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Foraging Behavior of Lactating Guadalupe Fur Seal Females

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Foraging Behavior of Lactating Guadalupe Fur Seal Females FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF LACTATING GUADALUPE FUR SEAL FEMALES Juan Pablo Gallo-Reynoso!, Ana-Luisa Figueroa-Carranza2 and Burney J. Le Boeuf J Centro de Investigaci6n, en Alimentaci6ny Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad Guaymas, Carretera a Varadero Nacional km 66, Col. Las Playitas, CP 85480 Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, @ CE. jpgallo ciadmx 2 Area de Protecci6n de Flora y Fauna, Islas del Golfo de California, CONANP, Calle Isla del Peruano la C . CP esquina Calle Isla de Rasa, ol Lomas de Miran/at: 85450 Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, @ CE: afiguero conanp,gob.mx 3 Office for Research and Institute of Marine Sciences, 29 Clark Kerr Hall, 1156 High Street, University California, a i of Santa Cruz. C liforn a 95064 USA, CE: leboeu./@ucsc,edu cer el comportamiento alimentario de las Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fueel cono hembras de lobo fino de Guadalupe, Arctocephalus townsendi. Se obtuvo la localizaci6n en el mar de tres hembras adultas y el compOltamiento de buceo de una hembra adulta haciendo uso de instrumentos registradores del tiempo de buceo con localizaci6n geognifica(GLTDRs). Las hef!1bras se alimentaron en la Corriente de California al sur de la Isla de Guadalupe. La distancia media del viaje redondo fue de 2,375 ± 1,389 km. La distancia a la zona de alimentaci6n fue de 444 ± 151 km. El primer viaje de alimentaci6n fue de 10 ± 4 dfas. EI Segundo viaje de alimentaci6n fue de 19 ± 8 dias. Los viajes de alimentaci6n combinados promediaron 14.4 ± 8.3 dias, durante los cuales la velocidad del nado fu e de 1.9 ± 0.1 m/s. El tiempo de transito comprendi6 el 47.9%, el tiempo de buceo fu e de 36.2%, y el tiempo de descanso el 15.9%. El tiempo de alimentaci6n (tiempo ocupado en la zona de alimentaci6n, que incluye tiempos de tninsito y buceo) fue el 75% de todo el tiempo pasado en el mar. La profundidad promedio alcanzada por una hem bra fue de 17 ± 10 m. La duraci6n promedio de los buceos fue de 2.6 ± 1.4 min. EI intervalo en superficieentre buceos fue de2 min. El tiempo de fondo promedio fuede 1.4 min. Los buceos estaban organizados en trenes de buceos; se registraron 23 trenes de buceos, con una duraci6n promedio por tren de buceo de 3:04 ± 2:30 h. El promedio de buceos por tren de buceo fue de 63 ± 60 buceos. La hembra buce6 durante la noche y transit6 durante el dia. Los buceos comenzaron tfpicamente alrededor de las 2030 h y terminaron alrededor de las 0530 h. EI patr6n de buceos y la distancia viajada por las hem bras lactantes para alimentarse es similar al de otras especies de lobos finos. Palabras clave: Arctocephalus townsendi, Comportamiento de buceo, Isla Guadalupe, Lobo fr no de Guadalupe, localizaci6n en el mar, Mexico, viajes de alimentaci6n. Abstract: The aim of this study was to elucidate the foraging behavior of female Gu adalupe fur seals, Arctocephalus townsendi. The location at sea of three adult females and the diving behavior of one adult female were obtained using geographic location time-depth recorders (GLTDRs). The fem ales fed in the California Cun'ent south of Isla de Guadalupe. Mean total .........................................._ ..... Lorenzo, C., E. Espinoza y J. Ortega (eds.), 2008. Avances en el Estudio de los Aifamijerosde Mexico. Publicaciones Espeeiales, Vol. n, Asociaci6n Mexicana de Ma5tozoologfa, A, c.. Mexico, D. F. 596 Foraging of Guadalupe fur seal distance traveled was 2,375 ± 1,389 km. Distance to feeding grounds was 444 ± 151 km. The first fe eding trip averaged 10 ± 4 days. The second fe eding trip had a mean duration of 19 ± 8 days. Feeding trips combined averaged 14.4 ± 8.3 days during which the swimming speed was 1.9 ± 0.1 m/s. Transit time accounted fo r 47.9%, diving time was 36.2%, and resting time was 15.9%. Tin1(� spent foraging (time spent in the foraging area which includes some transit and diving times) was 75% of all the time at sea. Mean dive depth of one female was 17 ± 10 m. Mean dive duration was 2.6 ± 1.4 min. Mean surface interval between dives was 2 min. Mean bottom time was 1.4 min. Dives were organized in bouts; 23 bouts were recorded with an average duration of3:04 ± 2: 30 h. Mean number of dives per bout was 63 ± 60 dives. This fe male dived during the night and tran­ sited during the day. Diving typically started around 2030 h and ended around 0530 h. The diving pattern and distance traveled by nursing fe males to forage is similar to that of other fur seals. Key Words: Arctocephalus townsendi, Guadalupe fur seal, Diving behavior, foraging trips, Guadalupe Island, location at sea, Mexico. INTRODUCTION Until recently, migrations and fe eding areas used by pinnipeds were documented by the observa­ tion offree ranging individuals at sea. Sightings of stranded, marked or tagged individuals at non­ rookery locations (Condit and Le Boeuf, 1984) were used to describe migratory routes. Radiote­ lemetry was developed to locate animals and describe their distribution and movements while at sea, which provided recovery information (Loughlin et at., 1987). The development of micropro­ cessor based techniques has given new insight into the movements and dispersal of marine ma­ mmals (DeLong et aI., 1992) integrating sampling protocols on sensors to register simultaneously water temperatures, pressure and time, and storing data on electronic memory. Lately the use of satellite -micro transmitters and sensors has given new tools fo r the description of individual movements and dispersal over long distances and on water column movements. The aim of this study was to use microprocessor based techniques to describe the track, location, duration and diving behavior during foraging trips of lactating Guadalupe fu r seals Arctocephalus townsendi. The Guadalupe fur seal is an endemic and endangered species in Mexico, and is protected by NOM-059-sEMARNAT-2001 (DOF, 200 I), the species was subject to heavy exploitation until its su­ pposed extinction at the beginning of the xx century, the species is making an extraordinary come back due to conservation efforts (Gallo-Reynoso, 1994). There are only two rookeries where this species breeds, the east side of Isla Guadalupe and the southeast coast oflsla San Benito del Este (Maravilla and Lowry, 1999). Single animals, however, have been observed at various islands and localities along the coast of Baja California and California (Stewart et al., 1987). Guadalupe fur seals are rarely seen at sea. Since) 967, there have been only three individuals seen and reported in the Southern California Bight (Brownell and DeLong, 1968; Bonnell et aI., 1980), fo ur at Southeastern Farallon Island (Hanni et aI., 1997) and one adult female at Point Lobos (Lander et al., 2000). Several Guadalupe fur seals have been observed in the Channel Islands (Stewartet at., 1987), including a newbornpup at San Miguellsiand (Melin and DeLong, 1999). Fur seal sightings at. 597 Gallo et in Mexican waters include one seal in the open sea betweenIsla Guadalupe and Islas San Benito (Rice et aI. , 1 965), several fur seals on Isla Cedros and Islas San Benito (Cruz, 1986), one juvenile atIsl a Asunci6n (P. Pyle, pel's. comm., 1994), and several groups offe males over the continental shelf of Baja California, near Islas San Benito and Isla Cedros in July 2004 (J.P.G., personal observation). Some subadult males have been observed inside the Gulf of Cali fomi a at Los Islotes, Baja Califomia Sur, Islas Encantadas, Baja California (Maravilla, 1997), a fur seal stranded at Bahia Bacochibampo, Sonora (Aurioles et aI., 1993), a juvenile female that stranded alive on a beach near Zihuatanejo (Aurioles-Gamboa and Hernandez-Camacho, 1999), and a subadult male at the northernpo int of Isla San Pedro Nolasco. Sonora in May 2005 (lP.G., personal observa­ tion). These records show that Guadalupe fursea ls are capable of swimming long distances fr om their home rookery while fo raging at sea, but it is not clear where lactating females go to forage between nursing their pups on the rookery as well as the cost associated with nursing. Other furseals, like the northernfu r seal, Calforhinus ursinus, forage from100 km to 258 km or more from the PribilofTslands (Gentry and Kooyman, 1986; Robson et aI., 2004). Loughlin et al. (1987) reported a round trip of740 km by a nursing fe male from St. Paul Island. A distance of over 70 km has been recorded from radiotracked northern fur seal females off San Miguel Island (Antonelis et aI., 1990). Other northern fur seal females were observed at distances of 80 to 160 km fr om St. Paul Island (Goebel et aI., 1991). Australian fur seal females (A . pusillus doriferus) were observed at 100 km fromthe rookery over Bass Strait (Arnould and Hindell, 2001). Long distance movements of 2,300 to 2,740 Ianhave been reported in subantarctic fu r seals, A. gazella, in the Southern Ocean (Bester, 1989; Goldsworthy and Shaughnessy, 1989). A distance of more than 500 km from the rookery has been recorded for Juan Fernandez fu r seal fe males (Francis et al., 1998). In this paper we describe the foraging location of three Guadalupe fur seal fe males and their diving characteristics obtained with diving instruments and the implications that this has for the conservation. METHODOLOGY We instrumented seven lactating females with time-depth-Iocation recorders or GL.TDRS (DeLong et af., 1992; Hill, 1993). These fe males were depm1ing on their firstor second feeding trip after giving bir1h at Isla de Guadalupe in June-July 1992 and July 1993.
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