley, R. I., Evans, C., richness in a northern European bioindicators of carbon dioxide in pp. 6515–6521. Lark, R. M., Reynolds, B., landscape transect. Landscape groundwater fed rivers, Science of Smith, P., & Towers, W. (2009). Ecology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 53–64. the Total Environment, vol. 407, Ferrera, R., Trevisol, P., Quantifying terrestrial carbon no. 16, pp. 4752–4763. Acutis, M., Rana, G., Richter, G., stocks: examining the spatial Gotts, N. M. (2009). & Baggaley, N. (2009). variation in two upland areas in the Ramifying feedback networks, Dunn, S. M. & Bacon, J. R. (2009). Topographic impacts on wheat UK and a comparison to mapped cross-scale interactions and Assessing the value of Cl- and d18O yields under climate change: two estimates of soil carbon. emergent quasi-individuals in data in modelling the hydrological contrasted case studies in Europe. Soil Use and Management, vol. 25, Conway’s Game of Life. Artificial Life, behaviour of a small upland Theoretical and Applied Climatology, no. 3, pp. 320–332. vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 351–375. catchment in northeast Scotland. vol. 99, no. 1–2, pp. 53–65. Hydrology Research, vol. 39, no. 5–6, Futter, M. N., Forsius, M., Gotts, N. M. & Polhill, J. G. (2009). pp. 337–358. Fischer, A. & Marshall, K. (2009). Holmberg, M., & Starr, M. (2009). When and how to imitate your Framing the landscape: Discourses A long-term simulation of the neighbours: lessons from and Edwards, P., Farrington, J., of woodland restoration and effects of acidic deposition for FEARLUS. Journal of Artificial Mellish, C., Philip, L., moorland management in and climate change on surface Societies and Social Simulation, Chorley, A. H., Hielkema, F., Scotland. Journal of Rural Studies, water dissolved organic carbon vol. 12, no. 3, p. 2. Pignotti, E., Reid, R., doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.09.004. concentrations in a boreal catchment. Hydrology Research, Polhill, J. G., & Gotts, N. M. (2009). Grelet, G., Johnson, D., vol. 40, no. 2–3, pp. 291–305. e-Social science and evidence- Fortunel, C., Garnier, E., Paterson, E., Anderson, I., based policy assessment: Joffre, R., Kazakou, E., & Alexander, I. J. (2009). challenges and solutions. Social Quested, H., Grigulis, K., Futter, M. N., Helliwell, R. C., Reciprocal carbon and nitrogen Science Computer Review, vol. 27, Lavorel, S., Ansquer, P., Hutchins, M., & Aherne, J. (2009). transfer between an ericaceous no. 4, pp. 553–568. Castro, H., Cruz, P., Dolezal, J., Modelling the effects of changing dwarf shrub and fungi isolated Eriksson, Freitas, H., climate and nitrogen deposition from Piceirhiza bicolorata Egli, M., Sartori, G., Golodets, C., Jouany, C., on nitrate dynamics in a Scottish ectomycorrhizas. New Phytologist, Mirabella, A., Favilli, F., Kigel, J., Kleyer, M., Lehsten, V., mountain catchment. vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 359–366. Giaccai, D., & Delbos, E. (2009). Leps, J., Meier, T., Pakeman, R. J., Hydrology Research, vol. 40, Papadimitriou, M., Papanstasis, no. 2–3, pp. 153–166. Effect of north and south exposure Grover, D. P., Zhang, Z. L., V., Quetier, F., Robson, T., on organic matter in high Alpine Readman, J. W., & Zhou, J. L. (2009). soils. Geoderma, vol. 149, no. 1–2, Sternberg, M., Theau, J. P., Futter, M. N., A comparison of three analytical pp. 124–136. Thebault, A., & Zarovali, M. Skeffington, R. A., techniques for the measurement (2009). Whitehead, P. G., & Moldan, F. of steroidal estrogens in Leaf traits capture the effects of (2009). environmental water samples. land use changes and climate on Modelling stream and soil Talanta, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 1204– litter decomposability of grasslands water nitrate dynamics during 1210. across Europe. Ecology, vol. 90, no. 3, experimentally increased nitrogen pp. 598–611. deposition in a coniferous forest catchment at Gardsjon, Sweden. Hydrology Research, vol. 40, no. 2–3, pp. 187–197.

110 Publications

Hall, C. M., Rhind, S. M., Jordan, M. O., Wendler, R., Lind, P. M., Gustacsson, M., Matesanz, S., Brooker, R. W., & Wilson, M. J. (2009). & Millard, P. (2009). Hermsen, S., Kyle, C. E., Orberg, J., Valladares, F., & Klotz, S. (2009). The potential for use of gastropod The effect of autumn N supply on & Rhind, S. M. (2009). Long-term effects of climate change molluscs as bioindicators of the architecture of young peach Exposure to pastures fertilised with on marginal steppic vegetation. endocrine disrupting compounds (Prunus persica L.) trees. sewage sludge disrupts bone tissue Journal of Vegetation Science, vol. 20, in the terrestrial environment. Trees, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 235–245. homeostasis in sheep. Science of the pp. 299–310. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, Total Environment, vol. 407, no. 7, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 491–497. Karpouzas, D. G., Rousidou, C., pp. 2200–2208. McGregor, B. A., Kerven, C., Papadopoulou, K. K., & Toigonbaev, S. (2009). Harris, G., Thirgood, S., Bekris, F., Zervakis, G., Littlewood, N. A., Pakeman, R. J., Sources of variation contributing to Hopcraft, G., & Berger, J. (2009). Singh, B. K., & Ehaliotis, C. (2009). & Woodin, S. J. (2009). production and quality attributes of Global decline in aggregated Effect of continuous olive mill Isolation of habitat patches Kyrgyz cashmere in Osh and Naryn migrations of large terrestrial wastewater applications, in limits colonisation by moorland provinces: Implications for industry mammals. Endangered Species the presence and absence of N Hemiptera. Journal of Insect development. Small Ruminant Research, vol. 7, pp. 55–76. fertilization, on the structure of Conservation, vol. 13, pp. 29–36. Research, vol. 84, no. 1-3, pp. 89–99. the soil fungal communities. FEMS Hibberd, A., Maskaoui, K., Microbiology Ecology, vol. 70, no. 3, Macdonald, C. A., Thomas, N., Michelena, P., Sibbald, A. M., Zhang, Z. L., & Zhou, J. L. (2009). pp. 388–401. Robinson, L., Tate, K. R., Erhard, H. W., & McLeod, J. E. An improved method for the Ross, D. J., Dando, J., (2009). simultaneous analysis of phenolic Keith, A. M., van der Wal, R., & Singh, B. K. (2009). Effects of group size and and steroidal estrogens in water Brooker, R. W., Brooker, G. H. R., Physiological, biochemical personality on social foraging: and sediment. Talanta, vol. 77, no. 4, Chapman, S. J., & and molecular responses of the distribution of sheep across pp. 1315–1321. Burslem, D. F. R. P. (2009). soil microbial community after patches. Behavioural Ecology, Strong impacts of belowground afforestation of pastures with vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 145–152. Hodgkins, R., Cooper, R., tree inputs on soil nematode Pinus radiate. Soil Biology and Wadham, J., & Tranter, M. (2009). trophic composition. Soil Biology Biochemistry, vol. 41, no. 8, Mickleburgh, S., Waylen, K., The hydrology of the proglacial and Biochemistry, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1642–1651. & Racey, P. (2009). zone of a high-Arctic glacier pp. 1060–1065. Bats as bushmeat: a global review. (Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard): Manage, P. M., Edwards, C., Oryx, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 217–234. Atmospheric and surface water Laing, R., Davies, A. M., Singh, B. K., & Lawton, L. A. (2009). fluxes. Journal of Hydrology, vol. 378, Miller, D., Conniff, A., Scott, S., Isolation and identification of Milne, E., Aspinall, R. J., no. 1–2, pp. 150–160. & Morrice, J. (2009). novel microcystin-degrading & Veldkamp, T. A. (2009). The application of visual bacteria. Applied and Environmental Integrated modelling of natural Hrachowitz, M., Soulsby, C., environmental economics in the Microbiology, vol. 75, no. 21, and social systems in land change Tetzlaff, D., Dawson, J. J. C., study of public preference and pp. 6924–6928. science PREFACE. Landscape Dunn, S. M., & Malcolm, I. A. urban greenspace. Environment Ecology, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1145–1147. (2009). and Planning B, vol. 36, no. 2, Marriott, C. A., Hood, K., pp. 355–375. Using long-term data sets to Fisher, J. M., & Pakeman, R. J. Moir, H. J., Gibbins, C. N., understand transit times in (2009). Buffington, J. M., Webb, J. H., contrasting headwater catchments. Langan, S. J., Fransson, L., Long-term impacts of extensive Soulsby, C., & Brewer, M. J. (2009). Journal of Hydrology, vol. 367, & Vanguelova, E. (2009). grazing and abandonment on the A new method to identify the no. 3-4, pp. 237-248. Dynamic modelling of the response species composition, richness, fluvial regimes used by spawning of UK forest soils to changes in acid diversity and productivity of salmonids. Canadian Journal of Hughes, J., Albon, S. D., deposition using the SAFE model. agricultural grassland. Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Irvine, R. J., & Woodin, S. (2009). Science of the Total Environment, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 66, pp. 1404–1408. Is there a cost of parasites to vol. 407, no. 21, pp. 5605–5619. vol. 134, pp. 190–200. caribou? Parasitology, vol. 136, no. 2, Morecroft, M. D., Bealey, C. E., pp. 253–265. Lienhoop, N. & Fischer, A. (2009). Marubini, F., Gimona, A., Beaumont, D. A., Can you be bothered? The role Evans, P. G. H., Wright, P. J., Benham, S., Brooks, D. R., Irvine, R. J., Fiorini, S., of participant motivation in the & Pierce, G. J. (2009). Burt, T. P., Critchley, C. N. R., McLeod, J., Turner, A., van valuation of species conservation Habitat preferences and interannual Dick, J., Littlewood, N. A., der Wal, R., Armstrong, H., measures. Journal of Environmental variability in occurrence of the Monteith, D. T., Scott, W. A., Yearley, S., & White, P. C. L. (2009). Planning and Management, vol. 52, harbour porpoise Phocoena Smith, R. I., Walmesley, C., Can managers inform models? no. 4, pp. 519–534. phocoena off north-west Scotland & Watson, H. (2009). Integrating local knowledge into (UK). Marine Ecology Progress Series, The UK Environmental Change models of red deer habitat use. Lilly, A., Ball, B., McTaggart, I., vol. 381, pp. 297–310. Network: Emerging trends in Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 46, & DeGroote, J. (2009). the composition of plantand no. 2, pp. 344–352. Spatial modelling of nitrous oxide Marwa, E. M. M., Hillier, S., animal communities and the emissions at the national scale by Rice, C. M., & Meharg, A. A. (2009). physical environment. Biological upscaling using soil, climate and Mineralogical and chemical Conservation, vol. 142, no. 12, land use information. Global Change characterization of some pp. 2814–2832. Biology, vol. 15, pp. 2321–2332. vermiculites from the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania for agricultural use. Clay Minerals, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1–17.

111 Publications

Mossop, K. F., Davidson, C. M., Pakeman, R. J. & Small, J. L. (2009). Pettorelli, N., Katzner, T., Rhodes, P., Gray, C., Rhind, S. M., Ure, A. M., Shand, C. A., Potential and realised contribution Gordon, I., Garner, T., Mock, K., Loughna, P. T., & Gardner, D. S. & Hillier, S. J. (2009). of endozoochory to seedling Redpath, S., & Gompper, M. (2009). (2009). Effect of EDTA on the fractionation establishments. Basic and Applied Possible consequences of the Adult-onset obesity reveals prenatal and uptake by Taraxacum officinale Ecology, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 656–661. Copenhagen climate change programming of glucose-insulin of potentially toxic elements meeting for conservation of sensitivity in male sheep nutrient in soil from former chemical Parrent, J. L., James, T. Y., animals. Animal Conservation, restricted during late gestation. manufacturing sites. Plant and Soil, Vasaitis, R., & Taylor, A. F. S. vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 503–504. PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 10, p. e7393. vol. 320, no. 1–2, pp. 117–129. (2009). Friend or foe? Evolutionary history Phillip, S., Dandy, N., Gill, R., Ritz, K., Black, H. I. J., Nicol, L., Bishop, S. C., of glycoside hydrolase family 32 & MacMillan, D. (2009). Campbell, C. D., Harris, J., Pong-Wong, R., genes encoding for sucrolytic Is legislation a barrier to the & Wood, C. M. (2009). Bendixen, C., Holm, L. E., activity and the implication for sustainable management of game Selecting biological indicators Rhind, S. M., & McNeilly, A. S. fungal symbiosis. BMC Evolutionary species? A case study of wild deer for monitoring soils: A framework (2009). Biology, vol. 9, no. 148. in Britain. Journal of Environmental for balancing scientific and Homozygosity for a single base- Planning and Management, vol. 52, technical opinion to assist policy pair mutation in the oocytespecific Paterson, E. (2009). no. 8, pp. 993–1012. development. Ecological Indicators, GDF9 gene results in sterility in Comments on the Regulatory Gate vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1212–1221. Thoka sheep. Reproduction, vol. 138, Hypothesis and implications for Poggio, L. & Vrscaj, B. (2009). pp. 921–933. C-cycling in soil. Soil Biology and A GIS-based human health risk Rivington, M., Matthews, K. B., Biochemistry, vol. 41, no. 6, assessment for urban green space Buchan, K., Miller, D. G., Ode, A., Fry, G., Tveit, M., pp. 1352–1354. planning – An example from & Russell, G. (2009). Messager, P., & Miller, D. (2009). Grugliasco (Italy). Science of the Investigating climate change Indicators of perceived naturalness Paterson, E., Midwood, A. J., Total Environment, vol. 407, no. 23, impacts and adaptation options as drivers of landscape preference. & Millard, P. (2009). pp. 5961–5970. using integrated assessment Journal of Environmental Through the eye of the needle: methods. 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Senn, H. V. & Pemberton, J. M. Singh, B. K., Nunan, N., Tetzlaff, D., Seibert, J., van der Linde, S., (2009). & Millard, P. (2009). McGuire, K., Laudon, H., Burns, Alexander, I. J., & Anderson, I. C. Variable extent of hybridization Response of fungal, bacterial D., Dunn, S., & Soulsby, C. (2009). (2009). between invasive sika (Cervus and ureolytic communities to How does landscape structure Spatial distribution of sporocarps nippon) and native red deer synthetic sheep urine deposition in influence catchment transit time of stipitate hydnoid fungi and their (C-elaphus) in a small geographical a grassland soil. FEMS Microbiology across different geomorphic belowground mycelium. FEMS area. Molecular Ecology, vol. 18, Ecology, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 109–117. provinces? Hydrological Processes, Microbiology Ecology, vol. 69, no. 3, no. 5, pp. 862–876. vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 945–953. pp. 344–352. Singh, B. K., Tate, K., Ross, D., Shipley, L. A., Dando, J., Singh, J., Thomas, N., Thirgood, S. (2009). van der Wal, R., Sorensen-Forbey, J. S., Millard, P., & Murrell, J. C. (2009). New perspectives on managing Fischer, A., Marquiss, M., & Moore, B. D. (2009). Soil methane oxidation and wildlife diseases. Journal of Applied Redpath, S., & Wanless, S. (2009). Revisiting the dietary niches: methanotroph responses to Ecology, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 454–456. Is bigger necessarily better when is a mammalian herbivore afforestation of pastures with for environmental research? a specialist? Integrative and Pinus radiata stands of different Tingem, M., Rivington, M., Scientometrics, vol. 78, pp. 317–322. Comparative Biology, vol. 49, no. 3, ages. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, & Bellocchi, G. (2009). pp. 274–290. vol. 41, pp. 2196–2205. Adaptation assessments for crop Vandenberge, C., Prior, G., production in response to climate Littlewood, N. A., Brooker, R., Shotyk, W., Krachler, M., Spash, C., Urama, K., Burton, R., change in Cameroon. Agronomy for & Pakeman, R. 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J., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 651–655. Warren, C. R. & Birnie, R. V. (2009). Nature Reviews in Microbiology, Lumsdon, D. G., & Clark, L. M. Re-powering Scotland: windfarms vol. 7, no. 10. (2009). Urquhart, J., Courtney, P., and the “Energy or Environment” Multi-element signatures of & Slee, B. (2009). debate. Scottish Geographical Singh, B. K., Dawson, L. A., stream sediments and sources Private ownership and public good Journal, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 97–126. & Macdonald, C. A. (2009). under moderate to low flow provision in English woodlands. conditions. Applied Geochemistry, Impact of biotic and abiotic Small Scale Forestry, vol. 9, no. 1, Watts, E. J., Palmer, S. C. F., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 800–809. interaction on soil microbial pp. 1–20. Bowman, A. S., Irvine, R. J., communities and functions: A field Smith, A., & Travis, J. M. J. (2009). study. Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 41, Subedi, M., Hocking, T. J., Fullen, The effect of host movement on no. 3, pp. 239–248. M. A., McCrea, A. 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Waylen, K. A., McGowan, P. J. K., Zhou, J. L., Zhang, Z. L., Reviewed papers GILL, E. (2009). Milner, G., & Pawi Study Group. Banks, E., Grover, D., Biodiversity Practitioners’ Seminar (2009). & Jiang, J. Q. (2009). ARTZ, R. R. E., TOBERMAN, H., 2009: Wetlands. Workshop and Ecotourism positively affects Pharmaceutical residues in CURREY, P., TRINDER, C. J., Conference for Biodiversity awareness and attitudes but not wastewater treatment works ANDERSEN, R., ROCHEFORT, L., Practitioners, Macaulay Land Use conservation behaviors: a case effluents and their impact on SHEPHARD, L. J., JOHNSON, D., Research Institute, Aberdeen. study at Grande Riviere, Trinidad. receiving river water. Journal of CHAPMAN, S. J., & CAMPBELL, C. D. 11 December 2008. Oryx , vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 343–351. Hazardous Materials, vol. 166, (2009). no. 2-3, pp. 655–661. The functions of peatland microbiota GOTTS, N. M. (2009). White, R. M., Fischer, A., in carbon cycling, global threats to ABMED: A prototype agent-based Marshall, K., Travis, J., community composition and future model of energy demand. European Webb, T. J., di Falco, S., opportunities. The 2nd International Social Simulation Association, Redpath, S., & van der Wal, R. Symposium on Peatlands in the (ESSA), University of Surrey, (2009). Global Carbon Cycle, Prague, Czech Guildford. 14 –18 September 2009. Developing an integrated Republic. 25–30 September 2009. conceptual framework to HOUGH, R. L. & PROTECTING THE understand biodiversity conflicts. BLACK, H. I. J., CAMERON, C. M., NATION’S SOILS RESEARCH TEAM. Land Use Policy, vol. 26, no. 2, CAMPBELL, C. D., CHAMBERLAIN, (2009). pp. 242–253. P. M., CREAMER, R., HARRIS, J. A., Scotland’s Soil Resource – is it PAWLETT, M., RITZ, K., & Changing? SNH-SEARS Conference: Winward, G. P., Avery, L. M., SINGH, B. K. (2009). The Changing Nature of Scotland, Stephenson, T., Jeffrey, P., Are biological indicators of soil Perth Concert Hall, Perth. 17–18 Le Corre, K. S., Fewtrell, L., quality reliable enough for monitor- September 2009. & Jefferson, B. (2009). ing? BSSS/SSSI Soil Quality Pathogens in urban wastewaters Conference, Johnstown Castle, HOUGH, R. L., SHAND, C., suitable for reuse. Urban Water Wexford, Ireland. 9–11 September AVERY, L. M., CAMPBELL, C., Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 291–301. 2009. SINGH, B., HUDSON, G., & DEVEREAUX, G. (2009). BLACKSTOCK, K. L., MATTHEWS, K. Soil and human health: the national Wipf, S. & Meza, F. J. (2009). M., BUCHAN, K., MILLER, D. G., soils inventory of Scotland. Practical International Young Scientists’ ASPINALL, R., & RIVINGTON, M. Applications of Medical Geology, perspective on global change (2009). British Geological Society, issues. Climatic Change, vol. 94, Necessary but not sufficient: Tools Keyworth, Nottingham. 19–20 no. 1–2, pp. 1–4. for analysing multi-scale integrated March 2009. eco-social systems. 18th World Wu, G., Liu, Z., Du, G., IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Cairns, HUBAND, S. L. & & Thirgood, S. (2009). Australia. 13–17 July 2009. MCCRACKEN, D. I. (2009). Effect of fencing and grazing on The influence of hay production Kobresia-dominated meadow in BROWN, I., TOWERS, W., practices on the butterfly fauna of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. RIVINGTON, M., & BLACK, H. I. J. Romanian subalpine meadows. 2nd Plant and Soil, vol. 319, no. 1–2, (2009). European Congress of Conservation pp. 115–126. Land capability: a strategic Biology, Czech University of Life planning tool for integrated climate Sciences, Prague. 1–5 September Xu, Y. & Masui, T. (2009). change responses. International 2009. Local air pollutant emission Association of Research Universities reduction and ancillary carbon Climate Change Congress: Global IRVINE, R. J. (2009). benefits of SO2 control policies: Risks, Challenges and Decisions, Managing wild deer in Scotland: Application of AIM/CGE model Copenhagen. 10–12 March 2009. Linking science and practice to to China. European Journal of resolve grazing conflicts. Sino- Operational Research, vol. 198, no. 1, CHADWICK, K. L., PATERSON, E., German Tibetan Rangeland pp. 315–325. PROSSER, J. I., & BAGGS, E. A. (2009). Ecosystem Research Symposium, Is it plant – or soil-derived carbon Langzhou University, China. Yiallourides, M., Sebert, S. P., that drives denitrification? 14th 20–26 July 2009. Wilson, V., Sharkey, D., Nitrogen Cycling Meeting, Alicante, Rhind, S. M., Symonds, M. E., Spain. 16–18 September 2009. KOUPLEVATSKAYA-BUTTOUD, I., & Budge, H. (2009). BUTTOLD, G., SLEE, B., The differential effects of the CHADWICK, K. L., PATERSON, E., & WEISS, G. (2009). timing of maternal nutrient PROSSER, J. I., & BAGGS, E. A. (2009). Barriers to institutional learning restriction in the ovine placenta Is it plant – or soil-derived carbon and innovation in the forest sector on glucocorticoid sensitivity, that drives denitrification? Scottish in Europe: Markets, policies and uncoupling protein 2, peroxisome Root Group Meeting, Macaulay stakeholders. Change in Governance proliferator-activated receptor-g Land Use Research Institute, as Collective Learning Process: and cell proliferation. Reproduction, Aberdeen. 3 November 2009. Management, Politics and Ethics in vol. 138, pp. 601–608. Forestry. International Symposium, Nancy, France. 21–24 June 2009.

114 Publications

LITTLEWOOD, N. A. (2009). NIJNIK, M., OSKAM, A., & NIJNIK, A. POLHILL, G. & GOTTS, N. M. (2009). STUTTER, M., LUMSDON, D., Grazing management influences (2009). Size matters: Results from large- FUTTER, M., & WATSON, H. (2009). moth community structure on a Economic implications of scale replications of experiments Dissolved organic carbon release Scottish upland estate. 2nd European afforestation in Ukraine for provision with FEARLUS. 6th European Social from UK organic soils in response Congress of Conservation Biology, of multiple ecosystem services. Land Simulation Association (ESSA) to fourteen years of environmental Czech University of Life Sciences, Resource Management in the Conference, University of Surrey, change. Predicting the Future for Prague. 1–5 September 2009. Framework of the Open Economy, Guildford. 14–18 September 2009. Highly Organic Soils, British Society in the framework of the conference: of Soil Science Spring Conference, MILLER, D. R. (2009). The Ways to Increase the RIVINGTON, M., MATTHEWS, K. B., Edinburgh Conference Centre, Developing a National Park. Agricultural Resource Efficiency, BUCHAN, K., & MILLER, D. G. (2009). Heriot-Watt University. 5–7 May Community Engagement: Making it Lviv’s National Agricultural The need for better science- 2009. Work, Mackay Hannah Conferences, University, Ukraine. 24 September stakeholder relations in policy and Carlton Hotel, Edinburgh. 21 April 2009. practice: agro-meteorological metrics STUTTER, M., VINTEN, A. J. A., 2009. as tools for communication and FUTTER, M., & BLACKSTOCK, K. L. OBORN, I., BERTILSSON, J., strategic planning. International (2009). MINH, N. D., HOUGH, R. L., CAMPBELL, C. D., DAHLIN, A. S., Association of Research Universities Monitored priority catchment project, THUY, L. T., NYBERG, Y., MAI, L. B., EDWARDS, A. C., ERIKSSON, J., Climate Change Congress: Global Lunan water. COST 869, Work Group VINH, N. C., & OBORN, I. (2009). FRANKOW-LINDBERG, B. E., Risks, Challenges and Decisions, 3, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Assessing exposure to cadmium HILLIER, S., LINDSTROM, B., Copenhagen. 10–12 March 2009. 18–19 May 2009. in a metal recycling community LINSE, L., RAMEZANIAN, A., in Vietnam. Society of SINCLAIR, A. H., WATSON, C. A., SLEE, B., WALLACE, J., PAJOT, G., TANDY, S., BRITTAIN, S., Environmental Toxicology and & WIVSTAD, M. (2009). DUNN, S., & BESTWICK, M. (2009). MCLEOD, C., PATERSON, E., Chemistry UK Branch Annual Micronutrient management A scoping study of the potential for & TOMOS, A. D. (2009). Meeting: Environmental and strategies in organic systems – micro-hydropower in Aberdeenshire, An interaction between root acidic Human Health, London. 14–15 How to utilize local and site specific Scotland. 5th Dubrovnik Confer- exudates and DU shrapnel in September 2009. resources for improved product ence on Sustainable Development contaminated soil measured at mm quality from crops and livestock? of Energy, Water and Environment resolution. COGER Meeting, MINH, N. D., HOUGH, R. L., 10th International Conference on Systems, Dubrovnik, Croatia. Warrington. 6–8 April 2009. THUY, L. T., NYBERG, Y., MAI, L. B., the Biogeochemistry of Trace 29 September–3 October 2009. VINH, N. C., & OBORN, I. (2009). Elements (ICOBTE), Chihuahua, TURNER, S., AYRES, J. G., Assessing exposure to cadmium Mexico. 13–16 July 2009. SMITH, H. M., BLACKSTOCK, K. L., DEVEREUX, G. S., SHAND, C. A., in a metal recycling community in & WALL, G. (2009). HOUGH, R., & HUDSON, G. (2009). Vietnam. 10th International OBORN, I., BERTILSSON, J., A sustainable future? A theoretical DOES silt content of soil at birth Conference on the Biogeochemistry CAMPBELL, C. D., perspective on water management influence later development of of Trace Elements (ICOBTE), DAHLIN, A. S., EDWARDS, A. C., and land use planning. AESOP 2009, asthma? European Respiratory Chihuahua, Mexico. 13–16 July 2009. ERIKSSON, J., Manchester. 11–14 July 2009. Society (ERS) 19th Annual Congress, FRANKOW-LINDBERG, B. E., Vienna. 12–16 September 2009. MUNANG, R. & RIVINGTON, M. HILLIER, S., LINDSTROM, B., STOCKAN, J. A. & (2009). LINSE, L., RAMEZANIAN, A., LITTLEWOOD, N. A. (2009). WIVSTAD, M., DAHLIN, A. S., Ecosystem management: A key to SINCLAIR, A. H., WATSON, C. A., Recent research into the ecology OBORN, I., WATSON, C. A., enhancing food security under a & WIVSTAD, M. (2009). and conservation of narrow-headed ERIKSSON, J., EDWARDS, A. C., changing climate. Centre for Micronutrient management ant (Formica exsecta) in Scotland. & CAMPBELL, C. D. (2009). Agriculture and Biosciences strategies in organic systems – How to Royal Entomological Society, Insect Developing micronutrient manage- International (CABI) Global utilize local and site specific resources Conservation Special Interest ment strategies on organic farms. Summit: Food Security in a Climate for improved product quality from Group Meeting, “Conservation of Nordic Agricultural Conference, of Change, London. 19–21 October crops and livestock? Aculeates”, Rothamsted Research, Estonia. 27–29 August 2009. 2009. Nordic Agricultural Conference, Harpenden. 1 April 2009. Estonia, 27–29 August 2009. NIJNIK, M. (2009). STOTT, A. W., Stakeholder attitudes to multi- PHILLIP, S., BLACKSTOCK, K. L., & VOUSOUGH-AHMADI, B., functional forests in Europe. 9th HUNTER, C. (2009). MORGAN-DAVIES, C., DWYER, C., Nordic Environmental Social WHAT is agritourism? Perspec- GODDARD, P., PHILLIPS, K., Science Conference – Knowledge, tives from five types of agritourism MILNE, C. E., KUPIEC, B., Learning and Action for provider. ESRS Congress, WG 1.6: RINGROSE, S., & WATERHOUSE, A. Sustainability, London. Tourism in a Rural Setting: (2009). 10–12 June 2009. Opportunities and Challenges, Evaluating extensive sheep farm- Vaasa. 17–21 August 2009. ing systems. Proceedings of the NIJNIK, M. (2009). Integrated Agricultural Systems: Modelling carbon uptake and POGGIO, L. & SOILLE, P. (2009). Methodologies, Modelling and assessing policy options for forestry in Influence of spurious pit removal Measurement Conference, Ukraine to mitigate climate change. methods from STRM on river Edinburgh. 2–4 June 2009. IUFRO Conference “Sustainable networking positioning. Forest Management and Geomorphometry.org International Accounting – Resolutions during Conference, University of Zurich. the Financial Crisis”, Darmstadt, 31 August–2 September 2009. Germany. 28 October 2009. 115 Publications

Books and book Blackstock, K. L., Cooksley, S. L., Eitzinger, J., Thaler, S., Mayes, R. W., Macdonald, L. M., Langan, S. J., Marshall, K. B., Orlandini, S., Nejedlik, P., Ross, J., & Dawson, L. A. (2009). chapters published & Coull, M. C. (2009). Kazandjiev, V., Vucetic, V., Discrimination of domestic garden CATCH: Integrated catchment Sivertsen, T. H., Mihailovic, D. T., soils using plant wax compounds Artz, R. R. E. (2009). planning: a handbook for project Lalic, B., Tsiros, E., Dalezios, N. as markers. In: Criminal and Microbial community structure and officers. Macaulay Land Use R., Susnik, A., Kersebaum, C. K. C., Environmental Soil Forensics carbon substrate use in Northern Research Institute, Aberdeen. p. 97. Holden, N. M., & (eds. K.Ritz, L.A.Dawson & peatlands. In: Northern Peatlands Matthews, R. B. (2009). D.R.Miller). Springer, Chapter 29. and Carbon Cycling (eds. A.Baird, Brown, I. (2009). Agroclimatic indices and pp. 463–476. L.Belyea, X.Comas, A.Reeve & Multifunctional assessment of simulation models. In: Survey of ISBN: 978-1-4020-9203-9. L.Slater). American Geophysical coastal landscapes with climate Agrometeorological Practices and Union. pp. 111–129. change. In: Coastal and Marine Applications in Europe regarding McIntosh, B. S., Geospatial Technologies (ed. D.R. Climate Change Impacts (eds. Giupponi, C., Voinov, A. A., Aspinall, R. (2009). Green). Coastal Systems and P.Nejedlijk & S.Orlandini). Cost Smith, C., Matthews, K. B., Global Land Project: Major scientific Continental Margins, Springer, Action 734: Impact of Climate Monticino, M., Kolkman, M. J., questions for coupled modeling vol. 13. ISBN: 978-1-4020-9719-5. Change and Variability on European Crossman, N., van Ittersum, M., of land systems. In: NATO Advanced Agriculture. European Science Haase, D., Haase, A., Foundation. pp. 15–114. Research Workshop on Regional Burton, R. J. F., Schwarz, G., Mysiak, J., Groot, J. C. J., Aspects of Climate-Terrestrial- Brown, K. M., Convery, I. T., Sieber, S., Verweij, P., Quinn, N., Hydrologic Interactions in Non-boreal & Mansfield, L. (2009). Gotts, N. M. & Polhill, J. G. (2009). Waeger, P., Gaber, N., Eastern Europe, Odessa, UKRAINE, Public goods and agri- Narrative scenarios, mediating & Hepting, D. (2009). 23-28 August 2008. Nato Science environmental policy: the impact formalisms, and the agent-based Bridging the gap: developing for Peace and Security Series C - of second homes on common simulation of land use change. tools for environmental policy and Environmental Security, Springer. grazings in the Lake District, UK. In: Epistemological Aspects of management. In: State of the Art pp. 135–142. In: Drivers of Change in Upland Computer Simulation in the and Futures in Environmental Environments (eds. Bonn, A., Social Sciences, Proceedings from Modelling and Software (eds. Aspinall, R. (2009). Allot, T., Hubacek, K., Stewart, J.). Epistemological Perspectives on Jakeman, T., Rizzoli, A., Voinov, A. Challenges for environmental Routledge. Simulation (EPOS), Brescia, Italy, & Chen). Elsevier. modelling. In: Representing, 4–5 October 2006. Springer-Verlag, vol. 5466. pp. 99–116. Modeling, and Visualizing the Castellazzi, M. S. (2009). Natural Environment, GISRUK 2007 Spatio-temporal modelling of crop Conference, 2007, Maynooth, Ireland. co-existence in European agricultural Huband, S. L. (2009). Innovations in GIS Series, CRC Press, landscapes. PhD.Thesis, Cranfield The role of Romanian pastoralists in Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 137–146. University. conserving agricultural biodiversity. PhD. Thesis, University of Edinburgh. Babulo, B., Mathijs, E., Muys, B., Chapman, S. J. (2009). Tollens, E., Deckers, S., Carbon sequestration in soils. Nyssen, J., Descheemaeker, K., In: Carbon Capture: Sequestration & Nega, F. (2009). and Storage (eds. R.E.Hester Valuing soil and water conservation & R.M.Harrison). The Royal effect of exclosures: A case study in Society of Chemistry, Douga-tembein District of Tigary, Cambridge Issues in Ethiopia, In: Environmental Growth: Environmental Science A Global perspective (ed. Gunjan and Technology, 29, Malhotra). Macmillan Publishers, Chapter 7. India. pp. 127–138. ISBN: 0-2306-3683-7.

Barclay, A. D., Dawson, L. A., Donnelly, L. J., Miller, D. R., & Ritz, K. (2009). Soils in forensic science: underground meets underworld. In: Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics (eds. K.Ritz, L.A.Dawson & D.R.Miller). Springer, Chapter 32. pp. 501–514. ISBN: 978-1-4020-9203-9.

116 Publications

Miller, D., Vogt, N., Nijnik, M., Perez-Barberia, F. J. (2009). Polhill, J. G. (2009). Conference posters Brondizio, E., & Fiorini, S. (2009). Needs for a coordinated monitoring Agent-based modelling of socio- Integrating analytical and programme on population economic processes related to AMEZAGA, M. R., SPEERS, C. J. B., participatory techniques for performance in the Cantabrian the environment: Example of BELLINGHAM, M., EVANS, N. P., planning the sustainable use of chamois. In: Cantabrian chamois land-use change. In: Uncertainties MANDON-PEPIN, B., land resources and landscapes. (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva): in environmental modelling and COTINOT, C., SHARPE, R. M., In: Planning Support Systems: New conservation and population consequences for policy-making RHIND, S. M., & FOWLER, P. A. (2009). Methods and Best Practice: Advances management (eds. F.J.Perez- (eds. P.Baveye, P., Mysiak, J., Sudden changes in exposure to in Spatial Science (eds. S.C.M. Barberia & B.Palacios). Ministerio & Laba, M.). environmental chemicals perturbs Geertman & J. Stillwell). Springer, de Medio Ambiente, Naturaleza y NATO Science for Peace and ovarian development. Proceedings New York. pp. 317–345. Parques Nacionales, Madrid. 322p. Security Series - C - Environmental of the Society for Reproduction and ISBN: 978-1-4020-8951-0 Security, Springer. pp. 61–76. Fertility, Edinburgh. July 2009. Perez-Barberia, F. J., ISBN: 978-90-481-2634. Morrisson, A., McColl, S., Palacios, B., Gonzalez-Quiros, ARTZ, R. R. E. (2009). & Dawson, L. (2009). P., Cano, M., Nores, C., Ritz, K., Dawson, L. A., Peatland restoration - can it restore The Soil Forensics University & az-Gonzalez, A. (2009). & Miller, D. R. (2009). microbial diversity and their functions Network (SoilFUN): initial results Evolution of the Cantabrian Criminal and environmental in the soil? Knowledge Scotland, from North West England. chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica soil forensics. In: Criminal and Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness. In: Criminal and Environmental Soil parva) in the Cantabrian mountains Environmental Soil Forensics 25 March 2009. Forensics (eds. K.Ritz, L.A.Dawson (north of Spain). In: Cantabrian (eds. K.Ritz, L.A.Dawson & & D.R.Miller). Springer, chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica D.R.Miller). Springer. p. 519. ASPINALL, R. & POLHILL, G. (2009). Chapter 6. pp. 75-86. parva): conservation and population ISBN: 978-1-4020-9203-9 Lessons learned and prospects for ISBN: 978-1-4020-9203-9. management (eds. F.J.Perez- agent-based modelling of land use Barberia & B.Palacios). Ministerio Slee, B. & Kirwan, J. (2009). effects on ecosystem processes and Morrisson, A., McColl, S., de Medio Ambiente, Naturaleza y Exploring hybridity in food supply services. GLP Symposium on Agent Dawson, L., & Brewer, M. (2009). Parques Nacionales, Madrid. 322p. chains. EAAE Conference, 105th Based Modelling of Land Use Characterisation and discrimination Seminar on International Marketing Effects on Ecosystem Processes of urban soils: Preliminary results Perez-Barberia, F. J. & and International Trade Quality of and Services, US-IALE Symposium, from The Soil Forensics University Perez-Fernandez, E. (2009). Food Products, Bologna. pp. 131–149. Snowbird, Utah. 12–16 April 2009. Network. In: Criminal Identification, biology and and Environmental Soil Forensics ecology of the Cantabrian chamois Vogt, N., Miller, D., Brondizio, E., AVERY, L. M., VINTEN, A. J. A., (eds. K.Ritz, L.A.Dawson & (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva). Nijnik, M., & Fiorini, S. (2009). & CROOKS, B. (2009). D.R.Miller). Springer, Chapter 6. In: Cantabrian chamois (Rupicapra Integrating analytical and Potential application of flow pp. 75–86. ISBN: 978-1-4020-9203-9. pyrenaica parva): conservation participatory techniques for cytometry to investigate and population management planning the sustainable use of colloid-pathogen interactions in Paton, G. I., Bundy, J. G., (eds. F.J.Perez-Barberia & land resources and landscapes. aquatic systems. 15th Health Campbell, C. D., & Maciel, H. B.Palacios). Ministerio de Medio In: Planning Support Systems: Proven Related Water Microbiology (2009). Ambiente, Naturaleza y Parques Methodologies and Best Practices Symposium, IWA, Naxos. Application of catabolic-based Nacionales, Madrid. 322p. (eds. S.C.M. Geertman & J. Stillwell). 31 May–5 June 2009. biosensors to develop QSARs for Springer Publishers. pp. 317–345. degradation. In: Predicting Chemical Perez-Barberia, F. J. BAKAM, I., PAJOT, G., & MATTHEWS, R. B. (2009). Toxicity and Fate (eds. Cronin, M.T.D. & Robles, L. (2009). Zhang, Z., Grover, D. P., Emission trading: an agent-based & Livingstone, D.J.). CRC Press Inc. Does hunting affect horn & Zhou, J. L. (2009). model to study the effects on the pp. 373–388. morphology in the Cantabrian Monitoring of pharmaceutical Scotland agriculture sector under chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica residues in sewage effluent. different emission target constraints. Pearce-Higgins, J. W., parva)? In: Cantabrian chamois In: Handbook of Water Quality and Coupling Humans and Complex Grant, M. C., Beale, C. M., (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva): Purity (ed. S.Ahuja). Elsevier Science. Ecological Landscapes, US-IALE Buchanan, G. M., & Sim, I. M. W. conservation and population pp. 315–342. Symposium, Snowbird, Utah. (2009). management (eds. F.J.Perez- Barberia & B.Palacios). Ministerio 12–16 April 2009. International importance and Zhou, J. L. & Zhang, Z. L. (2009). drivers of change of upland bird de Medio Ambiente, Naturaleza y Pharmaceutical compounds in BELLINGHAM, M., FOWLER, P. A., populations. In: Drivers of Change Parques Nacionales, Madrid. 322p. estuarine and coastal waters. SHARPE, R. M., AMEZAGA, M. R., in Upland Environments (eds. Bonn, In: Practical Guidelines for the MANDON-PEPIN, B., COTINOT, C., A., Allot, T., Hubacek, K., & Analysis of Seawater (ed. O.Wurl). RHIND, S. M., & EVANS, N. P. (2009). Stewart, J.). Routledge. CRC Press. pp. 351–367. Long term effects of environmental EDC exposure on ovine pituitary KiSS-1 expression. Proceedings of the British Society for Neuroendocrinology Meeting, Edinburgh. June 2009.

117 Publications

BELLINGHAM, M., CLARK, J., GALLEGO-SALA, A., DEGABRIEL, J. L., KERR, S., FUTTER, M., FERRIER, R. C., MCNUTT, C. R. E., FOWLER, P. A., BILLET, M., CHAPMAN, S., WAYCOTT, M. L., MOORE, B. D., BAGGALEY, N., ANDERSON, H., RHIND, S. M., COTINOT, C., COPPELL, R., COYLE, M., EVANS, & JOHNSON, C. N. (2009). & COOKSLEY, S. (2009). SHARPE, R. M., & EVANS, N. P. (2009). C., EVANS, M., FAREWELL, T., Evolution of male life history Phosphorus in Scottish surface Exposure to a cocktail of FREEMAN, C., FREER, J., GLOOR, E., strategies in a marsupial in response waters. Knowledge Scotland KTE environmental chemicals in sewage HEINEMEYER, A., HOUSE, J., to python predation. European Event, SEPA, Stirling. 29 May 2009. sludge: effects on foetal and post LAWLEY, R., MONTEITH, D., Society for Evolutionary Biology pubertal pituitary gonadotrophs in NAYAK, D., ORR, H., PRENTICE, C., Conference, Turin. August 2009. GILBERT, D. J., HESTER, A. J., sheep. Proceedings of the British ROSE, R., ROWSON, J., & LEGG, C. (2009). Endocrine Society, Harrogate. SMITH, J., SMITH, P., DUNN, S. M. (2009). Is snow important to tall shrubs? March 2009. VANGULOVA, E., WETTERHALL, F., Understanding transport processes Highland Aspen Group Conference. & WORRALL, F. (2009). at catchment scales. Knowledge BLACKSTOCK, K., COULL, M., Mapping peat vulnerability to Scotland KTE Event, SEPA, Stirling. GILBERT, D. J., HESTER, A. J., DUNGLINSON, J., FISCHER, A., climate change to inform policy in 29 May 2009. LEGG, C., & PRICE, M. (2009). FUTTER, M., GLENK, K., Great Britain. The 2nd International A place for montane scrub and MARSHALL, K., & SMITH, H. (2009). Symposium on Peatlands in the FISCHER, A., MARSHALL, K., & natural treelines in the British Stakeholder engagement in river Global Carbon Cycle, Prague, Czech SELGE, S. (2009). uplands. Knowledge Scotland, basin management planning. Republic. 25–30 September 2009. Understandings of nature: public Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness. Knowledge Scotland KTE Event, views, conflicts and attitudes towards 25 March 2009. SEPA, Stirling. 29 May 2009. CLARK, J., GALLEGO-SALA, A., management. Knowledge Scotland, GLENK, K. & COLOMBO, S. (2009). CHAPMAN, S., FAREWELL, T., Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness. El diseno de politicas de secuestro de BROOKER, R. W. (2009). FREEMAN, C., HOUSE, J., 25 March 2009. carbono en el suelo en agricultura. Biodiversity in the uplands. LAWLEY, R., ORR, H., PRENTICE, C., VII Congreso de Economia Agraria, KnowledgeScotland Science, & SMITH, P. (2009). FLANNIGAN, S., BHATTACHARYA, S., Almeira, Spain. 16–18 September Policy Outreach Event, Edinburgh. Mapping peat vulnerability to climate RHIND, S. M., O’SHAUGHNESSY, P. J., 2009. 8 October 2009. change to inform policy in the UK. & FOWLER, P. A. (2009). 6th International Symposium on Circulating sex hormone-binding GODDARD, P., STOTT, A., BROWN, I. & CASTELLAZZI, M. (2009). Ecosystem Behavior BIOGEOMON, globulin in the human fetus. WATERHOUSE, A., MILNE, C., Land use and climate change the University of Helsinki, Finland. Proceedings of the Society for & PHILLIPS, K. (2009). scenarios for managing 29 June–3 July 2009. Reproduction and Fertility, Oxford. The welfare of sheep under extensive multifunctional landscapes. July 2009. management conditions. 60th Knowledge Scotland, Scottish DAWSON, L.A., HESTER, A., Annual Meeting of the European Natural Heritage, Inverness. ROSS, J., HOOD, K., GWATKIN, R., FOWLER, P. A., BHATTACHARYA, S., Association for Animal Production, 25 March 2009. POTTS, J., BELL, J., & MAHESHWARI, A., GILLANDERS, K., Barcelona, Spain. 24–27 August SOMMERKORN, M. (2009). RHIND, S. M., & 2009. BROWN, I., TOWERS, W., BLACK, H., Carbon dynamics in heather O’SHAUGHNESSY, P. J. (2009). & POGGIO, L. (2009). moorland - impact of tree Maternal smoking and human female GODDARD, P. J. (2009). Climate change and land capability establishment. Predicting the fetus. Proceedings of the Society The welfare of wild animals – what for agriculture: an update. Future for Highly Organic Soils, for Gynaecological Investigation, does it mean? 43rd Congress of the Knowledge Scotland Policy Briefing. British Society of Soil Science Glasgow. 17–21 March 2009. International Society for Applied Spring Conference, Edinburgh Ethology, Cairns, Australia. BROWN, K. M. (2009). Conference Centre, Heriot-Watt FOWLER, P. A., BHATTACHARYA, S., 6–10 July 2009. Access and recreation: Cultures University. 5–7 May 2009. RHIND, S. M., & of access. Knowledge Scotland, O’SHAUGHNESSY, P. J. (2009). GONTIKAKI, E., MAYOR, D. Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness. DAWSON, L. A. (2009). Maternal smoking and the fetal J., NARAYANASWAMY, B. E., 25 March 2009. Soil intelligence and evidence for gonad. Proceedings of the 5th THORNTON, B., & WITTE, U. (2009). criminal investigation. Knowledge Copenhagen Workshop on Degradation of organic matter by CAMERON, C. M., CAMPBELL, C. D., Scotland Event, Scottish Endocrine Disruptors. a sub-arctic deep sea community: CHAPMAN, S. J., & WHITE, D. (2009). Government, Victoria Quay, 20–22 May 2009. a pulse-chase experiment with MicroResp: A versatile methodology Edinburgh. 12 August 2009. 13C-labelled algae. American Society for measuring environmental quality. FRASER, F., CLARK, D., of Limnology and Oceanography BSSS/SSSI Soil Quality Conference, DAWSON, L. A., HILLIER, S. J., BRULISAUER, F., Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Nice. Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland. MACDONALD, L. M., MAYES, R. W., MCKENDRICK, I. J., 25–30 January 2009. 9–11 September 2009. ROSS, J., & ROBERTSON, A. H. J. GRIFFITHS, D. J., MARRIOTT, L., (2009). THORNUR, L., CRAWFORD, J., GOTTS, N. M. (2009). CHAPMAN, S. J. (2009). Chemical profiling of soil for forensic WILLOUGHBY, K., GILBERT, L., The GILDED Project – Governance, Estimation of dry bulk density application. Royal Society of GODDARD, P., COUSENS, C., infrastructure, lifestyle dynamics values from archived data for the Chemistry, 42nd IUPAC Congress: & GUNN, G. J. (2009). and energy demand: European post- determination of peatland C stocks. Chemistry Solutions, SECC, Prevalence study in endemic diseases carbon communities. All Energy, The 2nd International Symposium Glasgow. 2–7 August 2009. in the Scottish national sheep flock. Aberdeen. 20 May 2009. on Peatlands in the Global Carbon SAC Success through Knowledge KT Cycle, Prague, Czech Republic. Workshop on Feeding the Breeding 25–30 September 2009. Ewe for Lamb Production, Vigour and Welfare, Moredun Research Institute. 23 April 2009.

118 Publications

GOTTS, N. M. & CARNEGIE, P. (2009). HARRISON, A., NEWEY, S., HOUGH, R. L., SHAND, C., JOANNON, A., VASSEUR, C., Policy relevant agent-based THIRGOOD, S., & HAYDON, D. (2009). AVERY, L. M., CAMPBELL, C. D., BOUSSARD, H., CASTELLAZZI, M. S., modelling in the GILDED project. Natal dispersal or mountain hare SINGH, B., HUDSON, & DEVEREUX, SCHERMANN, N., & 6th European Social Simulation leverets in Scotland: the effects of G. (2009). BAUDRY, J. (2009). Association Conference, University harvesting. Populations under Soil and human health: The National A method to assess farmers’ room of Surrey, Guildford. 14–18 Pressure 2009, A Graduate Research Soils Inventory of Scotland. Practical for manoeuvring crop location at September 2009. Best poster award Symposium in Applied Population Applications of Medical Geology, the landscape level for biodiversity – http://cress.soc.surrey.ac.uk/ Biology, Silwood Park, Imperial British Geological Survey, Keyworth, conservation. Farming Systems essa2009/Awards.php. College London. 26–28 May 2009. Nottingham. 19–20 March 2009. Design 2009, An International Symposium on Methodologies GOTTS, N. M., SUTHERLAND, L. HARRISON, A., NEWEY, S., HUBAND, S. & MCCRACKEN, D. I. for Integrated Analysis of Farm A., CUDLINOVA, E., KOVACH, I., THIRGOOD, S., & HAYDON, D. (2009). (2009). Production Systems Monterey, REUSSWIG, F., & STEG, E. M. (2009). Natal dispersal or mountain hare High nature value pastoralism in the California. 23–26 August 2009. The GILDED Project –Governance, leverets in Scotland: the effects of Romanian Carpathians: Implications infrastructure, lifestyle dynamics harvesting. British Ecological Society for the grassland conservation LAGIDO, C., MCLAGGAN, D., and energy demand: European Annual Conference, University of agri-environment measure. Using FROST, A., AMEZAGA, M. R., RHIND, post-carbon communities. North Hertfordshire, 7–10 September Evaluation to Enhance the Rural S. M., FOWLER, P. A., & GLOVER, L. A. East Scotland Climate Change 2009. Development Value of Agri- (2009). Partnership Meeting. 1 May 2009. Environment Measures, Parnu, Can environmental chemicals which HARRISON, A., NEWEY, S., Estonia. 17–19 June 2008. affect mammalian reproduction have GOTTS, N. M., SUTHERLAND, L. A., THIRGOOD, S., & HAYDON, D. (2009). an impact on C. elegans physiology? CUDLINOVA, E., KOVACH, I., Natal dispersal of mountain hare HUBAND, S. & SCHWARZ, G. (2009). Proceedings of 17th International REUSSWIG, F., STEG, E. M., leverets in Scotland: the effects Integrating farmer and crofter C.elegans Meeting, University of & CARNEGIE, P. (2009). of harvesting. Mammal Society culture into biodiversity land use California, Los Angeles. 24–28 June The GILDED Project – Governance, Annual Meeting, the University of policies. Scotland’s Changing Rural 2009. infrastructure, lifestyle dynamics Winchester, 17–19 April 2009. Biodiversity: Policy and action and energy demand: European needs. A forum organised by the LILLY, A., BELL, J. S., HUDSON, G., post-carbon communities. HELLIWELL, R. C., BRITTON, A., Edinburgh Consortium for Rural NOLAN, A. J., & TOWERS, W. (2009). International Scientific Congress EVANS, C., COULL, M., Research in association with Scotland’s soil resource: providing on Climate Change, Copenhagen. GIBBS, S., FISHER, J., Aberdeen Research Consortium, baseline data to predict the future. 10–12 March 2009. ARMITAGE, H., & DAWSON, L. A. SNH Battleby Centre, Perth. 13 May Predicting the Future for Highly (2009). 2009. Organic Soils, British Society of GOTTSCHALK, P., SMITH, J. U., Modelling soil carbon stocks and Soil Science Spring Conference, CHAPMAN, S. J., BELL, J. S., nitrogen dynamics in spatially HUBAND, S. L. & SCHWARZ, G. Edinburgh Conference Centre, BELLARBY, J., HUDSON, G., heterogeneous montane (2009). Heriot-Watt University. 5–7 May LILLY, A., TOWERS, W., BOOTH, E., environments. Predicting the Future Integrating farmer and crofter 2009. WALKER, R., NAYAK, D., for Highly Organic Soils, British culture into biodiversity related land RICHARDS, M., Society of Soil Science Spring use policies. Knowledge Scotland, LILLY, A., BELL, J. S., HUDSON, G., YLEURIPURTI, J., FLYNN, H. C., Conference, Edinburgh Conference Scottish Government, Victoria Quay, NOLAN, A. J., & TOWERS, W. (2009). HILLIER, J., WATTENBACH, M., Centre, Heriot-Watt University. Edinburgh, 12 August 2009. Detecting changes in Scotlands soil HASTINGS, A., & SMITH, P. (2009). 5–7 May 2009. resource. Knowledge Scotland KTE Simulation of the impacts of changes IRVINE, R. J. & ALBON, S. D. (2009). Event, SEPA, Stirling. 29 May 2009. in land use and climate on soil C HELLIWELL, R. C., FUTTER, M., Retreat from the hills: consequences fluxes from organic and mineral soils & AHERNE, J. (2009). for biodiversity. Forestry Commission LONG, D., HAWES, C., at national scale (ECOSSE). Predicting Implications of climate change and and Scottish Natural Heritage, MCCRACKEN, D., POLHILL, G., the Future for Highly Organic Soils, atmospheric nitrogen pollution Silvan House, Corstorphine, & GIMONA, A. (2009). British Society of Soil Science Spring on rivers and lochs in the Scottish Edinburgh. Informing the development of Conference, Edinburgh Conference mountains. Open Doors, Macaulay measures to address lowland Centre, Heriot-Watt University. Land Use Research Institute, JAMES, M., GILBERT, L., FORBES, K., biodiversity concerns. Science- 5–7 May 2009. Aberdeen. 6 June 2009. & BOWMAN, A. (2009). Policy-Success. Knowledge Scotland The role of wildlife and environmental Conference and Workshop, Our HARRISON, A., NEWEY, S., HOUGH, R. L., AALDERS, I., factors in determining the prevalence Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh. THIRGOOD, S., & HAYDON, D. (2009). & TOWERS, W. (2009). and diversity of human Lyme 7–8 October 2009. Natal dispersal or mountain hare Investigating the use of Bayesian borreliosis. European Wildlife leverets in Scotland: the effects of Relief Networks to assess the risk of Disease Association Conference, MANDON-PEPIN, B., LOUP, B., harvesting. Student Conference, erosion in peatland soils. Predicting France. April 2009. POUMEROL, E., FOWLER, P. A., Evidence Base for Environmental the Future for Highly Organic Soils, AMEZAGA, M. R., SHARPE, R. M., Management and Conservation, British Society of Soil Science Spring EVANS, N. P., BELLINGHAM, M., Stirling University. 6 April 2009. Conference, Edinburgh Conference RHIND, S. M., & COTINOT, C. (2009). Centre, Heriot-Watt University. Consequences of in-utero exposure 5–7 May 2009. to environmental chemicals on ovary development in sheep. Proceedings of the 5th Copenhagen Workshop on Endocrine Disruptors. 20–22 May 2009.

119 Publications

MAYOR, D. J., COOK, K., NAYAK, D., PERKS, M., MILLER, NIJNIK, M., OSKAM, A., & NIJNIK, A. PERKINS, D. M., WALSHAM, P., THORNTON, B., D., NOLAN, A. J., GARDINER, B., & (2009). YVON-DUROCHER, G., REISS, J., & ANDERSON, T. R. (2009). SMITH, J. U. (2009). Afforestation to increase the DEMARS, B. O. L., FRIBERG, N., Assimilation and turnover of essential Windfarms on peatlands: Effect of provision of multiple ecosystem & WOODWARD, G. (2009). substrates in a keystone organism, management practices on carbon services: economic implications for Respiration in Icelandic geothermal Calanus. British Ecological Society emissions. Predicting the Future for Ukraine. International Association streams. 10th International Congress Annual Meeting, University of Highly Organic Soils, British Society of Agricultural Economists of Ecology (INTECOL) Ecology in a Hertfordshire. 8–10 September of Soil Science Spring Conference, Conference, Beijing, China. Changing Climate, Brisbane. 2009. Edinburgh Conference Centre, 16–22 August 2009. August 2009. Heriot-Watt University. 5–7 May MAYOR, D. J., THORNTON, B., 2009. NIJNIK, M., PAJOT, G., POLHILL, G. & PARKER, D. (2009). HAY, S., & WITTE, U. (2009). MOFFAT, A., & SLEE, B. (2009). An introduction to agent-based Food quality affects carbon cycling NAZARIES, L., MILLARD, P., Exploring opportunities of modelling of coupled human-natural in deep sea sediments. British BAGGS, E., MURRELL, C., British forests to mitigate climate systems. GLP Symposium on Agent Ecological Society Annual Meeting, & SINGH, B. (2009). change. European Association Based Modelling of Land Use University of Hertfordshire. 8–10 Change in land use influences of Environmental and Resource Effects on Ecosystem Processes September 2009. mitigation of methane emission from Economists (EARE), 17th Annual and Services, US-IALE Symposium, soils. Post Graduate Symposium Conference, Amsterdam, the Snowbird, Utah, 12–16 April 2009. MAYR, T., BLACK, H. I. J., 2009, University of Warwick. Netherlands. 24–27 June 2009. TOWERS, W., PALMER, R., RHIND, S. M., BELLINGHAM, M., COOKE, H., FREEMAN, M., NIJNIK, M. (2009). NIJNIK, M., SLEE, B., & MILLER, D. SHARPE, R. M., COTINOT, C., HORNUNG, M., WOOD, C., Analysing stakeholder attitudes to (2009). EVANS, N. P., SINCLAIR, K. D., WRIGHT, S., LILLY, A., multifunctional forests in Europe. Forestry/land use/climate changes VAN DER SALM, E., FISCHER, B., DEGROOTE, J., & JONES, M. (2009). Nordic Environmental Social in Scotland. Knowledge Scotland, MANDON-PEPIN, B., POCAR, P., What would we like our soils to do Sciences Conference, University Forestry Commission and Scottish AMEZAGA, T., LEA, R. G., and how do we decide? ProGEO - College, London. 10–12 June 2009. Natural Heritage. 27 October 2009. & FOWLER, P. A. (2009). WG3 Meeting 2009. Geoheritage, Effects of pollutants on the Geodiversity and Landscape NIJNIK, M. (2009). NIJNIK, M., SLEE, B., & MILLER, D. reproduction and welfare of Management, Drenthe, the Carbon sink economics: examples (2009). ruminants. International Society Netherlands. 19–23 April 2009. from forestry in Europe. Third Linking sustainable forestry goals for Ruminant Physiology Meeting. International Faustman Symposium, with woodland development in September 2009. MCCRUM, G. S., Forest Economics in a Dynamic Scotland. Open Doors, Macaulay BLACKSTOCK, K. L., & and Changing World, Darmstadt, Land Use Research Institute, RHIND, S. M., KYLE, C. E., MATTHEWS, K. B. (2009). Germany. 28–31 October 2009. Aberdeen. 6 June 2009. MACKIE, C., MACDONALD, L., Visualising understanding: the DUFF, E. I., BELLINGHAM, M., elicitation, analysis and role of NIJNIK, M., BIZIKOVA, L., PAJOT, G., SLEE, B., & CRAIG, T. AMEZAGA, M. R., participatory diagramming in visual & NIJNIK, A. (2009). (2009). MANDON-PEPIN, B., COTINOT, C., methods. 1st International Visual Institutional analysis and stakeholder Community level response to EVANS, N. P., SHARPE, R. M., Methods Conference, Participatory evaluation of small scale forestry in climate change in rural Scotland. & FOWLER, P. A. (2009). Methods, University of Leeds. central and Eastern Europe. Canadian IARU Conference Climate Change: Tissue accumulation of endocrine 15–17 September 2009. Society for Ecological Economics Global Risks, Challenges Decisions, disrupting compounds (EDCs) in adult Conference, Vancouver. 15–17 Copenhagen. 10–12 March 2009. and fetal sheep exposed to sewage MOORE, B. D., IASON, G. R., October 2009. sludge-treated pastures. Proceedings FOLEY, W. J., BEALE, C. M., & PAKEMAN, R. J. & STOCKAN, J. of the 5th Copenhagen Workshop O’REILLY-WAPSTRA, J. M. (2009). NIJNIK, M., MILLER, D. R., (2009). on Endocrine Disruption, 20–22 Mapping trees’ susceptibility to & NIJNIK, A. (2009). Biodiversity: carbon trade-offs in May 2009. herbivores: the importance of The use of Q-methodology for crofting sytems. Scotland’s Changing having good neighbours. European stakeholder evaluation of rural rural Biodiversity: Policy and Action SCHWARZ, G., MOXEY, A., Society for Evolutionary Biology policies: some implications from EC Needs, SNH Battleby, Perth. 13 May MCCRACKEN, D., HUBAND, S., Conference, Turin. August 2009. funded research at the Macaulay 2009. & CUMMINS, R. (2009). Land Use Research Institute. Exploring the potential for pay- MORGAN-DAVIES, C., Canadian Society for Ecological PAKEMAN, R. J. & STOCKAN, J. by-results agri-environment WATERHOUSE, A., DWYER, C., Economics Conference, Vancouver. (2009). scheme, Scotland’s Changing Rural GODDARD, P., PHILLIPS, K., 15–17 October 2009. Biodiversity: carbon trade-offs Biodiversity: Policy and action MILNE, C., KUPIEC, B., RINGROSE, S., in crofting systems. Knowledge needs. A forum organised by the & STOTT, A. W. (2009). NIJNIK, M., NIJNIK, A., & SOLOVIY, I. Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh Consortium for Rural Identification of strategic drivers (2009). Inverness, 25 March 2009. Research in association with for extensive hill sheep farms post Towards sustainable rural Aberdeen Research Consortium. CAP reform. Aspects of Applied development in the Carpathian SNH Battleby Centre, Perth. Biology, Proceedings of the Mountains: a focus on Ukraine. ISSRM 13 May 2009. Integrated Agricultural Systems: 2009, 15th International Symposium Methodologies, Modelling and on Society and Resource Measurements Conference, Management, “Meet old and new Edinburgh. 2– 4 June 2009. worlds in Research, Planning, and Management”, Vienna. 5–8 July 2009. 120 Publications

SHAND, C. A. & HILLIER, S. (2009). SUTHERLAND, L. A. (2009). Technical reports BOOTH, P. (2009). Selenium content of agricultural soils GILDED research - you can help out! Urflood – Understanding from Scotland. British Geological Open Doors, Macaulay Land Use ANDERSON, A. S. & SLEE, B. (2009). uncertainty and risk in Survey Medical Geology Meeting, Research Institute, Aberdeen. Scottish National Food and Drink communicating about floods – BGS, Nottingham. 19–20 March 6 June 2009. Policy: Recommendations from Summary poster. CRUE Flooding, 2009. SUTHERLAND, L. A. (2009). Workstream 2: To work with the ERA-NET. Climate change – it’s a household food and drink industry to enable SHAND, C. A., HOUGH, R. L., affair! Open Doors, Macaulay Land and support consumers to make BOOTH, P., BROWN, I., HUDSON, G., CAMPBELL, C. D., & Use Research Institute, Aberdeen. healthier and more sustainable GUILLAUME, P., & TOWERS, W. DEVEREUX, G. (2009). 6 June 2009. choices. Scottish Government, (2009). Could exposure to silt adversely June 2009. ISBN: 9780755990351. Impacts of biomass and bioenergy affect early life respiratory health? SUTHERLAND, L. A. crops on landscape, land use and BGS Medical Geology Meeting, & GOTTS, N. M. (2009). AVERY, L., BOOTH, P., STUTTER, M., the wider environment in northern Keyworth, Nottingham. 19–20 GILDED: governance, infrastructure, VINTEN, A., & LANGAN, S. (2009). Ireland and Scotland – Interim March 2009. lifestyle dynamics and energy Rural sustainable drainage systems Report. SNIFFER. demand: European post-carbon (SuDS): Technical specification. SHAND, C. A., STUTTER, M., communities. Open Doors, Macaulay Environment Agency. BOOTH, P., COOKSLEY, S., COOK, Y., GEORGE, T., MACKAY, G., Land Use Research Institute, & LANGAN, S. (2009). HAYGARTH, P., BOL, R., & DIXON, L. Aberdeen. 6 June 2009. BELL, J. S., NOLAN, A. J., Determining the level of awareness (2009). & DONNELLY, D. D. (2009). amongst developers about 31P NMR study of phosphorus in THORNTON, B., HOGBERG, M. The soils of Balruddery Farm. freshwater pearl mussels. soils. 42nd IUPAC Congress, SECC, N., KEEL, S. G., METCALFE, D. B., Contract report for SCRI. Scottish Natural Heritage. Glasgow. 2–7 August 2009. GOTTLICHER, S. G., BETSON, N. R., CAMPBELL, C., SCHINDLBACHER, A., BLACK, H., BRITTON, A., BOOTH, P. & LANGAN, S. (2009). STOCKAN, J. A., YOUNG, M. R., HURRY, V., LUNDMARK, T., HELLIWELL, R., LANGAN, S., Hydromorphology Research & LANGAN, S. J. (2009). LINDER, S., MIDWOOD, A. I., TAYLOR, A., & BOOTH, P. D. (2009). Partnership - Scoping Report. Can riparian arthropod biodiversity NASHOLM, T., & HOGBERG, P. Consultancy Service: To establish Scottish and Southern Energy be maintained or enhanced on (2009). soil indicators to assess the impact managed grassland? 2nd European Tracing photosynthate carbon and SEPA. of atmospheric deposition on Congress on Conservation Biology, from the tree canopy to forest soil environmentally sensitive areas. Prague. 1–5 September 2009. micro-organisms. Stable Isotope BOOTH, P., TOWERS, W., SEPA. Mass Spectrometry Users Group & BRANDING, A. (2009). STREET, L. E., SUBKE, J. A., Meeting, University of Glasgow. Scottish Soil Framework – INESON, P., HEINEMEYER, A., 14–15 January 2009. BLACKSTOCK, K., DILLEY, R., Consultation Summary. SOMMERKORN, M., & WILLIAMS, M. & DINNIE, L. (2009). Scottish Government. (2009). VAN DE WEERD, H. A., SEAMAN, S., Evaluating the Cairngorms National OC S11: Tracking the fate of carbon WHEELER, K., & GODDARD, P. (2009). Park Planning Process – Report to BOOTH, P., TOWERS, W., in Arctic moss communities using Behaviour of unhandled, British CNPA Board. Paper appended to & BRANDING, A. (2009). 13C isotope labelling. Stable Isotope semi-feral ponies at simulated meeting papers for Cairngorms Scottish Soil Framework – Mass Spectrometry Users Group market facilities and their flight National Park Authority informal EIA Response Report. Meeting, University of Glasgow. distance. UFAW International Board Meeting, 27 November 2009. Scottish Government. 14–15 January 2009. Symposium 2009, Darwinian Selection, Selective Breeding and BLACKSTOCK, K. L., BOOTH, P., TOWERS, W., SUTHERLAND, L. A. (2009). the Welfare of Animals, University MATTHEWS, K. B., & LANGAN, S. & BRANDING, A. (2009). Almost organic anyway: Case of Bristol. 22–23 June 2009. (2009). Scottish Soil Framework – studies of low input farming in the Report on Aquarius Workshop: a consultation report, Scottish UK. European Society fro Rural VINTEN, A., BLACKSTOCK, K. L., Advisor and authority perspectives Government. Sociology Congress, XXIII, Vaasa, STUTTER, M., WATSON, A., on farmers as water managers. Finland. 17–21 August 2009. & COULL, M. (2009). Macaulay Land Use Research BUCHAN, K., RIVINGTON, M., Lunan monitored priority catchment. Institute, Aberdeen, 27 October MILLER, D. G., & SUTHERLAND, L. A. (2009). Knowledge Scotland KTE Event, 2009. MATTHEWS, K. B. (2009). From organic farmers to good SEPA, Stirling. 29 May 2009. Agro-meteorological indicators of farmers: A comparative study of BLACKSTOCK, K. L., climate change - Tarland case study. organic and conventional farming MATTHEWS, K. B., & LANGAN, S. Aquarius Workshop: Advisers and ideologies in England. The Joint 2009 (2009). Authorities, Macaulay Land Use Annual Meetings of the Agriculture, Baselines and barriers to farmers Research Institute, Aberdeen, Food and Human Values Society as water managers, Aquarius 27 October 2009. (AFHVS) and the Association for the “Postcards” Report. Study of Food and Society (ASFS), CHAPMAN, S. (2009). Penn State University, State College, BOOTH, P. (2009). Pennsylvania. 28–31 May 2009. S-oxidation final report. OMEX Urflood – Understanding Agriculture, Tupholme, Lincoln. uncertainty and risk in communicating about floods – Fact sheet. CRUE Flooding, ERA-NET.

121 Publications

CUMMINS, R., DONNELLY, D., LILLY, A., BIRNIE, R. V., MATTHEWS, K. B., MILLER, D. G., MILLER, D. G., TOWERS, W., CHAPMAN, S., FUTTER, M. N., GRIEVE, I. C., BUCHAN, K., SLEE, B., & XU, Y. (2009). MATTHEWS, K. B., & BUCHAN, K. NOLAN, A., GRIEVE, I., HIGGINS, A., HOUGH, R., JONES, Consequences for Scottish farmers (2009). & BIRNIE, R. V. (2009). M. A., JORDAN, C., NOLAN, A. J., of Single Farm Payment flattening Consequences for Scottish farmers Peat erosion and the management STUTTER, M. I., TOWERS, W., scenarios: a spatial analysis of of single farm payment flattening of peatland habitats. Final report to & BAGGALEY, N. J. (2009). the redistribution of payments: scenarios: a spatial analysis of the Scottish Natural Heritage (ROAME Climate change, land management briefing for Pack Enquiry Team on redistribution of payments: Maps No.RO7AC103). and erosion in the organic and the methods and revised results. booklet. Workshop with Scottish organo-mineral soils in Scotland Technical report presented at Government on the Single Farm DAWSON, L. A. (2009). and Northern Ireland. Scottish a workshop with Pack Enquiry Payment Flattening Project, Science in society advisory panel Natural Heritage Commissioned Team on options for Single Farm Pentland House, Edinburgh, meeting. Daresbury Science and Report, No.325 (ROAME Payment, Macaulay Land Use 22 April 2009. Innovation Campus, STFC. No.F06AC104 - SNIFFER UKCC21). Research Institute, Aberdeen, 7 August 2009. MILLER, D. R., BELL, S., EVANS, C., HALL, J., ROWE, E., LITTLEWOOD, N. (2009). MCKEEN, M., HORNE, P. L., HELLIWELL, R. C., HUTCHINS, M., North East Scotland Bird Report MATTHEWS, K. B., MILLER, D. G., & MORRICE, J. G. (2009). COSBY, J., SMART, S., & COULL, M. C. 2008. North East Scotland Bird Club. BUCHAN, K., SLEE, B., & XU, Y. (2009). Landscape assessment of (2009). ISSN 0962-6417. Further analysis of options for SFP the capacity for wind turbine Critical loads and dynamic flattening - an alternative payment development in Highland. Final modelling. 24 Month Report to LITTLEWOOD, N. A. (2009). scenario (revision 2.0). Technical Report for Highland Council, DEFRA. North East Scotland Bird Report report presented at a workshop Macaulay Land Use Research 2007. North East Scotland Bird Club. with Pack Enquiry Team on options Institute, Aberdeen, July 2009, for Singles Farm Payment, Macaulay p. 129. GOTTS, N. M. (2009). ISSN 0962-6417. Land Use Research Institute, The GILDED Project. Consultation Aberdeen, 7 August 2009. on Scotland’s Energy Efficiency LONGHURST, P., HOUGH, R. L., MILLER, D. R., MORRICE, J. G., Action Plan, Scottish Government. WU, S., VILLA, R., CHAMBERS, B., ASPINALL, P., BROWN, K., TYRREL, S., TAYLOR, M., BOOTH, P., MATTHEWS, K. B., MILLER, D. G., CUMMINS, R., DILLEY, R., BUCHAN, K., SLEE, B., & XU, Y. (2009). GILBERT, A., HESTER, A., HENDERSON, D. J. & AVERY, L. M., & POLLARD, S. (2009). Consequences for Scottish farmers HARTHILL, P., MITCHELL, R., CUMMINS, R. P. (2009). Risk assessment for the use of Deer damage on blanket bogs. source-segregated composts in UK of single farm payment flattening ROE, J., & WARD-THOMPSON, C. Deer Commission Scotland, agriculture. Report prepared for scenarios: a spatial analysis of the (2009). Annual Report 2008-09. the Waste and Resources Action redistribution of payments: Briefing Contribution of green and open Programme (WRAP). for Scottish Government on the space in public health and well- methods and first results. Workshop being. 2nd Progress Report to HESTER, A., TOWERS, W., with Scottish Government on the Scottish Government, MASON, B., NIJNIK, M., RAY, D., & DONNELLY, D. (2009). Single Farm Payment Flattening Project No. MLU/ECA/UGW/847/08, BROADMEADOW, M., & SLEE, B. Prediction of native woodland Project, Pentland House, Edinburgh, November 2009. potential. Glen Feshie Estate. (2009). COST Action FP0703 - ECHOES 22 April 2009. (Climate Change and Forestry) MILLER, D. R., SCHWARZ, G., HOUGH, R., BOOTH, P., Country Report: United Kingdom. MATTHEWS, K. B., MILLER, D. G., SUTHERLAND, L. A., RHIND, S., AVERY, L., BACON, J., COST Action Secretariat, ECOFOR, BUCHAN, K., SLEE, B., & XU, Y. (2009). MORRICE, J. G., ASPINALL, R. J., CAMPBELL, C. D., & CREWS, C. (2009). Further analysis of options for SFP BARNES, A., BLACKSTOCK, K., Risk assessment of application Paris. flattening - an alternative payment BUCHAN, K., DONNELLY, D., of composted wastes to land. scenario. Technical report for HAWES, C., MCCRUM, G., WRAP (Waste & Resources Action MATTHEWS, K. B., Scottish Government, 1 May 2009. MATTHEWS, K., MILLER, D., Programme). BLACKSTOCK, K. L., & LANGAN, S. RENWICK, A., SMITH, M., (2009). Aquarius farmers as water MILLER, D. G., MATTHEWS, K. B., SQUIRE, G., & TOMA, L. (2009). HOUGH, R. L., BOOTH, P., managers in a changing climate. & BUCHAN, K. (2009). Rural land use study 1: AVERY, L. M., RHIND, S., CREWS, C., Tarland baseline report. Consequences for Scottish farmers Drivers and decision-making. BACON, J., & CAMPBELL, C. (2009). of Single Farm Payment flattening Research Findings No. 8. RERAD, Risk assessment of the use of scenarios: a spatial analysis of the Scottish Government, MATTHEWS, K. B., PAS100 green composts in redistribution of payments: maps November 2009, p.4. BLACKSTOCK, K. L., & LANGAN, S. Scottish livestock production. booklet (revision 2.0). Technical Report prepared for the Waste (2009). Scottish Postcard: Welcome to report presented at a workshop and Resources Action Programme with Pack Enquiry Team on options (WRAP). Tarland. Aquarius “Postcard” Report for Scotland. Aquarius “Postcard” for Singles Farm Payment, Macaulay Report for Scotland. Land Use Research Institute, HOUGH, R. L., CAMPBELL, C., Aberdeen, 7 August 2009. WHITE, D., & CREWS, C. (2009). Study of the levels of plant derived MATTHEWS, K. B., MILLER, D. G., toxins in compost. Quality Meat BUCHAN, K., SLEE, B., & XU, Y. (2009). Scotland. Further analysis of options for SFP flattening - an alternative payment scenario: maps booklet. Technical Report for Scottish Government, 1 May 2009. 122 Publications

MILLER, D. R., SCHWARZ, G., MUNANG, R., RIVINGTON, M., MUNANG, R., RIVINGTON, M., RAMETSTEINER, E., WEISS, G., SUTHERLAND, L. A., ASPINALL, R., SMITH, P., LIU, J., TAKLE, G., MACKEY, B., & LIU, J. OLLONQVIST, P., & SLEE, B. (2009). MORRICE, J. G., ASPINALL, R. J., & THIAW, I. (2009). (2009). Policy integration and coordination: BARNES, A., BLACKSTOCK, K., Climate change and ecosystem Climate information and capacity the case of innovation and the BUCHAN, K., DONNELLY, D., management: the “Win-Win-Win” needs for ecosystem management, forest sector in Europe. Publications HAWES, C., MCCRUM, G., link between mitigation, adaptation under a changing climate. UNEP Office of the European Union, MCKENZIE, B., MATTHEWS, K., and sustainability, UN General Copenhagen CoP 15 Discussion Luxembourg, p. 199. MILLER, D., RENWICK, A., Assembly, New York, 22 September Series. ISBN: 978-92-898-0049-5. SMITH, M., SQUIRE, G., 2009; United Nations Environmental & TOMA, L. (2009). Programme Brief, UN Framework NEWEY, S., POTTS, J., IASON, G., REED, M. S., BONN, A., SLEE, W., Rural land use study 1: Drivers Convention on Climate Change BAINES, D., HARRISON, A., BEHARRY-BORG, N., BIRCH, J., and decision-making. Final Report, (UNFCCC) Seventh and Eighth RAMSAY, S., DUNCAN, M., BROWN, I., BURT, T. P., CHAPMAN, D., RERAD, Scottish Government, Sessions of the Ad-hoc Working CASTILLO, U., & THIRGOOD, S. (2009). CHAPMAN, P. J., CLAY, G., November 2009, p. 156. Group on Long-term Co-operative Development of a reliable method CORNELL, S. J., FRASER, E. D. G., Action (AWG-LCA). for estimating mountain hare HOLDEN, J., HODGSON, J. A., MILLER, D. R., SCHWARZ, G., numbers. Scottish Natural Heritage HUBACEK, K., IRVINE, B., JIN, N., SUTHERLAND, L. A., MUNANG, R., RIVINGTON, M., Interim Report. KIRKBY, M. J., KUNIN, W. E., MORRICE, J. G., BARNES, A., ASPINALL, R., SMITH, P., LIU, J., MOORE, O., MOSELEY, D., BLACKSTOCK, K., HAWES, C., & THIAW, I. (2009). NIJNIK, M., PAJOT, G., SLEE, B., PRELL, C., QUINN, C., REDPATH, S., MCKENZIE, B., MATTHEWS, K., UNITED Nations Environmental XU, Y., MILLER, D., & REID, C., STAGL, S., STRINGER, L. C., RENWICK, A., SMITH, M., Programme - Climate change and BEBBINGTON, J. (2009). TERMANSEN, M., THORP, S., & TOMA, L. (2009). ecosystem management: the “Win- Forestry and climate change: a TOWERS, W., & WORRALL, F. (2009). Rural land use study 1: Win-Win” link between mitigation, socio-economic perspective. The future of the uplands. DEFRA Drivers and decision-making. adaptation and sustainability. Forestry Commission Project Report Foresight Review, June 2009. First Progress Report, RERAD, A scoping paper, UN General (first/scoping). Scottish Government. Assembly, New York, 22 September SADLER, K., KERVEN, C., 2009; United Nations Environmental NOLAN, A. J. (2009). CALO, M., MANSKE, M., Programme Brief, UN Framework MILLER, D. R., SCHWARZ, G., A report on a field visit to review & CATLEY, A. (2009). Convention on Climate Change SUTHERLAND, L. A., the soils of crofts on Grimsay and Milk matters: A literature review (UNFCCC) Seventh and Eighth MORRICE, J. G., BARNES, A., North Uist. Uists Blackland Project, of pastoralist nutrition and Sessions of the Ad-hoc Working BLACKSTOCK, K., HAWES, C., Crofting Environment Improvement programming responses. Fienstein Group on Long-term Co-operative MCKENZIE, B., MATTHEWS, K., Association. International Center, Tufts RENWICK, A., SMITH, M., Action (AWG-LCA). University and Save the Children, & TOMA, L. (2009). Addis Ababa. NOLAN, A. J., BELL, J. S., Rural land use study 1: MUNANG, R., RIVINGTON, M., & DONNELLY, D. (2009). Drivers and decision-making. LIU, J., & THIAW, I. (2009). Knockroon, Cumnock, SLEE, B. (2009). Inception Report, RERAD, The need to include ecosystems Environmental Impact Assessment. Sustainable food supply chains: Scottish Government. management as part of the Environmental Statement: a social sciences perspective. A COP 15 Agenda, United Nations Chapter 12: Agriculture and Soils, background paper for Work-stream MUNANG, R., RIVINGTON, M., Environmental Programme Brief, Jacobs Engineering UK Ltd. 2: Supporting healthier and more ASPINALL, R., & LIU, J. (2009). UN Framework Convention on sustainable food and drink choices. Cost effective solutions for climate Climate Change (UNFCCC) Seventh and Eighth Sessions of the Ad-hoc PAKEMAN, R. J. (2009). change mitigation, adaptation SLEE, B., BALANA, B., GLENK, K., Working Group on Long-term Are patterns of herbivore and long-term sustainability: the LAGO, M., NIJNIK, M., Co-operative Action (AWG-LCA). impacts on blanket bog habitats ecosystems approach. UN General predictable? An analysis of impact PAJOT, G., & URAMA, K. (2009). Assembly, New York, 22 September data from recent surveys. Scottish Public good valuation at Macaulay: 2009; United Nations Environmental MUNANG, R., RIVINGTON, M., Natural Heritage, Commissioned an introduction. Position paper LIU, J., & THIAW, I. (2009). Programme Brief, UN Framework Report No.335. presented at a workshop with Pack Convention on Climate Change United Nations Environmental Enquiry Team on options for Single (UNFCCC) Seventh and Eighth Programme Research Brief. Farm Payment, Macaulay Land Use PAKEMAN, R. J. & NOLAN, A. J. Sessions of the Ad-hoc Working Ecosystem-based adaptation: the Research Institute, Aberdeen, Group on Long-term Co-operative natural climate change solution, (2009). Setting sustainable grazing levels 7 August 2009. Action (AWG-LCA). United Nations Environmental Programme, United Nations for heather moorland. Heather Trust SLEE, B., BERGMAN, H., Framework Convention on Climate Annual Report 2009. BROWN, I., HUBAND, S., Change (UNFCCC) 15th Conference MCCRACKEN, D., RENWICK, A., of the Parties, Copenhagen, 7-18 PATERSON, E. (2009). SUTHERLAND, L. A., December 2009. Pot trials of soil conditioner formulations. Report for Helius THOMSON, S., & REED, M. (2009). Energy plc. Realising the potential contributions of Scotland’s rural land to delivering sustainable economic growth. Rural Land Use Study Project 2. Research Findings No.9. Scottish Government Social Research. 123 Publications

SLEE, B., MATTHEWS, K. B., XU, Y., CRAIG, T. (2009). HOUGH, R. L., WHITE, D., & MILLER, D. G. (2009). Book Review Understanding household carbon CAMPBELL, C., & CREWS, C. (2009). Issues relating to full decoupling reduction behaviours in rural Testing the effects of composting of the Single Payment Scheme in TOWERS, W. (2009). communities. ABSORB Newsletter, poisonous plants. The Scottish Scotland (revision 2.0). Position Book Review: Threats to soil quality vol. 3, March 2009, p13. Farmer, vol. 117, no. 8923, p. 22. paper presented at a workshop in Europe (eds. Gergely Toth, Luca Montanarella & Ezio Rusco). with Pack Enquiry Team on options CRAIG, T., GOTTS, N. M., IASON, G. (2009). ISBN 976-92-79-09529. for Single Farm Payment, Macaulay MARSHALL, K., NEELY, C., Understanding complex ecological In: Soil Use and Management. Land Use Research Institute, & SUTHERLAND, L. A. (2009). systems: How Darwin still guides Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 429–430. Aberdeen, 7 August 2009. People power: Laying the us in 2009. in-land, Spring/Summer foundations for a “post-carbon” 2009. SLEE, B., MATTHEWS, K. B., society. Holyrood Magazine: XU, Y., & MILLER, D. G. (2009). Environment Supplement, 23 March MARSHALL, K. (2009). Issues relating to full decoupling Popular Articles 2009. The Cairngorms National Park of the Single Payment Scheme in authority carbon footprinting Scotland. Workshop with Scottish BIRNIE, R. V. (2009). DAWSON, L. A. (2009). project: Phase 2. ABSORB Newsletter, Government on the Single Farm More heat, less light. Holyrood Soil fingerprinting. Pioneer vol. 3, March 2009, p. 5. Payment Flattening Project, Magazine, 4 May 2009, pp. 16–17. Magazine, Autumn 2009, pp. 26–28. Pentland House, Edinburgh, MAYLE, B., IRVINE, R. J., 22 April 2009. BIRNIE, R. V. & NEELY, C. (2009). DAWSON, L. A. & NEELY, C. (2009). ARMSTRONG, H., DANDY, N., A world without oil or gas. Donside Intelligence and evidence - FIORINI, S., GILL, R., SUTHERLAND, L. A., FISCHER, A., Piper and Herald, 22 May 2009. soil’s contribution to police MACMILLAN, D., O’BRIEN, E., CRAIG, T., & GOTTS, N. M. (2009). investigations. Holyrood Magazine, PHILLIP, S., ROSS, L., SMART, J., GILDED European Policy Brief BLACKSTOCK, K. L., COULL, M., No. 212, 18 May 2009. VAN DER WAL, R., WHITE, P., One. Deliverable from GILDED FP7 & FUTTER, M. (2009). WHITE, R., & YEARLEY, S. (2009). Project for European Commission. Working with people to mitigate DUNGLINSON, J. (2009). Collaborative frameworks in land rural diffuse pollution in Scotland. ABSORB Newsletter. Vol. 3, March management: A case study on WEISS, G., OLLONQVIST, P., IWA Specialist Group on Diffuse 2009. integrated deer management. RAMETSTEINER, E., & SLEE, B. Pollution, Newsletter article. No. 9, RELU Newsletter, No.5. (2009). pp. 28–29. FISCHER, A. (2009). Summary results and conclusions. Ideas of nature - and how they help MILLARD, P. & MIDWOOD, A. J. Policy integration and coordination: BLACKSTOCK, K. L., COULL, M., us to understand public attitudes (2009). the case of innovation and the & FUTTER, M. (2009). to environmental management. Scientists see if climate impacts forest sector in Europe Public understanding of pressures ABSORB Newsletter, vol. 3, March on soil carbon emissions. (eds. Rametsteiner, E.; Weiss, G.; on water courses in Scotland. 2009, p. 12. The Scotsman, Aberdeen Press & Ollonqvist, P.; Slee, B.). Newsletter of the IWA Specialist Journal and Aberdeen Evening Publications Office of the European Express, 29 September 2009. Group on Watershed and River Basin GILBERT, A. (2009). Union, Luxembourg, pp. 139–155. Management, May 2009, p. 24. ISBN: 978-92-898-0049-5 Quantifying the relationship between crofting tenure and NEELY, C. & AALDERS, I. (2009). BROOKER, R. (2009). population retention. ABSORB A century of changes at Muir of YORK, C., MORRIS, T., MARSHALL, K., The benefits of getting together. in- Newsletter, vol. 3, March 2009, p. 9. Dinnet. Deeside Piper and Herald, & CUMMINS, R. P. (2009). land, Autumn / Winter 2009. 3 July 2009. Monitoring the impact of recreational pressure on the GODDARD, P. (2009). BROOKER, R. (2009). Chairman’s column. Animal Welfare NEELY, C. & HASTINGS, E. (2009). designated wildlife sites in and Cushions and condors: A trip to Science Ethics and Law Veterinary Have your say on the state of our around Loch Lomond. Loch Patagonia. in-land, Spring/Summer Journal (AWSELVA), vol. 13, no. 1. coast. Buchan Observer, 19 May Lomond and Trossachs National 2009. 2009. Park Authority, Interim Report, May 2009. GODDARD, P. (2009). BROOKER, R. (2009). Chairman’s column. Animal Welfare NEELY, C. & MATTHEWS, R. (2009). Thoughts on running a BES Science Ethics and Law Veterinary Aberdeen experts lead rainforest Symposium. British Ecological Society Journal (AWSELVA), vol. 13, no. 3. study. Aberdeen Press & Journal, Bulletin. 21 May 2009. GODDARD, P. (2009). BROWN, K. M. (2009). Chair’s column. Animal Welfare NEELY, C. & MATTHEWS, R. (2009). Responsible access on the ground. Science Ethics and Law Veterinary Scots scientists join global inquiry The Scottish Mountaineer, Magazine Journal (AWSELVA). on forests’ carbon emissions. of the Mountaineering Council of The Scotman, 23 May 2009. Scotland, February 2009, p.59. GOTTS, N. M. (2009). The GILDED Project. in-land, NEELY, C. & WAKEFIELD, L. (2009). COULL, M. C. (2009). Autumn / Winter 2009. New census for worms. Scottish Through the looking glass. Daily Mail, 25 September 2009. SNH Magazine, Autumn 2009.

124 Publications

NEELY, C. & WAKEFIELD, L. (2009). NEELY, C. (2009). NOLAN, A. J. & NORTON, M. (2009). THIRGOOD, S. (2009). Scientists begin earthworm count, Sustainable rural development, Research for crofting - Soil is Hunting: the worldwide view. BBC News online, 24 September Holyrood Magazine, No.209, 6 April not just dirt (Blackland Project: Scottish Gamekeeper, vol. 41, p. 24. 2009. 2009. Macaulay Land Use Research Institute in Uist for Information TOWERS, W. (2009). NEELY, C. (2009). NEELY, C. (2009). Exchange). Am Paipear, Community What do we lose with greenfield BAFTA nominated film-maker to Too good to (be) waste seminar. Newspaper of the Uists in the Outer developments? Brownfield Briefing, direct film on Malawian bio-fuel Aberdeen Press & Journal, Hebrides. July 2009. pp. 12–13. project. Aberdeen Evening Express, 1 December 2009. 23 May 2009. PAJOT, G. (2009). TOWERS, W. (2009). NEELY, C., BIRNIE, R. V., BROWN, I., Renewable energy and rural Many soils, many choices – NEELY, C. (2009). TOWERS, W., BARRIE, D., & SLEE, B. development in Scotland. ABSORB Different functions of soil and their Best selling local crime author to (2009). Newsletter, vol. 3, March 2009, p. 3. relationships to each other. Local meet with real-life CSIs. Aberdeen A century of change in the Scottish Land and Soil News, no.30/31, Press & Journal, 18 April 2009. landscape. Holyrood Magazine, PAKEMAN, R. J. (2009). pp. 28–30, November 2009. Royal Highland Show Supplement Setting sustainable grazing levels NEELY, C. (2009). 2009. for heather moorland. European WILSON, J. N. & BOOTH, P. (2009). Coastal partnership to host seminar. Heathland Network News, vol. 1, Better flood warnings. Public Aberdeen Press & Journal, 19 NEELY, C., BROOKER, R., March 2009. Servant Scotland, November 2009. November 2009. & DAVIDSON, E. (2009). Conference of plant communities. PAKEMAN, R. J. & NOLAN, A. J. WILSON, J. N., BOOTH, P., NEELY, C. (2009). Aberdeen Press & Journal, 20 April (2009). & URQUHART, F. (2009). If you don’t do science, there’s 2009. Setting sustainable grazing levels New flood warning system planned. not much you do do. Holyrood for heather moorland. Heather Trust The Scotsman, 18 November 2009. Magazine, No.207, 12 March 2009. NEELY, C., DAVIDSON, G., Annual Report, vol. 2009, p. 25. & HENDERSON, C. (2009). WILSON, J. & NEELY, C. (2009). NEELY, C. (2009). Malawi shoot for director. Aberdeen PEREZ-ESPONA, S., Flood warnings probed. Teletext. in-land. Autumn / Winter 2009. Evening Express, 23 May 2009. PEREZ-BARBERIA, F. J., November 2009. JIGGINS, C. J., GORDON, I. J., & PEMBERTON, J. M. (2009). NEELY, C. (2009). NEELY, C., TOWERS, W., WILSON, J., NEELY, C., & BOOTH, P. Are there any native red deer left in-land. Spring / Summer 2009. & BRANDING, A. (2009). (2009). Celebrating World Soils Day: in mainland Scotland? Deer, The Flood warning research announced. Institute announces completion Journal of the British Deer Society, BBC News on-line, November 2009. NEELY, C. (2009). Spring 2009, pp. 22–25. Institute appoints new board of national soil sampling project. Scotland: National Rural Network, members. Aberdeen Press & Journal, WILSON, J., NEELY, C., & BOOTH, P. December 2009. RHIND, S. M. (2009). 6 April 2009. (2009). Anthropogenic pollutant impacts £60,000 flood warning study. NEELY, C., TOWERS, W., on human health and ecosystems. NEELY, C. (2009). Dundee Courier and Advertiser, & BRANDING, A. (2009). Knowledge Scotland, Policy Brief – 18 November 2009. Open Doors 2009 Visitor’s Guide, Health and Well Being. Open Doors, Macaulay Land Use Scientists to assess impact of climate change on soil – Macaulay Research Institute, 4–6 June 2009. WILSON, J., NEELY, C., & BOOTH, P. researchers complete Scotland- ROBERTSON, D., MILLARD, P., (2009). wide task. Aberdeen Press & Journal, & NEELY, C. (2009). NEELY, C. (2009). Scientists to study flood warnings. Technique tests soil CO2 emissions. 1 December 2009. The Herald, 18 November 2009. River Dee Nitrate Vulnerable Zone The Engineer online, September Meeting. Aberdeen Press & Journal: NEELY, C., TOWERS, W., 2009. Farming Section, 14 February 2009. WILSON, J., NEELY, C., & BRANDING, A. (2009). & LANGAN, S. J. (2009). Soil sampling completed. ROBERTSON, D., MILLARD, P., NEELY, C. (2009). E-mails and texts could warn Scottish Farmer, December 2009. & NEELY, C. (2009). Scientists set to study earthworms. residents of floods. Evening Express, Scientists see if climate impacts 18 November 2009. Aberdeen Press & Journal, on soil carbon emissions. Scotland: 25 September 2009. NIJNIK, M. (2009). News from Ukraine. Newsletter of National Rural Network, September WILSON, J., NEELY, C., the European Society for Ecological 2009. LANGAN, S. J., & BROOKS, C. (2009). NEELY, C. (2009). Economics, 2009. Spotlight on reducing water New flood warning system planned. SLEE, B. (2009). Aberdeen Press & Journal, pollution, Aberdeen Press & Journal, Barriers to new entrants to farming. 25 April 2009. NIJNIK, M. (2009). 18 November 2009. News from the Ukt. Contribution ABSORB Newsletter, vol. 3, March to the newsletter of the COST action 2009, p. 7. NEELY, C. (2009). ECHOES focussed on forestry and Students off to science festival. climate change (EC FR7 Programme). SLEE, B. & NEELY, C. (2009). Aberdeen Press & Journal, 28 July An economic perspective. 2009. Holyrood Magazine: Rural Economy Supplement, No.212, 18 May 2009.

125 Publications

Oral presentations BOURNE, E., PAKEMAN, R., BUCHAN, K., RIVINGTON, M., CRAIG, T. (2009). BROOKER, R., KUNIN, B., MILLER, D. G., & How can local community and rural and submissions & TRAVIS, J. (2009). MATTHEWS, K. B. (2009). households respond to low carbon Local adaptation to serpentine Agro-meteorological indicators economy? Moving Towards a Low AALDERS, I. (2009). soils in Arabidopsis lyrata. British of climate change – Tarland case Carbon Rural Economy: Challenges BSV11124 Waste Management – Ecological Society Annual Meeting, study. Aquarius Workshop: Advisor and Opportunities Workshop, Lecture on Management of Landfill University of Hertfordshire. and Authority Perspectives on Macaulay Land Use Research Sites. The University of Edinburgh. 9 September 2009. Farmers as Water Managers. Institute. 28 May 2009. March 2009. Macaulay Land Use Research BROOKER, R. (2009). Institute, Aberdeen. 27 October CREAMER, R. & TOWERS, W. (2009). AVERY, L. M. & VINTEN, A. J. A. Plant interactions and 2009. Soil Awareness and Education (2009). environmental change. Invited of the European Soil Bureau. E. coli movement through talk for South American students, CAMPBELL, C. D., HOUGH, R. L., Network Tasks of the Working catchments. Invited talk, TEAGASC, Coyhaique, Chile. January 2009. & TOWERS, W. (2009). Group. European Network on Soil Johnston Castle, Wexford, Eire. WP3.2 and WP3.3 Mid Term Review. Awareness Conference, Museum am 7 December 2009. BROOKER, R. W. (2009). Scottish Natural Heritage. 23 Scholerberg, Osnabruck, Germany. Biodiversity and Scotland’s February 2009. 27–29 September 2009. BARKMANN, J., GLENK, K., landscapes. KnowledgeScotland KOCH, S., & MARGGRAF, R. (2009). Science, Policy Outreach Event, CASTELLAZZI, M. S. (2009). CUMMINS, R. P. (2009). The role of economic valuation Edinburgh. 8 October 2009. Creating land use scenarios Agri-environment schemes and in social decision-making in Lunan catchment using lessons learnt. Presentation to the processes on biological diversity. BROOKER, R. W. (2009). LandSFACTS model. Meeting at Crofting Environment Improvement A Matter of Mutual Survival – The nature of Scotland’s changing Scottish Natural Heritage, Battleby, Association. 22 June 2009. Social Organisation of Forest landscapes. The Changing Nature Perth. February 2009. management in Central Sulawesi. of Scotland, Scottish Natural DAWSON, L. A. (2009). Symposium in memoriam Guenter Heritage Conference, Perth. CASTELLAZZI, M. S. Tackling serious crime using Burkard, ISOS Witzenhausen, 17–18 September 2009. & JOANNON, A. (2009). forensics. 3rd International Crime Germany. 4 February 2009. Atelier de modelisation du paysage Science Conference, British Library. BROOKER, R. W. (2009). Biodivagrim. LandSFACTS un model 15 July 2009. BLACKSTOCK, K. L., DILLEY, R., Facilitation in plant communities: de territoire d’exploitation. INRA, TRENCH, H., & MILES, G. (2009). the history of a developing research Montpellier, UMR AMAP. DAWSON, L. A. (2009). Multiple understandings of the field. Talk to Undergraduate March 2009. Macaulay urban soil database Cairngorms National Park: What Students, Napier University, information. The British Geological should the Park deliver and for Edinburgh. 26 November 2009. CHAPMAN, S. J., BELL, J. S., Survey, Edinburgh. 5 May 2009. whom? Presented at the University DONNELLY, D., HUDSON, G., of Aberdeen Rural Law Conference BROOKER, R. W. (2009). & LILLY, A. (2009). DAWSON, L. A. (2009). on Land Reform in Scotland: 10 Accentuate the positive, eliminate Estimation of the C stock held Profiling soil for forensic years on. 3 September 2009. the negative? Recent insights into within the highly organic soils of application. Invited plenary at interactions in plant communities. Scotland. Predicting the Future for The British Association for Human BLACKSTOCK, K. L., Talk to York University Biology Highly Organic Soils, British Society Identification Conference: 10th MATTHEWS, K. B., & LANGAN, S. Department. 12 November 2009. of Soil Science Spring Conference, Annual Scientific Meeting, Westpark (2009). Edinburgh Conference Centre, Conference Centre, University of Introduction to the Aquarius Heriot-Watt University. BROWN, K. M. (2009). Dundee. 6–8 June 2009. Project. Aquarius Workshop: Key trends in outdoor recreation. 5–7 May 2009. Advisor and Authority Perspectives Invited presentation to SNH Policy DAWSON, L. A., DONNELLY, D., on Farmers as Water Managers. Seminar ‘Fit for the Future? Formal COULL, M. C., BLACKSTOCK, K., & MILLER, D. (2009). Macaulay Land Use Research provision for enjoying the outdoors FUTTER, M., VINTEN, A., Trace evidence in “Dying Light”. Institute, Aberdeen. in Scotland’. 9 March 2009. & STUTTER, M. (2009). Murder, Mystery & Microscopes, 27 October 2009. Research in the Lunan catchment. Techfest, Aberdeen. 26 September Public Meeting, Friockheim. April BROWN, K. M. (2009). 2009. BLACKSTOCK, K. L., Claiming rights to rural recreational 2009. MATTHEWS, K. B., & LANGAN, S. space: Scottish access legislation in DAWSON, L. A., DONNELLY, D., (2009). practice. University of Aberdeen, CRAIG, T. (2009). & MILLER, D. R. (2009). Planning the first Aquarius Institute for Rural Research, Seminar What is behavioural research Trace evidence in “Dying Light”. transnational workshop: Baselines series. 4 March 2009. and why does it matter? - Some Murder, Mystery & Microscopes, and barriers to farmers as water thoughts from a psychological British Association Festival of managers. First Aquarius Partners perspective. Invited presentation to Science, Maltings, Farnham. Meeting, Hobro, Denmark. the SAC integration event “Moving 8 September 2009. 2–5 March 2009. from Outputs to Outcomes: How can a better understanding of stakeholder motivations and behaviours improve the impact of our research?” 24 June 2009.

126 Publications

DAWSON, L. A., DONNELLY, D., GILL, E. (2009). HELLIWELL, R. C. (2009). IASON, G. (2009). & MILLER, D. R. (2009). North East Scotland Local A long term perspective of soil The importance of body odour Trace evidence in “Dying Light”. Biodiversity Partnership. Nature and surface water acidification: to Scots pine trees. Lecture to Murder, Mystery & Microscopes, Conservation in Britain Course, Recovery: the future, confounding Scottish Wildlife Trust, Pitlochry. British Association Festival of University of Aberdeen. factors and threats. University 16 March 2009. Science, University of Guildford, 23 February 2009. College of London Meeting on Guildford. 8 September 2009. “20 years of data from the UK Acid IASON, G. R. (2009). GILL, E. (2009). Waters Monitoring Network”. The role of monoterpenes in DEMARS, B. O. L. (2009). Priority habitats and species in 9 October 2009. the ecology of pine woods. Aquatic plants in the River Spey. North East Scotland. Scottish Lecture to the Department of Highland Rock Garden Club, Nairn. Wildlife Trust Lecture Series, HELLIWELL, R. C., BRITTON, A., Biology, Mittuniversiteitet, Sweden. University of Aberdeen. EVANS, C., COULL, M., GIBBS, S., 4 November 2009. DUNN, S. M. (2009). 15 October 2009. FISHER, J., LILLY, A., Hydrological pathways, mixing ARMITAGE, H., & DAWSON, L. IRVINE, R. J. & ALBON, S. D. (2009). and transit times and their GIMONA, A. & FIORINI, S. (2009). (2009). Modelling soil carbon Climate change and red deer relevance to water quality. Invited Climate change: a short summary stocks and nitrogen dynamics in population trends. Deer seminar presented at Unite INRA of evidence and some possible spatially heterogeneous montane Commission for Scotland, Birnam Sol et Agronomie et Spatialisation, impacts. Scottish Natural Heritage, environments. Predicting the Arts and Conference Centre, Rennes. April 2009. Battleby, Perth. April 2009. Future for Highly Organic Soils, Birnam, Perthshire. 30 March 2009. British Society for Soil Science Spring Conference, Heriot-Watt FERRIER, R. C. (2009). GLENK, K., COLOMBO, S., IRVINE, R. J. & VAN DER WAL, R. University. 5–7 May 2009. Soaring demand for allotments. BLACK, H. I. J., TOWERS, W., (2009). BBC Radio Scotland and BBC & WATSON, C. (2009). On the virtues of collaboration: Reporting Scotland. 13 October Estimating the benefits of re- HELLIWELL, R. C., FUTTER, M. F., addressing the conflicts in wild 2009. accumulating carbon in Scottish & AHERNE, J. (2009). deer management. Environmental soils. Predicting the Future for The impact of climate change Sustainability, 1st Annual ACES on nutrient cycling and water FERRIER, R. C. (2009). Highly Organic Soils, British Society Symposium, Macaulay Land Use Understanding water quality – past for Soil Science Spring Conference, quality in the Scottish Mountains. Research Institute, Aberdeen. perspectives and future challenges. Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. Invited lecture at SNH Head Office, 27 February 2009. International Colloquium, Vision on 5–7 May 2009. Inverness. 17 December 2009. Water Resources Monitoring in the IRVINE, R. J. & WHITE, R. (2009). 21st Century, University of Antwerp. GOTTS, N. M. (2009). HELLIWELL, R. C. & SIMPSON, G. L. Developing adaptive frameworks 26 November 2009. GILDED: Governance, Infrastructure, (2009). for resolving hunting and Lifestyle Dynamics and Energy The present is the key to the past, conservation conflicts: the role of but what does the future hold for FUTTER, M. N. (2009). Demand. Inaugural meeting of participatory GIS. Human-wildlife Modelling mercury in boreal SIMIAN (SIMulation Innovation: the recovery of surface waters from conflict resolution, The Mammal catchments. Invited presentation A Node), City University, London. acidification? Presentation at the Society’s Autumn Symposium, The at NIVA workshop on Mercury in 21 April 2009. 10th Joint Expert Group Meeting, Meeting Rooms, The Zoological Boreal Ecosystems. 31 March 2009. Spain. 28–30 October 2009. Society of London, London Zoo. GOTTS, N. M. (2009). 20–21 November 2009. HUBAND, S. (2009). FUTTER, M. N. (2009). GILDED: Governance, Infrastructure, Catchment biogeochemical Lifestyle Dynamics and Energy Seasonal livestock migrations KEITH, A. M., BROOKER, R. W., modelling. Invited presentation at Demand. An EU Framework VII in Romania: anachronistic or BURSLEM, D. F. R. P., NERI, Denmark. 31 March 2009. collaborative project within the sustainable land use? University CAMERON, C. M., CHAPMAN, S. J., topic Socio-economic factors and of Bayreuth (Germany) Geography ELSTON, D. A., OSLER, G. H. R., actor shaping the “post-carbon” Department’s Migrations Seminar GARCIA-PALACIOS, P., & VAN DER WAL, R. (2009). society. North East Scotland Climate Series. 25 November 2008. MAESTRE, T., CHAPMAN, S. J., Tree invasion of heather moorland: Change Partnership Meeting. SOLIVERES, S., ESCUDERO, A., impacts of birch and pine on 1 May 2009. IASON, G. (2009). VALLADARES, F., GALLARDO, A., microbes, microfauna and Mediation of the extended GUERRERO, C., & CASTILLO, A. P. decomposition. Association of phenotype of Scots pine by plant (2009). GOTTS, N. M., POLHILL, J. G., Applied Biologists International Links between vegetation, GIMONA, A., DAVIES, B., secondary metabolites. Research Conference on Positive Plant microbial functional diversity & MATTHEWS, R. (2009). Seminar, University of Savoie, Microbial Interaction in Relation to and soil functioning during Agent based modelling in GILDED France. 15 January 2009. Plant Performance and Ecosystem restoration of semi-arid motorway and at Macaulay Land Use Function, Olde Barn Hotel, slopes. British Ecological Society Research Institute. University of IASON, G. (2009). Grantham, Lincs. 15–16 December Annual Meeting, University of Groningen, Potsdam Institute for Mediation of the extended 2009. Hertfordshire. 8–10 September Climate Impact Research, Institute phenotype of Scots pine by plant 2009. of Political Science, Hungarian secondary metabolites, Research Academy of Sciences, University of Seminar, University of Lyon, France. South Bohemia. 6–13 July 2009. 15 January 2009.

127 Publications

LANGAN, S. & BLACKSTOCK, K. L. LUMSDON, D. G. (2009). MILLARD, P. (2009). NOLAN, A. J. (2009). (2009). Peak oil, fossil fuels and food Carbon limitation in trees: Soils and agriculture: Uists Sustainable flood risk management security. Scottish Agricultural scaling from leaf biochemistry to Blackland Project. Invited in Scotland. Sustainable Flood Risk College, West Mains Road, ecosystems. Invited lecture given presentation to Crofting Management in Scotland Holyrood Edinburgh. February 2009. at Department of Soil Quality, Environment Improvement Conference, Our Dynamic Earth, Wageningen University, the Association. Edinburgh. 16 June 2009. MACDONALD, L. & DAWSON, L. A. Netherlands. 1 October 2009. (2009). NOLAN, A. J. (2009). LANGAN, S. & JANES, M. (2009). Does organic matter in forensic soil MILLARD, P. & MIDWOOD, A. J. Heather ecology and land use. River restoration: some experiences science? Adelaide Laboratory Public (2009). Invited presentation to Tain and from Scotland and the UK. River Seminar Series. 2 April 2009. Partitioning soil respiration District Field Club. 10 November Restoration Project in Korea. Are using natural abundance 13C 2009. We on the Right Track – Concepts, MATTHEWS, K. B. (2009). discrimination. Invited Seminar, Methods and International Response to Mid Programme School of Biological Sciences, OWEN, I. J. (2009). Experiences. Centre for Social Recommendations – A perspective University of Aberdeen. The garden, the gardener and his Sciences, National Assembly from WP3.1. Presentation to the 9th soils. Huntly Street Pensioners Library, Seoul National University. P3G Meeting, Edinburgh. 1 October MILLER, D. R. (2009). Group. 4 March 2009. 27 May 2009. 2009. Participatory planning using a virtual reality environment, Guest OWEN, I. J. (2009). LILLY, A. (2009). MAYOR, D., THORNTON, B., HAY, S., Lecture, School of Geosciences, Gardening group presentation, Presentation on Soil Monitoring & WITTE, U. (2009). University of Aberdeen. Kemnay Gardening Group, Kemnay, in the UK and Europe. Workshop Carbon cycling in the deep sea. 20 March 2009. 18 February 2009. on Soil Monitoring, Melbourne, Seminar presented to Fisheries Victoria, Australia. 4 March 2009. Research Services, Marine Scotland, MOORE, B. D. (2009). OWEN, I. J. (2009). Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen. Chemical warfare in the Australian Soil testing. Growing in Glasgow, LILLY, A. (2009). 18 June 2009. Bush: Scaling up laboratory studies Trades Hall, Glasgow. 28 March Presentation on hydropedology. to understand how plant secondary 2009. Soil Science Group, Future Farming MAYOR, D. J., THORNTON, B., metabolites affect wild marsupial Systems Research, Bendigo, folivores. Invited seminar at the WITTE, U., & HAY, S. (2009). OWEN, I. J. (2009). Department of Primary Industries, Food quality affects carbon cycling Institute of Zoology, London. Specific contaminants – what effect Victoria, Australia. 23 February in the deep sea. Stable Isotope Mass 11 March 2009. and what can be done? Growing in 2009. Spectrometry Users Group Meeting, Glasgow, Trades Hall, Glasgow. University of Glasgow. MOORE, B. D. & DEGABRIEL, J. L. 28 March 2009. LILLY, A. (2009). 14–15 January 2009. (2009). Testing methods for soil monitoring Chemical warfare in the Australian PAJOT, G., SLEE, B., WALLACE, J., in Scotland. Soil Science Group, Bush: Scaling up laboratory studies MCCRUM, G. S. & BROWN, K. M. DUNN, S., & BESTWICK, M. (2009). Future Farming Systems Research, (2009). to understand how plant secondary Evaluer la ressource hydroelectrique Bendigo, Department of Primary Visual methods, Mini Kindrogan, metabolites affect wild marsupial en Aberdeenshire, Ecosse. Research Industries, Victoria, Australia. Postgraduate Day, The University folivores. Invited seminar to the Seminar, University of Bordeaux, 24 February 2009. of Aberdeen. Department of Animal Ecology France. 19 May 2009. and Conservation, University of LILLY, A. (2009). Hamburg, Germany. 7 May 2009. MILLARD, P. (2009). PAKEMAN, R. J. (2009). Soil, structure and function. Tatura Ecophysiology of carbon and Agriculture, ecology and Research Centre, Department nitrogen storage by trees. Les MOORE, B. D., IASON, G. R., biodiversity. Presentation to the of Primary Industries, Victoria, reserves et leur importance SIM, D., BEATON, J. K., REID, S., Crofting Environment Improvement Australia. 27 February 2009. agronomique et sylvicole, & BARRETT, A. (2009). Association. 25 May 2009. International Conference, Chemical diversity in Scots pine: LILLY, A. (2009). INRA-UCBN, University of Caen. What, why and where? Aberdeen PATERSON, E. (2009). Use of soil data in modelling. 9–10 June 2009. Ecology Day, University of Aberdeen. 17 April 2009. Measuring carbon fluxes through Workshop on Soil Landscape the eye of the needle – Does Soil Parameters for Modelling, Bendigo, MILLARD, P. (2009). Quality and Environmental Quality? Victoria, Australia. 3 March 2009. What drives microbial community MUNANG, R. & RIVINGTON, M. Joint British Soil Science Society structure in pasture soils? Soils (2009). and Soil Science Society of Ireland LILLY, A. (2009). and Nutrient Cycling in Grassland Ecosystem management: A Conference, Wexford, Ireland. Assessing soil erosion in Scotland Ecosystems: Implications for key to enhancing food security 9–11 September 2009. and Northern Ireland. SNIFFER Sustainable Management, under a changing climate. Invited Workshop on Climate Change, Land International Workshop, Poitiers, Keynote Presentation to Centre PHILLIP, S., BLACKSTOCK, K., Management and Organic Soil France. 3–4 June 2009. for Agriculture and Biosciences & HUNTER, C. (2009). Erosion in Scotland and Northern International (CABI) Global Summit: What is agritourism? Perspectives Ireland, Edinburgh. 30 June 2009. Food Security in a Climate of Change, London. 19–21 October from five types of agritourism 2009. provider, ESRS Congress, Vaasa. 17–21 August 2009.

128 Publications

PHILLIP, S., BLACKSTOCK, K. L., SINGH, B. (2009). STOCKAN, J. A. (2009). VINTEN, A., LANGAN, S., & HUNTER, C. (2009). Molecular methods for Life along the waters’ edge: BLACKSTOCK, K., COULL, M., What is agritourism? Perspectives rapid detection of food and influences on riparian beetles. & HARPER, K. (2009). from five types of agritourism environmental pathogens. Invited Edinburgh Entomological Club. Catchment Research Consultative provider, RGS-IBG Conference, New talk to Rapid Method Conference, 18 February 2009. Group Lunan site visit. Stakeholder and Emerging Rural Researchers Netherlands. 19 January 2009. Group Field Trip to Lunan Water (Rural Geography Research Group), STOCKAN, J. A., LANGAN, S. J., Catchment. 29 April 2009. Manchester. 25–28 August 2009. SINGH, B. K. (2009). & YOUNG, M. R. (2009). Response of microbial communities Understanding the drivers VINTEN, A. J. A. (2009). POGGIO, L. & SOILLE, P. (2009). to land-use change, management of riparian biodiversity in an Water doctors open day. Yellows Land cover detection with practice and climate change. Invited agricultural landscape. Royal on the Broom Festival, Benholm unsupervised clustering and talk to Microbial Ecology Workshop, Entomological Society Special Mill. 4 May 2009. hierarchical partitioning. Changsha, China. September 2009. Interest Meeting, “Insects International Federation of and Sustainable Agriculture”, WYLIE, C. E., SHAW, D. J., Classification Services (IFCS), 11th SLEE, B. (2009). Rothamsted. 12 May 2009. FORDYCE, F. M., LILLY, A., Conference. Special Interest Session Looking backwards, looking & MCGORUM, B. C. (2009). on Spatial Classification, Dresden, forwards: re-localisation and STUTTER, M., VINTEN, A. J. A., A preliminary investigation into Germany. 13–18 March 2009. sustainable development. FUTTER, M., & DUNN, S. (2009). possible relationships between Presentation to UHI Centre for Monitored Priority Catchment environmental geochemical POLHILL, G., GIMONA, A., Remote and Rural Studies Public Project Lunan Water. SEPA, Scottish parameters and equine grass & MCCRACKEN, D. (2009). Policy Seminar Series. 6 June 2009. Government, DEFRA, EA Joint sickness in Scotland. Practical Assessment of potential Meeting on Monitored Priority Applications of Medical Geology, biodiversity impacts of future SLEE, B. (2009). Catchments, Stirling. 9 February British Geological Survey. policy changes: Identifying and Rural land pressures and issues in 2009. 19–20 March 2009. prioritising future scenarios. North East Scotland. SNH Futures Biodiversity Consultative Group Strategy Team Meeting. 27 October SUTHERLAND, L. A. (2009). XU, Y. (2009). Meeting, Victoria Quay, Leith, 2009. Towards a cross-sectoral analysis of Carbon tax or cap-and-trade: a Edinburgh. 10 March 2009. land use decision-making: evidence computable general equilibrium SLEE, B. (2009). from the Scottish Government analysis of China. International POLHILL, J. G. (2009). Re-imagining forests as rural land use studies. Invited Energy Workshop, Venice. Ontologies for agent-based multifunctional and sustainable Lecture to the Institute for Rural 17–19 June 2009. modelling. Center for Social resources for a low carbon rural Research, University of Aberdeen. Complexity, Krasnow Institute for economy: the potential for forest- 18 November 2009. XU, Y., SLEE, B., MILLER, D. G., Advanced Study, George Mason based rural development. Keynote & MATTHEWS, K. B. (2009). University Seminar. 17 April 2009. address at OECD Conference, TOWERS, W. (2009). Single Farm Payment flattening: Developing Rural Policies to Meet Oral evidence supporting the results from the computable REDPATH, S. M., ALBON, S. D., the Needs of a Changing World, Scottish Government to House of general equilibrium modeling & IRVINE, R. J. (2009). Quebec. 13–15 October 2009. Lords LFA enquiry, House of Lords (revision 2.0). Presentation to the Managing conflicting goals in Agriculture and Environment Pack Enquiry Team on options for the uplands: consequences for SLEE, B. (2009). Committee. 11 March 2009. Single Farm Payment, Macaulay biodiversity. Scotland’s Changing An economic perspective on the Land Use Research Institute, Rural Biodiversity: Policy and Action English uplands. Presentation to TOWERS, W. & CREAMER, R. (2009). Aberdeen. 7 August 2009. Needs, Edinburgh Consortium for Commission for Rural Communities’ European Soil Bureau – Working Rural Research, Battleby, Perth. Inquiry into the Future of the Group 4. Soil awareness and YEARLEY, S. & IRVINE, R. J. (2009). Uplands, Exeter. 21 April 2009. education. European Soil Bureau Governance of natural resources. RIVINGTON, M., MATTHEWS, K. B., Network 2009, Plenary Meeting and The Future of Rural Land Use, BUCHAN, K., & MILLER, D. G. (2009). SLEE, B. (2009). Workshop, Hungarian Academy of RELU Congress House, London. Future farming systems: An “international” perspective Sciences Rooseveltter, Budapest, 4 June 2009. investigating sustainability and from Scotland: The future of Hungary. 14–16 September, 2009. climate change adaptation. Invited Scotland’s hills and islands: The RSE ZETSCHE, E., LUMSDON, D. G., seminar to Centre for the Study Committee of Inquiry and beyond. TRINDER, C., BROOKER, R., & WITTE, U. (2009). of Environmental Change and Presentation to Commission for DAVIDSON, H., & ROBINSON.R. Effects of temporal variation in Sustainability, The University of Rural Communities’ Inquiry into the (2009). sediment permeability on the Edinburgh. 17 March 2009. Future of the Uplands. 6 June 2009. Plants and N competition along metabolism of sandy estuarine environmental gradients. British sediments. Oral presentation to SANDIN, L., FRIBERG, N., SMITH, H. M., WALL, G., Ecological Society Annual Meeting, ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting, BERGFUR, J., DEMARS, B. O. L., & BLACKSTOCK, K. L. (2009). University of Hertfordshire. Nice, France. 25–30 January 2009. & PEDERSEN, M. (2009). A sustainable future (?): River basin 9 September 2009. Stream communities and food webs management meets land use along gradients in temperature planning in Scotland. AESOP 2009, on local and regional scales. 10th 23rd Congress of the Association International Congress of Ecology of European Schools of Planning, (INTECOL) Ecology in a Changing Liverpool. 15–18 July 2009. Climate, Brisbane. August 2009.

129 Editorial responsibilities during 2009

Professor Richard Aspinall Editor: Professor David Miller Editorial Board Member: Journal of Land Use Science Landscape and Urban Planning Editor: Editorial Board Member: Annals of the Association of American Journal of Coastal Conservation, Geographers (Environmental Sciences Planning and Management section) Dr Benjamin Moore Associate Editor: Dr Helaina Black Editorial Board Member: Austral Ecology Insect Biodiversity and Conservation Editorial Board Member: Journal of Zoology Dr Rob Brooker Associate Editor: Journal of Ecology Dr Scott Newey Associate Editor: Wildlife Biology Professor Colin Campbell Associate Editor: Journal of Applied Microbiology Dr Maria Nijnik Editorial Board Member: Associate Editor: TEKA – the Commission of Protection and European Journal of Soil Science Formation of Natural Environment, the Associate Editor: National Academy of Sciences, Poland Soil Use and Management Professor Bob Ørskov Section Editor: Livestock Science (Ruminant Nutrition) Dr Stephen Chapman Board of Subject Editors: Soil Biology and Biochemistry Professor Robin Pakeman Associate Editor: Dr Johann Erhard Editorial Advisory Board Member: Applied Vegetation Science Applied Animal Behaviour Science Dr Eric Paterson Subject Editor: Dr Bob Ferrier Guest Editor: Plant & Soil Hydrology and Earth Systems Science Neil Sang Editorial Board Member: Dr Pete Goddard Editorial Advisory Board: Open Environmental Journal Applied Animal Behaviour Science Dr Brajesh Singh Editorial Board Member: Dr Steve Hillier Section Editor: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Elements – International Magazine of Editorial Board Member: Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology Biodegradation Editorial Board Member: Dr Rupert Hough Editor in Chief: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Land Contamination & Reclamation Associate Editor: Professor Bill Slee Editorial Board Member: Communications in Waste & Resource Forestry Management Editorial Board Member: Small Scale Forestry Dr Glenn Iason Associate Editor: Wildlife Biology Dr Andy Taylor Editorial Advisor: New Phytologist Dr Jack Lennon Associate Editor: Editorial Board Member: Global Ecology and Biogeography Mycological Progress Associate Editor: Editorial Board Member: Journal of Applied Ecology Fungal Biology Reviews

Professor Pete Millard Editor: Professor Simon Thirgood* Editor : Tree Physiology Journal of Applied Ecology

* In memory: Professor Simon Thirgood 6 December 1962 – 30 August 2009

130 Staff List as of 1st January 2010

Chief Executive Professor Richard Aspinall BSc, PhD, FRGS, CGeog

Director of Corporate Services and Company Secretary Carol Bisset BSc, FCCA

Senior Management Team Science Group Leader – Catchment Management Dr Bob Ferrier Science Group Leader – Ecology Dr Pete Goddard Science Group Leader – Integrated Land Use Systems Professor David Miller Science Group Leader – Socio-Economic Research Group Professor Bill Slee Science Group Leader – Soils Professor Colin Campbell Analytical Group Manager Dr Andy Midwood Business Development Coordinator Jeremy Evans Financial Controller Carol Smith Head Librarian Lorraine Robertson Head of Communication Services Dr Dick Birnie Head of HR & Training and Deputy to Director of Corporate Services Dr Debs Slater Head of Technical Services Grahame Shaw Health and Safety Manager Moira McMaster Human Resources Manager Scott Strachan IT Services Group Manager David Stone Programme 3 Coordinator Professor Stephen Albon Quality Manager Gareth Newman

CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT GROUP MEMBERS ECOLOGY GROUP MEMBERS Dr Bob Ferrier Science Group Leader Dr Pete Goddard Science Group Leader Claire Abel Research Assistant & Principal Veterinary Research Officer Dr Lisa Avery Environmental Microbiologist Lorna Anness Project Assistant North East Local Biodiversity Partnership Dr Jeffrey Bacon Senior Scientist Zdenka Babikova PhD Student Dr Nikki Baggaley Environmental Scientist Joan Beaton Ecologist Christian Birkel PhD Student Liz Bourne PhD Student Philippa Booth Soil and Water Consultant Rebecca Brassey Visiting Researcher Stephen Carr PhD Student Dr Andrea Britton Plant Ecologist Lynn Clark Research Assistant Dr Rob Brooker Plant Ecologist Yvonne Cook Research Scientist Anja Carlsson PhD Student Dr Susan Cooksley Catchment Scientist Michelle Clements PhD Student Pat Cooper Research Assistant Roger Cummins Research Scientist Dr Julian Dawson Environmental Biogeochemist Hazel Davidson Visiting Researcher Dr Benoit Demars Aquatic Ecologist Chantel Davies PhD Student Nikki Dodd PhD Student Jose Ignacio Dr Sarah Dunn Senior Post-doctoral Scientist de la Pradilla Villar PhD Student Sheila Gibbs Research Assistant Dr Antonia Eastwood Plant Ecologist Peter Goude PhD Student Dr Johann Erhard Visiting Researcher Emily Hastings Researcher Deborah Fielding Research Assistant Ian Hay East Grampian Coastal Partnership Julia Fisher Research Scientist Project Manager Diana Gilbert PhD Student Dr Rachel Helliwell Senior Research Scientist Dr Lucy Gilbert Ecological Epidemiologist Christian Imholt PhD Student Dr Estelle Gill Local Biodiversity Action Plan Coordinator Antonio Ioris Visiting Researcher Dr Alessandro Gimona Landscape Ecologist Leah Jackson-Blake Environmental Scientist Emily Green Research Assistant Lynne Johnston Research Assistant David Hamilton Research Scientist Dr Simon Langan Work Package Coordinator Annabel Harrison PhD Student Dr Allan Lilly Soil Hydrologist Prof Alison Hester Senior Scientist Dr David Lumsdon Research Scientist Richard Hewison Research Assistant – Plant Ecology Doris Pichler PhD Student Suzanne Hogg Research Assistant – Population Ecologist Samia Richards Soil and Water Chemistry Research Assistant Russell Hooper Research Assistant Will Roberts PhD Student Colin Hunter Visiting Researcher James Sample Environmental Data Coordinator Dr Glenn Iason Senior Scientist Dr Marc Stutter Post Doctoral Research Scientist Dr Justin Irvine Ecological Epidemiologist Carol Taylor Field/Laboratory Assistant Marianne James PhD Student Andrew Vinten Principal Researcher in CM & Water Quality Ed Jones Mathematical Ecologist Ruth Walker Field/Laboratory Assistant Carol Kyle Research Assistant Helen Watson Research Assistant Dr Jack Lennon Spatial Ecologist Rob Lewis PhD Student

131 Staff List as of 1st January 2010

ECOLOGY GROUP MEMBERS (continued) INTEGRATED LAND USE SYSTEM GROUP MEMBERS

Dr Nick Littlewood Invertebrate Ecologist Prof David Miller Science Group Leader Craig MacEachern Stockworker Dr Inge Aalders Research Scientist Dr Bob Mayes Senior Scientist Dr Innocent Bakam Complex Systems Modeller Jim McLeod Software Engineer Richard Blake PhD Student Dr Ben Moore Chemical Ecologist Chris Brown PhD Student Dr Scott Newey Population Ecologist Dr Iain Brown Work Package Coordinator Prof Robin Pakeman Plant Ecologist Kevin Buchan Software Engineer Dr Javier Perez-Barberia Population Ecology Research Scientist Marie Castellazzi Landscape Ecologist Estefania Perez-Fernandez PhD Student Gavin Donaldson-Selby Landscape and Visualisation Modeller Ros Porter PhD Student David Donnelly GIS Consultant Gabor Pozsgai Entomologist Jenny Farmer PhD Student Gina Prior PhD Student Dr Nick Gotts Simulation Modeller Dr Scot Ramsay Population Ecologist Paula Harthill Research Scientist Prof Steve Redpath Researcher Dr Sally Huband Social Geographer/Rural Sociologist Sheila Reid Ecological Assistant Luz-Maria Lozada-Ellison PhD Student Dr Stewart Rhind Research Scientist Dr Robin Matthews Climate Change Theme Cordinator David Riach Support Scientist Dr Keith Matthews Senior Research Scientist Louise Ross PhD Student Gillian McCrum Qualitative Social Researcher Adam Seward PhD Student Margaret McKeen Digitizer Dr Angela Sibbald Research Scientist Dave Miller Research Assistant Dave Sim Ecological Research Assistant Jane Morrice Research Scientist Jenni Stockan Insect Ecologist Dr Shibu Muhammed Ecosystem Modeller Clare Trinder Visiting Researcher Dr Jose Munoz-Rojas Spatial Planner Dr Rene Van der Wal Researcher Edoardo Pignotti PhD Student Dereje Wakjina PhD Student Dr Laura Poggio Spatial Modeller Melanie White PhD Student Dr Gary Polhill Human-Natural Systems Research Scientist Mike Rivington Land Use System Modeller Neil Sang Research Scientist Dr Lee-Ann Sutherland Social Scientist

SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH GROUP MEMBERS Prof Bill Slee Science Group Leader Koen Arts PhD Student Dr Bedru Balana Ecological/Environmental Economist Dr Kirsty Blackstock Qualitatitve Social Scientist Dr Katrina Brown Researcher Dr Tony Craig Environmental Psychologist/Sociologist Dr Benjamin Davies Researcher Dr Elizabeth Dinnie Qualitative Social Researcher Jill Dunglinson Research Assistant Dr George Dyer Rural Economist Diana Feliciano PhD Student Dr Anke Fischer Researcher Carlos Galan-Diaz Research Assistant Dr Alana Gilbert Research Economist Dr Klaus Glenk Natural Resource Ecological Economist Adekunle Ibiyemi Research Assistant – GIS Dr Wendy Kenyon Senior Research Fellow Antoinette Kriel Sandwich Student Dr Keith Marshall Researcher Dr Maria Nijnik Researcher Sharon Phillip PhD Student Dr Katrin Prager Social Researcher Sebastian Selge PhD Student Heather Smith PhD Student Julie Urquhart PhD Student Sander Van der Jagt PhD Student Kerry Waylen Social Researcher Dr Yan Xu Rural Economist

132 Staff List as of 1st January 2010

SOILS GROUP MEMBERS ANALYTICAL GROUP MEMBERS Prof Colin Campbell Science Group Leader Dr Andy Midwood Analytical Group Manager Dr Matt Aitkenhead Soils Modeller Ann Brands Laboratory Technician Dr Fabrizio Albanito Visiting Researcher Ann Bruce Laboratory Glassware Cleaner Anwar Alizai PhD Student Dr Carol-Ann Craig Head of Inorganic Isotope Analysis Dr Roxane Andersen Visiting Researcher Carol Curran Research Assistant Dr Ian Anderson Honorary Researcher Evelyne Delbos Head of Electron Microscopy Dr Rebekka Artz Post Doctoral Research Scientist Carrie Donald Research Assistant John Bell Soil Scientist Bill Donald Head of Commercial Analysis Dr Helaina Black Soil Scientist Tony Fraser Chemist Clare Cameron Research Assistant Evina Gontikaki Visiting Researcher Emily Carroll PhD Student Nia Gray Sandwich Student Dr Katherine Chadwick Visiting Researcher Dr Helen Hill Research Assistant Dr Steve Chapman Senior Scientist Christine Kerr Research Assistant Malcolm Coull Soil Database/GIS Technician Catherine Kite Research Assistant Dr Lorna Dawson Research Scientist Donna Macdonald Research Assistant Dr Barbara Drigo PhD Student Gillian Martin Research Scientist Dr Geoffrey Elliott Molecular Microbiologist Dr Dan Mayor Visiting Researcher Luca Giaramida Casual Researcher Louise McDonald Research Assistant Gillian Green Field/Laboratory Assistant Susan McIntyre Research Scientist Dr Gwen-Aelle Grelet Visiting Researcher Kelly McKenzie Analytical Chemist Katherine Grundy PhD Student Evelyn McMurray Research Scientist Richard Gwatkin Field/Laboratory Assistant Gareth Newman Head of Inorganic Analysis & Quality Manager Anke Herrmann Visiting Researcher Mark Osprey Research Assistant Carolyn Hillier Visiting Researcher Dr Jason Owen Head of Soils Section – Analytical Group Dr Stephen Hillier Soil Mineralogist Stephen Peatfield Commercial Organic Chemist Robert Hobkirk PhD Student Dr John Price Senior Analytical Chemist Kenny Hood Research Assistant Maureen Procee Research Assistant Dr Rupert Hough Soil Science Coordinator Dr Jean Robertson Head of Infrared Spectroscopy Dengke Hu PhD Student Diane Smith Research Assistant Yao Huaiying Visiting Researcher Fiona Sturgeon Research Assistant Gordon Hudson Soil Data Manager Dr Barry Thornton Section Leader of the Isotopes Section Susan Jarvis PhD Student Esther Williams Laboratory Assistant Ully Kritzler PhD Student Dr Kyari Yates Analytical Chemist David Limmer Student Dr Zulin Zhang Organic Chemist Angela Main Research Assistant Jonathan McAllister Visiting Researcher Prof Pete Millard Researcher Loic Nazaries PhD Student ADMINISTRATION GROUP MEMBERS Andy Nolan Head of Ecology & Land Evaluation Unit Business Development Ingrid Oborn Visiting Researcher Jeremy Evans Business Development Coordinator Shona Osborne Research Scientist Arek Chociaj Contracts Administrator Dr Eric Paterson Root Physiologist/Biochemist Grant Davidson International Development Coordinator Dr Ian Phillips XRD Clay Mineralogist Emma Wing Contracts Officer Sam Quin PhD Student Atefeh Ramezanian PhD Student Communication Services Eileen Reid Research Scientist Dr Dick Birnie Head of Communication Services Lucinda Robinson Research Assistant John Brown Graphic Designer Jasmine Ross Research Assistant Pat Carnegie Graphic Designer Dr Charlie Shand Senior Research Scientist Jenna Gray Communications and PR Assistant Allan Sim Research Scientist Jane Lund Events Manager Dr Brajesh Singh Molecular Microbial Ecologist Lauren Farr-Miller Graphic Designer Catherine Smart Research Assistant Clara Macindoe Web Editor Dr Martin Sommerkorn Plant Carbon Physiologist Clare Neely PR & Communications Manager Dr Emma Sproston Molecular Microbiologist David Riley Photographic Officer Dr Andy Taylor Molecular Fungal Ecologist Ian Williamson Graphic Designer Nadine Thomas Research Assistant Caroline Thomson Research Assistant William Tottey Student Willie Towers Research Scientist Sam Vanlaningham Visiting Researcher Dr Renate Wendler Soil Chemist Dr Duncan White Laboratory Manager – Microbiology Mike Whitfield PhD Student Anna Wilkinson PhD Student Alison Williams Research Assistant 133 Staff List as of 1st January 2010

ADMINISTRATION GROUP MEMBERS (continued) Finance Technical Services Carol Smith Financial Controller Grahame Shaw Head of Technical Services Linda Duncan Assistant Accountant Izzy Aitchison Cleaner Barbara Green Personal Assistant to Ian Alexander General Handyperson the Director of Corporate Services James Anderson Officer Responsible for Institute Vehicles Janice Laing Assistant Accountant David Clark Electrician Julie MacArthur Accounts Assistant Anna Fedorowicz Cleaner Briony Stewart Accounts Assistant Graham Gaskin Project Engineer Lynne Thomson Purchasing Officer Kathy Hake Cleaner Jackie Wales Accounts Assistant – Purchase Ledger Con Harley Security Person Brian Kemp Head Groundsman global land project Barbara Luka Cleaner Prof Richard Aspinall Director Mustapha El Machrouhi Security Person Dr Carol Ann Stannard Executive Officer Catherine Milne Hostel Caretaker Ernie Milne Patrolman Group Administration John Mundie General Craftsperson Elsa Brown Group Administrator – Soils & ITS Alan Rhynas Security Person Lesley Forbes Group Administrator – Ecology David Sim Maintenance Manager Vivienne King Group Administrator – ILUS & SERG Alison Wilkinson Joiner Anne Marsden Group Administrator – Business Development, Allan Wilson Engineer in Charge of Mechanical Engineering GIS & IFRU Workshop Kelly Owen Group Administrator – Catchment Management Jo Skoyles Group Administrator – Analytical Carol Smith Assistant to HR & Training Manager and INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES MEMBERS Communication Services David Stone IT Services Group Manager Bababode Akitoye Research Systems Administrator Health and Safety David Bryant Network Manager Moira McMaster Health and Safety Manager Malcolm Collie Systems Administrator Alan Crawford IT Analyst HR and Training Development Shiraz Hussain Database Administrator Dr Debs Slater Head of HR & Training and Gearoid King Novell Systems Engineer Deputy to Director of Corporate Services Jack Spain Helpdesk Manager Liz Healy Receptionist Andrew Thorburn Webmaster/Web Application Developer/ Yvonne Massie Administrative Assistant Spatial Database Manager Stacey Scragg Human Resources Administrator Benjamin Watt Deputy Network Manager and Kay Stewart Human Resources Administrator PC Development Officer Scott Strachan Human Resources Manager Jane Thompson Administrative Assistant RESEARCH STATION STAFF MEMBERS Library and Information Services Lorraine Robertson Head Librarian George Corsar head of Farms Elaine Mackenzie Assistant Librarian and Data Manager Donald Barrie Farm Manager – Glensaugh John Black Grieve Programme 3 Derek Hague Stockperson Prof Stephen Albon Programme 3 Coordinator Jim MacDonald Stockworker Baerbel McRitchie Personal Assistant to Programme 3 Coordinator Owen Main Trainee / Assistant Stockperson James Scott Shepherd / Stocksman June Scott Cleaner Ian Waddell Caretaker

INTERNATIONAL FEED RESOURCES UNIT Professor Bob Ørskov Director Dr Tintin Kustantinah Visiting Researcher

For more information: macaulay.ac.uk/staff

134 135 MLURI Connections

THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute’s Craigiebuckler offices are based on the east coast of Scotland in the western outskirts of Aberdeen.

In addition to the purpose built offices and laboratories in Aberdeen, the Institute operates two research stations at Glensaugh Farm in Aberdeenshire and at Hartwood Farm near Shotts in Lanarkshire.

MLURI ABERDEEN GLENSAUGH

EDINBURGH GLASGOW HARTWOOD

136

THE MACAULAY LAND USE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute

Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH

Tel +44 (0) 1224 395000 Fax +44 (0) 1224 395010

[email protected]

macaulay.ac.uk