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Rebuilding Afghanistan's Agriculture Sector
Rebuilding Afghanistan’s Agriculture Sector Asian Development Bank South Asia Department April 2003 © Asian Development Bank All rights reserved The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank, or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Use of the term “country” does not imply any judgment by the authors of the Asian Development Bank as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. Principal Author: Allan T. Kelly Supervisors: Frank Polman, Frederick C. Roche Coordinator: Craig Steffensen Editing and Typesetting: Sara Collins Medina Cover Design: Ram Cabrera Cover Photograph: Ian Gill/ADB Page photographs: Ian Gill/ADB Administrative Support: Wickie Baguisi, Jane Santiano Fulfillment: ADB Printing Unit The Asian Development Bank encourages use of the material presented herein, with appropriate credit. Published by the Asian Development Bank P.O. Box 789 0980 Manila, Philippines Website: www.adb.org ISBN: 971-561-493-0 Publication Stock No. 040903 Contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Approach to Needs Assessment............................................................................................ 1 Sector Background ...............................................................................................................1 -
The Politics of Disarmament and Rearmament in Afghanistan
[PEACEW RKS [ THE POLITICS OF DISARMAMENT AND REARMAMENT IN AFGHANISTAN Deedee Derksen ABOUT THE REPORT This report examines why internationally funded programs to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate militias since 2001 have not made Afghanistan more secure and why its society has instead become more militarized. Supported by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) as part of its broader program of study on the intersection of political, economic, and conflict dynamics in Afghanistan, the report is based on some 250 interviews with Afghan and Western officials, tribal leaders, villagers, Afghan National Security Force and militia commanders, and insurgent commanders and fighters, conducted primarily between 2011 and 2014. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Deedee Derksen has conducted research into Afghan militias since 2006. A former correspondent for the Dutch newspaper de Volkskrant, she has since 2011 pursued a PhD on the politics of disarmament and rearmament of militias at the War Studies Department of King’s College London. She is grateful to Patricia Gossman, Anatol Lieven, Mike Martin, Joanna Nathan, Scott Smith, and several anonymous reviewers for their comments and to everyone who agreed to be interviewed or helped in other ways. Cover photo: Former Taliban fighters line up to handover their rifles to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan during a reintegration ceremony at the pro- vincial governor’s compound. (U.S. Navy photo by Lt. j. g. Joe Painter/RELEASED). Defense video and imagery dis- tribution system. The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. -
Council of Ministers of Odisha (1937–2020)
1 COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF ODISHA (1937–2020) ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, BHUBANESWAR PRINTED AT ODISHA GOVERNMENT PRESS, MADHUPATNA, CUTTACK-10 COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF ODISHA (1937–2020) ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY BHUBANESWAR FIRST PRE-INDEPENDENT ASSEMBLY, 1937 Hon'ble Governor His Excellency Sir John Austen Hubback Hon'ble Speaker Shri Mukunda Prasad Das Hon'ble Deputy Speaker Shri Nanda Kishore Das (The New Ministry assumed charge of office on 1st April, 1937) 1. Hon'ble Captain Maharajah Sri Sri Sri Krishna . Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, Home Affairs, Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo. Law and Commerce. 2. Hon'ble Shri Mandhata Gorachand Patnaik . Minister of Revenue and Education Mahasaya. 3. Hon'ble Maulavi Muhammad Latifur Rahman . Minister, Local Self Government and Public Works. (The Ministry resigned on the 19th July, 1937) (The New Ministry assumed charge of office on 19th July, 1937) As on 20th July, 1937 1. Hon'ble Shri Biswanath Das . Prime Minister, Minister of Finance, Home Affairs and Education. 2. Hon'ble Shri Nityananda Kanungo . Minister of Revenue and Public Works, [ Home w.e.f. 10th September 1937 ] 3. Hon'ble Shri Bodhram Dube . Minister of Law and Commerce, Health & Local Self- Government, [ Education w.e.f. 10th September, 1937] (The Ministry resigned on the 6th November, 1939) (The New Ministry assumed charge of office on 24th November, 1941) 1. Hon'ble Captain Maharajah Sri Sri Sri Krishna . Prime Minister, Minister of Home Affairs (excluding Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo. Publicity), Local Self Government and Public Works 2. Hon'ble Pandit Godavaris Mishra . Minister of Finance, Home Affairs (Publicity), Development and Education 3. -
A World In-Between the Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindu Kush
Borders Itineraries on the Edges of Iran edited by Stefano Pellò A World In-between The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindu Kush Augusto S. Cacopardo (Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italia) Abstract The vast mountain area stretching east of the Panjshir valley in Afghanistan to the bor- ders of Kashmir was, in pre-Islamic times, a homogenous culture area nested between the Iranian and the Indian worlds. Its inhabitants – speakers of a variety of Indo-European languages belonging mainly to the North-West-Indo-Aryan (or Dardic) and Nuristani groups – practiced related forms of polytheism differing in many traits but clearly united by a basic pastoral ideology encompassing all aspects of human life as well as the environment itself. The advance of Islam into the mountains, starting from the sixteenth century, gradually brought about the conversion of the whole area by the end of the nineteenth, with the sole exception of the Kalasha of Chitral who still practice their ancient religion to this day. Scholars who studied the area with a comparative approach focused mainly on the cultural traits connecting these cultures to India and especially to the Vedic world. Limited attention has been given to possible Iranian connections. The present article, on the basis of a recent in-depth investigation of the Kalasha ritual system, extends the comparison to other components and aspects of the Indian world, while providing at the same time some new data sug- gesting ancient Iranian influences. Summary 1 The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush and the Advance of Islam in the Mountains. – 2 Comparative Research in Peristan: the Indian World. -
13A Summary of the Panjsher Valley Emerald, Iron, and Silver Area of Interest
13A Summary of the Panjsher Valley Emerald, Iron, and Silver Area of Interest Contribution by Stephen G. Peters Abstract This chapter summarizes and interprets results from joint geologic and compilation activities conducted during 2009 to 2011 by the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, and the Afghanistan Geological Survey in the Panjsher Valley emerald, iron, and silver area of interest (AOI) and subareas. The complementary chapters 13B and 13C address hyperspectral data and geohydrologic assessments, respectively, of the Panjsher Valley emerald, iron, and silver AOI. Additionally, supporting data for this chapter are available from the Afghanistan Ministry of Mines in Kabul. The emerald deposits of the Panjsher Valley are the main site for mining gemstone-grade emerald crystals in Afghanistan. The geology of the Panjsher Valley consists of Middle Paleozoic metamorphic rocks represented by a Silurian-Lower Carboniferous marble and Lower Carboniferous and Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian terrigenous schist. Intrusive rocks include small bodies of gabbro diorite and quartz porphyry and a large intrusion of gneissic granite of the Laghman Complex. The area has an imbricate-block structure elongated to the southwest and northeast. Multiple tectonic events are related to structures within and parallel to the regional-scale Hari Rod fault system. Emerald mineralization in the Panjsher Valley AOI is genetically related to the Laghman Granitoid Complex and is controlled by elongated tectonic zones along the contacts between the carbonate and schist. The Panjsher Valley emerald district contains the following emerald occurrences from the west to east: Khinj, Mikeni I, Mikeni II, Rewat, and Darun. -
Map 6 Asia Orientalis Compiled by M.U
Map 6 Asia Orientalis Compiled by M.U. Erdosy, 1997 Introduction Map 6 embraces four distinct regions: central Asia and the Indus valley, which had lengthy contacts with the Greeks and Romans; and Tibet and Chinese Turkestan, which had practically none. The first two entered Western consciousness through the eastward expansion of the Achaemenid empire, which brought them into the orbit of Greek geographical knowledge, and won them prominence as the theaters of Alexander the Great’s eastern campaigns. Although colonization in the wake of Macedonian conquests was short-lived, classical influence on the arts and crafts of the area, if not its religious and political institutions, remained prominent for centuries. Moreover, even though the Parthians and Sasanians effectively severed overland links between central Asia and the Mediterranean world, the Alexander legend helped preserve geographical information for posterity (albeit frequently in a distorted form), even if little in the way of fresh data was added until Late Roman times. By contrast, areas to the north and east of the Himalayas remained in effect terra incognita until the nineteenth century, when the heart of Asia first received serious exploration by westerners, mostly as a by-product of the “Great Game.” Despite the impressive lists of toponyms and ethnonyms found in Ptolemy’s Geography and Ammianus Marcellinus, few cities and tribes can be localized with any certitude, since ancient geographers not only lacked first-hand knowledge of the area, but were also hampered by a defective image of the world, which was sure to produce serious distortions in peripheral regions. As a result, the eastern half of Map 6 is largely devoid of identifiable sites (although it contributes extensively to the list of unlocated toponyms and ethnonyms), while the western half is densely populated. -
Ahmad Shah Massoud, Gesturing at Right, Briefs His Troops Minutes Hour Before That, an Enemy Soldier Before the Battle at Keran
How did a band of ragtag tribesmen manage to defeat the Soviet Union in its own backyard? The Afghan War BY RICHARD MACKENZIE ATCHING Muslim rebels con- What kind of conflict was the Ahmad Shah Mas- ceive, plot, and execute a clas- Afghan war, really? How, in fact, soud—the "Lion of W Panjshir"—learned sic guerrilla strike against Soviet- did a ragtag band of Muslim tribes- his guerrilla warfare backed outposts in the remote Ker- man stymie one of the two military skills from the mas- an Valley, you get a close-up look at superpowers—in its own backyard, ters. Emphasizing how the war is being won—and at that? How was the conflict fought speed, stealth, and lost—in Afghanistan. day-by-day on the ground? maneuver—and with a pipeline to the en- In the meticulously planned as- For a look at the eccentricities, emy's closest se- sault, small units of highly moti- tactics, goals, strengths, and weak- crets—his mujahe- vated Muslim irregulars, fortified nesses of the combatants, one need deen fighters scored with reasonably good weapons and look no further than the planning a big success at the Battle of the Keran extraordinary intelligence data, sur- and execution of the October 29, Valley and kept on prise and utterly rout the heavily 1987, battle for Keran. winning. The skill of equipped but slow-footed and de- such local leaders as moralized soldiers of the Afghan Planning the Offensive Massoud is the big Army garrison. The Afghan mujahedeen had reason that Soviet troops are marching The Keran Valley operation, been planning this offensive for out of their Afghan •which I witnessed during a bone- months. -
List of Successful Candidates
Election Commission Of India - General Elections, 2004 (14th LOK SABHA) LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES CONSTITUENCY WINNER PARTY ANDHRA PRADESH 1. SRIKAKULAM YERRANNAIDU KINJARAPU TDP 2. PARVATHIPURAM (ST) KISHORE CHANDRA SURYANARAYANA DEO INC VYRICHERLA 3. BOBBILI KONDAPALLI PYDITHALLI NAIDU TDP 4. VISAKHAPATNAM JANARDHANA REDDY NEDURUMALLI INC 5. BHADRACHALAM (ST) MIDIYAM BABU RAO CPM 6. ANAKAPALLI CHALAPATHIRAO PAPPALA TDP 7. KAKINADA MALLIPUDI MANGAPATI PALLAM RAJU INC 8. RAJAHMUNDRY ARUNA KUMAR VUNDAVALLI INC 9. AMALAPURAM (SC) G.V. HARSHA KUMAR INC 10. NARASAPUR CHEGONDI VENKATA HARIRAMA JOGAIAH INC 11. ELURU KAVURU SAMBA SIVA RAO INC 12. MACHILIPATNAM BADIGA RAMAKRISHNA INC 13. VIJAYAWADA RAJAGOPAL LAGADAPATI INC 14. TENALI BALASHOWRY VALLABHANENI INC 15. GUNTUR RAYAPATI SAMBASIVA RAO INC 16. BAPATLA DAGGUBATI PURANDARESWARI INC 17. NARASARAOPET MEKAPATI RAJAMOHAN REDDY INC 18. ONGOLE SREENIVASULU REDDY MAGUNTA INC 19. NELLORE (SC) PANABAKA LAKSHMI INC 20. TIRUPATHI (SC) CHINTA MOHAN INC 21. CHITTOOR D.K. AUDIKESAVULU TDP 22. RAJAMPET ANNAYYAGARI SAI PRATHAP INC 23. CUDDAPAH Y.S. VIVEKANANDA REDDY INC 24. HINDUPUR NIZAMODDIN INC 25. ANANTAPUR ANANTHA VENKATA RAMI REDDY INC 26. KURNOOL KOTLA JAYASURYA PRAKASHA REDDY INC 27. NANDYAL S. P. Y. REDDY INC 28. NAGARKURNOOL (SC) DR.MANDA JAGANNATH TDP 29. MAHABUBNAGAR D. VITTAL RAO INC 30. HYDERABAD ASADUDDIN OWAISI AIMIM 31. SECUNDERABAD M. ANJAN KUMAR YADAV INC 32. SIDDIPET (SC) SARVEY SATHYANARAYANA INC 33. MEDAK A. NARENDRA TRS 34. NIZAMABAD MADHU GOUD YASKHI INC 35. ADILABAD MADHUSUDHAN REDDY TAKKALA TRS 36. PEDDAPALLI (SC) G. VENKAT SWAMY INC 37. KARIMNAGAR K. CHANDRA SHAKHER RAO TRS 38. HANAMKONDA B.VINOD KUMAR TRS 39. WARANGAL DHARAVATH RAVINDER NAIK TRS 40. -
The Human Rights of Minorities
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••AFGHANISTAN: The human rights of minorities There are no definite statistics about the size of the Afghan population or the distribution of Afghan ethnic groups. The only population survey (sponsored by the UN) was aborted in mid-1979 when the civil war broke out. The war, which has gradually taken an ethnic outlook, has caused people from various localities to flee in search of safety either to other countries or to parts of the country other than their traditional homeland. As a result, various localities have periodically seen fluctuations in the numbers of one or another minority. For example, from mid-1980s, there was a continued decrease in the number of Pushtuns in the central highlands of Hazarajat, where members of the Hazara minority sustained a degree of autonomy from the central administration. Now that the area has come under Taleban control, Pushtuns are returning to settle there. Estimates by ethnic groups themselves vary as they tend to overestimate the size of their own minority and underestimate the size of the others. The preliminary results of the incomplete 1979 survey suggests a general population of up to 15.4 million with the following ethnic composition.i Group Approx. number Location Pushtun 7 000 000 concentrated in south and south-east but settled far and wide Tajiks 3 500 000 north and north-east and Kabul region Hazaras 1 500 000 centre (Hazarajat) and in Kabul Uzbeks 1 300 000 north Aimaq 800 000 west Farsiwan/Heratis 600 000 west and south Turkmen 300 000 north Brahui 200 000 south-west Baluchi 100 000 west and north-west Nuristani 100 000 east Population of Afghanistan: main ethnic groups, 1979ii Personal experiences of aid workers, journalists and other visitors to Afghanistan suggest that in the last 20 years, there have been significant changes in the size and location of the ethnic groups in the country. -
4` X ;5D Z Yfuu]V E` Xcrda Re Decrhd
( ) 56.$ 0 7 7 7 41*"(5<=> !/+/+0 *+,-. 1234 $ ,6+1 "4.*168( ,!$4(+69"99(6 !,(16691B11.,431! .13+ 34,92 "+9$3"+4",1(2! !,+ ! $4! +,. *!+ )9,(99,. 1A .1),.9!(6113: ,.4(6!; .134!, 4)1,! +)1,6$ .1+!.4, +;.1!".@ #;2. <3 0*: $( => <(1 +? - !?,<-.@A =B #& $& ,12.13+ party has said strict action will Parliamentary Minister Pralhad be taken against MLAs who Joshi on Sunday rubbished mid resignation drama by miss the legislature party meet- Congress claim that BJP was '#% A13 of their MLAs, senior ing on July 9. Congress leader behind the destabilisation and leaders of Congress and JD(S) KC Venugopal and Dinesh attributed crisis in the State were making hectic efforts to Gundu Rao will also be present Government on account of save the coalition Government in the meeting. “leaderless” Congress Central by bringing back some rebel Excluding the Speaker, the leadership losing control of its lawmakers who are staying put strength of Karnataka Assembly Karnataka unit which he in a five start hotel in Mumbai. is 224 that makes the majority claimed was functioning in an The Karnataka Assembly ses- number at 113. BJP is the “autonomous manner”. sion is to begin on July 12 and largest party with 105 MLAs, After 13 MLAs of the rul- Speaker KR Ramesh Kumar is Congress has 78 and JD(S) 37 ing JD(S)-Congress alliance yet to take a decision on the MLAs. Besides these, the BSP submitted their resignation let- ,12.13+ resignation of the MLAs. and KPJP have one MLA each. -
11.04 Hrs LIST of MEMBERS ELECTED to LOK SABHA Sl. No
Title: A list of Members elected to 14th Lok Sabha was laid on the Table of the House. 11.04 hrs LIST OF MEMBERS ELECTED TO LOK SABHA MR. SPEAKER: Now I would request the Secretary-General to lay on the Table a list (Hindi and English versions), containing the names of the Members elected to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha at the General Elections of 2004, submitted to the Speaker by the Election Commission of India. SECRETARY-GENERAL: Sir, I beg to lay on the Table a List* (Hindi and English versions), containing the names of Members elected to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha at the General Elections of 2004, submitted to the Speaker by the Election Commission of India. List of Members Elected to the 14th Lok Sabha. * Also placed in the Library. See No. L.T. /2004 SCHEDULE Sl. No. and Name of Name of the Party Affiliation Parliamentary Constituency Elected Member (if any) 1. ANDHRA PRADESH 1. SRIKAKULAM YERRANNAIDU KINJARAPUR TELUGU DESAM 2. PARVATHIPURAM(ST) KISHORE CHANDRA INDIAN NATIONAL SURYANARAYANA DEO CONGRESS VYRICHERLA 3. BOBBILI KONDAPALLIPYDITHALLI TELEGU DESAM NAIDU 4. VISAKHAPATNAM JANARDHANA REDDY INDIAN NATIONAL NEDURUMALLI CONGRESS 5. BHADRACHALAM(ST) MIDIYAM BABU RAO COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA (MARXIST) 6. ANAKAPALLI CHALAPATHIRAO PAPPALA TELUGU DESAM 7. KAKINADA MALLIPUDI MANGAPATI INDIAN NATIONAL PALLAM RAJU CONGRESS 8. RAJAHMUNDRY ARUNA KUMAR VUNDAVALLI INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 9. AMALAPURAM (SC) G.V. HARSHA KUMAR INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 10. NARASAPUR CHEGONDI VENKATA INDIAN NATIONAL HARIRAMA JOGAIAH CONGRESS 11. ELURU KAVURU SAMBA SIVA RAO INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 12. MACHILIPATNAM BADIGA RAMAKRISHNA INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 13. VIJYAWADA RAJAGOPAL GAGADAPATI INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 14. -
The Influence of Geography on Terrorism in India
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Political Science Political Science 2015 Terrain, Trains, and Terrorism: The Influence of Geography on Terrorism in India Andrea Malji University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Malji, Andrea, "Terrain, Trains, and Terrorism: The Influence of Geography on Terrorism in India" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Political Science. 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/15 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Political Science by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies.