A Depositional Model for Spherulitic Carbonates Associated with Alkaline
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Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited
Biol. Rev. (2003), 78, pp. 251–345. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 251 DOI: 10.1017/S1464793102006103 Printed in the United Kingdom Early tetrapod relationships revisited MARCELLO RUTA1*, MICHAEL I. COATES1 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE2 1 The Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL57PY, UK and Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK ([email protected]) (Received 29 November 2001; revised 28 August 2002; accepted 2 September 2002) ABSTRACT In an attempt to investigate differences between the most widely discussed hypotheses of early tetrapod relation- ships, we assembled a new data matrix including 90 taxa coded for 319 cranial and postcranial characters. We have incorporated, where possible, original observations of numerous taxa spread throughout the major tetrapod clades. A stem-based (total-group) definition of Tetrapoda is preferred over apomorphy- and node-based (crown-group) definitions. This definition is operational, since it is based on a formal character analysis. A PAUP* search using a recently implemented version of the parsimony ratchet method yields 64 shortest trees. Differ- ences between these trees concern: (1) the internal relationships of aı¨stopods, the three selected species of which form a trichotomy; (2) the internal relationships of embolomeres, with Archeria -
Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2017 1112 Taxa, 231 Characters
Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2017 1112 taxa, 231 characters Note: This tree does not support DNA topologies over 100 Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 67 Eldeceeon holotype long phylogenetic distances. 100 91 Romeriscus Diplovertebron Certain dental traits are convergent and do not define clades. 85 67 Solenodonsaurus 100 Chroniosaurus 94 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 Chroniosuchus 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria 84 Brouffia 93 77 Coelostegus Cheirolepis Paleothyris Eusthenopteron 91 Hylonomus Gogonasus 78 66 Anthracodromeus 99 Osteolepis 91 Protorothyris MCZ1532 85 Protorothyris CM 8617 81 Pholidogaster Protorothyris MCZ 2149 97 Colosteus 87 80 Vaughnictis Elliotsmithia Apsisaurus Panderichthys 51 Tiktaalik 86 Aerosaurus Varanops Greererpeton 67 90 94 Varanodon 76 97 Koilops <50 Spathicephalus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 Trimerorhachis 62 84 Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 Archaeothyris 91 Dvinosaurus 89 Ophiacodon 91 Acroplous 67 <50 82 99 Batrachosuchus Haptodus 93 Gerrothorax 97 82 Secodontosaurus Neldasaurus 85 76 100 Dimetrodon 84 95 Trematosaurus 97 Sphenacodon 78 Metoposaurus Ianthodon 55 Rhineceps 85 Edaphosaurus 85 96 99 Parotosuchus 80 82 Ianthasaurus 91 Wantzosaurus Glaucosaurus Trematosaurus long rostrum Cutleria 99 Pederpes Stenocybus 95 Whatcheeria 62 94 Ossinodus IVPP V18117 Crassigyrinus 87 62 71 Kenyasaurus 100 Acanthostega 94 52 Deltaherpeton 82 Galechirus 90 MGUH-VP-8160 63 Ventastega 52 Suminia 100 Baphetes Venjukovia 65 97 83 Ichthyostega Megalocephalus Eodicynodon 80 94 60 Proterogyrinus 99 Sclerocephalus smns90055 100 Dicynodon 74 Eoherpeton -
Inner Ear Morphology of Diadectomorphs And
Palaeontology INNER EAR MORPHOLOGY OF DIADECTOMORPHS AND SEYMOURIAMORPHS (TETRAPODA) UNCOVERED BY HIGH- RESOLUTION X-RAY MICROCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND THE ORIGIN OF THE AMNIOTE CROWN-GROUP Journal: Palaeontology Manuscript ID PALA-01-19-4428-OA.R1 Manuscript Type: Original Article Date Submitted by the 22-May-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Klembara, Jozef; Univerzita Komenskeho v Bratislave, Department of Ecology Hain, Miroslav; Slovak Academy of Sciences, Instutite of Measurement Science Ruta, Marcello; University of Lincoln School of Life Sciences, Vertebrate Zoology and Analytical Palaeobiology Berman, David; Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pierce, Stephanie; Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology Henrici, Amy; Carnegie Museum of Natural History Diadectomorpha, Seymouriamorpha, inner ear, fossa subarcuata, origin Key words: of amniotes, amniote phylogeny Palaeontology Page 1 of 68 Palaeontology 1 1 2 3 INNER EAR MORPHOLOGY OF DIADECTOMORPHS AND SEYMOURIAMORPHS 4 5 6 (TETRAPODA) UNCOVERED BY HIGH-RESOLUTION X-RAY MICROCOMPUTED 7 8 TOMOGRAPHY, AND THE ORIGIN OF THE AMNIOTE CROWN-GROUP 9 10 11 12 by JOZEF KLEMBARA1,*, MIROSLAV HAIN2, MARCELLO RUTA3,*, DAVID S 13 14 4 5 4 15 BERMAN , STEPHANIE E. PIERCE and AMY C. HENRICI 16 17 18 19 1 Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology, 20 21 22 Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia; e-mail: [email protected] 23 24 2 Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 25 26 Bratislava, Slovakia -
Bones, Molecules, and Crown- Tetrapod Origins
TTEC11 05/06/2003 11:47 AM Page 224 Chapter 11 Bones, molecules, and crown- tetrapod origins Marcello Ruta and Michael I. Coates ABSTRACT The timing of major events in the evolutionary history of early tetrapods is discussed in the light of a new cladistic analysis. The phylogenetic implications of this are com- pared with those of the most widely discussed, recent hypotheses of basal tetrapod interrelationships. Regardless of the sequence of cladogenetic events and positions of various Early Carboniferous taxa, these fossil-based analyses imply that the tetrapod crown-group had originated by the mid- to late Viséan. However, such estimates of the lissamphibian–amniote divergence fall short of the date implied by molecular studies. Uneven rates of molecular substitutions might be held responsible for the mismatch between molecular and morphological approaches, but the patchy quality of the fossil record also plays an important role. Morphology-based estimates of evolutionary chronology are highly sensitive to new fossil discoveries, the interpreta- tion and dating of such material, and the impact on tree topologies. Furthermore, the earliest and most primitive taxa are almost always known from very few fossil localities, with the result that these are likely to exert a disproportionate influence. Fossils and molecules should be treated as complementary approaches, rather than as conflicting and irreconcilable methods. Introduction Modern tetrapods have a long evolutionary history dating back to the Late Devonian. Their origins are rooted into a diverse, paraphyletic assemblage of lobe-finned bony fishes known as the ‘osteolepiforms’ (Cloutier and Ahlberg 1996; Janvier 1996; Ahlberg and Johanson 1998; Jeffery 2001; Johanson and Ahlberg 2001; Zhu and Schultze 2001). -
1 Phylogenetic and Environmental Context of a Tournaisian Tetrapod Fauna
1 Phylogenetic and Environmental Context of a Tournaisian Tetrapod Fauna 2 1 3 4 3 3 Jennifer A. Clack , Carys E. Bennett , David K. Carpenter , Sarah J. Davies , Nicholas 5 6 4 6 4 C. Fraser , Timothy I. Kearsey , John E. A. Marshall , David Millward , Benjamin K. 1,2 4 5 7 1 5 A. Otoo , Emma J. Reeves , Andrew J. Ross , Marcello Ruta , Keturah Z. Smithson , 1 5 6 Timothy R. Smithson & Stig A. Walsh . 7 8 Author Affiliations 9 1J. A. Clack, K. Z. Smithson, T. R. Smithson, 1,2B. K. A. Otoo† University Museum of 10 Zoology Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK 11 3C. E. Bennett, S. J. Davies, Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester, 12 LE1 7RH, UK 13 4D. K. Carpenter, J. E. A. Marshall, E. J. Reeves, National Oceanography 14 CentreUniversity of Southampton, Waterfront CampusEuropean 15 Way,Southampton, SO14 3ZHUK 16 5N. C Fraser, S. Walsh, A. J. Ross, National Museum of Scotland, Chambers St., 17 Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK 18 6T I. Kearsey, D. Millward, British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue 19 South, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK 20 7 M. Ruta, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, 21 Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK 22 †current address, 2School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK 23 1 24 25 Summary 26 The end-Devonian to mid-Mississippian time interval has long been known for its 27 depauperate palaeontological record, especially for tetrapods. This interval encapsulates 28 the time of increasing terrestriality among tetrapods, but only two Tournaisian localities 29 previously produced tetrapod fossils. -
Early Vertebrate Evolution New Insights Into the Morphology of the Carboniferous Tetrapod Crassigyrinus Scoticus from Computed Tomography Eva C
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 109, 157–175, 2019 (for 2018) Early Vertebrate Evolution New insights into the morphology of the Carboniferous tetrapod Crassigyrinus scoticus from computed tomography Eva C. HERBST* and John R. HUTCHINSON Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK. Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author ABSTRACT: The Carboniferous tetrapod Crassigyrinus scoticus is an enigmatic animal in terms of its morphology and its phylogenetic position. Crassigyrinus had extremely reduced forelimbs, and was aquatic, perhaps secondarily. Recent phylogenetic analyses tentatively place Crassigyrinus close to the whatcheeriids. Many Carboniferous tetrapods exhibit several characteristics associated with terrestrial locomotion, and much research has focused on how this novel locomotor mode evolved. However, to estimate the selective pressures and constraints during this important time in vertebrate evolution, it is also important to study early tetrapods like Crassigyrinus that either remained aquatic or secondarily became aquatic. We used computed tomographic scanning to search for more data about the skeletal morphology of Crassigyrinus and discovered several elements previously hidden by the matrix. These elements include more ribs, another neural arch, potential evidence of an ossified pubis and maybe of pleurocentra. We also discovered several additional metatarsals with interesting asymmetrical morphology that may have functional implications. Finally, we reclassify what was previously thought to be a left sacral rib as a left fibula and show previously unknown aspects of the morphology of the radius. These discoveries are examined in functional and phylogenetic contexts. KEY WORDS: evolution, palaeontology, phylogeny, water-to-land transition. -
Was Mesosaurus a Fully Aquatic Reptile?
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 27 July 2018 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00109 Was Mesosaurus a Fully Aquatic Reptile? Pablo Nuñez Demarco 1,2*, Melitta Meneghel 3, Michel Laurin 4 and Graciela Piñeiro 5* 1 Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, InGeBa, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3 Laboratorio de Sistemática e Historia Natural de Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias, IECA, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay, 4 CR2P, UMR 7207, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/MNHN/UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France, 5 Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay Mesosaurs have been considered strictly aquatic animals. Their adaptations to the aquatic environment are well known and include putative viviparity, along with the presence of several skeletal characters such as a long, laterally compressed tail, long limbs, the foot larger than the manus, and presence of pachyosteosclerotic bones. They were also described as possessing non-coossified girdle bones and incompletely ossified epiphyses, although there could be an early fusion of the front girdle bones to form the scapulocoracoid in some specimens. Some of these features, however, are shared by most basal tetrapods that are considered semiaquatic and even some terrestrial ones. The study of vertebral columns and limbs provides essential clues about the locomotor Edited by: system and the lifestyle of early amniotes. In this study, we have found that the variation of Martin Daniel Ezcurra, the vertebral centrum length along the axial skeleton of Mesosaurus tenuidens fits better Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, with a semi-aquatic morphometric pattern, as shown by comparisons with other extinct Argentina and extant taxa. -
Massive Increase in Visual Range Preceded the Origin of Terrestrial
Massive increase in visual range preceded the origin PNAS PLUS of terrestrial vertebrates Malcolm A. MacIvera,b,c,1, Lars Schmitzd,e,1, Ugurcan Muganc, Todd D. Murpheyb, and Curtis D. Mobleyf aThe Neuroscience and Robotics Laboratory, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; dW. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA 91711; eDinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007; and fSection for Optical Oceanography, Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Bellevue, WA 98005 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved January 24, 2017 (received for review September 17, 2016) The evolution of terrestrial vertebrates, starting around 385 mil- Large Eyes Appeared Before Terrestriality lion years ago, is an iconic moment in evolution that brings to Fig. 1 shows the sequence of steps of our study across its par- mind images of fish transforming into four-legged animals. Here, ent disciplines. We start with the assembly of a time-calibrated we show that this radical change in body shape was preceded by phylogeny of 59 tetrapodomorph taxa that bracket the water– an equally dramatic change in sensory abilities akin to transition- land transition and have measurable skull and eye socket lengths ing from seeing over short distances in a dense fog to seeing over (Materials and Methods). We generated a set of 1,000 evolu- long distances on a clear day. Measurements of eye sockets and tionary trees to account for uncertainties in phylogeny. -
Download/4084574/Burrow Young1999.Pdf 1262 Burrow, C
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882829; this version posted December 27, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under 1aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Recalibrating the transcriptomic timetree of jawed vertebrates 1 David Marjanović 2 Department of Evolutionary Morphology, Science Programme “Evolution and Geoprocesses”, 3 Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz Institute for Evolutionary and Biodiversity Research, Berlin, 4 Germany 5 Correspondence: 6 David Marjanović 7 [email protected] 8 Keywords: timetree, calibration, divergence date, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata 9 Abstract 10 Molecular divergence dating has the potential to overcome the incompleteness of the fossil record in 11 inferring when cladogenetic events (splits, divergences) happened, but needs to be calibrated by the 12 fossil record. Ideally but unrealistically, this would require practitioners to be specialists in molecular 13 evolution, in the phylogeny and the fossil record of all sampled taxa, and in the chronostratigraphy of 14 the sites the fossils were found in. Paleontologists have therefore tried to help by publishing 15 compendia of recommended calibrations, and molecular biologists unfamiliar with the fossil record 16 have made heavy use of such works. Using a recent example of a large timetree inferred from 17 molecular data, I demonstrate that calibration dates cannot be taken from published compendia 18 without risking strong distortions to the results, because compendia become outdated faster than they 19 are published. The present work cannot serve as such a compendium either; in the slightly longer 20 term, it can only highlight known and overlooked problems. -
Reptile Family Tree Peters 2021 1909 Taxa, 235 Characters
Turinia Enoplus Chondrichtyes Jagorina Gemuendina Manta Chordata Loganellia Ginglymostoma Rhincodon Branchiostoma Tristychius Pikaia Tetronarce = Torpedo Palaeospondylus Craniata Aquilolamna Tamiobatis Myxine Sphyrna Metaspriggina Squalus Arandaspis Pristis Poraspis Rhinobatos Drepanaspis Cladoselache Pteromyzon adult Promissum Chlamydoselachus Pteromyzon hatchling Aetobatus Jamoytius Squatina Birkenia Heterodontus Euphanerops Iniopteryx Drepanolepis Helodus Callorhinchus Haikouichthys Scaporhynchus Belantsea Squaloraja Hemicyclaspis Chimaera Dunyu CMNH 9280 Mitsukurina Rhinochimaera Tanyrhinichthys Isurus Debeerius Thelodus GLAHM–V8304 Polyodon hatchling Cetorhinus Acipenser Yanosteus Oxynotus Bandringa PF8442 Pseudoscaphirhynchus Isistius Polyodon adult Daliatus Bandringa PF5686 Gnathostomata Megachasma Xenacanthus Dracopristis Akmonistion Ferromirum Strongylosteus Ozarcus Falcatus Reptile Family Tree Chondrosteus Hybodus fraasi Hybodus basanus Pucapampella Osteichthyes Orodus Peters 2021 1943 taxa, 235 characters Gregorius Harpagofututor Leptolepis Edestus Prohalecites Gymnothorax funebris Doliodus Gymnothorax afer Malacosteus Eurypharynx Amblyopsis Lepidogalaxias Typhlichthys Anableps Kryptoglanis Phractolaemus Homalacanthus Acanthodes Electrophorus Cromeria Triazeugacanthus Gymnotus Gorgasia Pholidophorus Calamopleurus Chauliodus Bonnerichthys Dactylopterus Chiasmodon Osteoglossum Sauropsis Synodus Ohmdenia Amia Trachinocephalus BRSLI M1332 Watsonulus Anoplogaster Pachycormus Parasemionotus Aenigmachanna Protosphyraena Channa Aspidorhynchus -
Earliest Carboniferous Tetrapod and Arthropod Faunas from Scotland Populate Romerts
Earliest Carboniferous tetrapod and arthropod faunas from Scotland populate Romer’s Gap Timothy R. Smithsona, Stanley P. Wood1, John E. A. Marshallb, and Jennifer A. Clacka,2 aUniversity Museum of Zoology Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; and bOcean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom Edited by Neil H. Shubin, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved January 6, 2012 (received for review October 20, 2011) Devonian tetrapods (limbed vertebrates), known from an increas- later than the mid-Viséan (11, 12). Among recent discoveries ingly large number of localities, have been shown to be mainly from the mid-Viséan is the small amniote-like Casineria kiddi (3) aquatic with many primitive features. In contrast, the post- documenting the earliest known pentadactyl forelimb. Thus, al- Devonian record is marked by an Early Mississippian temporal though the “gap” is closing, we have lacked information about gap ranging from the earliest Carboniferous (Tournaisian and the crucial early part of the period during which terrestriality, early Viséan) to the mid-Viséan. By the mid-Viséan, tetrapods had defined simply as the ability to support the body and locomote become effectively terrestrial as attested by the presence of stem completely out of water, may have been achieved. amniotes, developed an essentially modern aspect, and given rise Among several explanations for the hiatus is one that took the to the crown group. Up to now, only two localities have yielded fossil record to reflect the actual pattern of evolution, marked by tetrapod specimens from the Tournaisian stage: one in Scotland the absence of animals from terrestrial ecosystems (13). -
JMPG-D-17-00060R1 Title
Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Marine and Petroleum Geology Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: JMPG-D-17-00060R1 Title: A depositional model for spherulitic carbonates associated with alkaline, volcanic lakes Article Type: Full Length Article Keywords: spherule, spherulitic, calcite, alkaline, lacustrine, volcanic, Carboniferous, Pre-salt Corresponding Author: Dr. Ramon Mercedes-Martín, Corresponding Author's Institution: University of Hull First Author: Ramon Mercedes-Martín Order of Authors: Ramon Mercedes-Martín; Alex Brasier; Mike Rogerson; John Reijmer; Hubert Vonhof; Martyn Pedley Abstract: The South Atlantic Aptian 'Pre-salt' reservoirs are formed by a combination of spherulitic carbonates and Mg-rich clays accumulated in volcanic alkaline lake settings with exotic chemistries. So far, outcrop analogues characterised by metre-thick successions deposited in lacustrine scenarios are elusive so disentangling the genesis of spherulitic carbonates represents a major scientific challenge with business impact. In particular the controls on spatial distribution and the environment of spherulitic facies formation remain poorly constrained, little studied, and hotly debated. To shed light on this conundrum, a spherulitic carbonate-rich, alkaline volcanic lacustrine succession has been analysed at outcrop scale: the Carboniferous East Kirkton Limestone (Scotland). Despite clays being very scarce and limited to layers of amorphous Mg-Si minerals, a diverse array of components were formed, including coated grains, crusts, and build-ups with spherulitic calcitic morphologies. This setting enables the mechanisms of spherulitic calcite development and the patterns of sediment accumulation to be explored in a geobiological and hydrochemical scenario similar to the 'Pre-Salt' subsurface occurrences but divorced from clay influence. The integration of logs, borehole data, outcrop photomosaics and petrographic observations collectively allowed the reconstruction of a depositional model for the East Kirkton lacustrine succession.