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Conquête De L'espace Public Dans Une Société Multicommunautaire. L’Exemple Du Liban Entre Place Publique Et Agora Médiatique

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Conquête De L'espace Public Dans Une Société Multicommunautaire. L’Exemple Du Liban Entre Place Publique Et Agora Médiatique La (re)conquête de l’espace public dans une société multicommunautaire. L’exemple du Liban entre place publique et agora médiatique Hicham Abou Raad To cite this version: Hicham Abou Raad. La (re)conquête de l’espace public dans une société multicommunautaire. L’exemple du Liban entre place publique et agora médiatique. Sciences de l’information et de la communication. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016USPCD040. tel- 02004807 HAL Id: tel-02004807 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02004807 Submitted on 2 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS 13, SORBONNE PARIS CITE « U.F.R. DE SCIENCES SOCIALES » N° attribué par la bibliothèque |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 13 Discipline : Sciences de l’information et de la communication _______ Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Hicham ABOU RAAD Le 22 mars 2016 _______ Titre La (re)conquête de l'espace public dans une société multicommunautaire. L’exemple du Liban entre place publique et agora médiatique _______ Directeur de thèse Pierre Mœglin, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'université Paris XIII ______ JURY M. Walid Arbid, Professeur en Sciences Politiques à l’université Libanaise M. Philippe Bouquillion, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'université Paris XIII M. Pierre Mœglin, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'université Paris XIII M. Laurent Petit, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'ESPE, Université Paris Sorbonne UNIVERSITE PARIS 13, SORBONNE PARIS CITE « U.F.R. DE SCIENCES SOCIALES » N° attribué par la bibliothèque |__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__| THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 13 Discipline : Sciences de l’information et de la communication _______ Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Hicham ABOU RAAD Le 22 mars 2016 _______ Titre La (re)conquête de l'espace public dans une société multicommunautaire. L’exemple du Liban entre place publique et agora médiatique _______ Directeur de thèse Pierre Mœglin, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'université Paris XIII ______ JURY M. Walid Arbid, Professeur en Sciences Politiques à l’université Libanaise M. Philippe Bouquillion, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'université Paris XIII M. Pierre Mœglin, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'université Paris XIII M. Laurent Petit, Professeur en sciences de l'information et de la communication à l'ESPE, Université Paris Sorbonne 1 À Rose et Marthe, aux victimes innocentes des attentats au Liban en 2005, aux victimes innocentes des attentats de Beyrouth, le 12 novembre 2015, aux victimes innocentes des attentats de Paris, le 13 novembre 2015. 2 Remerciements La thèse n’est pas un long fleuve tranquille. C’est un chemin long, difficile et semé d’embûches. Cette mission est d’autant plus difficile pour un étudiant étranger. La confiance et le soutien du directeur de thèse sont indispensables pour mener à bon port ce travail. C’est pour cela que je veux tout d’abord dire merci ktir1 à mon directeur de thèse, le professeur Pierre Mœglin, qui est présent, à l’écoute, compréhensif, humain, m’apprend et donne tout. Sans lui je ne peux jamais finir ce travail. Mes pensées vont ensuite à David Allais qui, par ses conseils et ses relectures avisés, maccompagne tout au long de mon travail d’écriture et me familiarise à la mise en place d’un « échafaudage2 » avant l’écriture de chaque texte. Merci à Anne Pampouille, Stéphanie Hochart et Annick Batard pour la relecture de ma thèse. Un grand merci au Petit Séminaire, animé par Yolande Combès, Philippe Bouquillion et Pierre Mœglin, qui se déroule à la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Paris‐Nord (MSH). Séance après séance, ce séminaire et ses animateurs nous donnent la parole et les clefs pour devenir chercheur et nous font partager les expériences d’autres collègues débutants ou confirmés. Je remercie aussi le LABSIC et les autres doctorants pour leur soutien tout au long de ce travail. Je tiens aussi à remercier ma compagne Stéphanie et mes deux filles, Rose et Marthe, qui me laissent le temps nécessaire pour finir ma recherche. Ma mère, Violette, mon père, Assad, et mes sœurs, Bahia, Nada, Anna et Rania, qui m’accompagnent depuis toujours et me guide vers le chemin de l’éducation. Mon ancien professeur à l’Université libanaise, Ghadir Saadé, qui me donne l’envie de faire ce travail. Merci à toutes les personnes qui répondent à mes questions, m’ouvrent leurs portes et me permettent de collecter les informations nécessaires pour enrichir mon corpus. Enfin, merci à ceux que je peut avoir oublié de citer. 1 « Merci beaucoup » en arabe. 2 Le terme échafaudage désigne un plan. 3 Liste des sigles ADN : Acide désoxyribonucléique ALBA : Académie libanaise des Beaux‐Arts CFPJ : Centre de formation professionnelle des journalistes CNN : Cable News Network CPL : Courant patriotique libre. CSIC : Conseil supérieur islamique chiite DES : Diplôme d'études supérieures EDL : Électricité du Liban ESCWA : Economic and Social Committee for West Asia FAD : Force arabe de dissuasion FISESCO : Organisation culturelle, scientifique et éducative islamique FL: Forces libanaises IDAL : Autorité de développement des investissements au Liban ILDES : Institut libanais pour le développement économique et social JTDI : Jam'iyyat al‐Ta'lîm al‐Dîni al‐Islâmi LBCI : Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International MEA : Middle East Airlines MTV : Murr télévision OLP : Organisation de libération de la Palestine ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies OTV : Orange TV PCL : Parti communiste libanais PNL : Parti national libanais PSNS : Parti syrien national social PSP : Parti socialiste progressiste RDA : République démocratique allemande UNRWA : Office de secours et de travaux des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés de Palestine dans le Proche‐Orient USJ: Université Saint‐Joseph 4 Sommaire Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... 3 Liste des sigles ............................................................................................................................. 4 Sommaire ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction générale .............................................................................................................. 6 Première partie ........................................................................................................................ 16 La mise en place de la mosaïque 1.1. L’espace public malgré tout ..................................................................................................... 17 1.2. La place publique malgré tout ............................................................................................. 225 1.3. Le rôle des médias .................................................................................................................... 333 Deuxième partie .................................................................................................................... 349 La position de chacun des acteurs par rapport à la question de l’Espace Public 2.1. Les partis politiques ................................................................................................................. 350 2.2. Les artistes ................................................................................................................................... 383 2.3. Les associations laïques ......................................................................................................... 397 Troisième partie .................................................................................................................... 410 Les jeux d’acteurs 3.1. L’assassinat de Rafic Hariri dans les médias ................................................................. 411 3.2. La manifestation du 14 mars dans les médias .............................................................. 426 Conclusion générale ............................................................................................................. 452 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................................... 462 Annexes .................................................................................................................................... 472 Table des Matières ................................................................................................................ 503 5 Introduction générale 6 « Au Liban, cette montagne riche en soleil et pauvre en connaissance, le noble et le prêtre ont joint leurs mains pour exploiter le fermier qui labourait la terre et moissonnait la récolte de façon à se protéger de l’épée
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